Secretaria De Estado Da Educação Do Paraná Programa De Desenvolvimento Educacional - Pde

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Secretaria De Estado Da Educação Do Paraná Programa De Desenvolvimento Educacional - Pde SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DA EDUCAÇÃO DO PARANÁ PROGRAMA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO EDUCACIONAL - PDE JOÃO VIEIRA BERTI A GEOMETRIA DOS FRACTAIS PARA O ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL CASCAVEL – PR 2008 JOÃO VIEIRA BERTI A GEOMETRIA DOS FRACTAIS PARA O ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL Artigo apresentado ao Programa de Desenvolvimento Educacional do Paraná – PDE, como requisito para conclusão do programa. Orientadora: Dra. Patrícia Sândalo Pereira CASCAVEL – PR 2008 A GEOMETRIA DOS FRACTAIS PARA O ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL João Vieira Berti1 Patrícia Sândalo Pereira2 Resumo O seguinte trabalho tem a finalidade de apresentar a Geometria Fractal segundo a visão de Benoit Mandelbrot, considerado o pai da Geometria Fractal, bem como a sua relação como a Teoria do Caos. Serão também apresentadas algumas das mais notáveis figuras fractais, tais como: Conjunto ou Poeira de Cantor, Curva e Floco de Neve de Koch, Triângulo de Sierpinski, Conjunto de Mandelbrot e Julia, entre outros, bem como suas propriedades e possíveis aplicações em sala de aula. Este trabalho de pesquisa foi desenvolvido com professores de matemática da rede estadual de Foz do Iguaçu e Região e também com professores de matemática participantes do Programa de Desenvolvimento Educacional do Paraná – PDE da Região Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná a fim de lhes apresentar uma nova forma de trabalhar a geometria fractal com a utilização de softwares educacionais dinâmicos. Palavras-chave: Geometria, Fractais, Softwares Educacionais. Abstract The pourpose of this paper is to present Fractal Geometry according the vision of Benoit Mandelbrot´s, the father of Fractal Geometry, and it´s relationship with the Theory of Chaos as well. Also some of the most notable fractals figures, such as: Cantor Dust, Koch´s snowflake, the Sierpinski Triangle, Mandelbrot Set and Julia, among others, are going to be will be presented as well as their properties and potential classroom applications. This research was developed with collaboration from mathematics teachers from public schools of Foz do Iguacu and region and with mathematics teachers participating in the Program of Educational Development of Paraná - EDP's in west and southwest regions of Paraná with the pourpose to make it possible to present a new way of working fractal geometry though the use of dynamic educational softwares. Keywords: Geometry, Fractals, Educational Softwares. Introdução Em sua Diretriz Curricular de Matemática (PARANÁ, 2008), a Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Paraná nos traz como um dos conteúdos estruturantes da Geometria, noções básicas de geometrias não-euclidianas, o que contempla a 1 Professor de Matemática da Rede Estadual de Ensino – PDE – Programa de Desenvolvimento Educacional do Paraná - Cascavel – PR. 2 Professora Orientadora – UNIOESTE – Campus de Foz do Iguaçu. 2 geometria dos fractais. Quando analisamos a inclusão desse novo tema, é de fundamental importância pensá-lo como algo que precisa ser trabalhado de forma dinâmica, utilizando laboratórios de informática e softwares matemáticos a fim de tornar seu aprendizado mais interessante, pois, se assim não o fizermos, podemos estar fadados a fracassar na tarefa de instruir nossos alunos de forma mais completa. Já sabemos que mesmo a geometria euclidiana é legada ao segundo plano por alguns professores, ou seja, se “houver tempo hábil” para se trabalhar essa parte da matemática, assim será feito, caso contrário essa lacuna no aprendizado da matemática em nossas escolas permanecerá. E o que se percebe é que, na maioria dos casos, essa “falta de tempo” está muito presente. Com intuito de subsidiar essa discussão, iniciamos nosso trabalho com a pesquisa bibliográfica, a fim de levantar os nomes dos principais teóricos da geometria fractal e seus respectivos estudos sobre o tema, bem como a escolha dos softwares educacionais para a construção dos fractais. Nesse trabalho encontramos Benoit Mandelbrot, considerado o “pai” da geometria fractal, cujas descobertas e contribuições acerca das figuras fractais norteiam nosso trabalho. Além de Mandelbrot, também não poderíamos deixar de citar Waclaw Sierpinski, Helge von Koch e Georg Cantor, cujas construções geométricas fractais são referência até os dias de hoje. Também será feita uma breve introdução sobre a Teoria do Caos, uma vez que a geometria dos fractais possui íntima relação com essa temática inovadora. Pois bem, quando falamos na aplicação prática dos fractais, gostaríamos de ressaltar que as principais ferramentas a serem utilizadas no trabalho proposto serão os softwares educacionais de natureza dinâmica. Para que o problema mencionado no que tange à geometria de uma forma geral não se repita no trabalho com a geometria fractal e, pensando nesse e em tantos outros problemas enfrentados por nossos nobres colegas, decidimos dedicar um pouco mais de tempo ao estudo e conseqüente sistematização de uma produção didático-pedagógica, a fim de auxiliar os professores de matemática das escolas públicas estaduais do Paraná a diminuírem a distância que os separa do uso dos recursos tecnológicos em suas aulas. Essa produção didático-pedagógica, simples, porém, bastante útil, foi pré-elaborada e vem sendo utilizada em encontros periódicos com professores da área de Matemática pertencentes ao Núcleo Regional de Educação de Cascavel, Foz do Iguaçu e Região e, com o auxílio desses 3 mesmos professores, pretende-se melhorar a qualidade desse material para que ele possa, no futuro próximo, servir como ferramenta de apoio nas aulas de geometria fractal. Ao falarmos em geometria fractal, um aspecto que não podemos deixar de abordar é o fato de que ela deveria ser algo natural para nossos alunos, algo que os fizesse voltar seu olhar para o mundo ao redor e nele reconhecer um maravilhoso mundo de inúmeras formas geométricas. Porém, quando voltarmos o nosso olhar para a escola pública, percebemos que os conteúdos de matemática nela estudados não contemplam, em sua maioria, a matemática vista na natureza e estudada pela geometria dos fractais, como afirmava Mandelbrot apud Gleick (1989, p. 90): As nuvens não são esferas, (...). As montanhas não são cones. O relâmpago não percorre uma linha reta. A nova geometria espelha um universo que é irregular, e não redondo; áspero, e não liso. É uma geometria das reentrâncias, depressões, do que é fragmentado, torcido, emaranhado e entrelaçado. Além disso, há a questão da inclusão do uso do computador para a elaboração das imagens gráficas por meio de softwares matemáticos de geometria, com os quais os alunos poderiam elaborar formas geométricas e exibi-las aos colegas em sala de aula com o auxílio do recurso visual da televisão, já presente em praticamente todas as escolas do Paraná. E isso também poderá atrair o educando, fazendo com que ele sinta vontade de aprender um pouco mais sobre esse conteúdo, vindo a tornar prazeroso o ensino da geometria, algo que consiga chamar e prender a atenção dos alunos; o que é muito importante, pois eles sentem-se motivados a participar das aulas e, conseqüentemente, seu rendimento escolar tende a melhorar de forma substancial. Todavia, para que a geometria fractal, após incluída nos currículos escolares, possa ser bem trabalhada, também se faz necessário que a escola esteja equipada com laboratórios de informática e softwares educacionais de geometria dinâmica, pois, conforme Baier (2001, p.76-77): No âmbito da Matemática, quando o objetivo consiste em proporcionar ensino atualizado, incorporando os conteúdos desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas do século XX, não procedem a argumentos contrários ao uso de informática. É impossível desenvolver as noções fundamentais da matemática contemporânea, em sala de aula, sem o uso de computadores. (…). Devido ao fato de ser necessário um imenso número de cálculos numéricos, a construção de um fractal é tarefa impossível para a mente humana; porém, os atuais computadores desempenham tal trabalho em 4 alguns segundos. Após todo o exposto, podemos afirmar que quando optamos por trabalhar com esse tema, “a geometria dos fractais”, o fizemos por pensar que ele seria algo que uniria alguns aspectos bastante importantes do ensino da matemática: a matemática em si, aliada ao cotidiano do aluno (visto por meio das figuras da natureza) e a utilização das ferramentas tecnológicas. E tudo isso a serviço da melhoria da qualidade na educação pública estadual do Paraná. Teoria do Caos Segundo Gleick (1989, p. 3), Onde começa o caos, a ciência clássica pára. (...) O lado irregular da natureza, o lado descontínuo e incerto, têm sido enigmas para a ciência, ou pior: monstruosidades. O mundo da ciência sempre viveu assombrado por um pequeno problema dentro de seus inúmeros estudos, projeções e comprovações: sistemas naturais caóticos, cuja previsão parecia impossível de ser realizada devido à falta de regularidade na seqüência de seus acontecimentos. Porém, alguns cientistas menos “ortodoxos” ou mais propensos a aventurar-se por novas descobertas começaram a se preocupar com aquela pequena parte dos experimentos científicos classificados como falhas sem importância ou mesmo pequenos “ruídos”, os quais, por serem considerados irrelevantes, eram ignorados para o bem da investigação científica, afinal, segundo Gleick (1989, p. 37) “pequenas não-linearidades eram facilmente ignoradas. Quem realiza experiências aprende logo que vive num mundo imperfeito.” Pois bem, na década de 70 alguns cientistas do “novo” começaram a perceber que aquela pequena parte ignorada pela ciência trazia consigo uma gama de informações bastante relevantes, mas de difícil constatação, uma vez
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