Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical Infrastructure Protection Christer Pursiainen (Ed.) with the Assistance of Patrick Lindblom and Per Francke

Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical Infrastructure Protection Christer Pursiainen (ed.) with the assistance of Patrick Lindblom and Per Francke NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical Infrastructure Protection Christer Pursiainen (ed.) with the assistance of Patrick Lindblom and Per Francke NORDREGIO 2007 Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2503 ISBN 978-91-89332-66-9 Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.se www.norden.se Cover design: Hanna Dobois Cover photograph: Odd Iglebaek Dtp: Patrick Lindblom Linguistic editing: Mark Waller Repro and pint: Allduplo Offsettryck AB, Stockholm, Sweden © Nordregio, the authors and the project. This study has been part-financed by the European Commission Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security, European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection. The Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information and analysis contained herein. Nordic co-operation takes place among the countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians form the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiatives and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. Stockholm, Sweden 2007 CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND FACT BOXES...................................................................V PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. IX ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS........................................................................................... XIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... XV LIST OF ACRONYMS .........................................................................................................XXIX CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION .................................. 3 1.1 The European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection............................... 3 1.2 The heterogenic Baltic Sea Region ............................................................................ 6 1.3 What are critical infrastuctures? ............................................................................. 14 1.4 Protection – against what? ...................................................................................... 26 1.5 From protection to resilience? ................................................................................. 31 1.6 Dependencies and interdependencies....................................................................... 33 1.7 The dilemma of public-private partnership .............................................................. 35 1.8 EU and Member States – finding the right balance.................................................. 39 1.9 Regional multilateralism in critical infrastructure protection.................................. 45 1.10 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY..................................................................................................55 2 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS BLACKOUTS AND THE RESCUE SERVICES: THE CASE OF FINLAND ............................................................................................................................ 57 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 57 2.2 The electric power systems ...................................................................................... 58 2.3 Electric power system disturbances ......................................................................... 66 2.4 Better preparedness ................................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER III: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY .....................83 3 CRITICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE CASE OF TETRA......................................................................................................... 85 3.1 Problem description and definition.......................................................................... 85 3.2 Case study on CIIP ................................................................................................ 101 3.3 Comprehensive strategy for CIIP........................................................................... 124 3.4 Conclusions and way forward................................................................................ 137 CHAPTER IV: OIL TRANSPORTATION AND MARITIME SAFETY ...............................141 4 RISKS IN OIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE GULF OF FINLAND. “NOT A QUESTION OF IF – BUT WHEN” ..................................................................................................................... 143 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 143 4.2 Oil transportation in the Gulf of Finland............................................................... 144 4.3 Risk evaluation ...................................................................................................... 150 4.4 Present safety solutions ......................................................................................... 156 4.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 161 CHAPTER V: GAS ...................................................................................................................165 5 NORTH EUROPEAN GAS PIPELINE ..................................................................................... 167 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 167 5.2 The North European Gas Pipeline ......................................................................... 167 5.3 Threat scenarios .................................................................................................... 173 5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, natural disasters and dumped munitions.................. 178 5.5 Critical infrastructure protection strategy ............................................................. 182 CHAPTER VI: WATER ...........................................................................................................187 6 POTENTIAL RISKS FOR SHALLOW GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN COASTAL AREAS OF THE BALTIC SEA: A CASE STUDY IN THE HANKO AREA IN SOUTH FINLAND .............................. 189 6.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 189 6.2 Methodology and materials ................................................................................... 197 6.3 Hanko aquifer........................................................................................................ 198 6.4 Risk assessment in the Hanko area ........................................................................ 204 6.5 Risk management in the Hanko area...................................................................... 209 6.6 Adaptation of groundwater protection strategy in Hanko and other coastal aquifers in Finland .................................................................................................211 6.7 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................................................................215 LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND FACT BOXES LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND FACT BOXES FIGURE I—1 THE BALTIC SEA REGION ....................................................................................... 6 FIGURE I—2 POPULATION DENSITY IN THE BSR ......................................................................... 8 FIGURE I—3 CITY POPULATION IN THE BSR ............................................................................... 9 FIGURE I—4 GDP (PPS) PER CAPITA 2004 IN EUROPE................................................................ 10 FIGURE I—5 DOMINANT BRANCH OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE BSR ............................................... 11 FIGURE I—6 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF EUROPEAN STOCK EXCHANGES .................................. 12 FIGURE I—7 THE NORWEGIAN METHOD OF DEFINING CRITICALITY.......................................... 25 FIGURE II—1 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN FINLAND YEAR 2006...................................................... 59 FIGURE II—2 THE PEAK LOAD TREND ...................................................................................... 61 FIGURE

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