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Interactions of Rhizoctonia Solani Kã¼hn and Trichoderma Spp Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1990 Interactions of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Trichoderma spp populations in soil Maria Esther de la Fuente Prieto Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation de la Fuente Prieto, Maria Esther, "Interactions of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Trichoderma spp populations in soil " (1990). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9497. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9497 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. '&#w: INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, IVII48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0110499 Interactions of Rhizoetonia soiani Ktthn and Trichodtrma spp. populations in soil de la Fuente Prieto, Maria Esther, Ph.D. low» State Univenity, 1990 UMI SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 Interactions of Shizoctonia solani Kflhn and Trichoderma spp. populations in soil by Maria Esther de la Fuente Prieto A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Plant Pathology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Majw Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1990 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Biological Control 5 Parasitism 6 Antibiosis 9 Competition 11 Biological control with Trichoderma .... 12 Suppressiveness 15 RhLzoctonia solanl 18 Description and taxonony 18 Ecology of Rhizoctonla solanl and epidemiology . 21 Enumeration of Rhizoctonla solanl 24 Trichoderma spp 26 Taxonomy and description 26 Ecology 33 Antagonistic attributes 34 Enumeration 36 MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 Fungal Cultures 37 Media 38 Inoculum and Inoculation 40 PDB 40 PDA 40 GBM 41 Red beet seed 41 Soil 41 Procedures 43 Studies of fungi in dual cultures 43 Rhlzoctonla-Trlchoderma dual system with different types of soils and containers ... 45 Effect of levels of infestation of mycoparasite and type of baiting on R. solanl and Trichoderma spp. populations in soil systems 49 Effect of different Rhizoctonla isolates on the population levels of Trichoderma spp. in soil 50 Development of a Rhizoctonla-avcppteaaive soil with and without consecutive cropping 51 Measurement of Conduciveness Indices 53 Statistical analyses 56 ill RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57 Fungal Cultures and Media 57 Studies of Fungi In Dual Cultures 60 Single medium system 60 Two media system 65 Rhizoctonla'Trichoderma Dual System In Different Types of Soils and Containers .... 69 Plastic pots (direct contact system) .... 69 Glass petrl dishes (contact and non-contact systems) 71 Effect of Levels of Infestation of Mycoparaslte and Type of Baiting used on R. solani and Trichoderma spp. Populations In Soil Systems 74 Effect of Different Rhizoceonia Isolates on the Population Levels of Trichoderma spp in Soil 86 Development of Rhizoctonia Suppressive Soils with and without Consecutive Cropping .... 90 Measurement of Conduclveness Indices 100 CONCLUSIONS 104 LITERATURE CITED 106 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 118 APPENDIX 119 1 INTRODUCTION In 1932, Velndllng (1932) reported for the first time a species of Trichoderma parasitizing other soli fungi, among them was Rhizoctonia solanl Kûhn. The mycoparasltlc activity of Trichoderma spp. has been studied extensively In many laboratories and many countries. In this genus are probably the most widely documented mycoparasltes. Cook (1985) In his presidential address at the 76^^ Annual Meeting of the Canadian Phytopathologlcal Society, noted the first experiments on biological control of plant pathogens with antagonists were conducted In Canada nearly 65 years ago by G. B. Sanford. Sanford's first paper which concerned the factors affecting the pathogenicity of the potato scab organism, was published in Phytopathology in 1926. Later, Sanford and W. C. Broadfoot published on the "biological control" of the wheat take-all fungus; this was the first usage of the term "biological control" in plant pathology. K. F. Baker and R. J. Cook in both of their books (Baker and Cook, 1982; Cook and Baker, 1983) on biological control of plant pathogens, define biological control in the broadest sense to Include the use of any organism to control a pathogen. This definition Includes the use of higher plants as well as microorganisms, and they Include host plant resistance as one of the best and most effective biological controls. Biological control of plant pathogens must no longer be recognized as a science based 2 mainly on the disciplines of ecology, taxonomy, and soil microbiology. It currently involves the disciplines of plant and microbial genetics, molecular biology, cytology, biochemistry, plant physiology, and agronomy among others. Moreover, biological control Is no longer applicable to a few plant parasitic nematodes and plant pathogenic fungi; bacterial and virus diseases are among the most extensively studied. ' Biological control can be accomplished by manipulation (ecological or genetic) of the host, antagonist, or even the pathogen Itself and may be directed at the ecosystem, population, or individual level. Biological control, broadly defined, may occur remote from the plant, it may occur on the plant, or it may take place inside the plant. Althou^ it often depends on antagonistic microorganism in the classic sense, it also depends on the plant and may even use the pathogen against itself. It is the broad concept of biological control that makes it a fascinating field of study and potentially useful plant-disease-management strategy. The fungal pathogen, R. solani as presently understood, probably Induces a greater number of diseases in hosts from more plant families over a larger part of the world than any other plant pathogenic species (Tompkins, 1975). During the last 40 years considerable knowledge has become available on the ecology of R. solani and the epidemiology of diseases caused by this pathogen. The growth, saprophytic behavior, and survival of R. solani in soil have been studied extensively (Baker et ai., 1967; Benson, 1974; Benson and Baker, 1974; Blair, 1943; Coley-Smith and Cooke, 1971; Flower, 3 1976; Henis and Ben-Yephet, 1970; Henls et al., 1978b; Lewis, 1979; Naiki, 1985; Naiki and Ui, 1975, 1978; Papavizas, 1968; Papavizas and Davey, 1961, 1962; Papavizas et al., 1975; Ui et al., 1976; Weinhold, 1977). The vast literature on biological control of R. solanl covers seed treatments, modification of cultural practices, amending soil with plant residues and specific substances to induce changes in soil microflora, and direct Introduction of biological antagonists into soil. However, no single treatment provides a satisfactory control of X. solani. With the exception of resistance, crop sequence, tillage and fertilization practices that capitalize upon biological control phenomena, utilization of biological measures for root disease control have been doubted both theoretically and practically. The development of soils suppressive to R. solani has been demonstrated in controlled environments. Repeated culture of a susceptible crop (radish) has resulted in soils suppressive to development of and pathogenic activity by R. solani (Liu and Baker, 1980; Kadir, 1985; Henis et al., 1979). This repeated culture of a susceptible crop causes a decline in the inoculum potential of R. solani. Suppressiveness to R. solani was correlated with an increase in the population of Trichoderma spp. in the soil (Liu and Baker, 1980; Kadir, 1985). The pathogen,
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