NABARD RESEARCH STUDY - 8 Report of Research Project on Climate Change, Impact and Adaptation: Gender Perspective in Indian Context Submitted to the Department of economic analysis and research (DEAR) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) NABARD Research Study - 8 Project team Dr. Usha Ahuja Principal Scientist Dr. Vinayak Nikam Scientist (Senior Scale) ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research New Delhi For more information: ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP) D.P.S. Marg, Pusa New Delhi – 110012, India. Phone: +91-11- 25847628 Fax: +91-11-25842684 E-mail: [email protected] DISCLAIMER This study has been supported by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) under its Research and Development (R&D) Fund. The contents of this publication can be used for research and academic purposes only with due permission and acknowledgement. They should not be used for commercial purposes. NABARD does not hold any responsibility for the facts and figures contained in the book. The views are of the authors alone and should not be purported to be those of NABARD. About NABARD Research Study Series The NABARD Research Study Series has been started to enable wider dissemination of research conducted/sponsored by NABARD on the thrust areas of Agriculture and Rural Development among researchers and stakeholders. ‘Climate Change, Impact and Adaptation: Gender Perspective in Indian Context’ is the eighth in the series. Climate change is one of the most serious threats that the world is facing. This study looks at the gender differential vulnerability and impact of climate change in the Indian context. Complete list of studies is given on the last page. Preface Changing climate is one of the most serious threats and challenges the world is facing. There are different aspects of the impact of climate change, among them one important is gender differential effect. At global level, studies have shown that climate change affects men and women differently. In Indian conditions, because of complex social settings and structure, women’s life is bound by religious beliefs, traditions and patriarchal norms, impact and adaptation to climate change likely to be different from the perspective of the other countries. lack of ownership of natural resources; low participation in decision making at household; low capacity to cope with natural resources; low level of education and low extension contact etc. have potential to make women more vulnerable to climate change than men. In this backdrop, it was necessary to study the gender differential vulnerability and impact of climate change in Indian context; adaptation and mitigation strategies adapted. I appreciate the initiatives of the project team to take up this topic for research and studying gender differential impact in three different agro-ecological situations representing desert ecosystem, Himalayan ecosystem and cyclone as well as flood affected ecosystem. I would like to place on record the noteworthy contributions of both researchers who have contributed tirelessly, visited the places personally, spent enormous amounts of their time and efforts to carry out the research in a relatively new domain. This study will be a beginning for gender differential impact evaluation with more detailed and robust methodologies. Director NICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi Acknowledgement This report has taken final shape because of the efforts of a large number of persons and we acknowledge with all humility the help and support provided by every individual. In Rajasthan state, we are grateful to the logistics and technical support provided by Dr Rajkumar Chahal, at CSWRI, Avikanagar and Dr. Dharamvir Singh, KVK Vanasthali during data collection in the Tonk district. Our thanks are due to Mr. Bhanupratap Singh from Cairns India and Dr. Pradeep Pagaria from KVK Barmer for their help and support in selection of villages and during data collection in Barmer district. We would like to thank Dr Kumar Sharma from KVK Kullu and Dr. Pankaj Sud, Dr Kavitha from KVK Mandi for their logistic and technical support during the data collection process in Himachal Pradesh. We acknowledge and thanks for the support of Dr Das, Dr Ambika Nayak from KVK Bhadrak; Dr. Surjay Mishra, Dr Namita, Dr Lipsa from KVK Kendrapara of Odisha state. We are thankful to all 1161 respondents from Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and Odisha for sparing time and giving required information to fulfil the objectives of the project. We are thankful to the Mr Mehrab and Mr. Ahishek from Rajasthan; Mrs Maya and Mrs Nainita from Himachal Pradesh; Ms Jyoti and Mr. Sushant from Odisha for eliciting quality information from the respondents. We acknowledge the efforts of project staff Richa, Zia Ul Rehman, Ganesh, Vinayak, Kuldeep and Ranjith P C who have contributed immensely in preparation of questionnaire, data collection, data entry, analysis and writing report of the project. We are grateful to Dr Suresh Pal, Director, ICAR-NIAP for providing all logistic, technical and administrative help as and when needed. We express our thanks to administrative and financial personnel of NIAP for providing required help in time for the project. Finally, we thank DEAR, NABARD, Mumbai for providing financial assistance to facilitate the research and guiding us for various procedural formalities required from our end. Research Team Content Sr. No. Topic Page number Executive summary 1-5 Introduction and background Background of the study 1 Knowledge gap and justification of project 6-9 Objectives Review of literature Research Methodology Research design Locale of study and study area 2 Description of study area 10-37 Methods of data collection Analytical tools Photographs 3 Result and discussion 38-125 Rajasthan Socio economic characteristics of respondents Gender wise participation in farm activities 3.1 38-70 Perceived reasons behind climate change Vulnerability and impact of climate change Adaptations and mitigation strategies Himachal Pradesh Socio economic characteristics of respondents Gender wise participation in farm activities 3.2 71-96 Perceived reasons behind climate change Vulnerability and impact of climate change Adaptations and mitigation strategies Odisha Socio economic characteristics of respondents Gender wise participation in farm activities 3.3 97-125 Perceived reasons behind climate change Vulnerability and impact of climate change Adaptations and mitigation strategies 4 Evaluation of Policies and programs and suggested reforms 126-136 5 Summary and Conclusion 137-139 6 Bibliography 140 List of Tables Table Title Page No. number Description of districts in terms of percentage agricultural land, CV of 2.1 11-12 temperature and rainfall 2.2 Sampling procedure for selection of respondents for the study 13 2.3 Comparison of various population indicators in Barmer district 14 2.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of state and Barmer district 15 2.5 General livestock statistics of Barmer 17 2.6 Distribution of workforce in the Tonk district 19 2.7 Livestock population in Tonk district of Rajasthan 20 2.8. Demographic characteristics of the Mandi district 21 2.9 Demographic characteristics of the Kullu district 24 2.10 Demographic characteristics of Bhadrak district of Odisha 26 2.11 Demographic characteristics of Kendrapara district of Odisha 28 2.12 Five capitals, components and sub-components of Vulnerability index 31-32 Categorizations of subcomponents into exposure, adaptive capacity and 2.13 32-33 sensitivity 2.14 Statements showing impact of climate change 33-34 2.15 Adaptation strategies adopted by the respondents to climate change 35 2.16 Mitigation strategies adopted by the respondents 36 Socio economic characteristics of respondents of Tonk and Barmer districts of 3.1.1 39 Rajasthan 3.1.2 possession of materials by respondents of the Rajasthan 41 3.1.3 Gender differences in social participation in Rajasthan 42 3.1.4 Different farm activity performed by male and female in Rajasthan 43 3.1.5 Perception of male and female on reasons behind climate change in Rajasthan 46 Gender differential Vulnerability to climate change in relation to human capital 3.1.6 48 in Rajasthan 3.1.7 Gender differential impact of climate change on human capital in Rajasthan 48-49 Gender differential Vulnerability to climate change in relation to natural capital 3.1.8 50 in Rajasthan 3.1.9 Gender differential impact of climate change on natural capital in Rajasthan 50-51 Gender differential Vulnerability to climate change in relation to social capital 3.1.10 52 in Rajasthan 3.1.11 Gender differential impact of climate change on social capital in Rajasthan 52-53 Gender differential Vulnerability to climate change in relation to financial 3.1.12 54 capital in Rajasthan 3.1.13 Gender differential impact of climate change on financial capital in Rajasthan 54 Gender differential Vulnerability to climate change in relation to physical 3.1.14 55 capital in Rajasthan 3.1.15 Gender differential impact of climate change on physical capital in Rajasthan 55-56 3.1.16 Gender differential vulnerability in selected districts of Rajasthan 57-58 3.1.17 challenges faced by the respondents due to climate change in Rajasthan 59 3.1.18 Different adoption strategies adopted by the respondents in Rajasthan 63-64 3.1.19 Mitigation strategies adopted by respondents in Rajasthan 69 Socio economic characteristics of respondents of Mandi and