DOCSLIB.ORG

Moblin Architecture Overview Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Moblin Architecture Overview Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar Moblin Architecture Overview Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar Sunil Saxena Open Source Technology Center Software & Services Group Legal information INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL® PRODUCTS. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER , AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS, INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,,, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Intel mayygp,pp,p make changes to specifications, product descriptions, and plans at any time, without notice. All dates provided are subject to change without notice. IliIntel is a tra demar kfIlCk of Intel Corporat iihUSdhion in the U.S. and other countr ies. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. Copyright © 2007-2009, Intel Corporation . All rights are protected. Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 2 2 2 Agenda Moblin Platform Usages Moblin Architecture Overview Summary / Call-to-Action Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 3 3 3 MID Platform Usages INFORMATION COMMUNICATION ENTERTAINMENT Social Networking Video, TV, Games EU Genera te d Con ten t Pic tures Directions Blog, IM/Chat Music POI, LBS Voice (VoIP, CSV) Internet Browsing News, Shop, Sports Internet Browsing Internet Browsing Video Conferencing GenY GenY Gen Y Digital Parents Mobile Professionals Digital Parents Mobile Professionals Mobile Professional Linux Foundation4 – Moblin Seminar 4 4 4 Netbook & Nettop Platform Usages Communicate Watch & Play Email Photo Viewing/Sharing Instant Message Video Streaming Voice Over IP (VOIP) Basic Online Gaming Social Networking Learn Research Homework & Studying Internet (Safe) Browsing Language Learning Browse Listen SfhWbSurf the Web MP3 Read the News Streaming Audio Search for Information Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 5 5 5 In-vehicle Infotainment Platform Usages In Car Usages y HandsHands--freefree y Telematics y Navigation y EtEnter titainmen t Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 6 6 6 Embedded Platform Usages Media Phone = Internet Enabled Phone • Kitchen Internet Device ()(aka Consumer Broadband Phone) • Unified Communications Device (aka Unified Communications Client) • Bedside Internet Device (Hospitality, Telecare) (Office) (Home) • E Cash Registers • Premise Service Platforms (Gateway) • General Embedded • .... New Segment Development Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 7 7 7 7 Agenda Moblin Platform Usages Moblin Architecture Overview – UI Serv ices – Internet Browser – Media Player – Connection Manager / Phone Application – Kernel Services – Netbook UX and Mid UX – Power Management – Boot times – Security – SDK Summary / Call-to-Action Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 8 8 8 Moblin is Optimized Linux SW Platform for Intel® Atom™ Processors Netbooks/ MIDs Auto Embedded Nettops OS & OS & OS & OS & Sys. Infra. Moblin Sys. Infra. Sys. IfInfra. Sys. Infra. Platforms based on Intel® Atom™ processors Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 9 9 9 The Moblin Software Stack Platform Specific UX UI Services Mo b lin App Services Core Linux Kernel and Drivers Moblin Core is common across platforms User Experience is specific to a platform (e.g. MID, Netbook, IVI, …) Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 10 10 10 The Moblin SW Architecture Customer PiddProvided WM + Clu tter UI / Apps Compositor Plat form SifiSpecific UX Clutter toolkit Reference UX QT 3D User Interface Library (Clutter) s QT Embed ee (clutter-QT) Media Playback UI GTK+ (clutter-media) GTK Embed Web Rendering Physics Servic (clutter-GTK) (mozilla-clutter) (Box2D) Moblin Comms Services Internet Services Media Services Graphics Services Other Services Network Mgmt Layout Engine Media Services 3D Graphics Message Bus (ConnMan) (Mozilla Gecko) (GStreamer, Helix) (OpenGL) (D-Bus) i18N Rendering Telephony APIs Web Services Audio Mgmt C Services C s (Pango) ((py,)Telepathy, GSM) (REST, Mojito) (PulseAudio) (Glib, GObject) ore ee 2D Graphics rd Location Content Mgmt PIM Services 3 Party IP (Cairo) Cellular Bluetooth (Gypsy, GeoClue) (Bickley) (EDS) App VoIP, IM, Stack (BlueZ) Presence Device Sync Servic Codecs X (SyncML, gUPnP) WiFi / WiMAX (Dri vers, OMA -DM) Linux Base Services inux ernel WiFi, WiMAX LL Power Mgmt Device Drivers Platform Support Graphics system KK Bluetooth, 3G Data Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 11 11 11 UI Services: Clutter 3D User Interface Library (Clutter) Clutter is an open source QT Embed (clutter-QT) Media Playback software library for creating (clutter-media) GTK Embed Web Rendering Physics sleek, fast and visually rich (clutter-GTK) (mozilla-clutter) (Box2D) interfaces with 3D effects and Graphics Services 3D Graphics animations (OpenGL) i18N Rendering – Uses OpenGL (mesa) without (Pango) exposing the complexity 2D Graphics (Cairo) – Offers a simple, object-oriented X API, tailored toward manipulating 2D objects in 3D space and time – Built on glib, gobject, pango, cairo Linux Base Services – Developed in C with bindings for Graphics system Python, Perl, C# Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 12 12 12 UI Services: QT / GTK+ QT 3D User Interface Library (Clutter) QT Embed (clutter-QT) GTK+ GTK Embed (clutter-GTK) QT is a cross-pppplatform application framework – Portable across desktop and embedded operating systems GTK+ is a cross-ppglatform toolkit for creating User Interfaces Both can be used alongside and with Clutter Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 13 13 13 Graphics in Moblin Huge improvements since last year – composited 3D, monitor auto-plug, 2D/3D/Media shared objects, KMS, Kernel based 2D drawing Graphics Execution Engine – Kernel Memory Management to allow persistent objects, global names, Pageable contents – SHMFS for object allocation – Cache management using “memory domains” exposed to Apps – Kernel manages graphics aperture exclusively – Batch buffers as the fundamental scheduling unit DRI2 – new X extension to replace DRI (Direct Rendering Infrastructure) extension Kernel Mode Setting – Smooth boot experience and flicker free boot – Hot-plug monitors – Non-root X server possible Multi-master DRM possible with DRI2 and KMS – Allows non-X GPU usages including GPGPU OpenGL enhancements – work in progress – GL Shading Language , Tiled memory support , new shader compiler Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 14 14 14 Internet Browser Platform Specific UX Browser Three major components of the browser 3D User Interface Library (Clutter) – Headless layout engine, clutter embedding, and a platform specific browser app Web Rendering (mozilla-clutter) Web Services libraries enable Internet Services Layout Engine integration of web content (e.g. (Mozilla Gecko) Web Services social networking, media) into (REST, Mojito) the user experience Location (Gypsy, GeoClue) GeoClue provides location information from a variety of sou rces v ia a D-BsinterfaceBus interface – Gypsy provides abstracted, Linux Base Services multiplexed access to GPS devices PlatformGraphics Supportsystem (a replacement for GPSD) Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 15 15 15 Media Player Platform Specific UX Media Media stack is designed to support either Helix or 3D User Interface Library (Clutter) Media Playback GStreamer (ltt(clutter-media ) Clutter-media provides a uniform interface to control Media Services Media Services playback of media sources (GStreamer, Helix) Audio Mgmt (PulseAudio) Bickley provides metadata Conte nt Mg mt extraction and management (Bickley) Codecs for media files (audio, video, and photo) Linux Base Services Device Drivers Platform Support Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 16 16 16 Gstreamer – The Architecture Overview • What is Gstreamer? – a library for constructing graphs of media-handling components. – applications can take advantage of advances in codec and filter technology transparently. – GStreamer is released under the LGPL. • About Fluendo – a company launched in 2004. It is building their services on tfthtop of the GStreamer Courtesey: http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/data/doc/gstreamer/head/manual/html/chapter-gstreamer.html streaming media framework. – maintainers of gstreamer are employed in that company. Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 17 17 17 Connection Manager Platform Specific UX CM Phone Network management via 3D User Interface Library (Clutter) ConnMan supporting WiFi, WiMAX, and 3G data connections Comms Services Network Mgmt (ConnMan) Phone Applications Telephony APIs (Telepathy, oPhono-GSM) 3rd PtParty IP Blue too th Telephony interface to enable Cellular VoIP, IM, (BlueZ) Stack Presence support for multiple 3G voice WiFi / WiMAX / 3G stacks and integration with VoIP (Drivers, OMA-DM) Linux Base Services Device Drivers Platform Support Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 18 18 18 Other Services: PIM and Sync Platform Specific UX App EDS provides the data store for PIM 3D User Interface Library data (Calendar, Contacts, and Tasks) (Clutter) Other Services Integrating device synchronization – Planning a SyncML client which synchronizes PIM data Message Bus – Media sync under investigation (D-Bus) C Services (Glib, GObject) D-Bus as the common mechanism for PIM Services (EDS) app-to-app / app-to-service Device Sync communication (e.g. Connman, Mojito, (SyncML, gUPnP) EDS, Bickley, etc) Linux Base Services Glib and Gobject are standard portable Device Drivers object system used by other services Linux Foundation – Moblin Seminar 19 19 19 Kernel Services Linux
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on the 2020 FOSS Contributor Survey
    Report on the 2020 FOSS Contributor Survey The Linux Foundation & The Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard Frank Nagle Harvard Business School David A. Wheeler The Linux Foundation Hila Lifshitz-Assaf New York University Haylee Ham Jennifer L. Hoffman Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard Acknowledgments This report and the research behind it would not have been possible without the leadership of the Core Infrastructure Initiative’s Advisory Committee, composed of Josh Corman, Steve Lipner, Audris Mockus, Henning Piezunka, and Sam Ransbotham. Frank Nagle would also like to thank his fellow co-directors of the Core Infrastructure Initiative, Jim Zemlin at the Linux Foundation and Karim Lakhani at the Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard, for their counsel and direction throughout this project. Gratitude and thanks to Michael Dolan and Kate Stewart at the Linux Foundation for their ongoing commitment to this undertaking. Thank you to James Dana for laying the initial groundwork for this survey. Finally — and perhaps, most importantly — thank you to all the individuals who contribute to FOSS projects. Without their tireless efforts, our core digital infrastructure and the feats enabled by it would not be sustainable. REVISED: This report has been updated since its original release on 8 December 2020. This second version, released on 10 December 2020, corrects errors found in the original text and graphics. Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 7 Methodology 9 Overview of Findings 10 Demographics 10 Figure 1: Gender
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Linux Mojo the XYZ of Mobile Tlas PDQ!
    Mobile Linux Mojo The XYZ of Mobile TLAs PDQ! Bill Weinberg January 29, 2009 Copyright © 2009 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Alphabet Soup . Too many TLAs – Non-profits – Commercial Entities – Tool Kits – Standards . ORG Typology – Standards Bodies – Implementation Consortia – Hybrids MIPS and Open Source Copyright © 2008 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Page: 2 The Big Four . Ahem, Now Three . OHA - Open Handset Alliance – Founded by Google, together with Sprint, TIM, Motorola, et al. – Performs/support development of Android platform . LiMo Foundation – Orig. Motorola, NEC, NTT, Panasonic, Samsung, Vodaphone – Goal of created shared, open middleware mobile OS . LiPS - Linux Phone Standards Forum – Founded by France Telecom/Orange, ACCESS et al. – Worked to create standards for Linux-based telephony m/w – Merged with LiMo Foundation in June 2008 . Moblin - Mobile Linux – Founded by Intel, (initially) targeting Intel Atom CPUs – Platform / distribution to support MIDs, Nettops, UMPC MIPS and Open Source Copyright © 2008 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Page: 3 LiMo and Android . Android is a complete mobile stack LiMo is a platform for enabling that includes applications applications and services Android, as Free Software, should LiMo membership represents appeal to Tier II/III OEMs and Tier I OEMs, ISVs and operators ODMs, who lack resources LiMo aims to leave Android strives to be “room for differentiation” a stylish phone stack LiMo presents Linux-native APIs Android is based on Dalvik, a Java work-alike The LiMo SDK has/will have compliance test suites OHA has a “non Fragmentation” pledge MIPS and Open Source Copyright © 2008 Bill Weinberg, LinuxPundit,com Page: 4 And a whole lot more .
    [Show full text]
  • Linux Foundation to Host Meego Workgroup
    Linux Foundation To Host MeeGo Workgroup New Open Source Software Platform Backed by Intel and Nokia will Power the Next Generation of Computing Devices SAN FRANCISCO, February 15, 2010 – The Linux Foundation, the nonprofit organization dedicated to accelerating the growth of Linux, today announced it will host the MeeGo project, the open source software platform for the next generation of computing devices. MeeGo combines Intel’s Moblin™ and Nokia’s Maemo projects into one Linux-based platform. MeeGo, announced today in a joint release by Intel and Nokia, will be deployed across many computing device types - including pocketable mobile computers, netbooks, tablets, mediaphones, connected TVs and in-vehicle infotainment systems, and brings together the leaders in computing and mobile communications as the project’s backers. MeeGo is designed for cross-device, cross-architecture computing and is built from the ground up for a new class of powerful computing devices. The workgroup will be hosted by the Linux Foundation as a fully open source project, encouraging community contributions in line with the best practices of the open source development model. The Linux Foundation expects MeeGo to be adopted widely by device manufacturers, network operators, software vendors and developers across multiple device types and for many organizations and developers to participate in the workgroup. “With MeeGo, you have the world’s leader in computing – Intel – uniting with the world’s leader in communications – Nokia – in a true open source project hosted at the Linux Foundation,” said Jim Zemlin, executive director at the Linux Foundation. “MeeGo has been built from the ground up for rich, mobile devices and will deliver choice to consumers without lock-in.
    [Show full text]
  • Linux Sound Subsystem Documentation Release 4.13.0-Rc4+
    Linux Sound Subsystem Documentation Release 4.13.0-rc4+ The kernel development community Sep 05, 2017 CONTENTS 1 ALSA Kernel API Documentation 1 1.1 The ALSA Driver API ............................................ 1 1.2 Writing an ALSA Driver ........................................... 89 2 Designs and Implementations 145 2.1 Standard ALSA Control Names ...................................... 145 2.2 ALSA PCM channel-mapping API ..................................... 147 2.3 ALSA Compress-Offload API ........................................ 149 2.4 ALSA PCM Timestamping ......................................... 152 2.5 ALSA Jack Controls ............................................. 155 2.6 Tracepoints in ALSA ............................................ 156 2.7 Proc Files of ALSA Drivers ......................................... 158 2.8 Notes on Power-Saving Mode ....................................... 161 2.9 Notes on Kernel OSS-Emulation ..................................... 161 2.10 OSS Sequencer Emulation on ALSA ................................... 165 3 ALSA SoC Layer 171 3.1 ALSA SoC Layer Overview ......................................... 171 3.2 ASoC Codec Class Driver ......................................... 172 3.3 ASoC Digital Audio Interface (DAI) .................................... 174 3.4 Dynamic Audio Power Management for Portable Devices ...................... 175 3.5 ASoC Platform Driver ............................................ 180 3.6 ASoC Machine Driver ............................................ 181 3.7 Audio Pops
    [Show full text]
  • Mer: Core OS Mobile & Devices
    Mer: Core OS mobile & devices Qt Developer Days - Silicon Valley 2012 Carl Symons Introduction Plasma Active chooses Mer Not just another Linux distribution Focus - device providers Where's Mer? SDKs - apps & platform Get Mer Resources Carl Symons Large company Mktg/BusDev Start-ups } Slightly geeky Grassroots LinuxFest organizer KDE News editor/promo KDE Plasma Active Mer upstream and downstream First LinuxCon September 2009 Portland Moblin is a hot topic Moblin 2.1 for phones introduced MeeGo Announced February 201 0 Moblin & Maemo merger Support for Intel Atom Desktop Summit August 11 , 2011 Berlin; Free Desktop meeting Developer orientation; ExoPCs MeeGo AppStore A real Linux OS LinuxCon - Vancouver August 1 8, 2011 Intel AppUp Developer orientation; ExoPCs MeeGo AppStore show real Linux OS; possibilities Intel AppUp Elements September 28, 2011 National developer conference Tizen announced (led by Intel and Samsung) MeeGo and Qt abandoned HTML5/CSS3 Maemo Reconstructed October 3, 2011 Mer announced The spirit of MeeGo lives on Plasma Active chooses Mer October 5, 2011 No viable alternative Lightweight Mer talent and community Performant Boot time - more than a minute to about 1 5 seconds on Atom tablet Not just another Linux MeeGo - large company dominated; closed governance Mer - Core OS only Packages Focus - Device Providers Complete world class platform for building commercial products Modern, clean Linux Easy to try; easy to port Systems, structures, processes, code to serve device providers Where's Mer? X86, ARM, MIPS NemoMobile
    [Show full text]
  • The GNOME Census: Who Writes GNOME?
    The GNOME Census: Who writes GNOME? Dave Neary & Vanessa David, Neary Consulting © Neary Consulting 2010: Some rights reserved Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................3 What is GNOME?.............................................................................3 Project governance...........................................................................3 Why survey GNOME?.......................................................................4 Scope and methodology...................................................................5 Tools and Observations on Data Quality..........................................7 Results and analysis...........................................................................10 GNOME Project size.......................................................................10 The Long Tail..................................................................................11 Effects of commercialisation..........................................................14 Who does the work?.......................................................................15 Who maintains GNOME?................................................................17 Conclusions........................................................................................22 References.........................................................................................24 Appendix 1: Modules included in survey...........................................25 2 Introduction What
    [Show full text]
  • Features Ask Klaus!
    FEATURES Ask Klaus! Klaus Knopper answers your Linux questions Thanks for reading this, Klaus; it really means a lot to me that you take time to help out the Linux community. Mark Mina If I’m not completely mistaken (having no such model for test- ing), the main challenge with this note- AskBy Klaus Knopper Klaus! book really seems to be the graphics Knoppix Install adapter, which is a hybrid Intel + ATI/ Hello, Klaus. I have been using your AMD RadeonHD 6550M. You will most OS version 6.4 as supplied on the likely need a new kernel (at least 2.6.38 DVD with the January 2011 Linux Maga- or 2.6.39) with the Radeon DRM module zine. I like it so much that I would like to and Xorg 1.10 with the xorg-video- install it on the hard drive on one of my radeon driver, which is currently in De- machines. I have looked through the bian/ unstable. This is quite distro-inde- files but cannot find a way to install it. pendent; the most recently released ones Can you please advise? I am not on the will be the best candidates. Internet but hope to be on in the next You may also succeed by switching off couple of months. Best Regards, John one of the graphics chipsets in the BIOS Stirling and explicitly configuring the other in Xorg. The Intel version may be a good A Knoppix harddisk install option candidate. For Knoppix, try to boot with: exists in the Preferences menu with the “0wn” (“zero work needed”) knoppix xmodule=intel utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Pipewire: a Low-Level Multimedia Subsystem
    Proceedings of the 18th Linux Audio Conference (LAC-20), SCRIME, Université de Bordeaux, France, November 25–27, 2020 PIPEWIRE: A LOW-LEVEL MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM Wim Taymans ∗ Principal Software Engineer Red Hat, Spain [email protected] ABSTRACT 2. LINUX AUDIO LANDSCAPE PipeWire is a low-level multimedia library and daemon that facili- Audio support on Linux first appeared with the Open Sound System tates negotiation and low-latency transport of multimedia content be- (OSS) [6] and was until the 2.4 kernel the only audio API available tween applications, filters and devices. It is built using modern Linux on Linux. It was based around the standard Unix open/close/read- infrastructure and has both performance and security as its core de- /write/ioctl system calls. sign guidelines. The goal is to provide services such as JACK and OSS was replaced by the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture PulseAudio on top of this common infrastructure. PipeWire is media (ALSA) [7]from Linux 2.5. ALSA improved on the OSS API and agnostic and supports arbitrary compressed and uncompressed for- included a user space library that abstracted many of the hardware mats. A common audio infrastructure with backwards compatibility details. The ALSA user-space library also includes a plugin infras- that can support Pro Audio and Desktop Audio use cases can poten- tructure that can be used to create new custom devices and plugins. tially unify the currently fractured audio landscape on Linux desk- Unfortunately, the plugin system is quite static and requires editing tops and workstations and give users and developers a much better of configuration files.
    [Show full text]
  • Kernel Validation with Kselftest Shuah Khan, Kernel Maintainer and Fellow, the Linux Foundation
    Kernel Validation With Kselftest Shuah Khan, Kernel Maintainer and Fellow, The Linux Foundation • Why do we test? • Kinds of testing/tests ... – Unit, developer, regression, integration • Linux kernel testing philosophy – Developer and community driven testing – Reliance on community and users • Linux kernel release cycle – Time based - not feature based – Continuous and parallel development/testing model • Linux kernel testing and validation – Writing tests • Kernel test frameworks - Kselftest & KUnit – Developer testing • Kselftest, KUnit and others. – Regression testing • Kselftest, KUnit and others. • Linux kernel testing and validation – Continuous Integration testing • Static analysis tools (sparse, smatch, coccicheck etc.) • Dynamic analysis tools (fuzzers, syzbot etc.) • Where does this all happen? – Developer test systems – Continuous Integration Rings • Kernel CI Dashboard — Home • 0-Day - Boot and Performance issues • 0-Day - Build issues • Linaro QA • Buildbot • Hulk Robot • What is tested? – Kernel repositories: • linux mainline • linux-next • developer git repositories – Active kernel releases • Basic testing – Boot and usage test – Run basic sanity tests • Basic sanity tests – Does networking (wifi/wired) work correctly? – Does ssh work? – rsync a large file(s) from another system – Download files: wget, ftp, git clone etc. – Play audio/video • Examine kernel logs – Look for new critical and error messages – Check for new warning messages – Check for panic traces • Kernel selftest (Kselftest) – Regression test suite • Kernel
    [Show full text]
  • Titans and Trolls of the Open Source Arena
    Titans and Trolls Enter the Open-Source Arena * by DEBRA BRUBAKER BURNS I. Introduction .................................................................................... 34 II. Legal Theories for Open Source Software License Enforcement ................................................................................... 38 A. OSS Licensing .......................................................................... 38 B. Legal Theories and Remedies for OSS Claims .................... 40 1. Legal Protections for OSS under Copyright and Contract Law ..................................................................... 40 Stronger Protections for OSS License under Copyright Law ................................................................... 40 2. Copyright-Ownership Challenges in OSS ....................... 42 3. Potential Legal Minefields for OSS under Patent Law ...................................................................................... 45 4. Added Legal Protection for OSS under Trademark Law ...................................................................................... 46 5. ITC 337 Action as Uncommon Legal Protection for OSS ..................................................................................... 49 III. Enforcement Within the OSS Community .................................. 49 A. Software Freedom Law Center Enforces OSS Licenses .... 50 B. Federal Circuit Finds OSS License Enforceable Under Copyright Law ......................................................................... 53 C. Commercial OSS
    [Show full text]
  • Audio on Linux: End of a Golden Age?
    Audio on Linux: End of a Golden Age? Lars-Peter Clausen – Analog Devices Agenda ● History – Major transitions in software and hardware architecture ● Present – A look at the current situation – Are we in a golden age? ● Future – What major transitions lie ahead of us – How are we going to react to them? Interdependent vs. Modular Interdependent ● No clear boundaries defined between sub- modules ● Different sub-modules are aware of each others internals – Creates dependencies ● Parts can't be upgraded or modified independently of each other Modular ● Partitioning in sub-modules ● Clearly defined functions and interfaces ● Parts can be changed independently of each other – Drop-in replacements ● Constraint by the interface History Humble Beginnings PC Speaker (Beeper) ● Found in all IBM compatible PCs – Present in the first IBM PC 5150 (1981) ● Has only two states – Toggling a specific frequency generates a tone (PWM) ● Magnetic or Piezoelectric plate ● In Linux supported by the input framework Extending Features Soundblaster ● First widespread consumer sound card – Soundblaster 1.0 release in 1989 ● Primarily synthesizer based ● Mono PCM channel ● Became defacto standard for consumer sound cards – Many applications expected a sound blaster interface – Other manufacturers included a Soundblaster compatibility mode in their hardware Audio on Linux Open Sound System (OSS) Open Sound System (OSS) ● Used to be default audio subsystem in v2.4 ● /dev/dsp interface – To playback audio use write() – To capture audio use read() – Some IOCTLs for
    [Show full text]
  • Please Don't Go
    Please Don’t Go - Increasing Women’s Participation in Open Source Software Bianca Trinkenreich Northern of Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ, USA [email protected] Abstract—Women represent less than 24% of the software the development of the community with norms and values development industry and suffer from various types of prejudice consistent with their own vision [12], focusing on the first and biases. In Open Source Software projects, despite a variety social experiences through programs such as mentorships [13], of efforts to increase diversity and multi-gendered participation, women are even more underrepresented (less than 10%). My and fixing the gender-bias issues in non-inclusive tools and research focuses on answering the question: How can OSS infrastructure [14]. Some strategies that are discouraged by communities increase women’s participation in OSS projects? the literature include setting quotas for women. Just increasing I will identify the different OSS career pathways, and develop the proportion of women can lead to questioning stereotypes a holistic view of women’s motivations to join or leave OSS, and decisions to simply re-classify types of work that are cur- along with their definitions of success. Based on this empirical investigation, I will work together with the Linux Foundation rently packaged in masculine-feminine stereotyped specialties. to design attraction and retention strategies focused on women. Another discouraged strategy is related to coding schools that Before and after implementing the strategies, I will conduct train women in specialties where they are already represented. empirical studies to evaluate the state of the practice and These schools might perpetuate the disadvantage of women understand the implications of the strategies.
    [Show full text]