DOCSLIB.ORG

Economics of Agricultural Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economics of Agricultural Development Economics of Agricultural Development Economics of Agricultural Development examines the causes, severity, and effects of per- sistent poverty, rapid population growth, and malnutrition in developing countries. It discusses potential solutions to these problems, and considers the implications of globalization for agriculture, poverty, and the environment. Areas covered in the book include: • The sustainability of the natural resource environment • Gender roles in relation to agriculture and resource use • The contribution of agricultural technologies • The importance of agricultural and macroeconomic policies as related to development and trade, and the successes and failures of such policies • The implications for what might be done in the future to encourage more rapid agricultural and economic development The globalization of goods, services, and capital for agriculture is fundamental to the future of developing countries and has major implications for the fight against poverty and sustainability of the environment. In recent years, agriculture has once again returned to a position of centre stage as food price volatility has led countries to re-examine their development strategies. This new edition of the essential textbook in the field builds on the 2006 original and reflects the following developments: • The increased impact of climate change • Issues affecting agricultural markets such as bio-fuels, the rise in farm prices, and energy costs • The move to higher valued agricultural products This book will be essential reading for undergraduate students seeking to un- derstand the economics of agricultural development and the world food system, in- cluding environmental and human consequences of agricultural development, inter- national trade and capital flows. This book contains a wealth of real world case studies and is now accompanied by a website that includes powerpoint lectures, a photo bank, and a large set of dis- cussion and exam questions. George W. Norton is Professor of Agricultural and Applied Economics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. Jeffrey Alwang is Professor of Agricultural and Applied Economics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. William A. Masters is Professor of Agricultural Economics at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Economics of Agricultural Development WORLD FOOD SYSTEMS and RESOURCE USE SECOND EDITION GEORGE W. NORTON JEFFREY ALWANG Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University WILLIAM A. MASTERS Purdue University First edition published 2006 Second edition 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2006, 2010 George W. Norton, Jeffrey Alwang and William A. Masters All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Norton, George W. Economics of agricultural development / by George W. Norton, Jeffrey Alwang, and William A. Masters. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Agriculture—Economic aspects. I. Alwang, Jeffrey R. II. Masters, William A. III. Title. HD1415.N67 2010 338.1—dc22 2009043168 ISBN 0-203-85275-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-49264-5(hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-49424-9(pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-85275-3(ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-49264-5(hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-49424-3(pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-85275-0(ebk) Contents Preface vii Part 1. Dimensions of World Food and Development Problems 1 1 — Introduction 3 2 — Poverty, Hunger, and Malnutrition 25 3 — Economics of Food Demand 47 4 — Population 69 Part 2. Development Theories and the Role of Agriculture 87 5 — Economic Transformation and Growth 89 6 — Development Theory and Growth Strategies 112 Part 3. Agricultural Systems and Resource Use 129 7 — Agriculture in Traditional Societies 131 8 — Agricultural Systems and Their Determinants 146 9 — Resource Use and Sustainability 161 10 — Human Resources, Family Structure, and Gender Roles 185 Part 4. Getting Agriculture Moving 205 11 — Theories and Strategies for Agricultural Development 207 12 — Research, Extension, and Education 227 13 — Land and Labor Markets 260 14 — Input and Credit Markets 281 15 — Pricing Policies and Marketing Systems 301 Part 5. Agricultural Development in an Interdependent World 325 16 — Agriculture and International Trade 327 17 — Trade Policies, Negotiations, and Agreements 349 18 — Macroeconomic Policies and Agricultural Development 365 19 — Capital Flows, Foreign Assistance, and Food Aid 393 20 — Lessons and Perspectives 415 Glossary of Selected Terms 429 Authors Cited 435 Works Cited 439 Subject Index 450 v vi Preface Persistent poverty, rapid population growth, and malnutrition in de- veloping countries are among the most serious issues facing the world today. Economics of Agricultural Development examines the causes, se- verity, and effects of these problems. It identifies potential solutions, and considers the implications of globalization for agriculture, poverty, and the environment. It identifies linkages in the world food system, and stresses how agricultural and economic situations in poor coun- tries affect industrialized nations and vice versa. It focuses on the role that agriculture can play in improving economic and nutritional well- being and how that role might be enhanced. It explores causes and im- plications of agricultural commodity price volatility. Much has been learned about the roles of technology, education, international trade and capital flows, agricultural and macroeconomic policies, and rural infrastructure in stimulating agricultural and eco- nomic development. In some cases, the same factors can contribute to economic growth and lead to price and income instability or environ- mental risk. These lessons and other issues are examined in the book using basic tools of economic analysis. The need is stressed for improved information flows to help guide institutional change in light of social, cultural, and political disruptions that occur in the development pro- cess. The challenge in studying the economics of agricultural develop- ment is to build a broad view of the problem, and to bring economic theory to bear on specific challenges faced by the rural sector and on means for utilizing agricultural surpluses to further overall economic development. The goal of this book is to help students and other inter- ested practitioners gain an understanding of the agricultural develop- ment problem, including the environmental and human consequences of different development paths, and the influence of international trade and capital flows. It is designed to help students develop skills that will enhance their capability to analyze world food and development prob- lems. vii PREFACE This book interprets for undergraduates the economics of devel- opment and trade, including the importance of extending economic theory to account for institutions, imperfect information, and the will- ingness of people to exploit others and to act collectively. This exten- sion provides important insights for development policy and helps ex- plain why some countries develop while others are left behind. The role of the government in promoting broad-based development is ex- plored. The book also covers topics related to sustainability of the envi- ronment, gender roles in relation to agriculture and resource use, and the importance of macroeconomic policies as related to development and trade. This new edition of the book addresses the causes and implica- tions of recent sharp commodity price increases. It contains added dis- cussion of economic issues related to biofuels and climate change and how they affect agriculture in developing countries. INTENDED AUDIENCE Economics of Agricultural Development is designed as a comprehensive text for the first course on the economics of world food issues and agri- cultural development. The book is aimed at undergraduate students, with the only prerequisite a course in introductory economics. Students in undergraduate courses that address world food and agricultural de- velopment represent a wide variety of majors. Economic jargon is kept to a minimum and explained where necessary, and the book sequen- tially builds a base of economic concepts that are used in later chapters to analyze specific development problems. A second audience for the book is those who work for public and private international develop- ment organizations. ORGANIZATION of the BOOK Agricultural development is important for rural welfare and for over- all economic development. Part One of the book considers the many dimensions of the world food – income – population problem in both a human and an economic context. After the severity and dimensions of the problem have been established,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rese4b Instituti
    RESE4B INSTITUTI The International Food Policy Research Institute was established in 1975 to identify and analyze alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting food needs of the developing world on a sustainable basis, with particular emphasis on low- income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. While the research effort is geared to the precise objective of contributing to the reduction of hunger and malnutrition, the factors involved are many and wide-ranging, requiring analysis of under lying processes and extending beyond a narrowly defined food sector. The Institute's research program reflects worldwide collaboration with governments and private and public institutions interested in in creasing food production and improving the equity of its distribution. Research results are disseminated to policymakers, opinion formers, administrators, policy analysts, researchers, and others concerned with na tional and international food and agricultural policy. IFPRI is a member of the Consultative Group on Inter national Agricultural Research and receives support from a number of governments, multilateral organiza tions, foundations, and other sources. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE IFPRI REPORT 1993 CONTENTS Introduction: The Year in Review Per Pinstrup-Andersen Research Results 1 1 Environment and Production Technology Division 15 Markets and Structural Studies Division 19 Food Consumption and Nutrition Division 23 Trade and Macroeconomics Division Outreach 25 Outreach Division 29 Collaboration 33 Publications and Papers 43 Personnel 47 Financial Statements BOARD OF TRUSTEES Gerry Helleiner, Chairman James Charles Ingram Professor of Economics Director University of Toronto The Australian Institute of Toronto, Canada International Affairs Canberra, Australia Sjarifuddin Baharsjah Junior Minister Dharma Kumar Ministry of Agriculture Professor of Economic History Jakarta, Indonesia Delhi School of Economics New Delhi, India David E.
    [Show full text]
  • RF Annual Report
    IDENT'S REVIEW ANNUAL REPORT 970 THE FOUND AT/ON JAN 2 ^001 LIBRARY THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation \no THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION 111 WEST 50TH STREET, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10020 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS Trustees, Counsel, Officers, and Staff VI The President's Review XV 1J Conquest of Hunger 3 Problems of Population 37 University Development 57 Quality of the Environment 83 ' Equal Opportunity for All 105 Cultural Development 127 Allied Interests 149 Study Awards 161 Organizational Information 171 Financial Statements 175 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE COMMITTEES April 1970—April 297J BOARD OF TRUSTEES BARHYBlNGHAM BlLL MOVERS RALPH J. BUNCHE' JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER SRD JOHN S. DICKEY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV C. DOUGLAS DILLON ROBERT V. ROOSA ROBERT H. EBERT FREDERICK SEITZ LORD FRANKS OF HEADiNCTON1 FRANK STANTON ROBERT F. GOHEEN CYRUS R. VANCE2 J. GEORGE HARRAR THOMAS J. WATSON, JR. THEODORE M. HESBURCH CLIFTON R. WHARTON, JR.2 ARTHUR A. HOUGHTON, JR. W. BARRY WOOD, JR.3 CLARK KERR WHITNEY M. YOUNG. JR.3 ALBERTO LLERAS CAMAHGO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT Chairman FREDERICK SEITZ C. DOUGLAS DILLON FRANK STANTON BILL MOVERS RoBERT F- GoHEEN alternate member JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER SBD WHITNEY M. YOUNG, JR/ ROBERT V. ROOSA alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE C. DOUGLAS DILLON Chairman FRANK STANTON ROBERT V. ROOSA alternate member THOMAS J. WATSON, JR. THE PRESIDENT ARTHUR A. HOUGHTON, JR. THK CHAIRMAN OF THK alternate member ' • BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1 Retired June 1970. 2 Beginning July 1070. '' Died March 1971. VI © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRINCIPAL OFFICERS AND COUNSEL April 1970—April 1971 PRINCIPAL OFFICERS JOHN D.
    [Show full text]
  • Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? : Military Procurement and Technology Development / Vernon W
    Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? This page intentionally left blank Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Military Procurement and Technology Development Vernon W. Ruttan 1 2006 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright ᭧ 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ruttan, Vernon W. Is war necessary for economic growth? : military procurement and technology development / Vernon W. Ruttan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13 978-0-19-518804-2 ISBN 0-19-518804-7 1. Technological innovations—Economic aspects. 2. High technology—Military aspects. 3. Economic development. 4. Defense industries—Economic aspects—United States. 5. Technological innovations— Economic aspects—United States. 6. High technology industries—United States. I. Title. HC79.T4R878 2006 338.973'0927—dc22 2005007551 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper The micro processes governing the evolution of military technolo- gies are no different than any other technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Technology Transfer and Agricultural Development Author(S): VW Ruttan
    Technology Transfer and Agricultural Development Author(s): V. W. Ruttan and Yujiro Hayami Source: Technology and Culture, Vol. 14, No. 2, Part 1 (Apr., 1973), pp. 119-151 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for the History of Technology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3102398 Accessed: 26-03-2015 16:06 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3102398?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press and Society for the History of Technology are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Technology and Culture. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 201.234.181.53 on Thu, 26 Mar 2015 16:06:08 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Technology Transfer and Agricultural Development V. W. RUTTAN AND YUJIRO HAYAMI I. Introduction The "technology factor," in either its embodied or disembodied form, is increasingly recognized as a major source of differences in productivity and welfare over time and among nations.' Yet techni- cal change is one of the more difficult products for a country in the early stages of economic development to produce.
    [Show full text]
  • 1968 ANNUAL REPORT the ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION: PRINCIPLES and PROGRAM XIX by J
    THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION PRESIDENT'S FIVE-YEAR REVIEW ANNUAL REPORT 1968 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION JAN 2 c < LIBRARY 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION 111 WEST 50TH STREET, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10020 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS Trustees and Trustee Committees, 1968-1969 VII Principal Officers and Counsel, 1968-1969 VIII Officers and Staff, 1968 VIII PRESIDENT'S FIVE-YEAR PROGRAM REVIEW AND 1968 ANNUAL REPORT THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROGRAM XIX by J. George Harrar THE CONQUEST OF HUNGER 2 1964-1968: Five Years of Change 4, New Concepts Replace the Old 16, New Developments Are Promising 17, Thrusts for the Future 19 1968 Grants 28 PROBLEMS OF POPULATION 38 The World View 40, Principles of the Foundation's Program 44, The Evolution of National Family Planning Programs 46, Universities and Population Programs 46, Reaching Larger Numbers 50, Thrusts for the Future 51 1968 Grants 56 UNIVERSITY DEVELOPMENT 58 The University of Valle 62, The University of the Philippines 66, The University of East Africa 68, The University of Iba- dan 73, Bangkok, Thailand 75, Other Institutions 77 1968 Grants 80 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 90 Music 94, Theatre and Dance 101, Literature Program 106, Future Trends 107 1968 Grants 110 EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL 114 Higher Education 116, Better Preparation for College 120, Predominantly Negro Colleges 121, Other Support 125, The Current Thrust 126, Ghetto Schools 727, Ghetto Leader- ship 129, Ghetto Studies 132, Additional Support 752 1968 Grants 138 ALLIED INTERESTS 142 Arbovirology 142, Rural Health Centers 142, Environmental Sciences 142, Aid to Universities Abroad 142, International Understanding 144, Other Institutions 144 1968 Grants 145 STUDY AWARDS 1968 151 ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION 158 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1968 161 SUMMARY OF FUNDS APPROPRIATED 1968 190 INDEX 193 v 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE COMMITTEES April 1968—April 1969 BOARD OF TRUSTEES BARRY BINGHAM CLARK KERR LLOYD D.
    [Show full text]
  • RF Annual Report
    PRESIDENTS REVIEW ANNUAL REPORT THE ROCKEFELLER rniiwnATinN JAN 2 6 *UU1 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation \°\(o°\ THE ROCKKl-'LLLhR FOUNDATION 111 WhhT 50TH STHEKT, fcKW VORK, NKW YORK 10020 1'RINTKI) IN THK UN1TI-.U STATKS OK AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS Trustees, Counsel, Officers, and Staff VI The President's Review 1 Quality of the Environment 5 Equal Opportunity for All 11 Cultural Development 35 Problems of Population 67 The Conquest of Hunger 89 University Development 121 Allied Interests 149 Study Awards 155 Organizational Information 169 Financial Statements 171 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES AND TRUSTEE COMMITTEES April 1969—April 1970 BOARD OF TRUSTEES BARRY BINGHAM ALBERTO LLEHAS CAMARGO RALPH J. BUNCHE BILL MOVERS JOHN S. DICKEY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER SRD C. DOUGLAS DILLON JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV ROBERT H. EBERT ROBERT V. ROOSA LORD FRANKS OF HEADINGTON FREDERICK SEITZ ROBERT F. GOHEEN FRANK STANTON J. GEORGE HARHAR THOMAS J. WATSON, JR. THEODORE M. HESBUKGH W. BARRY WOOD, JR. ARTHUR A. HOUGHTON, JH. WHITNEY M. YOUNG, JR. CLARK KERR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT Chairman FREDERICK SEITZ C. DOUGLAS DILLON FRANK STANTON ROBERT H. EBERT ROBERT F. GOHEEN alternate member JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER SRD CLAHK KERR ROBERT V. ROOSA alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE C. DOUGLAS DILLON Chairman FRANK STANTON ROBERT V. ROOSA alternate member THOMAS J. WATSON, JR. THE PRESIDENT ARTHUR A. HOUGHTON, JR. THE CHAIRMAN OF THE alternate member BOAHD OF TRUSTEES VI © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRINCIPAL OFFICERS AND COUNSEL April 1969—April 1970 PRINCIPAL OFFICERS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER SRD Chairman of the Board of Trustees J.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM VITAE (February 2020)
    CURRICULUM VITAE (February 2020) NAME: Kym ANDERSON AC PERMANENT ADDRESS: Office: School of Economics Home: P.O. Box 262 University of Adelaide HAHNDORF SA 5245 ADELAIDE SA 5005 Australia Australia TELEPHONE: Office: phone (+61 8) 8313 4712 Home: (+61 8) 8388 8595 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEBSITES: www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/kym.anderson https://acde.crawford.anu.edu.au/people/academics/kym-anderson www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ BIRTH DATE AND PLACE: 26 February 1950; Adelaide, South Australia CITIZENSHIP: Australian MARITAL STATUS: Married with three adult daughters and six grandchildren Education 09/75-06/77 Stanford University: Doctoral student majoring in the economics of international trade and development. M.A. conferred 08/76, Ph.D. conferred 08/77. 09/74-08/75 University of Chicago: Completed first year of doctoral program, passing comprehensive exams in micro-, macro- and agricultural economics. M.A. conferred 08/75. 04/71-11/73 University of Adelaide: Completed external, thesis-only Masters while working under bond to the South Australian Department of Agriculture. M.Ec. conferred 04/74. 02/67-11/70 University of New England: Completed Bachelor of Agricultural Economics with first class honours and dux of year. Majored in econometrics, agricultural economics, and business management. B.Ag.Ec.(Hons.) conferred 04/71. Primary Employment 07/18-present George Gollin Professor Emeritus, School of Economics, University of Adelaide 01/84-07/18 George Gollin Professor of Economics, School of Economics, University of Adelaide (promoted from Senior Lecturer to Personal Chair in 1991, to George Gollin Chair in 2007). 02/10-present Foundation Executive Director, Wine Economics Research Centre, University of Adelaide.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutions and the African Farmer
    INSTITUTIONS AND THE AFRICAN FARMER Public Disclosure Authorized Car K.Eicer23043 Carl K. Eicher September 1999 4~~~~ Public Disclosure Authorized gr ~iE Public Disclosure Authorized CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Public Disclosure Authorized CGL4R Centers Centro Internacionalde Agricultura Tropical(CLAT) * Cali, COLOMBIA Centerfor InternationalForestry Research (CIFOR) * Jakarta,INDONESIA CentroInternacional de Mejoramientode Maiz y Trigo(CIMMYT) * Mexico City, MEXICO CentroInternacional de la Papa(CIP) * Lima, PERU InternationalCenterfor AgriculturalResearch in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) * Aleppo, SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC InternationalCenterfor Living Aquatic ResourcesManagement (ICLARM) * Makati City, PHILIPPINES InternationalCentre for Researchin Agroforestry(ICRAF) * Nairobi,KENYA InternationalCrops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT) * Patancheru,INDIA InternationalFood Policy ResearchInstitute (IFPRI)* Washington,DC, USA InternationalInstitute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA) * Ibadan,NIGERLA InternationalLivestock Research Institute (ILRI) * Nairobi,KENYA InternationalPlant GeneticResources Institute (IPGRI) * Rome,ITALY InternationalRice ResearchInstitute (IRRI) * Los Bafos, PHILIPPINES InternationalServicefor National Agricultural Research(ISNAR) * The Hague,NETHERLANDS InternationalWater Management Institute (IWMI) * Colombo,SRI LANKA WestAfrica Rice DevelopmentAssociation (WARDA) * Bouake,COTE D'IVOIRE INSTITUTIONS AND THE AFRICAN FARMER Issues in Agriculture 14 CARL K. EICHER CGIAR September
    [Show full text]