DOCSLIB.ORG

Movement Patterns of Adult Steelhead and Anglers in the Mainstem Clearwater River, Idaho

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Movement Patterns of Adult Steelhead and Anglers in the Mainstem Clearwater River, Idaho Movement Patterns of Adult Steelhead and Anglers in the Mainstem Clearwater River, Idaho Stacey F. Feeken Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho Michael C. Quist U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho Brett J. Bowersox and Marika E. Dobos Idaho Department of Fish and Game Clearwater River Columbia River Snake River 0 100 km Potlatch River Five wild populations NF Clearwater River • Lower Clearwater River • Lolo Creek Clearwater River • SF Clearwater River • Lochsa River MF Clearwater River Lochsa River • Selway River One hatchery stock Selway River SF Clearwater River Trophy steelhead fishery July 1st • Catch and release Entire river (to Clear Creek) August 1st • Catch and keep Mouth to Memorial Bridge • Catch and release Entire river (to Clear Creek) October 15th • Catch and keep Entire river (to Clear Creek) May 1st • Closed to fishing How can we better understand the steelhead fishery to benefit both steelhead and anglers? Describe steelhead distribution and movement • Wild and hatchery steelhead • Timing into the Clearwater River • Fate Describe angler distribution Methods Sort-By-Code Clearwater River Columbia River GO LM LG DW IH MC JD TD BO HC Snake River 0 100 km Lower Granite Dam Potlatch River NF Clearwater River Tracking 1 2 3 4 5 Clearwater River 6 MF Clearwater River 7 Lochsa River 8 Selway River SF Clearwater River 0 40 km Results Lower Clearwater Radio-tag group Granite Dam River Potlatch 15 14 Lochsa 23 19 Dworshak NFH 60 58 SF Clearwater 80 74 Total 178 165 Spawn Year 2017 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Number of steelheadNumber 2 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month 12 10 8 6 4 Number of steelheadNumber 2 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month 8 6 Potlatch 4 2 0 8 6 Lochsa 4 2 0 8 6 South Fork 4 2 0 Number of steelhead Number 8 6 Dworshak 4 2 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month 70 N = 165 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Movement(km/d) -10 -20 n = 15 n = 110 n = 97 n = 86 n = 81 n = 81 n = 34 n = 19 -30 Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Month Potlatch Lochsa 0.08 0.08 0.08 Anglers Fall Fall Fall n = 9 n = 6 n1 = 1170 0.06 0.06 0.06 n2 = 742 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08 6.00 Winter Winter Winter n = 9 n = 8 5.00 n1 = 1400 0.06 0.06 n = 622 4.00 2 0.04 0.04 3.00 2.00 0.02 0.02 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Density estimator Density 4.00 0.08 20.0 Spring Spring Spring n = 3 n = 10 n1 = 393 3.00 0.06 15.0 n2 = 243 2.00 0.04 10.0 1.00 0.02 5.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 POT NF SF LOC POT NF SF LOC POT NF SF LOC River kilometer Dworshak South Fork 0.08 0.08 0.08 Anglers Fall Fall Fall n = 50 n = 61 n1 = 1170 0.06 0.06 0.06 n2 = 742 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.3 0.08 6.00 Winter Winter Winter n = 37 n = 8 5.00 n = 1400 0.06 1 0.2 4.00 n2 = 622 0.04 3.00 0.1 2.00 0.02 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 Density estimator Density 0.08 0.08 20.0 Spring Spring Spring n = 14 n = 14 n1 = 393 0.06 0.06 15.0 n2 = 243 0.04 0.04 10.0 0.02 0.02 5.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 POT NF SF LOC POT NF SF LOC POT NF SF LOC River kilometer Hatchery and Wild Anglers 0.08 0.08 Fall Fall n1 = 111 n1 = 1170 0.06 0.06 n2 = 15 n2 = 742 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.08 6.00 Winter Winter n1 = 45 n1 = 1400 0.06 n = 17 2 4.00 n2 = 622 0.04 2.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Density Density estimator 0.08 20.0 Spring Spring n1 = 28 n1 = 393 0.06 15.0 n2 = 13 n2 = 243 0.04 10.0 0.02 5.0 0.00 0.0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 POT NF SF LOC POT NF SF LOC River kilometer Origin Tributary Potlatch Dworshak South Fork Lochsa Potlatch 79% 0 0 0 North Fork 0 72% 9% 0 South Fork 0 0 66% 0 Lochsa 0 0 0 84% 100 Lochsa 80 Potlatch 60 40 20 Steelhead (% tagged) 0 DNFH trap Unknown Potlatch RiverLochsa River Dead or shed Angler Possibleharvest harvest Fate 50 Dworshak 40 30 20 10 Steelhead (% tagged) Steelhead(% 0 North ForkSouth Fork DNFH trap Unknown Dead or shed Angler Possibleharvest harvest Fate 80 Local brood General production 60 40 20 Steelhead (% tagged) (% Steelhead 0 North ForkSouth Fork DNFH trap Unknown Dead or shed Angler Possibleharvest harvest Fate 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Steelhead (% tagged) (% Steelhead 0 Potlatch Lochsa Dworshak South Fork Radio-tag group Wild and hatchery • Limited overlap of wild and hatchery steelhead • Angling effort focused on hatchery fish • No evidence of straying by hatchery fish Regulation structure • Highly compartmentalized fishery • Out-of-basin stocks Dworshak steelhead • Run reconstruction • Fish are returning to the North Fork • Few fish collected for brood South Fork steelhead • Higher returns of local brood to South Fork than general production • General production had high returns Macrohabitat selection Summarize 2017-2018 steelhead and angler data Idaho Department of Fish and Game University of Idaho Nez Perce Tribe • Paul Bunn • Shannon Blackburn • Brent Boncheau • Michael Briggs • Christopher Caudill • Peter Cleary • Tim Copeland • Sophie Gilbert • Matt Corsi NOAA • Brian Knoth • Dalton Lebeda • Darren Ogden • Devin Norland Funded by: Pacific Coastal Salmon • Scott Putnam Recovery Fund • Grant Truskowski • Clayton Waller • Don Whitney Photo: Matt Corsi .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 07/01/2010 to 09/30/2010 Clearwater National Forest This Report Contains the Best Available Information at the Time of Publication
    Schedule of Proposed Action (SOPA) 07/01/2010 to 09/30/2010 Clearwater National Forest This report contains the best available information at the time of publication. Questions may be directed to the Project Contact. Expected Project Name Project Purpose Planning Status Decision Implementation Project Contact Projects Occurring in more than one Region (excluding Nationwide) Geothermal Leasing - Regulations, Directives, Cancelled N/A N/A Tracy Parker Programmatic Environmental Orders 505-758-6310 Impact Statement [email protected] EIS Description: The Forest Service was a cooperating agency, assisting the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in that Agency's geothermal leasing analysis and decision. The BLM issued a record of decision on 12/17/2008. Web Link: http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/geothermal/geothermal_nationwide.html Location: UNIT - Coronado National Forest All Units, Gila National Forest All Units, Lincoln National Forest All Units, Boise National Forest All Units, Bridger-Teton National Forest All Units, Clearwater National Forest All Units, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest All Units, Bitterroot National Forest All Units, Lewis And Clark National Forest All Units, Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest All Units, San Juan National Forest All Units, White River National Forest All Units, Carson National Forest All Units, Cibola National Forest All Units, Cleveland National Forest All Units, Eldorado National Forest All Units, Lassen National Forest All Units, Los Padres National Forest All Units, Mendocino National Forest
    [Show full text]
  • Final Environmental Impact Statement Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery Program
    Final Environmental Impact Statement Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery Program Bonneville Power Administration U.S. Department of Energy Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Department of the Interior Nez Perce Tribe July 1997 Final Environmental Impact Statement Responsible Agencies: U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA); U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); Nez Perce Tribe (NPT). Title of Proposed Action: Nez Perce Tribal Hatchery Program. States Involved: Idaho. Abstract: Bonneville Power Administration, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Nez Perce Tribe propose a supplementation program to restore chinook salmon to the Clearwater River Subbasin in Idaho. The Clearwater River is a tributary to the Snake River, which empties into the Columbia River. The Final EIS includes a new alternative suggested by commentors to the Draft EIS. In the Proposed Action, the Nez Perce Tribe would build and operate two central incubation and rearing hatcheries and six satellite facilities. Spring and fall chinook salmon would be reared and acclimated to different areas in the Subbasin and released at the hatchery and satellite sites or in other watercourses throughout the Subbasin. The supplementation program differs from other hatchery programs because the fish would be released at different sizes and would return to reproduce naturally in the areas where they are released. The Use of Existing Facilities Alternative proposes using existing production hatcheries and the proposed satellite facilities to meet the need. Facilities at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery, Kooskia National Fish Hatchery, and Hagerman National Fish Hatchery would be used as central incubation and rearing facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Clearwater Assessment: 8. Fishery Resources
    8 Fishery Resources 8.1 Fish Status Currently more than 30 species of fish inhabit the Clearwater subbasin, including 19 native species, two of which have been reintroduced (Table 43). Salmonids and cyprinids are most numerous, representing 10 and 6 species, respectively. Exotic species within the subbasin are generally introduced sport or forage species, and include primarily centrarchids, ictalurids, and salmonids. Five fish species have been chosen as aquatic focal species in this assessment: chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies), westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Aquatic focal species may serve as indicators of larger communities, and are listed by federal and/or state agencies as species of concern or, in the case of brook trout, have the potential to negatively impact other selected species. In addition, aquatic focal species had adequate data available for species status, distribution, and habitat use to aid future decision making. Information is also provided for additional species of interest for which only limited data exists, redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies), Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Although species status is discussed, data limitations for these species prohibits substantial consideration of limiting factors and distribution or condition of existing habitat areas. The resident fishery in Dworshak Reservoir is also considered a substantial fishery resource in the Clearwater subbasin. The Dworshak Reservoir fishery involves multiple species, and is addressed as a single fishery rather than as a large number of individual species. Distribution and status information was compiled for the five aquatic focal species using 23 data sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Prescribed Burning for Elk in N Orthem Idaho
    Proceedings: 8th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 1968 Prescribed Burning For Elk in N orthem Idaho THOMAS A. LEEGE, RESEARCH BIOLOGIST Idaho Fish and Game Dept. Kamiah, Idaho kE majestic wapiti, otherwise known as the Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus canadensis), has been identified with northern Idaho for the last 4 decades. Every year thousands of hunters from all parts of the United States swarm into the wild country of the St. Joe Clearwater River drainages. Places like Cool­ water Ridge, Magruder and Moose Creek are favorite hunting spots well known for their abundance of elk. However, it is now evident that elk numbers are slowly decreasing in many parts of the region. The reason for the decline is apparent when the history of the elk herds and the vegetation upon which they depend are closely exam­ ined. This paper will review some of these historical records and then report on prescribed burning studies now underway by Idaho Fish and Game personnel. The range rehabilitation program being developed by the Forest Service from these studies will hopefully halt the elk decline and maintain this valuable wildlife resource in northern Idaho. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION The general area I will be referring to includes the territory to the north of the Salmon River and south of Coeur d'Alene Lake (Fig. 1). 235 THOMAS A. LEEGE It is sometimes called north-central Idaho and includes the St. Joe and Clearwater Rivers as the major drainages. This area is lightly populated, especially the eaStern two-thirds which is almost entirely publicly owned and managed by the United States Forest Service; specifically, the St.
    [Show full text]
  • Lathyrus Bijugatus
    Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) FEIS Home Page Lathyrus bijugatus Table of Contents SUMMARY INTRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX REFERENCES Figure 1—Drypark pea in flower. Photo by Tara Luna, used with permission. SUMMARY This Species Review summarizes the scientific information that was available on drypark pea as of February 2021. Drypark pea is a rare, leguminous forb that occurs in eastern Washington and Oregon, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. Within that distribution, it grows in a broad range of biogeoclimatic zones and elevations. As its common name "drypark pea" suggests, it prefers dry soils and open sites. Drypark pea grows in sagebrush-conifer and sagebrush-grassland transition zones; in ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce woodlands and forests; and subalpine fir parklands. In conifer communities, it is most common in open stands. Drypark pea has rhizomes that grow out from its taproot. Its roots host nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria. Drypark pea regenerates from seed and has a soil-stored seed bank; however, information on seed dispersal, viability, and seedling establishment of drypark pea was not available in the literature. Fire probably top-kills drypark pea, and it likely sprouts from its rhizomes and/or caudex after top-kill; however, these responses are undocumented. Only one study provided information on the response of drypark pea to fire. In ponderosa pine forest in northern Idaho, cover and frequency of drypark pea were similar on unburned plots and plots burned under low or high intensity, when 1 averaged across 3 postfire years.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest HUC5 Watershed Name HUC6 Subwatershed Name USFS Acres
    Forest HUC5 Watershed Name HUC6 Subwatershed Name USFS Acres 17010306 - HANGMAN SUBBASIN CNF 1701030601 Upper Hangman Creek 170103060101 Headwaters Hangman Creek 2,245 ********** ************ --------- sum 2,245 17060108 - PALOUSE RIVER SUBBASIN CNF 1706010803 Upper Palouse River 170601080301 Headwaters Palouse River 27,352 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080302 Meadow Creek 14,237 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080303 Big Creek 2,857 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080304 Flat Creek 839 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080305 Hatter Creek 16 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080306 Gold Creek 4,224 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080308 Palouse River/Rock Creek 3,300 CNF Upper Palouse River 170601080309 Deep Creek 1,346 ********** ************ --------- sum 54,171 17060109 - ROCK CREEK SUBBASIN CNF 1706010901 Pine Creek 170601090101 Headwaters Pine Creek 87 ********** ************ --------- sum 87 17060302 - LOWER SELWAY SUBBASIN CNF 1706030201 Moose Creek 170603020102 Upper East Fork Moose Creek 8,290 CNF Moose Creek 170603020103 Cedar Creek 16,271 CNF Moose Creek 170603020104 Middle East Fork Moose Creek 686 ********** ************ --------- sum 25,639 17060303 - LOCHSA RIVER SUBBASIN CNF 1706030301 Crooked Fork Creek 170603030101 Upper Crooked Fork Creek 18,907 Forest HUC5 Watershed Name HUC6 Subwatershed Name USFS Acres CNF Crooked Fork Creek 170603030102 Boulder Creek 15,627 CNF Crooked Fork Creek 170603030103 Lower Crooked Fork Creek 11,766 CNF Crooked Fork Creek 170603030104 Upper Brushy Fork Creek 5,142 CNF Crooked Fork Creek 170603030105 Spruce
    [Show full text]
  • Potlatch River Steelhead Monitoring and Evaluation Project
    POTLATCH RIVER STEELHEAD MONITORING AND EVALUATION PROJECT 2017 AND 2018 BIENNIAL REPORT Prepared by: Brian A. Knoth, Fisheries Biologist Brett J. Bowersox, Fishery Staff Biologist Jason T. Fortier, Fisheries Technician 2 IDFG Report Number 20-15 March 2021 POTLATCH RIVER STEELHEAD MONITORING AND EVALUATION PROJECT 2017 AND 2018 BIENNIAL REPORT By: Brian A. Knoth Brett J. Bowersox Jason T. Fortier Idaho Department of Fish and Game 600 South Walnut Street P.O. Box 25 Boise, ID 83707 IDFG Report Number 20-15 March 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .........................................................................................1 FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................2 PROJECT OVERVIEW ...............................................................................................................2 PROJECT DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................... 3 PROJECT TIMELINE ..................................................................................................................4 REPORT STRUCTURE ..............................................................................................................4 LITERATURE CITED ...............................................................................................................5 FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • THE PRAIRIE OWL PALOUSE AUDUBON SOCIETY Volume 29, Issue 4, March 2001
    THE PRAIRIE OWL PALOUSE AUDUBON SOCIETY Volume 29, Issue 4, March 2001 PROGRAMS CALENDAR MOSCOW COMMUNITY CENTER MARCH MARCH 21, 2001 - 7:30 P.M. 5 PAS Board Meeting - 7:30pm Bighorn Sheep in Hell's Canyon - Frances 6 Army Corps of Engineers Open House – Cassirer, Wildlife Biologist, Idaho Department 2:00 – 8:00pm, Dworshak of Fish and Game, Clearwater Region. Through also Yukon to Yellowstone Initiative – 7:30pm, a cooperative project between the states of Idaho, University of Idaho Law School Court Rm Oregon, and Washington, the BLM, Forest Service, 13 National ORV Coalition – 7:00pm and the Foundation for North American Wild 21 PAS Membership Meeting - 7:30pm Sheep, researchers are working to restore bighorn Bighorn Sheep in Hell's Canyon sheep to Hells Canyon. Frances’ slide presentation 23-25 Othello Sandhill Crane Festival will provide information about bighorn sheep and 29 Palouse Science Center Meeting – 7:00pm what is being done to restore their populations in 31 Lewiston-Clarkston Field Trip this area. APRIL APRIL 18, 2001 - 7:30 P.M. 2 PAS Board Meeting - 7:30pm Chasing Pronghorn in Yellowstone: an Effort in 18 PAS Membership Meeting - 7:30pm Futility? - Kevin Pullen, Science Instructor and Chasing Pronghorn in Yellowstone: an Asst. Curator of the Conner Museum at WSU. Effort in Futility? 21 Turnbull National Refuge Field Trip Kevin will talk about the research being done on 28 Potlatch River Hike – Bill Warren pronghorn antelope in Yellowstone National Park. He will discuss some of the concerns for the population as well as his experience capturing MAY fawns for tagging and monitoring.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON's ELK MANAGEMENT PLAN February 2003
    OREGON’S ELK MANAGEMENT PLAN February 2003 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife P.O. Box 59 2501 S.W. First Avenue Portland, Oregon 97201 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. 2 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY ........................................................................................ 2 History of Elk in Oregon ............................................................................................... 2 History of Hunting Regulations .................................................................................... 4 Hunting Pressure and Harvest ....................................................................................... 8 ELK BIOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 12 Nutrition and Reproduction.......................................................................................... 12 Antler Development ..................................................................................................... 16 Migration and Movements ........................................................................................... 16 Diseases and Parasites.................................................................................................. 17 HABITAT.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2009/2010 Yakama Nation Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus Tridentatus
    Document ID #P120281 Yakama Nation Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus Restoration Project 2009 Annual Progress Report Performance Period March 1, 2009 – February 28, 2010 Project No. 2008-470-00 Contract No. 46830 CONFEDERATED TRIBES AND BANDS OF THE YAKAMA NATION Prepared for: U. S. Department of Energy Bonneville Power Administration Environment, Fish and Wildlife P.O. Box 3621 Portland, OR 97208 Prepared by: Patrick Luke, Fisheries Biologist Yakama Nation Fisheries Resource Management Program 4 Bickleton Hwy. Goldendale, Washington 98620, USA 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………........................2 Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………….………...3 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................5 Section I: Phase I - Initiating cooperative relationships to gather historical, implemention- Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), current status of lamprey in the South-central, Washington……………………………………………………………...………….……….6 Cultural Significance…………………………………………………………….………….8 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….……….10 Results and Recommendations…………………………………………………….……....11 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………...12 Section II: Distribution and status of the Pacific lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus), River lamprey (Lampetra ayresi) and Western brook lamprey (Lampetra richardsoni) in the Klickitat River sub-basin…..................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 1 the Columbia River, a River of Power
    Lesson 1 The Columbia River, a River of Power Overview RIVER OF POWER BIG IDEA: The Columbia River System was initially changed and engineered for human benefit Disciplinary Core Ideas in the 20th Century, but now balance is being sought between human needs and restoration of habitat. Science 4-ESS3-1 – Obtain and combine Lesson 1 introduces students to the River of Power information to describe that energy curriculum unit and the main ideas that they will investigate and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the during the eleven lessons that make up the unit. This lesson environment. (Clarification Statement: focuses students on the topics of the Columbia River, dams, Examples of renewable energy and stakeholders. Through an initial brain storming session resources could include wind energy, students record and share their current understanding of the water behind dams, and sunlight; main ideas of the unit. This serves as a pre-unit assessment nonrenewable energy resources are fossil fuels and fissile materials. of their understanding and an opportunity to identify student Examples of environmental effects misconceptions. Students are also introduced to the main could include loss of habitat to dams, ideas of the unit by viewing the DVD selection Rivers to loss of habitat from surface mining, Power. Their understanding of the Columbia River and the and air pollution from burning of fossil fuels.) stakeholders who depend on the river is deepened through the initial reading selection in the student book Voyage to the Social Studies Pacific. Economics 2.4.1 Understands how geography, natural resources, Students set up their science notebook, which they will climate, and available labor use to record ideas and observations throughout the unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Snake River 1157 Wildlife Habitat Information to Inform the Plan- Ton, and Northeast Oregon
    Snake River 1157 wildlife habitat information to inform the plan- ton, and northeast Oregon. +roughout its long ning decisions for renewable energy. history, volcanoes, flooding, and glaciers have Climate change impacts may be felt in the arid shaped the river and its shores. region; nitrogen deposits, atmospheric carbon +e Snake River plain was created by a volca- dioxide, and other changes will impact the grass- nic hotspot beneath Yellowstone National Park, lands. Climate change may impact the size of the which holds the headwaters and origin of the river. sagebrush areas, for example, which in turn con- Flooding as the glaciers retreated after the ice age stricts grouse and other birds and mammals liv- created the current landscape, including eroded ing in these habitats. canyons and valleys. Mountains and plains are typical terrain along the river. +e Snake River has P J. C more than 20 major tributaries, most of them in the mountains; Hells Canyon is the deepest river Further Reading gorge in North America. Cutright, Paul Russell. Lewis and Clark: Pioneering +e Snake River is home to salmon and steel- Naturalists . Lincoln: University of Nebraska head, which were central to the lives of the Nez Press, 2003. Perce and Shoshone, the dominant tribal nations Petersen, Keith C. River of Life, Channel of Death: before the Europeans came. People have lived Fish and Dams on the Lower Snake . Corvallis: along the Snake River for over 15,000 years. +e Oregon State University Press, 2001. Snake River may have been given its name by the Waring, Gwendolyn. L. A Natural History of Shoshones, as a hand signal made by the Shosho- the Intermountain West: Its Ecological and nes representing fish was misinterpreted by Euro- Evolutionary Story.
    [Show full text]