FOR

PATIALA FOREST DIVISION

(2012-13 TO 2021-2022)

PREPARED BY:

Satender Kumar Sagar, IFS

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS & WILDLIFE PRESERVATION Government of Punjab PREFACE

The forests of Patiala Division can broadly be divided into The Birs or the Block Forests which comprise of compact areas of forests and the Strip Forests comprising of strips of land adjoining the roads, canals railway lines, etc. Accordingly, previously these forests were managed under different sets of Working Plans viz The Working Plan for the Block Forests and the Working Plan for the Strip Forests. The previous Working Plan for the Division was written by Sh. Basanta Raj Kumar IFS.

The need to have a combined Working Plan dealing with both the block and the strip forests was felt due to the practical difficulties faced by the staff while carrying out the prescriptions. The total area under forests in the Division is small and one guard may have both strips and block forest under his jurisdiction. In the case of the Strip Forests, the Working Circles are formed on the basis of the type of strip of land, which supports the vegetation, thus we have The Road Working Circle, The Canal Working Circle, The Rail Working Circle etc. Thirdly, physical, geographical, climatic and other conditions prevailing over the two categories i.e. Block and Strip forests is more or less the same. Keeping all the considerations mentioned above, it was felt that a single Working Plan is required to manage both the Block and the Strip Forests.

The present Working Plan is an attempt to bring together both the Block and the Strip Forests under one Working Plan. The salient features of this Working Plan may be summarized as:

1. The main purpose of the Working Plan is the conservation of the Forests and raising the ecological and environmental status of the area by improving the growing stock.

2. There are Five Working Circles formed on the basis of the area that supports the forest viz, Block Forest Working Circle, The Road Working Circle, The Canal Working Circle etc.

3. There has to be no felling of Shisham trees, fruit trees in all forests.

4. The prescribed yield has been reduced to 50% of the calculated yield.

5. Indigenous and miscellaneous tree species will be given preference over exotic species in the plantation programmes.

6. There will be no clear felling of areas

7. A new Chapter on Joint Forest Management is introduced keeping in view the radical change that has swept through in the Concept of Management of Forest. The age-old concept of protection and policing which has isolated the people from the forest has given way to the people oriented concept of JFM envisaging the involvement of people in the management process, benefit sharing etc.

It is believed that the prescriptions given in this Working Plan will help in fulfilling the objective of improving the growing stock thereby resulting in a more healthy environment. At the same time, it is also expected that the improvement of soil and water conservation, the improvement in growing stock will raise the general prosperity of the people as a whole.

Satender Kumar Sagar,IFS B.Sc(Botany Hons); M.Sc(Botany Hons); AIGNFA(M.Sc.Forestry). CONTENTS PART I : SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH PROPOSALS ARE BASED

Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

Chapter 1 : Area under Working Plan 1.1 : Name of Situation 1 1.2 : Geographical Location 1 1.3 : Description of Land 1 1.4 : Boundaries 2 1.5 : Distribution of Areas 3

Chapter 2 : Locality factors 2.1 : Climate 4 2.1.1 Rainfall 4 2.1.2 Temperature 4 2.1.3 Winds 6 2.1.4 Frosts 6 2.1.5 Dew 6 2.2 Geology, Rock and Soil 6 2.3 Water Supply 7 2.4 Drainage 7 2.5 Encroachments 8 2.6 Injuries to which crop is liable 8 2.7.1 Natural Calamity 8 2.7.1.1 Fire 8 2.7.1.2 Floods 8 2.7.1.2.1Drought 9 2.7.1.3 Winds & Storms 9 2.7.1.4 Forests 9 2.7.2 Grazing 9 2.7.3 Insects and Pets 9 Chapter 3 : Forest Resources 3.1 : Composition and Condition of the crop 11 3.1.1 : The Birs/Block Forests 11 3.1.2 The Strip Forests 12 3.2 : Status of Natural regeneration 12 3.3 : Resource Assessment 13 3.3.1.1 : Growing Stock Working Circle-wise 13 Chapter 4 : Utilization of Forest Produce 4.1 : Agricultural Customs and Wants of the people 17 4.2 : Main markets and marketable products 17 4.3 : Lines of Export 17 4.4 : Methods of exploitation and their costs 18 4.5 : Past and Current Prices 20 Chapter 5 : Establishment & Labour 5.1 Staff 23 5.2 Labour 23

Chapter 6 : Result of Previous Management 6.1 : General History 25 6.2 : Past Systems of Management 25 6.2.1 : Critical Analysis of Sital Dass's Working Plan 25 6.2.2 : Critical Analys 26

6.3 : Special Works of Improvement 27 6.3.1 : Silvicultural Improvement 27 6.3.2 : Protection 28 6.3.3 : Communications and Buildings 28 6.3.4 : Utilization of Forest Produce 28 6.4 : Past Yield 29 6.5 : Past Revenue and Expenditure 29 Chapter 7 : Growth & Yield Statistics 7.1 : Statistics of Growth 30 7.1.1 : Growth data of some important species 30 7.1.2 : Conversion factors 31 7.1.3 : Mean Annual Increment 31 7.2 : Volume and Yield 32 7.2.1 : General Volume Table 32 Part II : Future management

Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

Chapter 1 : Discussion and Formation of Working Circle 1.1 : General Objects of Management 34 1.2 : Methods of treatment to be adopted 34 1.2.1 : General Principles 34 1.2.2 : Management of Irrigation 35 1.2.3 : Technique of plantation 36 1.2.4 : Reclamation of Saline alkaline soil 37 Chapter 2 : Working Circles 2.1 : Formation of Working Circles 39 2.2 : Period of working Plan 39 2.3 : Abstract of Working Circles 40 2.3.1 : Development Working Circle 40 2.3.2 : Road Working Circle 40 2.3.2 : Canal Working Circle 40 2.3.4 : Drains And Bunds Working Circle 40 2.3.5 : Rail Working Circle 40 2.3.6 : Willife Management (Overlapping) Working Circle 40 2.3.7 : Joint Forest Management (overlapping) Working Circle 40 2.3.8 : Non Timber Forest Produce (Overlapping) Working Circle 40 2.3.9 : Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle 40 Chapter 3 : Working Plan for Development/Block Forest Working Circle 3.1 : General Constitution of the Circle 41 3.2 : Series, Blocks and Compartment 41 3.3 : Special Objects of Management 41 3.4 : The Stock/Character of Vegetation 42 3.5 : Analysis and Valuation of the Crop 42 3.6 : Method of Treatment 43

Sr.No Chapter Page No.

3.7 : Silvicultural System 44 3.8 : Calculation of Rotation and Conversion Period 44 3.9 : Calculation of Yield 44 3.10 : Marking Rules 45 3.11 : Method of Executing Fellings 45 3.12 : Planting Rules 45 3.13 : Planting Programme 47 3.14 : Felling Program 47 3.15 : Subsidiary Silvicultural operations 49 3.15.1 : Tending Operations 49 3.15.2 : Pruning 49 3.15.3 : Maintenance of Researh plots 50 3.16 : Plantation Program 50 Chapter 4 : Working Plan for Road Working Circle 4.1 : General Constitution of the Circle 51 4.2 : Special Objects of management 51 4.3 : Series, Blocks and Compartments 51 4.4 : The Stock 51 4.5 : Analysis and evaluation of the Crop 52 4.6 : Method of treatment 53

4.7 : Silvicultural System 53

4.8 : Calculation of Rotation and Conversion Period 53

4.9 : Calculation of Yield 54 4.10 : Tabular Statement of Fellings 54 4.11 : Marking Rules 59 4.12 : Method of Executing Fellings 59 Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

4.13 : Planting Rules 60 4.14 : Planting Program 60

4.15 : Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations 62 4.15.1 : Tending Operations 62 Chapter 5 : Working Plan for Canal Working Circle

5.1 : General Constitution of the Circle 63 5.2 : Special Objects of Management 63 5.3 : Series Blocks and Compartments 63 5.4 : The Stock 63 5.5 : Analysis and Evaluation of the crop 64

5.6 : Method of Treatment 65 5.7 : Silvicultural System 65 5.8 : Calculation of rotation and Conversion Period 65 5.9 : Calculation of Yield 65 5.10 : Tabular Statement of Fellings 66 5.11 : Marking Rules 70 5.12 : Method of Executing Fellings 71 5.13 : Planting Rules 72 5.14 : Planting Program 72 5.15 : Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations 73 5.15.1 : Tending Operations 73 Chapter 6 : Rail Working Circle 6.1 : General Constitution of the Circle 75 6.2 : Special Objects of Management 75 6.3 : Blocks and Compartments 75 Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

6.4 : The Stock 75 6.5 : Analysis and Evaluation of the Crop 76 6.5.1: Growing Stock: Abstract 76 6.5.2: Growing Stock: Range-wise/Species wise 76 6.6 : Method of Treatment 77 6.7 : Silvicultural System 77 6.8 : Calculation of Rotation and Conversion Period 78 6.9 : Calculation of Yield 78 6.10 : Tabular Statement of Felling 78 6.11 : Marking Rules 80 6.12 : Method of Executing Fellings 81 6.13 : Planting Rules 81 6.14 : Planting Program 81 6.15 : Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations 83 6.15.1 : Tending Operations 83 Chapter 7 : Bands & Drains Working Circle 7.1 : General Objects of Management 84 7.2 : Special Objects of Management 84 7.3 : Blocks and Compartments 84 7.4 : The Stock 84 7.5 : Analysis and Evaluation of the Crop 84 7.5.1 : Growing Stock : Abstract 84 7.6 : Method of Treatment 86 7.7 : Silvicultural System 86 7.8 : Calculation of Rotation and Conversion Period 86 7.9 : Calculation of Yield 86 7.10 : Tabular Statement of Fellings 87 7.11 : Marking Rules 89 Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

7.12 : Method of Executing Fellings 89 7.13 : Planting Rules 90 7.14 : Planting Program 90 7.15 : Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations 92 7.15.1 : Tending Operations 92

Chapter 8 : Wild Life Management 8.1 : General History 93 8.2 : Management 93 8.2.1 : Management of Wild Life 93 8.2.1.1 : Area Statement 94 8.2.1.2 : Composition of Crop 94 8.2.1.3 : Fauna 95 8.2.2 : Management of Wild Life in areas other than in Sanctuaries 95 Chapter 9 : Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle 9.1 : Joint Forest Management 96 9.2 : Special objects of Management 97 9.3 : Government Policies on Joint Forest Management 98 9.4 : Present conditions of Forest 99 9.5 : Duties and Responsibilites in Changed situation 99

9.6 : Implementation of Joint Forest Management Policies Patiala Division 100 9.7 : Sharing of Usufructs with the JFM Beneficiaries 102

Chapter-10 : Non timber forest produce (Overlapping) Working Circle

10.1 : General Constitution 103 10.2 : General Character of the vegetation 103 10.3 : Area Statement 103 10.4 : Special objects of Management 103 Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

10.5 : Analysis and valuation of crop 104 10.6 : Silvicultural system 104 10.7 : Choice of species 105 10.8 : Exploitable size and rotation 105 10.9 : Prescription of treatment 105 10.10 : Planting cycle 105 10.11 : Method of treatment 106 10.12 : Miscellaneous Regulations 106

Chapter: 11 Forest protection (Overlapping) Working Circle

11.1 : General Constitution 107 11.2 : Special objects of Management 107 11.3 : Legal Porvisions 107 11.4 : Formulation of the protection enforcement system 107 11.5 : Execution of search warrants 108 11.6 : Powers of arresting the offenders 108 11.7 : Collection of information 108 11.8 : Special patrolling during night 108 11.9 : Special measures against smuggling of Forest produces across border 108 11.10 : Posting of young healthy personnel in Patrolling parties 109 11.11 : Other protection measures 109 Chapter 12 : Miscellaneous Regulations. 12.1 : Petty Fellings 110 12.2 : Construction of Roads 110 12.3 : Building 111 12.4 : Maintenance of Boundaries and Pillar 112 12.5 : Declaration of Protected Forests 113 12.6 : Fire Protection 113 12.7 : Control of Grazing 114 Sr.No. Chapter Page No.

12.8 : Research Plots 114 12.9 : Nurseries 114 12.10 : Problematic Areas 115 12.11 : Establishment of a cell for removal of Encroachment 116 12.12 : Biodiversity Conservation 116 12.13 : Monitoring and Evaluation 116 12.14 : Petty Sales 116 12.15 : Beat Books 116 Chapter 13 : Maintenance of Records For Control 13.1 : Records 117 13.1.1 : Annual Plan of Operations 117 13.1.2 : Plantation Journals 117 13.1.3 : Forest Journals 117 13.1.4 : Nursery Registers 118 13.1.5 : Divisional Note-book 118 13.1.6 : Control Forms 118 13.1.7: Fire Control Forms 118 13.1.8: Deviation Statements 119 Chapter 14 : Financial Estimates and Expenditure 14.1 : Revenue 120 14.2 : Expenditure 120 Sr.No. Annexures Page No.

Annexure 1 : Detail of Strip Forests-ROADS 122 to 124 Annexure 1.b : Distribution of Link Roads 125 to 135 Annexure 2 : Detail of Strip Forests-Canals 136-140 Annexure 3 : Detail of Strip Forests-Drains & Bunds 141-142 Annexure 4 : Detail of Strip Forests-Railway lines 143 Annexure 5 : Area Statement of Birs and Sanctuaries 144 Annexure 6 : Notification 145-147 Annexure 7 : Check list of wild animals of bir forests 148 Annexure 8 : Common trees, shrubs, and grasses Found in Patiala Forest Division 149-151 CONTENTS OF TABLES TABLE No. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1.1 Area statement of forest 2 1.2 Range wise distribution of total forest area of Division 3 2.1 Average Rainfall data of Patiala district 4 2.2 Mean Temperatures 5 3.1 Block Working Circle 13 3.2 Past Yield 16 5.1 Cadre Stength 23 6.1 Details of Tubewells 27 6.2 List of Buildings 28 6.3 Past Yield 29 6.4 Past Revenue and Expenditure 29 7.1 Growth data of Shisham 30 7.2 Growth data of Kikar 30 7.3 Gorwth data of Eucalyptus 31 7.4 Voulme table of Kikar 31 7.5 Volume table of Eucalyptus 32 7.6 General Volume table 32 7.7 Comparison of Mohindra's and chaturvedis Volume Tables 33 3.1 Growing Stock of Development Working Circle. 42 3.2 Calcuation of Annual Yield 44 3.3 Felling Program of Development Working Circle 48 3.4 Plantation Program of the Development Working Circle 50 4.5.1 Growing Stock of Road W.C 52 4.7 Calculation of Annual Yield 54 4.8 Felling Program of Road W.C. 55 4.9 Planting Program of Road W.C. 61 5.1 Growing Stock of Canal W.C. 64 5.6 Calculation of Annual Yield 66 5.7 Felling Program of Canal W.C. 66 5.8 Planting Program of Canal W.C. 73 6.1 Growing Stock of Railway W.C. 76 6.2 Growing Stock of Shisham in Railway W.C. 76 6.3 Growing Stock of Kikar in Railway W.C. 76 6.4 Growing Stock of Eucalyptus in Railway W.C. 77 6.5 Growing Stock of Miscellaneous in Railway W.C. 77 6.6 Calculation of Annual Yield 78 6.7 Felling Program of Railway W.C. 78 6.8 Planting Program of Railway W.C. 82 7.5.1 Growing stock abstract 84 7.6 Calculation of Annual Yield 87 7.7 Felling Program of Drains and Bundh W.C. 87 7.8 Planting Program of Rail W.C. 92 12.1 List of Existing Buildings 111 12.2 Program for Checking and Maintaining Boundaries 112 12.9 List of Nurseries 115 14.1 Revenue 120 14.2 Expenditure 120

SIGNATORIES

WORKING PLAN OF PATIALA FOREST DIVISION 2012-13 TO 2021-22

Sh.Vikas Garg Sh.S.K.Sagar I.A.S I.F.S Deputy Commissioner, Working Plan Officer-cum- Patiala Divisional Forest Officer, Patiala

Sh.S.S.Bhatti Sh.M.S.Dhillon I.F.S I.F.S Conservator of Forests, Conservator of Forests, (Plains) South Circle, Patiala Punjab, Mohali

Sh.R.K.Luna Sh.Dhirendra Singh I.F.S. I.F.S Chief Conservator of Forests, Chief Wildlife Warden, Punjab Working Plan Punjab, Mohali Mohali.

Sh.H.S.Gujral I.F.S Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Sh.B.C.Bala Punjab, Mohali I.F.S Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Punjab, Mohali

*****END***** Detail of Plantation under Compensatory Afforestation Scheme

Sr.No. Year Plantation in Hac 1 2001-02 43.10 2 2002-03 28.19 3 2003-04 66.41 4 2004-05 10.21 5 2005-06 16.48 6 2006-07 62.31 7 2007-08 74.34 8 2008-09 - 9 2009-10 - 10 2010-11 143 Total 444.04 WORKING PLAN 2012-13 PART 1 : SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH PROPOSALS ARE BASED Chapter 1 Area Under Working Plan 1.1 Name & Situation : This working plan deals with the forests of the Patiala Forest Division. The area extends over all the six ranges namely Patiala, Nabha, Rajpura, Samana, Bhadson and Sirhind. This tract falls in the Civil Districts of Patiala and Fatehgarh Sahib covers five Civil Sub-Divisions viz Patiala, Rajpura, Sirhind, Nabha, Samana.

It is bounded by Ludhiana, Fatehgarh Sahib and S.A.S. Nagar Districts in the North, Sangrur district in the West, Union Territory of Chandigarh in the east and of Haryana in the South and South East. 1.2 Description of Land and forest areas: The tract forms a part of indo-Gangetic alluvial plain and is more or less flat terrain having general slope from north-east to south-west. Some of the Birs have streams, choes and nallah course passing through them namely Ghaggar, Markanda, Tangri, Patiala nadi, Sirhind choe etc. These streams cause occasional floods, especially during the rainy season. The most affected forest areas by such flash floods include Bir Miranpur Ghogpur, Bir Moti Bagh and Bir Gurdialpura. All these streams merge with Ghaggar river in Patiala district except Sirhind choe. In some of the Forest like Bir Bhunerheri, Bir Miranpur Ghogpur and Bir Gurdialpura, the floodwater receded after 1-3 months. Sirhind choe enters Patiala district near Bhadson and after flowing through Bir Agol enters Sangrur district towards the South-West. Various landforms found in the district are alluvial plain, flood plain and palacochannels. Alluvial plains constitute major portion of the district. Part of the alluvial plain is susceptible to local flooding and thus has good moisture. At places, it has salt encrustations. Flood plain is a sloping tract along the Ghaggar river and other small rivulets.

1.3 Boundaries:

1 Boundaries of Birs, Rail, Road, Canal and Drain strips are marked with boundary pillars but at places, these are missing. This leads to unauthorized encroachment of the forest areas by people.

The installation and maintenance of the boundary pillars of strips is with the cooporation of the concerned departments (Railway, PWD, Irrigation etc.) as these strips belong to the concerned departments. Forest Department is entrusted with the management of these areas. There is the need to establish good understanding with the concerned departments to maintain the boundary pillars regularly in order to efficiently check encroachments which constitutes not only violation of the provisions of the Indian Forests Act, 1927 and The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 but would also amount to contempt of Supreme Court order dated 12.12.1996 ( cwp.202 of 1995. T.N. Godavarman Vs Union of India).

In the case of Birs/Block forests, which is under the control of the Forest Department, the repairs, re-demarcation, checking and maintenance of the boundary pillars needs to be done as explained in the Miscellaneous chapter in this current working plan .

1.4 Distribution of Area: The Division is divided into 6 Ranges: 1. Patiala Range 2. Bhadson Range 3. Samana Range 4. Rajpura Range 5. Sirhind Range 6. Nabha Range

The area is divided into 4 major categories namely Birs or the Block forests, roadside, rail side, canal side and drain side. The distribution of areas is as follows: Table-1.1: Area statement of forests

Sr. no Category Area(Ha) 1 Birs 2655.55 2 Road 3992.65 3 Rail 510.60

2 4 Canals 3958.31 5 Drains 200.00 Total 11317.11

The Range-wise distribution of the total forests areas of the Division is as follows.

Table-1.2

Block Forest Total Strip Forest Grand Sl. Range R.F. P.F. Unclassed Block Roads Railway Canals Drain Total 1 Patiala - 1155.05 - 1088.08 1723.00 73.00 891.00 37.00 38179.05 2 Nabha - 6.97 - 6.97 126.00 72.00 1187.00 50.00 1441.97 3 Bhadson - 1192.83 - 1192.83 06.01 - 72.00 - 1270.84 4 Rajpura - - - - 434.00 146.00 1043.00 80.00 1703.00 5 Sirhind - 10.00 - 10.00 1260.64 219.62 381.31 12.00 1883.57 6 Samana - 64.341 226.00 326.34 443.00 - 384.00 21.00 1138.56 TOTAL - 2429.19 226.00 2655.55 3992.65 510.60 3958.31 200.00 11316.97

The details of the area statement of all the Birs and all the Strips, Range-wise is given in Annexure 1-5. 1.5 Legal Position: All strips along Roads, Canals and Railways in the division have been notified as protected Forests under section 29, Chapter IV of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 vide Notification No.6058-ft-111 57/3305; 3059-Ft-58/1949 and 4362-Ft-58/145 dated 31.12.57, 24.06.58 & 19.11.58 of the Punjab Government .

Out of total area of 2624.22 ha of Block Forests, an area of 2362.22 ha is declared as Protected forests under section 29, Chapter IV of the Indian

3 Forest Act, 1927 vide Notification No.2026/Ft.(IV)-61/3654 dated 5.7.1961. The rest of the forest area is un-classed.

Copies of the Government notifications are given in Annexure- 6.

4 Chapter 2 Locality Factors

2.1 Climate :

2.1.1 Rainfall:

Patiala Division normally experiences a dry climate all through the year, the monsoon showers constituting about 73 percent of the annual rainfall. The variation in rainfall during the year is appreciable. On an average there are 61 rainy days. Normally the months of July, August and September are wet months and remaining months of the year can be termed more or less dry months.

Small portion of rainfall occurs during winter months of December to February. There are occasional showers during the summer months of April, May and June. The south-western monsoon begins in the first week of July and extends upto mid September.

Avg. Rainfall Data of Patiala District (in mm) Month 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Jan. 28.0 29.8 3.4 55.9 57.6 32.2 4.6 - 8.0 Feb. 41.5 4.0 39.5 48.2 0.2 50.2 0.3 88.0 0 March 22 14.6 18.2 7.5 - 29.5 31.2 32.2 0 April 2.4 32.9 6.5 11.0 37.8 7.0 0.2 0 22.8 May 30.4 42.0 39.4 6.1 44.7 1.9 16.9 0 113.2 June 164.4 126.6 13.5 68.2 34.1 82.1 37.3 40.5 254.8 July 289.0 171.0 74.0 202.3 37.2 237.7 170.6 39.0 167.8 Aug. 45.6 193.6 136.7 123.4 477.6 95.7 72.3 82.0 139.2 Sept. 37.3 5.2 190.3 121.0 26.5 108.5 27.8 20.6 239.2 Oct. - - 6.9 - 49.0 0.3 0.5 23.2 4.2 Nov. 0.4 - - 0.2 - 0.1 9.9 3.5 1.7 Dec. - 3.2 4.3 11.5 4.0 - 3.3 7.7 - Avg. 641.2 622.9 532.7 655.3 808.7 645.2 374.9 356.7 950.9

2.1.2 Temperature :

The summer starts by mid April and continues till August. Month of May is the hottest with mean monthly maximum temperature as high as 44.5º

5 C. January is the coldest month with mean monthly minimum temperature of 3.5º C.

The Mean temperatures recorded in Patiala during the lasts ten years is given in the Table below. Table 2.2 : Mean Temperatures (0C) Month Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 January H 23.6 24.5 22.8 23.9 23.22 23 26.9 N.A L 2.8 2.6 2.5 3.6 3.8 1.9 1.3 N.A M 13.2 13.6 12.7 13.8 13.5 12.6 11.5 N.A February H 22.7 23.6 26.6 27.6 24.9 25.3 28.4 N.A L 2.3 2.6 1.8 3.9 4.7 4.1 2.2 N.A M 12.5 13.1 14.2 15.8 14.8 14 15.9 N.A March H 29.2 28.9 26.8 34.6 31.2 35 32.5 N.A L 4.5 8.6 5.7 6.9 4.9 8 8.2 N.A M 16.9 18.8 16.3 20.8 18.1 19.8 20.7 N.A April H 36.2 35.6 38.9 37.5 38.1 41.5 41.9 N.A L 11.2 12.8 16.6 15.7 14.9 12.2 12.4 N.A M 31 30.3 33.9 33.1 32.4 32.6 26.6 N.A May H 43.5 42.6 48.2 46.3 44.8 44 44.9 N.A L 18.5 17.9 19.5 19.8 19.9 20.1 19.6 N.A M 31 32.7 32.7 33.9 33.2 33 31.5 N.A June H 42.6 43.6 44.9 45.9 44.8 40 40 N.A L 20.6 21.8 20.5 21.9 21.8 19.9 21.5 N.A M 31.6 32.7 32.7 33.9 33.2 30.6 32.7 N.A July H 35.8 40.6 39.9 42.6 43.6 38.4 37.9 N.A L 16.9 22.3 23.8 21.6 18.5 23 23.8 N.A M 26.3 31.5 31.9 32.1 31.2 29.3 29.6 N.A August H 35.6 38.9 37.8 36.9 37.5 36 35.9 N.A L 22.1 23.6 22.8 23.5 3.7 24.1 21.9 N.A M 28.9 31.3 30.3 30.2 30.6 29.8 29.9 N.A September H 34.2 33.6 36.6 35.8 34.9 36.3 35.5 N.A L 16.3 21.2 18.5 18.5 22.5 19 19.1 N.A M 25.3 27.4 27.6 27.2 28.7 28.2 28.7 N.A October H 33.8 34.9 35.6 34.8 35.9 36 35.2 N.A L 10.2 11.3 12.6 14.5 13.6 15 13.6 N.A M 22 23.1 24.1 24.7 28.2 25.9 25 N.A November H 28.5 29.6 32.5 33.6 30.5 21.2 35.4 N.A L 4.8 5.9 4.6 8.4 7.6 7 6.6 N.A M 16.7 17.8 18.7 21 19.1 20.3 19.9 N.A December H 26.9 23.5 28.6 27.8 27.6 25.8 26 N.A L 2.6 5.4 4.5 3.5 2.7 3.2 7.8 N.A 6 2.1.3. Winds:

During the summer season dry and hot winds locally called as 'loo' causes drought conditions. Dust storms also occur occasionally and may or may not be followed by rains. Wind speed record of last 10 years is as follows:

(K.M Per Hour) (Table No. 4) Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 2001 5.00 6.30 6.40 3.60 5.90 6.60 4.60 1.70 2.60 1.70 2.20 3.40 2002 5.70 4.50 6.00 5.30 5.90 5.00 ------2003 ------2004 5.90 5.70 6.70 7.00 8.00 5.70 3.90 1.20 1.90 2.30 3.30 4.70 2005 ------2006 3.70 5.40 7.00 3.40 6.25 5.30 3.74 2.13 2.13 2.13 1.63 2.16 2007 ------2008 3.50 3.80 4.30 3.20 5.10 5.10 3.50 2.70 1.60 1.50 2.40 1.50 2009 3.10 2.70 1.60 2.90 4.10 5.10 4.30 3.40 3.30 2.60 2.10 3.50 2010 4.60 6.00 6.00 5.90 6.50 4.80 3.90 - - - - -

2.1.4 Frosts:

Frost during the winter is quite frequent but is very severe whenever there is long dry spell.

2.1.5 Dew:

Dew does occur during the winter months but has not got any significant affect on forest plantations.

2.2 Geology, Rock and Soil:

The soil is deep alluvium varying from clay to silty loam. The soil is mostly heavy in texture but is light where the sand content becomes high. The soil material forms part of Indo-Gangetic plains deposited by river Ghaggar and its tributaries from the Shiwaliks and outer Himalaya. Geological formation consists of clay, sand, silt and gravel belt. The soils are poor in available nitrogen and organic carbon content but are rich in clay content. The depth of clay varies and at places it goes down to 30 feet. At places there are large patches of 'Kallar', which have been caused mostly by impeded drainage. Kankar pans are also found in some areas for instance Bir Bhadson. The soil of most of the area is very hard due to compaction of clay caused by trampling by grazing over the years. The penetration and percolation of the water is

7 extremely slow in such areas. Occasional flooding of the streams during rains causes the erosion of soil.

2.3 Water Supply:

Plantations are mostly dependent on rainfall, although irrigation is being applied through canals and tube wells. The young plantations are also provided with irrigation in order to prevent mortality during the dry spells. Canal water supply is available through distributaries of Bhakra Canal System in the forest of Bir Sannaur, Bir Bhadson, Bir Gurdialpura and Bir Malla Kheri. However keeping in view the long dry spell of summer heats and the inadequate water supply from the canal systems, various measures have been adopted during the last working plan period like installation of electric motors, provision of tube-wells etc to augment the supply of water from the canal systems. The areas having electric pumps and tube-wells are listed in Annexure. In the strip plantation forest areas, irrigation is done mainly through hand watering and by harvesting rain water through trenches, which may be continuous or staggered depending on the contour of the area. The water supply in areas other than canal sides is mainly dependent on rain and also done manually by a fleet of water tankers.

2.4 Drainage:

The drainage of the area is poor. Some of the low-lying areas get flooded and remain submerged during rainy season as reported earlier. These poor drainage conditions leading to stagnation of water has resulted in many areas becoming saline-alkaline in condition.

River Ghaggar is the only major natural drainage channel passing through the area which has a general slope from North-East towards the South-West. It originates from Sirmour hills in the higher Himalayas and is ephemeral in nature. Its river bed is narrow and ill defined in Banur, Rajpura and Samana area and causes extensive flooding during the rainy season. The Dangri and Patiala Nadi are its main tributaries. In addition, Bari Nadi, Chhoti Nadi, Jhambowali Choe and Sirhind Choe are the other seasonal rivulets flowing through the area. The hill torrents like Sukhna, Jhajjar and Sirsala also

8 have their origin in the Himalayas and enter the district from north-east. Another torrent Patiala Nadi rises near Mank Majra, carrying water of several other torrents, flows past Patiala and joins the Ghaggar river. 2.5 Encroachments: The forests are surrounded by highly priced agricultural lands and therefore some encroachments have been noticed along the boundaries. As per Govt. order No.3/4/93/J-IV/Rev/10132 dated 26.07.1993. Divisional Forest Officers were declared as "Collectors" under Section 2 of the Punjab Public Premises and Land (Eviction and Rent Recovery) Act, 1973. Several proceedings to evict encroachments in forest areas were initiated as per provisions of the PP Act, during the last working plan period. However the govt. has withdrawn the power of "Collector" from the DFO and these cases have been handed over to the respective Sub-Divisional Magistrates. It is important that the DFO takes personal interest to pursue these cases, many of which are in the final stages. Besides this a number of cases are pending in the Civil Courts of Patiala, Rajpura, Nabha. Personal efforts on the part of the Divisional Forest Officer are required to vacate lands under adverse possession and erect permanent boundary pillars.

2.6 Injuries to which crop is liable: 2.7.1. Natural calamity: 2.7.1.1 Fire: During summer months, the forest fires are a regular feature in the forests. The forests having thick growth of kana, kahi and dhab grasses have the danger of forest fires in the hot season. Forest fires also occur after the harvesting season when the farmers in the adjoining areas burn their agricultural residue in fields and the fires extend to the forest areas. Fire-lines are maintained and fire watch-towers have been constructed in some of the forests, however a constant vigil by field staff is necessary to check these fires. Besides educating the farmers, awareness among the general public, maintenance of fire lines in the birs and strict legal action are the remedies to counter this problem. 2.7.1.2 Floods: There are heavy floods in Markanda, Tangri, Ghaggar and Patiala Nadi. The forests situated along their banks get flooded every year. In 9 Miranpur-Ghogpur, sometimes, it takes 2-3 months for the flood waters to recede. The flood waters have adverse effects on growth of plantations.

2.7.1.2.1 Drought:

In the dry and hot months from April-June, the drought causes considerable damage to young plantations. Prolonged winter drought also causes damage to young crops. The effects of frost are more severe in case of winter droughts. In the saline soils, physiological drought due to high content of salts causes considerable damage to the plantations, where they can be easily saved through irrigation.

2.7.1.3 Winds & Storms: Heavy uprooting of trees. The effects are more serious in soils having 'Kankar pans' as the root system does not penetrate deep into the soil. Hot and desiccating wind also cause mortality in the young Wind storms proceeded or accompanied by rains cause plantation.

2.7.1.4 Frosts:

Due to heavy frost the seedlings of Neem, Kikar, Teak and Mango get damaged. In the saline patches, the crop gets affected to a greater extent.

2.7.2 Grazing: Grazing and browsing are rampant in the forests as the adjoining fields are cultivated and cattle have no other place for grazing. The major reason for this rampant grazing is the shrinking of pasture areas in the village common lands due to changed land-use pattern. The percent of migrant graziers coming from neighbouring states like Rajasthan, Haryana is relatively low, however their effect is quite drastic, as sometimes these graziers comprise of sheep and goats also. Although no rights of grazing and browsing exists in the forest areas, however there has been a tradition from the times of the erstwhile princely states, to permit some grazing. In the forests of Bir Agol people are in the habit of letting loose their cattle especially the cows. This practice of permitting of grazing has been discontinued and should be strictly enforced in future also as the damage caused by grazing and browsing is tremendous. The grazing and browsing cause bushy formation of plants as the cattle eat up apical buds. It also causes trampling of young plantations and compacts

10 the soil which results in poor soil aeration leading to gradual turning of the soil to alkaline-saline conditions. This process over the years has contributed heavily in many of the areas not being able to have natural regeneration. The measures to control the menace of grazing is discussed in the Chapter of Miscellaneous Regulations.

2.7.3 Insects and pests:

The incidence of insect/pest attack on the plantation is not so severe as in other adjoining divisions. The department is engaging a team of scientists from the Y.S.Parmar University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, to study the occurrence of drying of some species like Shisham and Kikar. The final report of the team has revealed that the cause of such phenomenon may be due to the presence of insects like borers. However, a detailed report is still awaited, which would confirm the exact cause of the phenomena.

11 Chapter 3 Forest Resources

3.1 Composition and Condition of the crop:

In order to appreciate the difference in the composition and condition of the vegetation existing in the Bir areas and the strips, they have been dealt with in different headings.

3.1.1 The Birs/Block Forests:

The original vegetation in the Bir areas were of the dry tropical thorn and scrub forests which fall under the Sub-group 5-B (Northern Tropical Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests), according to the revised classification of the Forest types of India by Champion and Seth (1968). Due to the various edaphic factors like soil, climate and biotic factors which have played on the natural vegetation of these forests, the following edaphic and Seral types under the groups of vegetation type can be recognized. 1. Sub-type E8 Saline and Alkaline Scrub Savannah The forests occurring in Patiala, Nabha, Samana, Sirhind and Bhadson forest ranges fall under the main forest type Saline and Alkaline Scrub Savannah sub-type E8 of Group 5-B. The existing vegetation in these Bir Forests can be grouped under the following categories: 1. Old Crops:

The old crop is confined to Patiala, Nabha, Samana, Bhadson, and Sirhind Forest Ranges. The vegetation consist of an irregular crop of Shisham, Kikar, Dhak, Beri, Jand, Khair , Semal, Lasura, Reru, Phalahi, Neem, Toot, Jaman, Siris, Arjun, Mesquite of pole to middle aged with few mature trees scattered over the entire area in the upper storey. Date palm is also found scattered in these bir block forests. The existing vegetation is mostly of open nature. There was thick growth of Mallh, Karir, Karonda and sparse growth of tall grasses like Sarkanda, Kahi, Dholu a number of fodder grasses as Khabbal, Palwan, Arjan, Sarala, Bhabbar, Nara (Arundinaria falcata), Dab (Typha elephantiana) etc. in blanks as well as over the entire 12 areas. These grasses and under growth are a constant source of fire hazard to the old crops and provide root competition to the young plantations. 2. Young Plantations:

Mostly all bir block forests of all the ranges bear plantations of Eucalyptus, Kikar (Acacia nilotica), Arjan (Terminalia arjuna), Siris (Albizzia lebbeck), Drek (Melia azaderach), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Toot (Morus alba),, Toon (Toona ciliata), Jaman (Syzygium cumini) were raised through man made efforts, replacing old crops in the past working plan period. Still, there are patches of varying sizes which have failed or are not being stocked due to the adverse soil conditions and uncontrolled grazing. The areas having adverse Saline and alkaline conditions coupled with presence of hard kankar pan bear mostly scattered pole size to near mature plantations of Eucalyptus, Kikar etc. A number of new species introduced during the JBIC porject since 1998-99 onwards like Cassia siamea, Australian Kikar, Ailanthus, Burma Neem, Casuarina equisetifolia, Tectona grandis, Toona celiata, Tamarandus indicus, Chukrais tabularis etc. have come up with good results. The Plantations had been done distributing the areas under different models such as saline alkaline model, degraded forest land model, water logged, irrigated model etc. Now the plantations of all the species planted are well grown. On all the strips, the forest cover has improved and so, the climate of the area became more pleasant. 3.1.2 The Strip Forests : Generally the crop is irregular in respect of age, density and composition. Eucalyptus exists in pure stands and in gaps of middle aged to mature Shisham crops. Kikar is slowly depleting on the roadsides because of unfavorable conditions. Natural regeneration of all species is scarce. Of late, apart from Shisham new species like Arjun, White Siris, Burma Neem, Dek, Ailanthus, Jamoa, Jaman, Australian Kikar etc. have been introduced. This is done mainly to have mixtures of plantations and divergence. The condition of the crop at most of the places is quite good, only the crops along the railways and drains have yielded poor results. 3.2 Status of Natural Regeneration: Regeneration survey was carried in sample plots of all the Birs and Strips areas. Natural regeneration is very poor and in some places almost non-existent. The condition is worse in the Strip areas where there is very high 13 biotic pressure and interference. No significant effort was made to regenerate the areas naturally during the last few decades. 3.3 Resource Assessment:

3.3.1 Growing Stock:

In case of Bir forests, no enumeration of the growing stock of the Bir forests has been done in the past except for a few areas. For the purpose of this working plan, the survey parties carried out total enumeration of some of the Bir forests and partial enumeration of growing stock, trees above 60cm. girth were taken into account except for eucalyptus for which trees having 30- 59 cm g.b.h were taken into account. Stock maps of all birs forest have been prepared and the compartment history descriptions have been written. In case of strip forests, however, enumeration was carried out during 2007 in the Division and the data generated from that Enumeration exercise is incorporated while preparing this Working Plan. Range-wise, species-wise data is given in each Working Circle while dealing with respective Working Circles in separate chapters The abstract of the total growing stock of the Division is given below 3.3.1.1 Working Circle wise Stock Table 3.1 Block Working Circle Growing Stock Block Forest Area Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees

1 Shisham 18228 11702 1246 369 224 20 11 31800 4254.4

2 Kikar 7423 7411 3694 889 902 141 6 20466 6712.2

3 Eucalyptus 80208 81656 36770 20065 3698 635 152 223184 73275.8

4 Misc. 22655 36892 6356 1991 879 531 561 69865 17847.85

Total 128514 137661 48066 23314 5703 1327 730 345315 102090.25

Sr. No. Name of Species Previous Working Present Working Plan Plan

1 Shisham 12532 4254.4

2 Kikar 6931 6712.2

3 Eucalyptus 13536 73275.8

4 Misc. 13186 17847.85

Total 46180 102090.25 14 Growing Stock of Road Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees 1 Shisham 3227 6022 2046 2012 1639 1077 745 16768 13280.8 2 Kikar 778 1872 2835 2884 1504 503 137 10513 9947.25 3 Eucalyptus 5264 23816 17210 10381 4062 1441 584 62758 38922.95 4 Misc. 22655 36892 6356 1991 879 531 561 69865 17847.85

Total 31924 68602 28447 17268 8084 3552 2027 159904 79998.85

Sr. No. Name of Species Previous Working Present Working Plan Plan

1 Shisham 22093.15 13280.8

2 Kikar 27080.21 9947.25

3 Eucalyptus 35384.85 38922.95

4 Misc. 22403.95 17847.85

Total 106962.16 79998.85

Growing Stock of Canals Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees 1 Shisham 6644 10334 2244 1922 1690 1398 1506 25738 17796.1 2 Kikar 443 7222 6854 5664 2154 555 161 23053 17531.05 3 Eucalyptus 2525 11575 17980 14359 6043 2025 1105 55612 48524.5 4 Misc. 10139 33775 6692 3011 1502 791 938 56848 21072.2 Total 19751 62906 33770 24956 11389 4769 3710 161251 104923.8

Sr. No. Name of Species Previous Working Plan Present Working Plan

24895.05 1 Shisham 17796.1 12585.10 2 Kikar 17531.05 38140.85 3 Eucalyptus 48524.5 8891.40 4 Misc. 21072.2 84509.40 Total 104923.8

15 Growing Stock of Railways

Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees 1 Shisham 6 111 96 78 80 54 58 483 665.45 2 Kikar 0 171 187 109 19 6 0 492 303.2 3 Eucalyptus 9 290 392 203 118 83 22 1117 1028.25 4 Misc. 60 224 150 64 45 23 49 615 515.4 Total 66 796 825 454 262 166 129 2707 2512.3

Sr. No. Name of Species Previous Working Plan Present Working Plan

1 Shisham 1100 665.45

2 Kikar 1410.6 303.2

3 Eucalyptus 3599 1028.25

4 Misc. 447.20 515.4

Total 6587.7 2512.3

Growing Stock of Drain & Bandh

Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees

1 Shisham 377 1565 219 103 44 26 37 2371 776.55 2 Kikar 361 1177 1233 900 240 74 20 4005 2619.95

3 Eucalyptus 176 1372 1520 766 262 103 27 4226 2800.1 4 Misc. 967 5729 932 284 105 54 103 8174 2373.2

Total 1881 9843 3904 2053 651 257 187 18776 8569.8

Sr. No. Name of Species Previous Working Plan Present Working Plan

275.70 1 Shisham 776.55 10730.85 2 Kikar 2619.95 2689.8 3 Eucalyptus 2800.1 549.95 4 Misc. 2373.2 14246.30 Total 8569.8

16 Table 3.2: Past Yield

Year Birs Felled Vol. Strips Felled Vol. Difference (m3) (m3) (m3) Prescribed Prescribed (m3) (m3)

2001-02 1384 4623.45 6994 9775.75 - 6021.2 2002-03 1384 1727.90 6994 7044.40 - 394.3 2003-04 1384 2368.95 6994 11132.25 - 5123.2 2004-05 1384 675.55 6994 3358.95 4343.45 2005-06 1384 2446.10 6994 7116.95 - 1184.95 2006-07 1384 1348.80 6994 22114.25 -15085.05 2007-08 1384 1742.65 6994 11328.55 - 4693.2 2008-09 1384 198.40 6994 5195.00 2984.60 2009-10 1384 60.85 6994 10335.15 -2018.00 2010-11 1384 0.00 6994 1640.60 6737.4 Total 13840 15192.65 69940 89041.85 13843.15

17 Chapter 4 Utilization of Forest Produce

4.1 Agricultural Customs and Wants of the People: The local population is mostly dependent upon agriculture and there is a heavy demand of fuelwood and small timber for making agricultural implements. Besides these, there is the demand of good timber for furniture making, house construction, body building of trucks and buses, making sports goods etc. 382 wood based industries have come up in the state and the demand for forest based raw materials is likely to grow up.

4.2 Main Markets and marketable products: Local timber market is well established. The main timber markets are located at Patiala,Rajpura, Nabha and Samana.The wood is also sold in the adjoining cities like Khanna, Chandigarh, Malerkotla, Ambala,Ludhiana etc. The timbers, which are normally traded for furniture and general construction work, are Shisham, Eucalyptus and Kikar. Kikar is used for making agricultural implements. Eucalyptus wood is used for battens, construction purposes and in making crates, which are in great demand in Punjab and neighbouring states. Poplar wood is being sought for matchstick, Plywood and packing industry, There is a demand for the wood of mulberry, which is used by the sports goods industry at Jalandhar. Eucalyptus billets are supplied to a paper mill. New units of plywood and hard board have also come up which use Poplar, Mango and even Eucalyptus as raw material. 'Kana' and 'Kahi' are the two grasses user for paper manufacturing and electricity generation through Biomass energy plants. For firewood generally, kikar, eucalyptus and lops and tops of Shisham are used by the local population. 4.3 Lines of Export: A network of link roads and district roads connect with the National Highway No.1 and 64 passing through the Patiala Forest Division. Similarly the Northern Railway has a good network of railway lines in the Division. Therefore there is enough communication infrastructures available for the export of material even to long distances outside the state.

18 4.4 Methods of Exploitation and their Costs: Exploitation of timber is done through two agencies- the Forest Department, which marks the trees that are to be felled and the Punjab State Forest Development Corporation, who does the actual selling. Felling, conversion and transportation are done on mechanical and economical basis. Imported tools and machinery like power chain saws have been introduced for this purpose. Local labour is also employed for felling conversion, logging, transport and loading. All these activities are the responsibility of the PSFDC and contractors once the marking list of the trees is handed over to them. The Forest Department gets royalty on various trees exploited or sold by the Corporation. Sometimes when the Corporation is not in a position to cut all the trees offered, then these trees are sold through open auctions conducted from time to time. The minimum prices of timber and other wood of different species are fixed by the PSFDC and are revised from time to time to keep pace with the market trends of the open market. The prevalent price as fixed by the PSFDC is enclosed for reference: Schedule of rates of the felling of trees/conversion into timber and firewood and sawing at the sawmills of the Punjab State Forest Development Corporation Limited. (Applicable w.e.f. 1.04.2004)

Item Particulars of Work Rate (Rs.) No. (A) Felling and Conversion:- 1. Clearance of bushes and other vegetative growth 9 per tree surrounding the trees to felled 2. Lopping and roping of trees of class III and 17 per tree above 3 Felling of trees at ground level & coversion into a Round Timber including debarking of all the 131 per M3 species except Eucalyptus b Round timber excluding debarking of all the 102 per M3 species except Eucalyptu c Round timber of Eucalyptus 82 per M3 d Firewood including collection at site (Stacked) 53 per M3 e Pulip wood including collection at site in case of 58 per M3 Eucalyptus f Uprooting of muddies by manual labour 1 For Class III trees 78 per Stump ii For IIA, IIB Class trees 150 per Stump iii For I.A. Class trees 200 per Stump 19 iv For IIB Class trees 200 per Stump 4 Felling of trees including digging of stump, fillings of pitsand conversion into: a i)Round timber of shisham of class III and above 175 per M3 ii) Round timber of all species except 4a (i), Euc. 155 per M3 And young plantation of other species. ii) Round timber of Eucalyptus and young 131 per M3 plantation of other species. b Firewood including collection at site (Stacked) 53 per M3 c Pulip wood Eucalyptus including collection at 58 per M3 site d Debarking of trees 34 per M3 e Muddies by giving the firest cut for separating them from the first log:- 1) Upto Class III trees Euc: other species 7 each, 14 each ii) IIA, IIB Class trees Euc: other species 12 each, 24 each iii) For IA Class trees Euc: other species 19 each, 48 each iv) For IB Class trees Euc: other species 24 each, 58 each 5) Marking and felled trees for cross cutting, girth 2 per log measurement and numbering at both ends 6) Rolling of heavy logs and carriage of small sized timber upto 50 metres distance by manual labour at the felling sites:- 1) Easy conditions 35 per M3 11) Difficult terrain 43 per M3 7) Loading and unloading: Loading into trucks/trolleys: 1) Loading of Firewood 10 per M3 (Stacked) ii) Loading of Muddies 21 each 8 Unloading from truck/trolley:- 1) Firewood including collection at site (Stacked) 5 per M3 (Stacked) ii) Muddies 9 each 9 Loading of Timber into truck/trolley by manual labour:- 1) From 30 to 46 Cmts. Girth (Pulp wood) 16 per M3 11) From 50 to 89 Cmts. Girth 39 per M3 iii) From 90 to 134 Cmts. Girth 47 per M3 iv) From 135 to 179 Cmts. 79 per M3 v) From 180 Cmts. And above 95 per M3 vi)Loading of timber by loader assisted by labour 24 per M3 10 1) Unloading of timber from truck/trolley & cart 24 per M3 by manual labour ii) Unloading of pulp wood from truck/ trolley 9 per M3 and cart by manual labour C) Carriage by manual labour 11 Carriage of firewood by manual labour upto 250 14 per M3 meter lead (Stacked) 12 Carriage of Pulpwood upto 250 meter lead 24 per M3 D) Stacking 13 Rolling of heavy logs and carriage of small sized 20 timber upto 50 meters distance by manual labour at the felling site for stacking 1)Easy conditions 36 per M3 ii) Difficult terrain 44 per M3 14 Stacking of timber: a) By manual labour 31 per M3 b) By loader assisted by labour 9 per M3 15 Stacking of Eucalyptus pulpwood 12 per M3 16 Stacking of Firewood (Stacked) 9 per M3 17 Gobar pastering of ends of logs 0=70 paisa per log. Note:1 1 One red singal man at each felling site is allowed As per daily wage wherever there is a traffice movement rate 2 One saw setter is allowed for the number of As per daily wage dayss the felling remains in progress rate 3 One night watchman at each felling site is also As per daily wage allowed rate 4 In case of Muddies removed mechanically, As per daily wage assisted by manual labour, actual expenses on rate Machinery and daily wage labour shall be charged. Note: Divisional Managers may allow higher rates 2 after satisfying themselves and recording the reasons on the bills/Muster rolls in exceptional case such as: 1) Where pole length of trees is short and side branches are missing (Mulberry strips) 2) Where remodeling and lining of Canal System has proceeded felling work on high embankments. 3) Where there are permanent water logging conditions and deep borrow pits. 4) Where the over head transmission lines and heavy traffic etc. obstruct the fellings. Note:- The above schedule of Rates for felling shall 3 stand revised annually with the revision of daily wage rates by Labour Commissioner, Punjab/Deputy Commissioner Rolling of heavy logs and carriage of small timber up 50 mts. Distance by manual labour at felling site should be allowed only in exceptional cases and difficult Note:- Conditions that too with the prior permission of 4 concerned Divisional Manager. 4.5 Past and current prices:- Generally the round timber of all sizes and lengths brought to the market by local people, is sold by quintals. The people are more interested in bringing the timber to market as soon as they fell the trees without losing the moisture and thus to get more weightage. However, the Punjab State Forest Development Corporation Ltd. 21 sells the round and sawn timber by volume only. The rates of timber have increased manifold in the past decades. Two factors viz. increasing demand and inadequate available of timber have played evidently big role for such rise. The rates for the supply of Timber, Firewood, Sawdust, Ballons and lop & top to Govt. Semi Govt. Deptt. and other educational, Social, Religious, Institutions are hereby fixed as under vide Punjab Govt. Department of Forest & Wildlife Preservation’s letter No. 43/21/07-Ft – IV/668 dated 3/07/2009 :- Species Class Girth Class Gross Value (Rs.) Green Dead/Dry Shisham V 30-59 187 240 IV 60-89 833 1133 III 90-119 3497 3734 IIA 120-149 7503 6901 IIB 150-179 15180 15446 IA 180-209 26681 23926 IB 210 & Above 51045 45088 Kikar V 30-59 320 301 IV 60-89 950 862 III 90-119 2245 1789 IIA 120-149 4934 3796 IIB 150-179 9574 7302 IA 180-209 11715 8786 IB 210 & Above 14292 10719 Misc V 30-59 132 126 IV 60-89 591 495 III 90-119 2008 1203 IIA 120-149 3548 2683 IIB 150-179 6681 5677 IA 180-209 9920 6944 IB 210 & Above 16123 11286 Eucalyptus V 30-59 412 327 IV 60-89 1220 884 III 90-119 2742 2023 IIA 120-149 5754 4310 IIB 150-179 9122 6964 IA 180-209 13970 10478 IB 210 & Above 21759 16319 Mulberry V 30-59 140 98 IV 60-89 397 278 III 90-119 1115 781 IIA 120-149 2247 1573 IIB 150-179 4205 2943 IA 180-209 5354 3748 IB 210 & Above 6503 4552 Simbal V 30-59 308 215 IV 60-89 703 492 III 90-119 1429 1000 IIA 120-149 2985 2090 IIB 150-179 4938 3456 IA 180-209 6663 4664 22 IB 210 & Above 8388 5871 Teak V 30-59 1000 800 IV 60-89 5961 4769 III 90-119 12359 9887 IIA 120-149 18757 15005 IIB 150-179 30935 24748 IA 180-209 43113 34491 IB 210 & Above 55292 44234 Drek V 30-59 277 194 IV 60-89 722 505 III 90-119 1605 1123 IIA 120-149 3609 2526 IIB 150-179 5473 3831 IA 180-209 8382 5867 IB 210 & Above 13055 9139 Khair V 30-59 752 526 IV 60-89 236 1845 III 90-119 5719 4003 IIA 120-149 12409 8686 IIB 150-179 22000 15400 IA 180-209 44000 30800 IB 210 & Above 88000 61600 Mango V 30-59 140 98 IV 60-89 706 494 III 90-119 2360 1652 IIA 120-149 3643 2550 IIB 150-179 5152 3606 IA 180-209 8986 6290 IB 210 & Above 13390 9373 Mesquite V 30-59 434 304 IV 60-89 1153 807 III 90-119 2180 1526 IIA 120-149 4378 3065 IIB 150-179 6168 4317 IA 180-209 7549 5284 IB 210 & Above 8523 5966

23 Chapter 5 Establishment and labour 5.1 Staff: There are 6 Ranges in the Division namely, Patiala, Rajpura, Bhadson, Nabha, Samana and Sirhind. Each Range is again divided into a number of Blocks and Beats. The details of the cadre strength at various levels in the division are given below: Table 5.1 Cadre Strength Sr. Name of Post Cadre Working Vacant Excess Remarks No 1 Dy.Conservator of Forest I.F.S, Senior 2 1 1 0 - Scale Junior Post Leave Reserve Training 2 PFS 1 0 1 0 - 3 Forest Ranger/ Soil Conservation 5 1 4 0 - Assistant 4 Dy.Ranger 3 4 0 1 - 5 Forester 14 16 0 2 - 6 Forest Guard 56 29 27 0 - 7 Superintendent Grade -2 1 1 0 0 - 8 Senior Assistant 1 2 0 1 - 9 Steno Typist 1 0 1 0 - 10 Junior Assistant/ Clerk 7 6 1 0 - 11 Demarcation Droga 1 0 1 0 - 12 Kanungo 1 0 1 0 - 13 Patwari 1 0 1 0 - 14 Tractor Operator 1 0 1 0 - 15 Tubewell Driver/ Tubewell Operator/ 1 1 0 0 - Mechanic 16 Peon 4 2 2 0 - 17 Chowkidar 4 0 4 0 - 18 Mali 3 2 1 0 - 19 Driver 6 6 0 0 - 20 Beldar 12 12 0 0 - As can be seen from the above table, there is a huge shortage of Forest Guards and directly recruited Rangers. Against an authorized strength of 56, there are only 29 Forest Guards working in the Division. And against a sanctioned strength of 5 Range Officers, there is no DDR Range Officer. The shortage of Forest Guards & Directly recruited (DDR) Range Officers is adversely affecting the works of the Division. 5.2 Labour Supply:

The labour is generally available in plenty for forestry operations, except during sowing and harvesting seasons of agricultural crops, when the labour gets much higher wages and perks by working in agricultural fields. 24 Local labour is also supplemented by the labour migrated from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Daily wage rates in Punjab State in fixed and enforced by the Department of Labour, Government of Punjab. At the time of writing the working plan the existing wage rate in the district of Patiala is Rs.193/- per day.

25 Chapter 6 Results of Previous Management

6.1 General History:

Prior to the transfer of Strip Forests to the Forest Department, these were managed by the respective departments. S.K.Kapur's working plan for strip forests from 1972-73 to 1981-82 was the first attempt to bring strip forests under scientific management. Subsequently the strip forests were managed under different working plans as detailed below. Bir forests were owned by erstwhile Patiala and Nabha states, which were maintained mainly as game reserves, grazing grounds and hunting grounds. After integration of princely states, these forests were handed over to Forest Department and these were managed as per different working plans. 6.2 Past Systems of Management: Nature of Forests Period of working plan Name of working officer Plan Officer 1. Strip Forests (i) 1972-73 to 1981-82 S.K.Kapur (ii) 1984-85 to 1993-94 A.S.Bhinder (iii) 1994-95 to 2000-2001 Sital Dass (iv) 2001-02 to 2010-11 Basanta Raj Kumar 2. Birs (i) 1955-56 to 1980-81 Bhagat Singh (ii) 1981-82 to 1990-91 S.K.Kapur (iii) 1991-92 to 2000-2001 R.K.Luna 3.Strips and Block Forests (iv) 2001-02 to 2010-11 Basanta Raj Kumar

6.2.1 Critical Analysis of Working Plan (2001-2002 to 2010-11): The general objectives of this working plan seem to have been achieved. The introduction of 4 working circles viz. road working circle, canal working circle, rail working circle and bundh/drain working circle is fully justified. The basic purpose of creating these 4 working circles i.e., to monitor and assess the progress of plantations under each category of strip has been achieved to a considerable extent. It has increased the stocking of a particular reach of strip according to its capacity and locality factors, rather than enforcing uniformity of a particular species. The success of the working plan is indicated by the fact that the total growing stock has considerably increased.

26 Over the period of working plan, even the growing stock of individual species has shown an increasing trend except for Shisham. The decline in the Growing stock of Shisham has specific reasons of increase in the volume of the dead, dry or fallen Shisham trees over these years and this volume had to be disposed off although no felling of Shisham were prescribed in the working plan. Moreover, the prescriptions of planting more Shisham could not be followed because of paucity of funds, as the cost of raising Shisham is much more than the other species, except during the last three years when the project funded by Japan Bank of International cooperation started. On the whole, the silvicultural systems proposed by the working plan have been followed. Other recommendations like rotation, marking rules, methods of executing felling and planting rules etc. have been followed in all the 4 working circles. Due to increase in volume of dead dry trees, there has been almost no working of green trees as per working plan. However, there have been significant achievements in the planting programmes as well as in the felling programmes in line with the National Forest Policy stressing conservation. The prescription regarding replacement of Kikar and Eucalyptus does not seem to be logical, probably that is the reason for its not being followed. Such a prescription becomes in effective in light of the revised National Forest Policy, which calls for planting of local indigenous species. Kikar trees were affected badly and dried in last 3 years and this species has been mainly replaced by Melia azadirach, Neem etc.

6.2.2 Critical analysis of Working Plan for Bir Forests of Sh.Basanta Raj Kumar IFS. Bir Forests have been divided into working circles depending upon the main species growing in that area. In the working plan, Bir Moti Bagh, Bhunerheri and Gurdialpura birs were discussed as wildlife sanctuaries. Now more birs such as Mehs, Bhadson and Dosanjh have also been recognized as wildlife sanctuaries that are major forest areas. Thus a total of 3534.02 ha of Bir forest is under sanctuaries out of total area of 6158.24 ha. The system of dividing areas on the basis of species have not been successful as the areas are so diverse, small patches may bear good species like Shisham and another nearby small patch may have acute saline/alkalinity. Therefore the block forests has been brought under a single working circle called the Block Working

27 Circle, which constitute of all areas of the Birs/block forest which do not constitute or form part of a Sanctuary. Sh. Basanta Raj Kumar has also recommended raising Eucalyptus for house construction, furniture and coppice for fuelwood. Keeping in view that area under indigenous species is very less; it is recommended that Shisham, which is the state tree and also a good timber be planted in better areas instead of Eucalyptus. Govt. forests should not be used for short rotation species that are being raised by the farmers and government should not be competitor of the farmers. The species should be planted as per the site conditions and preferably indigenous long rotation species. 6.3 Special Works of Improvement:

6.3.1 Silvicultural Improvement: During the last working plan period, large-scale plantations of Shisham, Kikar, Neem, Drek, Arjan etc. have been done, the abstract of which is given under in tabular form. Tending operations like up rooting of kana, kahi and removal of tall shrubs, bushes in the young plantations have also been carried out. Year Area in (Hec) 2001-02 690 2002-03 385 2003-04 500 2004-05 500 2005-06 30 2006-07 220 2007-08 211.476 2008-09 565 2009-10 729 2010-11 426.662 2011-12 391

Provisions for irrigation has been greatly improved with the construction of pumping sets and Tube wells. Details of tube wells constructed during the last working plan period is given as under: 6.1 Details of Tubewells

Sr. No. Range Location Number Year of Construction 1 Sirhind Amloh Nursery 1 1992-93 Total 1 2 Rajpura Nabha Sahib Nursery 1 1998-1999 Pilkhani Nursey 1 1999-2000 Bhagoura 1 2005-06 Ghanour 1 2005-06 Total 4 28 3 Samana Bir Malla Kheri 2 1990-1991 Nursery Dhakrabba 1 1999-2000 Nursery Gurdialpura 1 2000-01 Nursery Samana 1 2000-01 Choa Branch 1 2000-01 Total 6 4 Patiala Bir Kartarpura Nursery 1 1999-2000 PNC Nursery 1 2001-2002 Bir Majal 1 2001-2002 Total 3 5 Nabha Range Office Nursery 2 20001-2002 Total 2 6 Bhadson Bir Bhorey Agaul C.No.1 1 2001-02 Bir Bhorey Agaul C.No.5,17,25,26 &30 5 2006-07 Bir Bhorey Agaul C.No.9 & 39 3 2011-12 Total 9 GRAND TOTAL 25 6.3.2 Protection: Several measures of protection were taken like construction and maintenance of new fire-lines, construction of fire watch towers etc. Several areas sensitive to grazing and biotic pressure has been fenced with barbed wires. 6.3.3 Communications and Buildings: There has been exceptional progress in the construction of buildings and communication infrastructure. The list of buildings constructed during the last working plan period is as under: Table 6.2 List of Buildings Sr. Year of Category Total Range No. construction Patiala Range/ 2000-01 1 Store 2 Division Office Chattbir 2000-01 2 Fire Watch Tower 1 Nabha Range 2000-01 3 Van Chetna Kendra 1 Patiala Range 2000-01 Room and Varandah attached 4 1 Patiala Range 2000-01 with Rest House G.Total 5

6.3.4 Utilization of Forest Produce:

The utilization of forest produce, especially of timber, during the last working plan period has been affected by the Supreme Court ruling on green felling.

29 The total yield prescribed during the last working plan was 83780 M3. However, the actual yield extracted was 104234.40 M3 leading to a shortfall of – 20454.40 M3

6.4 Past Yield: The details of the yield regulation during the last working plan period, in terms of cubic meters (m3 ) is given as below: Table 6.3: Past Yield

Year Birs Felled Vol. Strips Felled Vol. Difference (m3) (m3) (m3) Prescribed Prescribed (m3) (m3) 2001-02 1384 4623.45 6994 9775.75 - 6021.2 2002-03 1384 1727.90 6994 7044.40 - 394.3 2003-04 1384 2368.95 6994 11132.25 - 5123.2 2004-05 1384 675.55 6994 3358.95 4343.45 2005-06 1384 2446.10 6994 7116.95 - 1184.95 2006-07 1384 1348.80 6994 22114.25 -15085.05 2007-08 1384 1742.65 6994 11328.55 - 4693.2 2008-09 1384 198.40 6994 5195.00 2984.60 2009-10 1384 60.85 6994 10335.15 -2018.00 2010-11 1384 0.00 6994 1640.60 6737.4 Total 13840 15192.65 69940 89041.85 13843.15

6.5 Past Revenue and Expenditure: Table 6.4 Past Revenue and Expenditure

Sr. No. Year Revenue (Rs.) Expenditure (Rs.) 1 2001-02 13939121 77340257 2 2002-03 7471773 60559763 3 2003-04 6006156 57911719 4 2004-05 12874472 57461999 5 2005-06 7328372 32278594 6 2006-07 7721983 112154064 7 2007-08 23511466 36109088 8 2008-09 12801077 36849306 9 2009-10 34472842 32524566 10 2010-11 10118653 58280785 Total 136245915 561470141 30 Chapter 7 Growth & Yield Statistics

7.1 Statistics of Growth 7.1.1 Growth data of some important Species: 1. Shisham: The growth data given below is based on actual measurements carried out on the field through random sampling in different representative areas. (The growth statistics has been derived on the basis of S.H.Howard's Yield Tables for Shisham). Table 7.1: Growth data of Shisham Sl.No. Age Dia (cm) 1 6 7.00 2 10 15.00 3 15 21.55 4 20 27.80 5 25 32.50 6 30 37.00 7 35 41.50 8 40 46.40 9 45 50.30 10 50 54.15 11 55 57.85 12 60 61.15

2. Kikar: The growth data calculated on the basis of actual measurements in the field is as follows: Table-7.2: Growth data of Kikar Sr.No. Age Dia (cm) 1 4 8.00 2 6 10.00 3 8 13.5 4 10 16.5 5 15 24.00 6 20 32.00 7 25 35.00 8 30 37.5

3. Eucalyptus: The growth data calculated from different Eucalyptus areas is given below:

31 Table-7.3: Growth data of Eucalyptus

Sl.No. Age Dia (cm) 1 4 13.00 2 5 14.25 3 6 16.30 4 7 18.50 5 8 17.75 6 9 21.50 7 10 23.00 8 12 25.25 9 14 32.74 10 18 37.82 11 20 40.07 7.1.2 Conversion Factors: The conversion factors applied are as follows: i. For converting stacked volume into weight, multiply by 0.3 ii. In order to convert solid volume to stacked volume, multiply by 1.67 iii. In order to convert cft into cmt, divide by 35.3147 7.1.3 Mean Annual Increment: Mean annual increment is useful for determining the rotation of a species. Shisham is grown for timber and furniture requirements and such a longer rotation of 60 years is fixed. Kikar is mostly utilized for batons, pallets, fuelwood etc. Eucalyptus is also used for these purposes. In addition its wood is utilized in paper and pulp. These species are grown to get maximum volume in shortest possible time. Therefore M.A.I in these species is vital. Eucalyptus and Kikar has maximum MAI at the age of 11 & 15 years respectively. According to V. Mohindra's yield table for Kikar (Pb. Forest Record Vol. II) total Volume and MAI in cft/acre for various quality is as under:- Table-7.4: Volume table of Kikar Quality I cft Quality II cft Quality III cft Age stacked stacked stacked Vol. MAI Vol. MAI Vol. MAI 10 1500 150 1100 110 650 65 15 2300 158 1650 110 1000 67 20 2950 148 2150 108 1500 66 25 3550 142 2600 104 1650 66 30 4050 135 3000 100 2000 66 35 4550 130 3400 97 2300 66 40 4950 124 3800 95 2600 65 32 A.P. Sharma in his yield table for Eucalyptus gives Vol/MAI in M3/ha. for Eucalyptus of II Class found in Punjab with 1000 stems per hectare.

Table-7.5: Volume table of Eucalyptus Crop age (Years) Vol. (m3/ha.) MAI (m3/ha.) 4 11.766 2.942 4 20.329 4.066 6 29.271 4.878 7 37.977 5.425 8 46.167 5.771 9 53.740 5.971 10 60.684 6.068 11 67.028 6.093 12 72.818 6.068 14 78.106 6.008 14 82.943 5.924

7.2 Volume and Yield: 7.2.1 General Volume Table: There is only one general volume table being used in the state for all broad-leaved species growing both in the strip and block forests. This table amended by CCF Punjab vides his letter No.C-I-34(61)4540 dated 30.5.1986 is reproduced below. Table-7.6: General Volume table Girth in cms Class Volume (m3) 30 to 59 V 0.05 60 to 89 IV 0.15 90 to 119 III 0.55 120 to 149 IIA 1.10 150 to 179 IIB 2.00 180 to 209 IA 2.80 210 and above IB 3.50

The volume calculations in this working plan have been made according to the above table. However, the yields calculated by Mohindra's Volume Tables for Shisham in Punjab and Chaturvedi's Volume Tables for Eucalyptus, show differences of volume in case of Shisham and Eucalyptus respectively. The difference in younger

33 age classes is more significant. For comparison, the volume expected according to General Volume Table, Mohindra's Volume Table and Chaturvedi's Volume Table are given below: Table 7.7 Comparison of Mohindra's and Chaturvedi's Volume Tables

Volumes in m3 (o.b) Chaturvedi's Diameter Mohindra's vol.Table Class General vol.Table (cm) (Shisham) Vol.Table (Eucalyptus) O.B U.B O.B U.B 10 to 19 V 0.05 0.072 0.049 0.114 0.086 20 to 29 IV 0.15 0.309 0.235 0.385 0.295 30 to 39 III 0.55 0.711 0.562 0.819 0.632 40 to 49 IIA 1.10 1.277 1.028 Not Available 50 to 59 IIB 2.00 2.009 1.634 Not Available 60 to 69 IA 2.80 2.905 2.380 Not Available 70 & above IB 3.50 3.967 3.625 Not Available

The comparison shows that the general volume table under-estimates the volume. But keeping in view the deteriorating condition of the forests due to excessive biotic pressures, this will help in improving the stocking of the forests.

34 PART II: FURUTRE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 1 Discussion and Formation of Working Circles

1.1 General Objects of Management: Ever since the transfer of the Bir forests from the erstwhile PEPSU State and the transfer of the Strip forests from the respective Departments (Irrigation, PWD, Railways etc.) to the Department of Forests, various efforts have been made to afforest the areas under forests. Measures like reclamation of the soil, provision of irrigation, plantation of exotic as well as indigenous species etc. were made to increase the growing stock for the maximum benefit of the people. These forests, both Birs and Strips are situated in the thickly populated areas of Patiala District and adjoining to highly priced prime agricultural lands. Keeping this in view and the fact that the area under tree cover is dismally low, the general objects of management of this Working Plan shall be as under: 1. To enhance the ecosystem services and to provide local livelihood opportunities to the local communities and conservation and restoration of biodiversity. 2. To increase the growing stock for production of timber, fuelwood and fodder to meet the needs of the local population. 3. To reclaim Alkaline/Saline areas with suitable species. 4. To create favourable conditions for protection and development of wildlife. 5. To enhance the aesthetic value of forests i.e. to provide landscape to the countryside. 6. In consistence with the above objects of management, to provide maximum sustainable yield in perpetuity. 7. To involve the local community through joint Forest Management and create awareness and sense of belongingness towars the forests. 8. To improve the climatic conditions of the area to give good environmental conditions to the lives. 1.2 Methods of treatment to be adopted:

1.2.1 General Principles 35 In order to achieve the above objectives various treatments based on the silvicultural requirements and potential productivity are necessary, which are outlined as below: 1. The forest area will be treated scientifically and stocked systematically with suitable species like Shisham, Arjun, Neem, Drek, Jaman, White Siris, Teak, Mesquite, Burma neem, Ficus species etc. The treatment of a particular compartment will be according to its silvicultural requirements and potential productivity as far as possible. 2. Low lying areas will be treated by raising suitable species on ridges and mounds of earth to protect these from floods during rainy season. 3. Areas near habitations will be taken up for planting by providing tree guards or by using barbed wire fencing. 4. Areas where soil is saline/alkaline will be reforested with suitable species by using soil amendments like gypsum, manure etc. 5. Thinning and improvement fellings will be carried out wherever necessary for the betterment of the crop. 6. The natural regeneration of the species will be adopted and tended. 1.2.2. Management of Irrigation:

Adequate irrigation of the plantation is the most important factor affecting its management. This fact cannot be over emphasized as the success of the plantations depends mainly on the assured irrigation. 1. Efforts will be made to irrigate the plantations as far as possible for the entire rotation period, but compulsorily for the first three years. 2. Wherever it is feasible to use the canal water, outlets will be obtained in consultation with the irrigation department to ensure steady supply of water to the plantation areas. 3. Tubewells will be installed wherever it is essential to do so. Keeping in view economic and maintenance considerations, electric run tubewells will be given preference but in case it is not possible, diesel pumps will be used. During the last working plan period efforts were made to cover every 10 ha. with one tubewell. Besides this, trenches to help retain rain water shall be dug.

36 4. The channels should be maintained and cleaned regularly in irrigated plantations. Wherever necessary, Pucca out-lets at bifurcation of Khals will be made. 5. To irrigate, start with 1st , 2nd , 3rd year crops and so on. The irrigation to second year crop should not ordinarily be started until the irrigation of the 1st year crop has been completed. 6. The irrigation should preferably proceed from the bottom end of the khal. 7. To avoid misuse of irrigation water and to judge and proper progress, irrigation register may be maintained for various sources i.e. for canals and tubewells. 1.2.3 Technique of Plantation:

Most of the forest areas have got various problems like salinity, alkalinity, hardness of soil, presence of Kankar pan, partial flooding, impeded drainage, heavy biotic pressures, presence of weeds etc. However, most of these problems can be tackled by adopting proper techniques. Areas felled in a year shall be taken up for plantation in the following year. As soon as the felling is over, the brushwood will be collected at suitable places far away from the standards and disposed off. The stumps of trees left, if any, shall be uprooted in the Birs, except that of eucalyptus. The shrubs and tall grasses shall be cleared. Areas in which sufficient density of coppice is obtainable shall not be taken up for plantation. In these areas, protection measures including fencing shall be taken. Eucalyptus coppice shall be supplemented by planting tall polythene bag/root trainer raised plants of eucalyptus. The areas however, after taking 1st coppice shall be uprooted of stumps completely, and through soil working shall be done. Ploughing may be employed in Birs. Earthwork shall be completed latest by the first week of February, which include digging of pits of size 0.5mx0.5mx0.4m; channels (2500mx0.3mx0.3m) and passels (400mx0.5mx0.4m) etc. The areas where pH value is higher than 9, gypsum @ 2-5 tonnes per ha will be applied, depending upon the value of the pH. Refilling of the so dug pits/slots will be completed by May/June.

37 The planting shall start after the first shower of monsoon and completed as early as possible. Late planting or winter planting should be avoided as far as possible. The planting distance shall ordinarily be 3m from plant to plant in a row and each row 3m apart (3mx3m). However this may be modified to (3mx2m) or (3mx4m) as per the requirements of the species and the locality factors. Good healthy plants raised in polythene bags or root trainers should be used for plantation. In case of shisham, the best method is to prepare one year old entire plants by raising root-shoot cuttings. Efforts should be made to increase the stocking of shisham by planting, tending the natural root-suckers. Arrangements for irrigation must be done beforehand. At least two irrigations during the months of summer dry season and once during the dry winter months are essential. Khals, Passels already laid out shall be maintained or new ones lay out, wherever necessary. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. Frost tender species like Neem, Kikar, if not planted under shade, shall be covered during the winter months to protect from the damages of frost. In low lying areas, planting can be done after the flood waters have receded or by planting on mounds and ridges constructed for the purpose. 1.2.4 Reclamation of Saline-Alkaline Soil: Saline soils represent a group of soils which are characterized by occurrence of high proportion of soluble salts usually chlorides and sulphates of the alkali bases. The electrical conductivity of these soils are usually 4 mmhos and their pH in the region of 8.0-8.5 . The soils affected by the alkali have a higher pH, which may range between 9.0-10.5 and the exchangeable sodium may be over 15 percent. In these cases, the physical condition of the soils is affected considerably due to dispersion of the clay colloids, which affects their cultivation properties and their cropping capacity. The following methods may be employed to reclaim the saline-alkaline areas:- 1. Soil amendment by application of gypsum, sulphur and pyrites. 2. Breaking of Kankar pans through tractor driven augur. 38 3. Leaching of salts through irrigation 4. Use of green manure or other organic matter. Any tree growth in these areas will be of immense value in meeting the demands of local people for small timber, fuel and fodder. Their aesthetic and recreational values are also of great significance.

39 Chapter 2 Constitution of Working Circles

2.1 Formation of Working Circles: This Working Plan is a comprehensive attempt to bring together the working of the Bir forests and the Strip forests, which were hitherto dealt with in separate working plans. And to address the uniqueness of the Bir areas and the Strip forests the need to constitute new working circles is felt. With regards to the management of Bir forests, the earlier working plan of Sh. R.K.Luna,IFS, treated the areas on the basis of predominant species and divided the area into Eucalyptus, Kikar, Shisham Working Circles. However, the system of dividing areas on the basis of species has not been successful as the areas are so diverse. Small patches may bear good species like Shisham and another nearby small patch may have acute saline/alkalinity. Therefore, the block forests need to be brought under only one Working Circle i.e. the Block Forest Working Circle which will combine the Wild Life Protection Circle and Plantation Working Circle of the Earlier Working Plan. The Block Forest Working Circle will comprise of 14 Blocks for the protection working circle. The Working Circles for Strip forests are the same as in the previous Working Plan. Considering the success of the objectives of their constitution, they are being proposed as such without any change. These will ensure intensive working, better supervision, effective control and will also help in achieving the planned objectives. Keeping these factors in view and to achieve the general objectives of management, the following Working Circles shall be constituted: 1. Block Forest Working Circle 2. Road Working Circle 3. Canal Working Circle 4. Drain and Bundh Working Circle 5. Rail Working Circle 2.2 Period of Working Plan: This Working Plan is deemed to have come into force with effect from 1st April 2012 and shall be valid for a period of 10 years. It shall remain in force till 31st March 2023, unless prematurely revised. 40 2.3 Abstract of Working Circle: An abstract of the different Working Circles giving salient features is as follows: 2.3.1 Block Forest Working Circle: All areas under the Birs, other than those declared as Wild Life Sanctuaries, shall form part of this working circle. The total area of this Working Circle will be 2655.55 ha. 2.3.2 Road Working Circle: All strips along the roads shall constitute this working circle. National highways and state roads will from part of this working circle. The total area of this working circle will be 3992.65ha. 2.3.3 Canal Working Circle: All areas along canals, distributaries, minors, etc. shall from the Canal Working Circle. This working circle will have an area of 3958.31 ha. 2.3.4 Drains and Bundh Working Circle:

All drains, bundhs falling in this division will form part of this working circle. The total area of the circle will be 200ha. 2.3.5 Rail Working Circle: Rail working circle will constitute all rail strips falling in the district and the total area of this circle will be 510.60ha. 2.3.6 Wildlife Mangement (Overlapping) Working Circle

Wildlife Management (overlapping) working circle will deals with areas outside wildlife sanctuaries. 2.3.7 Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle Joint Forest Management (overlapping) working circle will deals with areas JFM/FDA projects. 2.3.8 Non Timber Forest Produce (Overlapping) Working Circle The circle will deals with the management of Non Timber Forest Produces such as fruits, Kana, Kahi, grass etc. 2.3.9 Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle Forest protection (overlapping) working circle deals with the protection of forest.

41 Chapter 3 Working Plan for Block Forest Working Circle

3.1 General Constitution of the Circle:

All areas under Birs or Block Forests have been allotted to this Working Circle. In the earlier Working Plan of Sh.R.K.Luna, the areas under Birs were divided into working circles depending upon the main species growing in that area. However, the system of dividing areas on the basis of species has not been successful as the areas are so diverse. Small patches may bear good species like Shisham and another nearby small patch may have acute saline/alkalinity. Therefore the block forests have been brought under a single working circle i.e. The Block Forest Working Circle, comprising of areas of Bir or Block forest which do not constitute or form part of a Wildlife Sanctuary (List attached).Annexure-5

3.2 Series, Blocks and Compartment:

No separate felling series have been formed. The different Bir forests can be termed as Blocks which have been divided into compartments for easing control over the area. Different compartments have been formed in the Birs depending upon their growing stock, physical features of the roads, paths, ground etc. 3.3 Special Objects of Management:

The special objects of management of this working circle are: 1. To enhance the ecosystem services and to provide local livlihood opportunities to the local communities and conservation and restoration of biodiversity. 2. To create favourable conditions for protection and development of wildlife. 3. To increase the growing stock for production of timber, fuelwood and fodder to meet the needs of the local population. 4. To reclaim Alkaline/Saline areas with suitable species and to bring refractory sites under hardy species for maximum utilization of natural resources. 5. To enhance the aesthetic value of forests i.e. to provide landscape to the countryside. 6. In consistence with the above objects of management, to provide maximum sustainable yield in perpetuity. 42 3.4 The Stock/Character of Vegetation: Most of the crop varies in composition and density, although there is some uniformity in terms of age. The growing stock of Shisham which was on the decline during the last few decades has showed some signs of improvement due to the efforts made during the last working plan period. Middle class to mature class shisham is present in all areas, but younger classes are distinctively absent, except new plantation areas and in small areas where root suckers of shisham have been tended. The species which have replaced shisham in the past are eucalyptus, kikar and a number of exotics. Most of the compartments are fully stocked whereas some are having patchy growth. During the last 5-7 years, eucalyptus and a host of other species like burma neem, white siris, shisham, kikar, mulberry, arjan, neem, drek etc (List attached Annexure-7) have been planted resulting in the varied nature of the composition. The kikar crop as regards density is irregular but is quite regular in respect of age and growth except in those areas having old plantation. Natural regeneration is almost absent, but in younger plantation areas where protection is provided from biotic interference, natural regeneration takes place. The musquite (Prosopis Juliflora) have been planted in the different block forests where the soil fertility was low and the area was of saline alkaline nature during the year 2000-01.Nearly 200 hectares of area have been planted with the mesquite. In some areas, heavy infestation of kana, kahi and other grasses is found whereas in most of the areas it is the congress grass (Parthenium) which is causing concern in the form of weeds. 3.5 Analysis and Valuation of the Crop: The entire growing stock of the working circle was enumerated down to 30 cms g.b.h for eucalyptus and 60 cms.g.b.h for other species. Stock maps of the area were prepared on the basis of ready and rough enumeration. Table-3.1: Growing Stock of Block Forest Working Circle Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees

1 Shisham 18228 11702 1246 369 224 20 11 31800 4254.4

2 Kikar 7423 7411 3694 889 902 141 6 20466 6712.2

3 Eucalyptus 80208 81656 36770 20065 3698 635 152 223184 73275.8

4 Misc. 22655 36892 6356 1991 879 531 561 69865 17847.85

Total 128514 137661 48066 23314 5703 1327 730 345315 102090.25

43 Name of Total Volume Sr.No. Range V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Species (Trees) (m3) 1 Samana Shisham 2869 362 339 75 31 5 6 3687 563.70 2 Sirhind Shisham 0 80 60 43 4 3 0 190 110.70 3 Bhadson Shisham 7690 5495 309 110 52 8 4 13668 1592.10 4 Nabha Shisham 0 0 2 5 1 4 1 13 23.30 5 Patiala Shisham 7669 5765 536 136 136 0 0 14242 1964.60 6 Rajpura Shisham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 18228 11702 1246 369 224 20 11 31800 4254.4 Name of Total Volume Sr.No. Range V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Species (Trees) (m3) 1 Samana KIkar 2869 362 339 75 31 5 6 3687 563.70 2 Sirhind KIkar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 3 Bhadson KIkar 0 480 275 10 5 0 0 770 244.25 4 Nabha KIkar 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.15 5 Patiala KIkar 4554 6568 3080 804 866 136 0 16008 5904.10 6 Rajpura KIkar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7423 7411 3694 889 902 141 6 20466 6712.2 Name of Total Volume Sr.No. Range V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Species (Trees) (m3) 1 Samana Eucalyptus 629 680 553 506 186 61 50 2665 8975.20 2 Sirhind Eucalyptus 31 28 17 2 0 0 78 43.55 3 Bhadson Eucalyptus 31920 23118 10682 2218 1060 160 100 69258 14048.60 4 Nabha Eucalyptus 1 4 29 38 32 6 2 112 146.20 5 Patiala Eucalyptus 47658 57823 25478 17286 2418 408 0 151071 50062.25 6 Rajpura Eucalyptus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 80208 81656 36770 20065 3698 635 152 223184 73275.8 Name of Total Volume Sr.No. Range V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Species (Trees) (m3) 1 Samana Misc 5991 4640 2397 663 274 10 5 13980 3636.70 2 Sirhind Misc 481 146 26 4 0 0 657 190.90 3 Bhadson Misc 39609 17608 5506 1112 155 12 6 64008 9237.75 4 Nabha Misc 1 53 71 54 18 4 5 206 171.15 5 Patiala Misc 30302 24966 4266 463 272 136 0 60405 9040.40 6 Rajpura Misc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 75903 47748 12386 2318 723 162 16 139256 22276.9

3.6 Method of treatment: The method to be employed would be the complete treatment of a particular compartment according to its Silvicultural requirement and its potential capacity. As far as possible shisham stock will be preserved for future and there will be no felling of green shisham trees in this working plan. However, congested Shisham pole crops will be thinned.

44 The blank areas will be artificially regenerated with plants of Shisham, Arjan, Mulberry (undershade), White Siris, Kikar, Jamoa, Jungle Jalebi, eucalyptus will be supplemented with tall plants to increase the stocking per unit area. 3.7 Silvicultural System: The Silvicultural system to be followed is "Selection cum improvement felling". 3.8 Calculation of rotation and conversion period: The rotation age for different species shall be as under:

Sr. Species Rotation Expected Dia in No. (years) cm 1 Shisham 60 years 60 2 Eucalyptus 25 years 60 3 Poplar 12 years 30 4 Kikar 30 years 35 5 Mulberry 15 years 25 6 Miscellaneous 60 Years 60

3.9 Calculation of Yield: Yield will be calculated by using Simmon's modification of Von Mantel's formula. The annual yield for Shisham, Kikar, Eucalyptus, and Mulberry & Misc. that could be prescribed for felling is as under:-

Y = V (2r/r2-x2) Table-3.2: Calculation of Annual Yield Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. Total V = Total standing vol. in cubic metres 4254.40 6712.2 73275.8 22276.9 106519.3 r = Rotation period (years) 60 30 25 60 - X = Age in years corresponding - to 20 cms. Dia upto which 20 10 10 20 enumeration has been done

y = Annual yield calculated in m3 159.54 503.415 6978.64 835.38 8476.975 Average annual yield prescribed for falling as per G.O.I's 79.77 251.78 3489.32 417.69 4238.56 guidelines, which is 50%

45 According to the guidelines issued by Government of India, the prescribed annual yield should be limited to half of the calculated yield. Further, according to the Standing Instructions of the Government of Punjab, no green shisham trees are to be felled. Keeping in view these instructions, yield has therefore been prescribed in such a way that for the Working Circle as a whole, it does not exceed 50% of the calculated yield. In case of shisham, the prescribed yield will be obtained from dead, dry and fallen trees only and no green felling shall be done. For other species, yield obtained through felling of dead, dry and fallen trees will be deducted from the prescribed yield and only the balance will be obtained by marking green trees. The marking for felling will be done according to the felling program. As soon as the total prescribed yield is obtained, the felling shall be stopped until the next year.

3.10 Marking Rules:

The following marking rules are prescribed. i. All trees in the annual coupe shall be marked except: a. All green standing Shisham trees. b. Trees not available silviculturally. c. Avenue line along compartment roads. d. Areas adjoining habitations upto 500 meters on either side. e. Green trees near the tubewells and khals. f. All health fruit trees and those belonging to Ficus species in the interest of wildlife. g. Trees required for seeds. ii. All over-mature Kikar trees shall be marked for felling. iii. All dead, dry and fallen trees shall be marked for felling. Diseased trees if found in epidemic from will be marked for felling. iv. All tree dangerously leaning towards roads shall be marked for felling. Marking of such trees shall be done under personal supervision of a Gazetted Officer. v. One tree at every 50 meters shall be left unmarked on the outer boundaries of the birs adjoining private areas. This is being prescribed in order to check the increasing tendency of people to encroach upon the government forest areas. vi. It will be ensured that the felling should commensurate with regeneration and sufficient funds are provided for the purpose.

46 3.11 Method of executing Fellings:

1. All felling, except that of green eucalyptus, shall be done by uprooting the stumps, except in undulating soils. 2. In case of dead, dry and fallen trees of all species also, uprooting of stumps shall be done. 3. Big sized trees shall be lopped before felling to avoid damage to advance growth and nearby areas. 4. Eucalyptus trees shall be cut slanting with saw and the stump height shall be limited to 10-15 cm only. 5. The felling of eucalyptus shall not be done in a hot and dry season to facilitate sprouting of coppice. 6. In consonance with the Silvicultural system adopted, there will be no clear- felling and always some standards shall be retained in the area. 7. The standards retained should have straight and clean boles and distributed over the entire area. 8. The felling refuse shall be collected and burnt immediately after felling. 3.12 Planting Rules: 1. Areas will be measured and marked out on the ground with the help of pegs and cleared of jungle growth. 2. The earthwork should be completed by the end of February to allot the soil- weathering. Minimum disturbance shall be caused to the soil and vegetation. 3. Wherever possible, the irrigated plantations will be raised in the plain, block forests and arrangements for assured irrigation will be made in advance. 4. Planting shall start with the onset of pre-monsoon and completed by the end of July or the first week of August. 5. Soil Conservation measures should preferably be completed one year in advance in takenup for plantation. 6. Areas felled in a year shall be planted in the following year. 7. In terms of species, preference will be given to local, indigenous, hardy and frost resistant varieties, subject to site conditions. 8. In a particular compartment, preferably one species will be planted with 10% mixture of other species in order to maintain biodiversity. 9. All natural regeneration of tree species shall be retained and adopted.

47 3.13 Planting program: Areas felled in a year shall be taken up for plantation in the following year. As soon as the felling is over, the brushwood will be collected at suitable places far away from the standards and disposed off. The stumps of trees left, if any, shall be uprooted, except that of green eucalyptus. The shrubs and tall grasses shall be cleared. Areas in which sufficient density of coppice is obtainable shall not be taken up for plantation. In these areas, protection measures including fencing shall be taken. Eucalyptus coppice shall be supplemented by planting polythene bag/root trainer raised plants of eucalyptus. The areas however, after taking 1st coppice shall be uprooted of stumps completely, and thorough soil working shall be done. The planting distance shall ordinarily be 3m from plant to plant in a row and each row 3m apart (3mx3m). However this may be modified as per the requirements of the species and the locality factors and also to facilitate harrowing by tractors in between the rows. Khals,passels already laid out shall be, maintained or new ones lay out, wherever necessary. The planting shall start after the first shower of monsoon and completed as early as possible. Late planting or winter planting should be avoided as far as possible. Good healthy plants raised in polythene bags or root trainers should be used for plantation. Arrangements for irrigation must be done beforehand. At least two irrigations during the months of summer dry season and once during the dry winter months are essential. In case of shisham, the best method is to prepare one year old entire plants by raising root-shoot cuttings. Efforts should be made to increase the stocking of shisham by planting, tending, the natural root-suckers. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. Frost tender species like neem, kikar, teak etc. if not planted under shade, shall be covered during the winter months to protect from the damages of frost.

In low lying areas, planting can be done after the flood waters have receded or by planting on mounds and ridges constructed for the purpose.

3.14 Felling Program:

48 Table-3.3 Felling Program of Block Forest Working Circle Name of the Compartment Volume to be obtained Year Forest No. Shisham Kikar Eucalyptus Misc. Total

2012-13 Sanaur 3,4,5 s 30 355 40 425 e e r

Kartarpura 13,13a t 23 380 51 454

n

Miranpur 1,2,2a e 18 355 42 415 l l a

Ghogpur 11,12 f 26 243 24 293

d

Kulemajra 1,2 n 15 380 22 417 a

Pir Macchala 1,2 y 33 260 39 332 r d Majhal Khurd 3,3a , 22 250 56 328 d a

Bakarpur 5,6,7 e 29 363 38 430 Bir Amloh 1,3,4,6 D 10 80 10 100 206 Total 78 2666 322 3194

2013-14 Gurdialpura 1,2,3 n 105 540 110 755 y e r l s d l ,

Malla Kheri 5,6 e 25 350 115 490 a d f e

r a t d

Kule Majra 3,4 e 35 410 95 540 n D Miranpur 2b,3,4 a 75 360 85 520 Total 79 240 1660 405 2305

2014-15 Bir Agol 1,2a,2b,3 d 81 590 105 776 s n e a

Bir Pir Macchala 2a,2b e 64 495 95 654 r y t r

d Bir Dadrala 1,2 n 33 575 91 699 , e d l l Bir Bakarpur 12,13,14 a 47 456 94 597 a e f

Bir Hansala 1,2 D 12 458 18 488 Total 79 237 2574 403 3214

2015-16 Bir Ghogpur 13,14 n 35 440 51 526 e l l

Bir Majal Khurd 1,2,2a a 37 438 35 510 f

Bir Sanaur 1,2,6,7 d 42 478 60 580 s n e a

Bir Kartarpura 13b,13c e 41 463 81 585 r y t r

Bir Kulemajra 5,6 d 33 417 110 560 , d

Bir Pir Macchala 2a,2b a 21 455 21 497 e

Bir Bakarpur 1,2,3,4 D 17 440 18 475 Bir Amloh 2,3,7,8 15 210 11 246 3969 Total 79 241 3341 387

2016-17 Bir Malla kheri 3,4 13 530 33 576 d s n

Bir Kheri Gujran 1,2 e 11 429 51 491 a

e r y t

Bir Bhadson 1,2,3,4 r 99 619 121 839

d n , e d

Bir Agol 53,54,54a,55,56 l 73 660 109 842 l a a e

Bir Dadrala 3,4 f 28 441 76 545 D Bir Kulemajra 5,6 19 566 27 612 Total 243 3245 417 3905

2017-18 Bir Agol 10,11,12,13,14 67 479 58 604 d s n

Bir Bhadson 34,35,36,37,38 e 60 515 61 636 a

e r y t

Bir Bakarpur 4a,5a,6a r 55 641 82 778

d n , e d

Bir Gurdialpura 7,8 l 36 454 66 556 l a a e

Bir Kartarpura 14,15 f 20 434 62 516 D Bir Miranpur 3,4 5 491 53 549

49 Bir Hansala 3,4 8 469 35 512 Total 78 251 3483 417 4151

2018-19 Bir Sannaur 10,11,12 30 456 43 529 d s Bir Miranpur 5,6,7 n 31 378 46 455 e a

e r y t

Bir Ghogpur 15,16 r 21 388 51 460

d n , e d

Bir Bakarpur 8,9 l 35 351 58 444 l a a e

Bir Kartarpura 16,17 f 41 390 47 478 D Bir Pir Macchala 3,3a,3b 27 375 49 451 Bir Majal Khurd 3b,4,4a 14 339 43 396 Bir Kule Majra 1,2 35 367 48 450 Bir Amloh 3,4,6 8 270 32 310 Total 78 242 3314 417 3973

2019-20 Bir Gurdialpura 9,10 24 560 48 632 d s n

Bir Malla kheri 1,2 e 28 547 77 652 a

e r y t

Bir Kule Majra 7,8 r 35 575 62 672

d n , e d

Bir Miranpur 8,9 l 44 515 67 626 l a a e

Bir Agol 2b,4,5 f 64 552 71 687 D Bir Bhadson 21,22,23,24 56 596 92 744 Total 78 251 3345 417 4013

2020-21 Bir Agol 20,21,22,23 d 63 630 74 767 s n e a

e r y

Bir Malla kheri 14,15,16 t 26 549 52 627 r

d n ,

Bir Kule Majra 5,6 e 34 565 56 655 d l l a a e

Bir Miranpur 10,11 f 71 654 73 798 Bir Hansala 2a,2b D 52 710 126 888 Total 78 246 3108 381 3735 s

2021-22 Bir Agol 26,27,28,29 e 62 710 67 839 e r t Bir Bhadson 17,18,18a,19 64 498 62 624 n e l l

Bir Bhunerheri 1,2,3,16a,19a a 54 536 92 682 f

d n

Bir Kartarpura 19,20 a 32 429 55 516

y r

Bir Miranpur 9,10 d 24 445 61 530 , d a

Bir Gurdialpura 11,11a e 12 458 74 544 D Total 78 248 3076 411 3735

3.15 Subsidiary Silivicultural Operations: 3.15.1 Tending Operations: The young plantations shall be tended by carrying out weeding and hoeing till the third year of planting. During the first season, three to four weeding and hoeing should be done in the months of August, October, November and February/March. In the second year, two weedings one in August and the second in October/November shall be done. One weeding is desirable in the third year. During weeding, a thorough scraping of grasses around the plants upto 50 cms radius should be done. In the later years, the trenches should be kept clear to facilitate the flow of water. 50 Application of nitrogenous fertilizers may be done in the first and second year after the hoeing is over @25gm. Per plant. Harrowing of interspaces after 2 years is advantageous and checks the growth of grasses and bushed. In older plantations, growth of bushes, sarkanda etc should be cleared by jungle clearance. 3.15.2 Pruning: Pruning should be carried out during the winter season especially during December-January. Care should be taken to ensure that pruning is done only on the best stems which are likely to form the final crop. In case of larger stem, after cutting the branches , the cut portion should be treated with some pesticides to avoid infection from the exposed parts. Proper pruning of trees is required along the roads to avoid road accidents. 3.15.3 Maintenance of Research plots:- At present, there are 6 research plots in compartment No.16 and 17 of Bir Kartarpura. These research plots were established during the year 2004 and were tried to establish germplasm bank of different species. Now the plots are in healthy condition able to give the required stock for trials at different sites with different soil and weather conditions. It is advisable to lay out some sample plots for research purposes in Bir Sanour. Similarily some research experiments should be laid out in the Bir forests to suggests better productivity of these forests and also to afforest the badly effected areas. The maintenance of the research plots is required regularily to get good planting stock. 3.16 Plantation Program: Table-3.4: Planting Program of the Block Forest Working Circle

Area from Total Year Fellin (ha) Blank (ha) (ha.) 2012-2013 13 55 68 2013-2014 11 53 64 2014-2015 11 42 53 2015-2016 9 36 45 2016-2017 8 30 38 2017-2018 10 47 57 2018-2019 11 57 68 2019-2020 11 49 60 2020-2021 12 34 46 2021-2022 13 26 39 Total 111 426 538

51 Chapter 4 Road Working Circle 4.1 General Constitution of the Circle: This working circle consists of all the National Highways, State Highways, District major and minor roads and some of the important link roads. The total area of the Road Working Circle is 3992.65ha. Stretching a distance of 1547.53kms (List attached Annuxure-1). 4.2 Special Objects of Management: The special objects of management of this working circle are: 1. To enhance the ecosystem services and to provide local livlihood opportunities to the local communities and conservation and restoration of biodiversity. 2. To improve environment for the betterment of people and to control pollution through forests by planting suitable species on different sites. 3. To enhance the aesthetic value of the area by improving the landscape. 4. To increase the growing stock for production of timber, fuelwood and fodder to meet the needs of the local population. 5. To reclaim Alkaline/Saline areas with the suitable species. 6. To provide sufficient food and shelter to wild life especially, birds. 7. To manage the forests in such a way so as to get optimum sustainable yields. 4.3 Series, Blocks and Compartments:

This working circle has been split into two series:

i. The unregulated Felling Series: The portion of roads falling within habitation, town villages or otherwise refractory areas have been assigned to this felling series. The total area of this felling series will be 289.52 ha. ii. The Regulated Felling Series: All other areas fall under regulated series. This will cover an area of 3703.13ha. Each strip on either side of a road will constitute a Block. Each block is further divided into compartments. A compartment in strips along roads will constitute 5 kms. Or part there of on either side. 4.4 The Stock:

52 The crop is irregular in respect of age, density and composition. Eucalyptus has been increasingly grown not only in pure stands but also in gaps of middle aged to mature Shisham crop. Regeneration of various species is scarce. Eucalyptus however coppices freely. At a few favourable places Shisham regenerates by root suckers. During the latter part of the last working plan period certain species like Shisham, Neem, Arjan, Siris, Drek, Burma Neem etc have been given preference over Eucalyptus. 4.5 Analysis and Evaluation of the Crop: The enumeration of the existing crop down to 20 cms. dia (o.b) has been done. Detail of growing stock species wise in regulated and unregulated series in this working circle is shown below. 4.5.1 Growing stock in Road Working Circle in Patiala Forest Division. Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No. Species no. of trees

1 Shisham 3227 6022 2046 2012 1639 1077 745 16768 13280.8 2 Kikar 778 1872 2835 2884 1504 503 137 10513 9947.25 3 Eucalyptus 5264 23816 17210 10381 4062 1441 584 62758 38922.95 4 Misc. 22655 36892 6356 1991 879 531 561 69865 17847.85

Total 31924 68602 28447 17268 8084 3552 2027 159904 79998.85

Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No Species no. of trees 1 Samana Shisham 1 1795 406 340 265 185 111 3103 2303.10 2 Sirhind Shisham 606 499 712 579 343 126 2865 3707.95 3 Bhadson Shisham 0 364 28 34 22 23 22 493 292.80 4 Nabha Shisham 8 634 182 212 197 121 157 1511 1711.10 5 Patiala Shisham 2272 719 275 257 288 229 222 4262 2649.80 6 Rajpura Shisham 946 1904 656 457 288 176 107 4534 2616.05 Total 3227 6022 2046 2012 1639 1077 745 16768 13280.8 Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No Species no. of trees 1 Samana Kikar 0 413 437 532 241 64 20 1707 1618.70 2 Sirhind Kikar 0 195 250 268 111 31 4 859 784.35 3 Bhadson Kikar 0 11 45 59 26 8 5 154 183.20 4 Nabha Kikar 0 259 501 393 113 34 15 1315 1120.40 5 Patiala Kikar 752 551 617 531 277 121 31 2880 2045.00 6 Rajpura Kikar 26 443 985 1101 736 245 62 3598 4195.60 Total 778 1872 2835 2884 1504 503 137 10513 9947.25

Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No Species no. of trees 1 Samana Euc 725 832 416 442 115 158 101 2789 1901.95 2 Sirhind Euc 0 5759 3147 1781 642 247 76 11652 6795.40 3 Bhadson Euc 36 214 283 164 47 19 5 768 534.65 4 Nabha Euc 42 274 488 529 290 119 41 1783 1950.20 5 Patiala Euc 1824 4548 3283 1982 914 375 209 13135 8368.75 53 6 Rajpura Euc 2637 12189 9593 5483 2054 523 152 32631 19372.00 Total 5264 23816 17210 10381 4062 1441 584 62758 38922.95 Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total Vol. No Species no. of trees 1 Samana Misc 7 6980 1318 440 159 79 39 9022 2931.95 2 Sirhind Misc 0 6875 1045 356 141 54 80 8551 2710.80 3 Bhadson Misc 0 969 173 71 31 38 23 1305 567.50 4 Nabha Misc 238 7211 1420 414 290 207 207 9987 4214.05 5 Patiala Misc 21051 8729 1692 487 177 101 170 32407 5347.10 6 Rajpura Misc 1359 6128 708 223 81 52 42 8593 2076.45 Total 22655 708 6356 1991 879 531 561 69865 17847.85

4.5 Analysis and Evaluation of the Crop: The enumeration of the existing crop down to 20 cms. dia (o.b) has been done. Detail of growing stock species wise in regulated and unregulated series in this working circle is shown below. 4.6 Method of treatment: The method to be employed would be the complete treatment of a particular compartment according to its Silvicultural requirement and its potential capacity. As far as possible shisham stock will be preserved for future and there will be no felling of green shisham trees in this working plan. However, congested Shisham pole crops will be thinned. Kikar will be replaced by Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus crop of exploitable diameter will be clear felled leaving 50 trees per Km on either side preferably in avenue lines. The blank areas will be artificially regenerated with polythene bag/root trainer raised plants. Coppice obtained from eucalyptus will be supplemented with tall plants to increase the stocking per unit area. 4.7 Silivcultural System: The Silvicultural system to be followed is "Selection cum improvement felling". 4.8 Calculation of rotation and conversion period: The rotation age for different species shall be as under: Sr. Species Rotation Expected Dia No. (years) (in cm) 1 Shisham 60 years 60 2 Eucalyptus 25 years 60 3 Poplar 12 years 30 4 Kikar 30 years 35 5 Mulbery 15 years 25 6 Miscellaneous 60 years 60

54 4.9 Calculation of Yield: As already mentioned earlier, yield will be calculated by using Simon's modification of Von Mantal's formula. The annual yield for Shisham, Kikar,Eucalyptus, Mulberry & Misc. that could be prescribed for felling is as under:-

Y = V(2r/r2-x2) where,

Table-4.7: Calculation of Annual Yield

Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. Total V = Total standing vol. in 17847.8 13280 9947.25 38922.95 79998.85 cubic metres 5 r = Rotation period (years) 60 30 25 60 - X = Age in years corresponding to 20 cms. Dia upto which 20 10 10 20 - enumeration has been done

y = Annual yield calculated in m3 498 746.025 3706.95 669.29 5620.26 Average annual yield prescribed for falling as per G.O.I's guidelines, 249 373 1853.5 334.65 2810.13 which is 50%

According to the guidelines issued by Government of India, the prescribed annual yield should be limited to half of the calculated yield. Further, according to the Standing Instructions of the Government of Punjab, no green shisham trees are to be felled. Keeping in view these instructions, yield has therefore been prescribed in such a way that for the Working Circle as a whole, it does not exceed 50% of he calculated yield.In case of shisham, the prescribed yield will be obtained from dead, dry and fallen trees only and no green felling shall be done. For other species, yield obtained through felling of dead,dry and fallen trees will be deducted from the prescribed yield and only the balance will be obtained by marking green trees. The marking for felling will be done according to the felling program. As soon as the total prescribed yield is obtained, the felling shall be stopped until the next year.

4.10 Tabular statement of Fellings: 55 Table-4.8: Felling Program of Road W.C. Compartment Volume to be obtained (m3) Year Range Name of Strip No. & Side Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. 2012-2013 Patiala Chandigarh-Patiala Road (km 51-55) 11 L/S 10 155 - Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 5-10) 2 L/S 12 145 56 Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 25-30) 6 L/S 20 148 -

Rajpura GT Road (km 225-230) 46 L/S - 155 - Kharaula (km 0-5) 1 L/S 31 - 59 Sirhind-Chandigarh Road (km 39-40) 8 R/S 10 185 - Salgram-Shambhu Road (km 25-30) 6 L/S 5 - 22 s e e

Salgram-Shambhu Road (km 30-35) 7 R/S r 30 - 35 T

n e l l

Samana Chandigarh-Hissar Road (Km 95-100) 20 L/S a - 195 37 F

Chandigarh-Hissar Road (Km 105-110) 22 R/S d 21 185 21 n a

Chandigarh-Hissar Road (Km 120-125) 25 L/S y 15 165 12 r D

Ludhiana-Rohtak Road (km 135-138) 28 R/S , 25 - - d a e Nabha Nabha-Malerkotla Road (Km 5-10) 2 L/S D 12 194 33 Nabha-Bhawanigarh Road (km 1-5) 1 L/S 17 140 -

Sirhind Patiala Sirhind Road Km 15-20 4 L/S 18 41 31

Tarkhan majra to tarkheri road km 2-5 1 R/S 19 43 30

Bhadson Bhadson-Sirhind (km 1-10) 1 L/S 20 110 18 TOTAL 245 285 1853 332

Compartment Volume to be obtained (m3) Year Range Name of Strip No. & Side Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. 2013-14 Patiala Patiala-Nabha Road (Km 10-15) 3 R/S 50 155 15 Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 10-15) 3 R/S 70 150 31 Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 10-15) 3 L/S 60 155 - Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 30-35) 7 L/S - - - s e

Rajpura GT Road (km 215-220) 44R/S e 56 165 56 r T

GT Road (km 230-235) 47 L/S n 46 172 35 e l l

Salgram-Shambhu Road (km 30-35) 7 L/S a - 145 32 F

d n a

Samana Chandigarh-Hissar Road (km 105-110) 22L/S y 60 141 25 r D

Chandigarh-Hissar Road (km 120-124) 25 R/S - 160 31 , d a

Ludhiana Rohtak Road (km 135-138) 28 L/S e 37 140 35 Rohra-Gharam Road (km 10-15) 1 L/S D - 145 -

Sirhind Sirhind-Chuni Road km 5-10 2 L/S 44 162 31 G.T.Road 240-245 59 L/S - 160 41 TOTAL 373 1580 332

2014-2015 Patiala Chandigarh-Patiala Road (km 55-60) 12 R/S 31 92 - n y r e l s l D e Chandigarh-Patiala Road (km 60-65) 13 L/S 55 142 32 a , e F d r

a T Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 15-20) 4 R/S d 30 78 15 e n D Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 20-25) 5 L/S a - 82 - 56 Patiala-Pehwa Road (Km 30-35) 7 R/S - 77 -

Rajpura Salgram-Shambhu Road (km 25-30) 6R/S 25 51 21 GT Road (km 225-230) 46 L/S - 176 - Rajpura-Sangrur Road 17 12 R/S 21 141 53

Samana Patiala-Sangrur Road 15 1 L/S 46 83 62 Samana-Bhawanigarh Road 15 1 L/S - 329 38 Patiala-Chika Road 6 2 L/S 15 35 9

Nabha Nabha-Gobindgarh Road 10 3 R/S 25 210 36 Chakkar Road 5 1 L/S - 28 12

Sirhind Sirhind-Chuni Road (km 5-10) 2 R/S 45 34 25 Sirhind- Chuni Road (km 35-39) 8 L/S 80 54 17

Bhadson Nabha-Gobindgarh Road 6 2 R/S - 57 10 TOTAL 248 334 1612 330

2015-2016 Patiala Patiala-Bhadson Road (km 3.8-10) 2 L/S 34 301 29 Patiala-Bhadson Road (km 10-15) 3 L/S 29 123 33 Patiala-Sangrur Road 15 2 R/S 30 173 23

Rajpura Rajpura-Sangrur Road 17 7 R/S 35 287 36 Banur-Tepla Road 17 2 R/S 28 189 27 Bhagurana-Ambala Khan Road , 24 wing s

9 L/S e 31 135 27

Road 10 e r T

n e l l

Samana Patiala-Sangrur Road 15 3 R/S a 21 82 38 F

Samana-Ramnagar Road 12 5 L/S d 17 107 42 n a

Balbera-Kamalpur Road 6 2 L/S y 16 82 11 r D

, d a

Nabha Nabha-Gobindgarh Road 10 7 L/S e 21 73 21 Nabha-Dhuri Road 4 3 R/S D 16 60 7 Tarkherimayie Tarkheri Tohsu Road 6 3 L/S 14 45 12

Sirhind Amloh-Khanna Road km 0-5 1 R/S 24 86 11 Nabha-Gobindgarh Road km 45-50 10 R/S 25 88 9

Bhadson Patiala-Bhadson Road 4 3 R/S 26 22 8 TOTAL 249 367 1853 334

2016-2017 Patiala Patiala-Ambala Khan Road (km 0-5) 5 L/S 26 92 28 s e e

Patiala-Bahadurgarh Road 2 L/S r 24 123 26 T

Patiala-Sangrur Road 8 R/S n 25 156 27 e l l a F

Rajpura GT Road (km 225-230) 46 L/S d 21 82 23 n a

Rajpura-Sangrur Road 17 12 R/S y 31 146 40 r D

Shambu Road 10 2 L/S , 20 129 25 d a e Samana Samana-Bhawanigarh Road 15 11 L/S D 21 145 31 57 Samana-Ramnagar Road 12 3 R/S 24 113 45 Samana Bishanpur Road 7 6 R/S 25 81 21

Nabha Nabha-Bhawanigarh Road (km 1-5) 1L/S 22 48 12 Nabha-Chhitawala Road 13 3 L/S 23 120 16 Nohra-Dandrala Road 13 9 R/S 21 75 14

Sirhind G.T.Road Km 245-250 10 L/S 28 83 14 Sirhind-Morinda Road km 3-5 2 L/S 31 93 12

Bhadson Bhadson-Tarkheri Road 8 2 L/S 21 97 - TOTAL 249 363 1853 334

2017-2018 Patiala Patiala-Bahadurgarh Road 2 L/S 15 142 15 Patiala-Ambala Kham Road (km 5-10) 3 L/S 12 92 19 Patiala-Pehwa Road (km 5-10) 5 R/S 20 78 23

Rajpura Shambu Road 10 4 R/S 24 77 29 Banur-Tepla Road 17 1 R/S 20 176 25 Rajpura-Sangrur Road 17 12 L/S 15 141 24

Rajpura-Harpalpur Ajrour Road 6 2 R/S s 24 51 11 e e r T

n

Samana Bhupindra Sagar Road 25 7 L/S e 25 187 38 l l a

Patiala-Karhali Link Road 20 14 R/S F 28 83 11

d

Bhamri-Chain Link Road 12 7 R/S n 30 82 18 a

y

Ghagga-Kalwanoo Road 3 L/S r 23 35 21 D

, d a Nabha Nabha-Chhitawala Road 13 8 R/S e 22 210 12 D Nohra-Dandrala Road 13 2 L/S 25 62 18 Nabha-Gurditpura Gulwati Road 8 3 L/S 20 88 19

Sirhind Patiala-Sirhind Road km 15-20 4 R/S 24 124 19 Tarkhan Majra –Tarkheri Road km 1-5 1 L/S 22 118 19

Bhadson Bhadson-Tarkheri Road 8 7 L/S 24 57 12 TOTAL 248 373 1853 333

2018-2019 Patiala Devigarh-Julkana Road 8 1 R/S 28 128 39 Patiala-Bahadurgarh Road 10 3 L/S 40 157 43 Patiala-Sangrur Road 15 5 L/S 42 164 32

Rajpura Chandigrh Patiala Hissar Road 3 R/S 41 209 40 Banur Tepla Road 17 7 L/S 28 169 39 Bhagurana-Ambala Kham Road, 24 wing 8 L/S 27 278 38 Road 10

Samana Bhupindra Sagar Road 25 17 L/S 31 163 45 Khanauri Kaithal Road 11 8 R/S 25 - 38 Patiala-Karhali Link Road 20 13 L/S 26 274 37

Sirhind Amloh-Khanna Road 0-5 1 L/S 41 156 Nabha-Gobindgarh Road 45-50 10 R/S 43 155 TOTAL 249 373 1853 389 58 2019-20 Patiala Sanaur Saat Road 8 7L/S 25 164 31 Patiala-Sullar Road 3 3 R/S 24 157 22 Circular Road 2 R/S 26 185 25

Rajpura Rajpura-Sangrur Road 11 3L/S 30 193 32

Sangh Jamagarh Road 17 6 R/S s 21 197 28 e e r

Sarala-Jamatgarh link Road 12 5 R/S T 24 102 24

n e l l Samana Khanauri Kaithal Road 11 4 L/S a 28 121 19 F

d

Patiala-Karhali Link Road 20 2 R/S n 32 155 30 a

y

Reitgarh Shatrana Road 5 2 L/S r 21 109 22 D

, d a

Nabha Desimayra Nohra Road 12 9 R/S e 22 119 9 Chaudhuri Majra-Nohra link Road 11 7 L/S D 20 89 23 Harigarh-Dhathe Link Road 4 2 R/S 26 72 16

Sirhind G.T.Road km 250-255 8 R/S 32 98 27 Rurki Chanarthal Road km 2-7 1 L/S 31 92 26 TOTAL 249 362 1853 334

2020-2021 Patiala Rohar Gharam Road 3 R/S 37 143 37 Patiala-Bhadson Road (km 3.8-10) 5 R/S 30 166 36 Patiala-Sirhind Road 10 2 L/S 29 126 38 Rajpura Sangh Jamagarh Road 17 7 L/S 29 139 38 s e

GT Road (km 225-230) 46 L/S e 37 120 32 r T Sarala-Jameetgarh Link Road 12 32 R/S 27 143 29 n e l l a F

Samana Samrala-Kamalpur Link Road 10 8 L/S d 27 126 35 n a Sanaur-Chika Road 10 3 L/S 28 142 31 y r D

, d

Nabha Desimayra Nohra Road 12 6 L/S a 29 142 35 e

Leharan-Khikh Road 8 5 R/S D 146 28

Jakhwali-Panjola Sarai Banjara Road km 0- Sirhind 1 L/S 30 94 18 5 Rajindergarh-Braas Road km 0-5 1 L/s 29 95 19 TOTAL 249 373 1583 373

2021-2022 Patiala Patiala-Sangrur Road 24 8R/S 31 130 24 Shambu Road 19 17 L/S 23 110 23 Dukhniwaran-Nabha Road 13 11 R/S 29 101 21

Rajpura Chandigarh Patiala Hissar Road 2 R/S s 29 120 24 e e Banur Tepla Road 17 15 R/S r 29 109 23 T

GT Road (km 225-300) 46 L/S n 20 97 21 e l l Shambu road 10 3 R/S a 29 121 19 F

d n a

y

Samana Samrala-Kamalpur Link Road 10 1 L/S r 23 132 26 D

Sanaur-Chika Road 10 3 L/S , 21 93 21 d a

Patiala-Karhali Link Road 20 14 R/S e 23 159 22 D Nabha Nabha-Link Road 10 8 R/S 29 122 23 Leharan Khikh Road 8 6 L/S 29 108 21 Sirhind G.T.Road km 250-255 51 R/S 29 91 16 Amloh-Bugga Road km 1-5 1 L/S 29 90 17 TOTAL 249 373 1590 334 59 4.11 Marking Rules:

The following marking rules are prescribed. i. All trees in the annual coupe shall be marked except: a. Areas falling under unregulated series and areas adjoining habitations upto 500 meters on either side. b. Avenue line along either side of roads and service roads of main canals. c. All green standing Shisham trees. d. Trees not available silviculturally. e. All healthy fruit trees and those belonging to Ficus species in the interest of wildlife. f. Trees required for seeds ii. All over-mature Kikar trees shall be marked for felling.

iii. All dead, dry and fallen trees shall be marked for felling. Diseased trees if found in epidemic from will be marked for felling. iv. All tree dangerously leaning towards roads and standing on berms shall be marked for felling. Marking of such trees shall be done under personal supervision of a Gazetted Officer. v. One tree at every 100 meters shall be left unmarked on the outer boundaries of the strips adjoining private areas. This is being prescribed in order to check the increasing tendency of people to encroach upon the government forest areas. vi. It will be ensured that the felling should commensurate with regeneration and sufficient funds are provided for the purpose. 4.12 Method of executing Fellings: 1. All felling, except that of eucalyptus, shall be done by uprooting the stumps. 2. In case of dead, dry and fallen trees of all species also, uprooting of stumps shall be done. 3. Big sized trees shall be loped before felling to avoid damage to advance growth and nearby areas. 4. Eucalyptus trees shall be cut slanting with saw and the stump height shall be limited to 10-15 cm only.

60 5. The felling of eucalyptus shall not be done in a hot and dry season to facilitate sprouting of coppice. 6. In consonance with the Silvicultural system adopted, there will be no clear-felling and always some standards shall be retained in the area. 7. The standards retained should have straight and clean boles and distributed over the entire area. 8. The felling refuse shall be collected and burnt immediately after felling. 4.13 Planting Rules The detail of activities to be carried out in plantation is given in the plantation programme, however the general guiding principles governing planting should be as under:- 1. Areas felled in a year shall be planted in the following year. 2. Shady, evergreen and ornamental trees with long rotations will be planted on the avenue lines. 3. Species which are drought resistant like Neem, Shisham etc. will be planted on the berm side the shade loving plants like Drek and mulberry planted in the center. 4. In general, the trees having more height such as Eucalyptus, Poplar etc. will not be planted on the berm sides. This is being proposed to prevent avoidable blockages of road, rail, canal and drain. 5. In a particular compartment, preferably one species will be planted with 10% mixture of other species in order to maintain biodiversity. 6. On road crossings going to villages shady species like Ficus, Neem etc. locally called Triveni will be planted. 7. All natural regeneration of the species shall be retained and adopted. 4.14 Planting program: Areas felled in a year shall be taken up for plantation in the following year. As soon as the felling is over, the brushwood will be collected at suitable places far away from the standards and disposed off. The stumps of trees left, if any, shall be uprooted, except that of eucalyptus. The shrubs and tall grasses shall be cleared. Areas in which sufficient density of coppice is obtainable shall not be taken up for plantation. In these areas, protection measures including fencing shall be taken. Eucalyptus coppice shall be supplemented by planting tall polythene bag/root trainer raised plants of eucalyptus. The areas however, after taking 1st coppice shall be uprooted of stumps completely, and again planted with site specific species. 61 The planting distance shall ordinarily be 3m from plant to plant in a row and each row 3m apart (3mx3m). However this may be modified to (3mx2m) or (3mx4m) as per the requirements of the species and the locality factors. On undulating sites, staggered contour trenches of 2.5mx0.3mx0.3m will be dug up to harvest and make used rain water, with two pits of 0.5mx0.5mx0.4m on both sides. The planting shall start after the first shower of monsoon and completed as early as possible. Late planting or winter planting should be avoided as far as possible. Good healthy plants should be used for plantation. Arrangements for irrigation must be done beforehand. At least four irrigations during the months of summer dry season and twice during the dry winter months are essential. In case of shisham, the best method is to prepare one year old entire plants by raising root-shoot cuttings. Efforts should be made to increase the stocking of shisham by planting, tending, the natural root-suckers. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. Frost hardy species like neem, kikar if not planted under shade, shall be covered during the winter months to protect from the damages of frost. In low lying areas, planting can be done after the flood waters have receded or by planting on mounds and ridges constructed for the purpose. Tabular statement of the Plantation Program is given as: Table 4.9: Planting Program of Road W.C. Area from Total Year Felling (ha) Blank (ha) (ha.) 2012-2013 11 45 56 2013-2014 10 30 40 2014-2015 10 21 31 2015-2016 7 37 44 2016-2017 6 42 48 2017-2018 9 37 45 2018-2019 5 23 28 2019-2020 5 22 27 2020-2021 10 26 36 2021-2022 7 25 32 Total 80 298 378

62 4.15 Subsidiary Silivicultural Operations: 4.15.1 Tending Operations: The young plantations shall be tended by carrying out weeding and hoeing till the second year of planting. During the first season, three weeding and hoeing should be done in the months of August, October, November and February/March. In the second year, two weedings one in August and the second in October/November shall be done. One weeding is desirable in the third year. During weeding, a thorough scraping of grasses around the plants upto 50 cms radius should be done. In the later years, the trenches should be kept clear to facilitate the flow of water. Application of nitrogenous fertilizers may be done in the first and second year after the hoeing is over @25gm. Per plant. Harrowing of interspaces after 2 years is advantageous and checks the growth of grasses and bushed. In older plantations, growth of mesquite, sarkanda etc should be cleared by jungle clearance.

63 Chapter 5 Canal Working Circle

5.1 General Constitution of the Circle:

This Working Circle will comprise of all the areas along canals, distributaries and minors under the control of Forest Department. It covers a total length of 1534.22 kms and having a total area of 3958.31 hectares (List attached Annexure-2).

5.2 Special Objects of Management:

The special objects of management of this working circle are: 1. To enhance the ecosystem services and to provide local livelihood opportunities to the local communities and conservation and restoration of biodiversity. 2. To improve the density and quality of forest cover by planting economically important tree species and adopting silvicultural techniques. 3. To provide wood for agricultural implements, house construction and raw material for wood based industries. 4. To improve the aesthetic value of the country side and provide better lanscape. 5. To retain and plant such trees that may provide food and shelter to the Wildlife. 6. To stabilize and strengthen the bunds, embankments etc. along canals, drains, rivers and other anti flood measures. 7. Consistent with the above said objects of management to provide for progressively maximum sustained yield. 5.3 Series, Blocks and Compartments: Each strip on either side would constitute a block. Each block is further divided into compartments. A compartment in strips along canals will constitute 15 R.Ds or part thereof.

5.4 The Stock: The crop is irregular in respect of age, density and composition. Because of the large scale plantation of Eucalyptus in these moisture laden areas during the last couple of decades, there are good patches having middle aged to mature crops. These have been planted in gaps of middle aged to mature Shisham crop. Because of the concerted effort during the latter part of the last Working Plan period to plant more

64 shisham,neem, arjan, siris and other miscellaneous species, the canal strips also have a good representation of young crops of the above said species. Regeneration of various species in some areas like Narwana Branch Canal, Satluj Yamuna Canal etc is quite encouraging. At a few favourable places Shisham. 5.5 Analysis and Evaluation of the Crops: The enumeration of the existing crop down to 20 cms. dia (o.b) has been done. Detail of growing stock species wise in regulated and unregulated series in this working circle is shown below. 5.5.1 Growing stock in Canal Working Circle of Patiala Forest Division(Abstract Table-5.1: Growing stock of Canal W.C Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees 1 Shisham 6644 10334 2244 1922 1690 1398 1506 25738 17796.1 2 Kikar 443 7222 6854 5664 2154 555 161 23053 17531.05 3 Eucalyptus 2525 11575 17980 14359 6043 2025 1105 55612 48524.5 4 Misc. 10139 33775 6692 3011 1502 791 938 56848 21072.2 Total 19751 62906 33770 24956 11389 4769 3710 161251 104923.8

Shisham Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees 1 Samana Shisham 1 2476 337 387 284 262 222 3969 3061.10 2 Sirhind Shisham 5 1756 1010 737 568 357 257 4690 4664.95 3 Bhadson Shisham 0 386 39 52 77 82 88 724 828.15 4 Nabha Shisham 143 2514 362 314 334 278 276 4221 3341.15 5 Patiala Shisham 5333 1130 124 158 195 257 490 7687 3502.75 6 Rajpura Shisham 1162 2072 372 274 232 162 173 4447 2398.00 Total 6644 10334 2244 1922 1690 1398 1506 25738 17796.1 Kikar Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees 1 Samana Kikar 0 284 400 598 248 71 26 1627 1706.20 2 Sirhind Kikar 8 3187 3227 2678 997 219 40 10356 7946.30 3 Bhadson Kikar 0 10 39 33 12 3 0 97 91.65 4 Nabha Kikar 31 549 455 438 94 33 3 1603 1106.85 5 Patiala Kikar 200 370 495 458 309 102 52 1986 1927.15 6 Rajpura Kikar 204 2822 2238 1459 494 127 40 7384 4752.90 Total 443 7222 6854 5664 2154 555 161 23053 17531.05 Euc Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees

1 Samana Euc 459 4269 6315 4898 2156 837 331 19265 17338.45 2 Sirhind Euc 0 497 495 383 86 18 2 1481 997.50 3 Bhadson Euc 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.35 4 Nabha Euc 471 1699 4771 4272 1828 535 462 14038 14372.65 5 Patiala Euc 554 1588 2129 1727 800 341 211 7350 5984.45 6 Rajpura Euc 1037 3521 4270 3079 1173 294 99 13473 9831.10 Total 2525 11575 17980 14359 6043 2025 1105 55612 48524.5 65 Misc. Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees

1 Samana Misc. 0 6045 1514 717 372 235 311 9194 5018.65 2 Sirhind Misc. 70 6394 1367 591 345 137 97 9001 3771.65 3 Bhadson Misc. 0 386 39 52 77 82 88 724 828.15 4 Nabha Misc. 483 7101 1730 1071 470 215 326 11396 5901.90 5 Patiala Misc. 6159 4251 603 295 146 85 75 11614 2404.85 6 Rajpura Misc. 3427 9598 1439 285 92 37 41 14919 3147.00 Total 10139 33775 6692 3011 1502 791 938 56848 21072.2 5.6 Method of treatment: As mentioned earlier, the method to be employed would be the complete treatment of a particular compartment according to its Silvicultural requirement and its potential capacity. As far as possible shisham stock will be preserved for future and there will be no felling of green shisham trees in this working plan. However, congested Shisham pole crops will be thinned. Kikar will be replaced by Eucalyptus. During the period of this working plan the blank areas will be artificially regenerated with polythene bag/root trainer raised plants. Coppice obtained from eucalyptus will be supplemented with tall plants to increase the stocking per unit area. However, valuable species like Shisham Neem, Drek, Teak etc. would be preferred over kikar. Problematic areas like Saline-Alkaline areas, waterlogged areas, etc would be properly treated before plantation is carried out to ensure better result.

5.7 Silivcultural System: The Silvicultural system will be selection cum improvement felling. 5.8 Calculation of rotation and conversion period: The rotation age for different species shall be as under: Sr. Species Rotation Expected Dia No. (years) (in cm) 1 Shisham 60 years 60 2 Eucalyptus 25 years 60 3 Poplar 12 years 30 4 Kikar 30 years 35 5 Mulbery 15 years 25 6 Miscellaneous 60 years 60

5.9 Calculation of Yield:

66 As discussed earlier, yield will be calculated by using Simon's modification of Von Mantal's formuls. The annual yield for Shisham, Kikar,Eucalyptus, Mulberry & Misc. that could be prescribed for felling is as under:-

Y = V(2r/r2-x2) where,

Table-5.6: Calculation of Annual Yield

Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. Total V = Total standing vol. in cubic metres 17796.10 17531.05 48524.5 21072.2 104923.85 r = Rotation period (years) 60 30 25 60 175 X = Age in years corresponding to 20 cms. Dia upto which 20 10 10 20 - enumeration has been done y = Annual yield calculated in m3 667.35 1314.82 4619.53 790.20 7391.9 Average annual yield prescribed for falling as per G.O.I's 336.67 657.41 2309.76 395.10 3695.95 guidelines, which is 50%

5.10 Tabular statement of Fellings:

Table-5.7: Felling Program of Canal W.C

Compartment Volume to be obtained (m3) Year Range Name of Strip No. & Side Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. 2012-2013 Patiala PNC (old)16 2 L/S 31 178 90 Arnauli Distributory (RD 75-90) 6 L/S 29 147 30 PNC (New) 15 1 L/S 31 160 -

Rajpura Banur Canal 40 4 L/S s 15 148 30 e e r

Rajpura Disty 10 8 R/S T 35 121 -

n e l l a

Samana BML (RD 405-420) 28 L/S F 54 158 -

d n

BML (RD 405-420315-330) 22 R/S a 28 175 20

y r D

Nabha GB Canal (RD 0-15) 1 R/S , 52 168 - d a Ghaggar Link (RD 15-30 2 R/S e 44 157 70 D Patiala Feeder II (RD 90-105) 7 L/S 21 168 - Patiala Feeder II (RD 105-120) 8 L/S 52 173 - Hirdapur Minor (RD 0-15) 1 L/S 37 165 - Bhadson Amloh Minor 15 12 R/S 24 117 - Khanaura Minor 30 18 131 20 Sirhind BML RD 137-152 11 L/s 60 80 50 NBC RD 5-20 4 R/s 65 105 45 I-R Disty RD 0-15 1 R/s 61 80 40 67 TOTAL 337 657 2310 395

2013-14 Patiala Patiala Feeder III (RD 180-195) 13 R/S 72 132 - Patiala Feeder III (RD 165-177) 12 L/S 51 124 175 Udaipur Minor (RD 30-45) 32 R/S 47 87 -

Rajpura Narwana Branch (RD 105-120) 8 L/S 80 92 75

Narwana Branch (RD 135-150) 10 R/S s 45 79 - e e Kauli Distributory (RD 0-15) 30 r - - - T

n e l l a

Samana BML (RD 270-285) 19 L/S F 54 167 -

d n

BML (RD 330-345) 23 R/S a 44 262 -

y BML (RD 390-405) 27 L/S r - 150 50 D

,

BML (RD 405-420) 28 R/S d 55 159 - a e

BML (RD 435-450) 30 R/S D - 129 - Choe Branch (RD 15-30) 2 L/S - 115 - Atala Branch 1 L/S 32 72 -

Nabha Nabha Distributory (RD 15-30) 2 L/S 25 92 - Patiala Feeder II (RD 105-120) 8 R/S 24 111 30

Bhadson Amloh Minor 15 3 L/S 31 125 - Khanaura Minor 30 2 R/S 12 221 - Sirhind Rajpura Disty 50-65 3 L/s 43 110 30 2-R Disty 5-20 2 L/s 42 80 36 TOTAL 337 657 2307 396

2014-2015 Patiala Patiala Feeder III (RD 163-177) 12 R/S 42 216 - Fatehpur Minor (RD 0-15) 1 R/S 38 120 - PNC (RD 0-15) 1 L/S 65 109 67

Rajpura Kauli Distributory (RD 0-15) R/S 55 132 - Narwana Branch (RD 90-105) 7 R/S 40 121 63 s

Tejpur Minor (RD 0-15) 1 L/S e - 98 - e r T

n e l l Samana BML (RD 285-300) 20 L/S a 50 267 55 F

d

BML (RD 345-348) 24 R/S n 61 239 45 a

y

BML (RD 352-360) 24 R/S r - 189 40 D

,

Attala Branch (RD 15-30) 2 L/S d - 71 - a e D

Nabha Diggi Minor of PF-II 20 12 L/S 39 112 - PF-II 50 31 L/S 56 179 - PF-III 20 27 L/S 51 164 -

- Bhadson Khanaura Minor 30 11 R/S 35 48 - Tohra Minor 30 25 R/S - 28 65 Sirhind BML RD 137-152 11 R/S 60 110 68 60 NBC RD 25-40 3 R/S 65 105

TOTAL 336 657 2308 395

2015-2016 Patiala Fatehpur Minor (RD 15-30) 2 L/S 62 189 39 Fatehpur Minor (RD 0-15) 1 L/S - 134 - BML (RD 255-270) 18 L/S 64 167 59

Rajpura Gharam Distributory (RD 0-15) 1 R/S 59 104 55 Narwana Branch (RD 120-135) 9 R/S - 112 30 s e

Tejpur Minor (RD 0-15) 1 R/S e 48 151 - r T

n e l l

Samana BML (RD 390-405) 17 L/S a - 201 - F

BML (RD 420-435) 12 R/S d 55 160 39 n a

Choe Branch (RD 30-45) 22 L/S y 80 130 38 r D

Choe Branch (RD 60-75) 7 L/S , - 124 - d a e D Nabha GBC (RD 15-30) 2 R/S 60 181 55 Patiala Feeder II (RD 90-105) 7 R/S 75 190 45 Patiala Feeder II (RD 120-135) 9 R/S - 210 35

Bhadson Tohra Minor 30 4 R/S 67 67 -

Sirhind NBC RD 10-25 2 L/S 87 189 - TOTAL 337 657 230 395

2016-2017 Patiala Kauli Disty 4 4 L/S 56 70 32 Gharam Rajwaha 5 2 R/S 32 42 35 Arnauli Rajwaha 15 8 L/S 60 61 31

Rajpura Narwana Branch (RD 120-135) 31 L/S 56 78 31 s e

Kauli Distributory (RD 0-15) 11 R/S e 49 89 35 r T Banur Canal 40 6 L/S 60 92 51 n e l l a F

d n

Samana BML (RD 420-435) 29 L/S a 73 250 37

y BML (RD 330-345) 23 L/S r 60 268 31 D

, d

Choa Branch (RD 45-60) 4 L/S a 20 120 - e

Choa Branch (RD 0-15) 1 L/S D 20 178 -

Nabha PF-III 20 12 L/S 35 210 45 Mohal Gwara Disty 25 4 R/S - 115 31

Bhadson Tohra Minor 30 22 L/S 18 145 2 Khanaura Minor 30 13 R/S 11 98 - Sirhind BML RD 160-175 7 L/S 56 265 15 NBC 40-55 4 L/S 51 228 21 TOTAL 337 657 2309 395

n y r 2017-2018 Patiala Udaipur Minor 20 12 R/S e 38 114 22 l s l D

e a , e F d

PF-III 15 8 L/S r 112 310 45

a T d e Baradari Minor 4 3 L/S n 15 62 - D a 69 Rajpura Banur Canal 40 21 L/S 107 183 55 SYL Canal 12 3 R/S 128 240 87

Samana Karamgarh Rajwaha 70 17 L/S 31 132 - Chohat Kheri Minor 50 13 R/S 22 167 21 Marori Minor 15 4 L/S 15 101 -

Nabha Kotli Rajwaha 22 3 L/S 56 185 51 Uple Minor 18 6 R/S 20 211 2

Bhadson 2-R Disty 35 16 R/S 25 317 52 Sirhind I-R Disty 19-35 3 L/S 87 287 62 TOTAL 337 650 2309 395

2018-2019 Patiala BML (RD 225-270) 18 L/S 74 193 74 Udaipur Minor (RD 30-45) 3 L/S 60 138 3 Pucca Minor 13 11 L/S 58 142 2 s

Moti Bagh Minor 12 7 R/S e 42 82 2 e r T

n e

Rajpura SYL Canal 12 9 R/S l 58 380 110 l a F

Udaipur Minor 30 12 R/S 65 278 56 d n a

y Nabha Malka Minor 10 4 R/S r 36 275 - D

, d

Kakrala Minor 30 23 L/S a 41 225 2 e D Samana Karamgarh Rajwaha 70 12 L/S 62 84 46 Chohat Kheri Minor 50 3 R/S 50 178 21 Bhanota Rajwaha 30 7 L/S 35 - 12 Sirhind Amloh Minor 0-15 1 L/S 76 293 76 TOTAL 337 657 2309 395

2008-09 Patiala Udaipur Minor (RD 30-45) 32 R/S 75 255 45 Patiala Feeder III (RD 30-45) 13 R/S 45 228 40 Pucca Minor 13 11 R/S 28 125 30 Moti Bagh Minor 12 7 L/S 39 110 45 s e e r

Rajpura Udaipur Minor 30 5 L/S T 61 142 35

n e

Sanaur Disty 7 2 R/S l 41 215 - l a F

d

Samana Karamgarh Rajwaha 70 10 R/S n 60 165 27 a

y Bhanota Rajwaha 30 2 R/S r 42 137 26 D

,

Bishangarh Branch 31 3 L/S d 28 106 33 a e D Nabha Kakrala Minor 30 14 R/S 40 310 34 Rohti Rajwaha 10 5 R/S 42 45 37

Bhadson 2-R Distry 35 11 L/S 70 178 21 Sirhind Haripur Minor 0-15 1 L/S 86 293 22 TOTAL 337 657 2309 395

n y r 2020-2021 Patiala Fatehpur Minor (RD 0-15) 1 R/S e 48 219 31 l s l D

e a , e F d 3-R Distry (0-23) 5 R/S r 70 241 30

a T d e n D Pucca Minor 13 2 L/S a 55 178 28 70 Sanaur Disty 30 2 R/S 65 261 27

Rajpura Sarai Banjara Minor 4 3 L/S 53 164 32 Mohabatpur Minor 4 12 R/S 57 168 31

Samana Bishangarh Branch 31 24 L/S 44 78 35 Chanauri Rajwaha 30 22 L/S 12 79 27 Taipur Minor 30 11 L/S 39 90 26

Nabha Kakrala Minor 5 4 L/S 52 167 28 Paidani Minor 23 18 R/S 48 150 31

Bhadson 2-R Disty (30-65) 8 L/S 28 225 37 TOTAL 336 657 2309 395

2021-2022 Patiala Moti Bagh Minor 12 9 L/S 83 142 30 Tait Minor 12 3 R/S 43 138 31 Baran Minor 13 2 R/S 61 228 35 3-R Disty 23 5 L/S 70 160 34 s e e

Rajpura Chattar Nagar Minor 4 1 L/S r 45 147 35 T

Jangpura Minor 4 2 R/S n 43 126 37 e l l a F

d

Samana Teipur Minor 30 10 R/S n 80 230 27 a

y

Rajauli Minor 35 23 L/S r 75 177 28 D

,

Badshahpur Minor 30 14 L/S d 50 198 31 a e D Nabha Rohti Rajwaha 7 2 R/S 35 221 30 Nawada Minor II 4 1 L/S 22 112 25

Bhadson Alampur Minor 8 3 R/S 25 150 25 Sirhind BML RD 160-75 7 R/S 26 283 27 TOTAL 336 658 2309 395

5.11 Marking Rules:

The following marking rules are prescribed. i. All trees in the annual coupe shall be marked except: a. Areas adjoining habitations upto 500 meters on either side b. Avenue line along compartment roads c. All green standing Shisham trees. d. 10 trees of eucalyptus and 5 trees of Kikar per R.D. on either side. On the service road side, these will be preferably in the avenue line.

71 e. On minors and distributaries where there is only one line of eucalyptus on either side, trees will only be marked if the girth of eucalyptus and kikar is more than 120 cms. f. Trees not available silviculturally. g. All healthy fruit trees and those belonging to Ficus species in the interest of wildlife. h. Trees required for seeds. ii. All over-mature Kikar trees shall be marked for felling. iii. All dead, dry and fallen trees shall be marked for felling. Diseased trees if found in epidemic from will be marked for felling. iv. All trees dangerously leaning towards canals and standing on berms shall be marked for felling. Marking of such trees shall be done under personal supervision of a Gazetted Officer. iv. One tree at every 50 meters shall be left unmarked on the outer boundaries of the canals adjoining private areas. This is being prescribed in order to check the increasing tendency of people to encroach upon the government forest areas. vi. It will be ensured that the felling should commensurate with regeneration and sufficient funds are provided for the purpose. 5.12 Method of executing Fellings:

1. All felling, except that of eucalyptus, shall be done by uprooting the stumps. 2. In case of dead, dry and fallen trees of all species also, uprooting of stumps shall be done. 3. Big sized trees shall be loped before felling to avoid damage to advance growth and nearby areas. 4. Eucalyptus trees shall be cut slanting with saw and the stump height shall be limited to 10-15 cm only. 5. The felling of eucalyptus shall not be done in a hot and dry season to facilitate sprouting of coppice. 6. In consonance with the Silvicultural system adopted, there will be no clear-felling and always some standards shall be retained in the area. 8. The standards retained should have straight and clean boles and distributed over the entire area. 72 9. The felling refuse shall be collected and burnt immediately after felling. 5.13 Planting Rules:

The detail of activities to be carried out in plantation is given in the plantation programme, however the general guiding principles governing planting should be as under:- 1. Areas felled in a year shall be planted in the following year. 2. Shady, evergreen trees with long rotations will be planted on the avenue lines. 3. Species which are drought resistant like Neem, Shisham etc. will be planted on the berm side the shade loving plants like Drek and mulberry planted in the center of the strip. 4. In general, the trees having more height such as Eucalyptus, Poplar etc. will not be planted on the berm sides. This is being proposed to prevent avoidable blockages of canals. 5. In a particular compartment, preferably one species will be planted with 10% mixture of other species in order to maintain biodiversity. 6. All natural regeneration of the species shall be retained and adopted. 5.14 Planting program: Areas felled in a year shall be taken up for plantation in the following year. As soon as the felling is over, the brushwood will be collected at suitable places far away from the standards and disposed off. The stumps of trees left, if any, shall be uprooted, except that of eucalyptus. The shrubs and tall grasses shall be cleared. Areas in which sufficient density of coppice is obtainable shall not be taken up for plantation. In these areas, protection measures including fencing shall be taken. Eucalyptus coppice shall be supplemented by planting tall polythene bag/root trainer raised plants of eucalyptus. The areas however, after taking 1st coppice shall be uprooted of stumps completely, and thorough soil working shall be done. The planting distance shall ordinarily be 3m from plant to plant in a row and each row 3m apart (3mx3m). However this may be modified to (3mx2m) or (3mx4m) as per the requirements of the species and the locality factors. Khals, passels already laid out shall be, maintained or new ones lay out, wherever necessary.

73 The planting shall start after the first shower of monsoon and completed as early as possible. Late planting or winter planting should be avoided as far as possible. Good healthy plants raised in polythene bags or root trainers should be used for plantation. Arrangements for irrigation must be done beforehand. At least two irrigations during the months of summer dry season and once during the dry winter months are essential. In case of shisham, the best method is to prepare one year old entire plants by raising root-shoot cuttings. Efforts should be made to increase the stocking of shisham by planting, tending, the natural root-suckers. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. Frost hardy species like neem, kikar if not planted under shade, shall be covered during the winter months to protect from the damages of frost. In low lying areas, planting can be done after the flood waters have receded or by planting on mounds and ridges constructed for the purpose. Tabular statement of the Plantation Program is given as: Table 5.8: Planting Program of Canal W.C. Area from Total Year Felling (ha) Blanks (ha) (ha.) 2012-2013 27 51 78 2013-2014 20 48 68 2014-2015 20 32 52 2015-2016 16 41 57 2016-2017 16 36 52 2017-2018 15 39 54 2018-2019 15 38 53 2019-2020 15 40 55 2020-2021 15 30 45 2021-2022 15 35 50 Total 144 390 564

5.15 Subsidiary Silivicultural Operations:

5.15.1 Tending Operations: The young plantations shall be tended by carrying out weeding and hoeing till the second year of planting. During the first season, three weeding 74 and hoeing should be done in the months of August, October, November and February/March. In the second year, two weedings one in August and the second in October/November shall be done. One weeding is desirable in the third year. During weeding, a thorough scraping of grasses around the plants upto 50 cms radius should be done. In the later years, the trenches should be kept clear to facilitate the flow of water. Application of nitrogenous fertilizers may be done in the first and second year after the hoeing is over @25gm. Per plant. Harrowing of interspaces after 2 years is advantageous and checks the growth of grasses and bushed. In older plantations, growth of mesquite, sarkanda etc should be cleared by jungle clearance.

75 Chapter 6 Railway Working Circle

6.1 General Constitution of the Circle:

This Working Circle will comprise of all the Railway Strips falling within the jurisdiction of Patiala Forest Division. The total length of Railway strips is 117.415 kms and having an area of 446 hectares (List attached Annexure-4).

6.2 Special Objects of Management:

The special objects of management of this working circle are: 1. To enhance the ecosystem services and to provide local livelihood opportunities to the local communities and conservation and restoration of biodiversity. 2. To improve the density and quality of forest cover by planting economically important tree species and adopting silvicultural techniques. 3. To provide wood for agricultural implements, house construction and raw material for wood based industries. 4. To improve the aesthetic value of the country side and provide better lanscape. 5. To retain and plant such trees that may provide food and shelter to the Wildlife. 6. To stabilize and strengthen the bunds, embankments etc. along canals, drains, rivers and other anti flood measures. 7. Consistent with the above said objects of management to provide for progressively maximum sustained yield. 6.3 Blocks and Compartments:

Each strip on either side would constitute a block. Each block is further divided into compartments. A compartment in strips along rail will constitute 5 kms. or part thereof on either side. 6.4 The Stock The general character of vegetation in this working circle is scattered, irregular in respect of age density and composition, except some good stocking in station yards. Due to strict rules of railway safety, some area cannot be planted up. On the whole vegetation is composed of young to middle-aged shisham, young to mature kikar and

76 eucalyptus. Areas affected by water logging need to be planted up with improved techniques. 6.5 Analysis and Evaluation of the Crops: The enumeration of the existing crop down to 20 cms. dia (o.b) has been done. Detail of growing stock species wise and class wise in this working circle is shown below. (It is important to mention here that the growing stock of previous plan period has been used in this plan also because of dispute with Railways. No New enumerations were done in last years.) 6.5.1 Growing stock (Abstract) Table-6.1: Growing stock of Railway W.C Total Volume Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB (Trees) (m3) Shisham 3 666 797 117 73 52 46 1754 1100.9 Kikar 138 2631 1353 138 33 13 3 4309 1410.6 Eucalyptus 1036 3398 2336 851 248 73 20 7962 3599 Misc. 5 127 103 61 31 32 52 411 477.2 Total 1182 6822 4589 1167 385 170 121 14436 6587.7

6.5.2 Growing stock: Railway Working Circle (Range wise/Species wise)

Table-6.2: Growing stock of Shisham of Railway W.C Total Volume Range Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB (Trees) (m3)

Patiala Shisham 0 29 11 24 41 39 30 174 332.5 Nabha Shisham 0 15 21 27 20 10 14 107 150.5 Samana Shisham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sirhind Shisham 2 611 755 59 10 1 0 1438 594.7 Rajpura Shisham 1 11 10 7 2 2 2 35 23.2 Bhadson Shisham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3 666 797 117 73 52 46 1754 1100.9

Table 6.3: Growing Stock of Kikar of Railway W.C. Total Volume Range Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB (Trees) (m3) Patiala Kikar 1 646 295 30 10 3 0 985 320.6 Nabha Kikar 0 170 141 38 5 0 1 355 158.6 Samana Kikar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sirhind Kikar 10 343 437 47 4 5 2 848 372.95

77 Rajpura Kikar 127 1472 480 23 14 5 0 2121 558.45 Bhadson Kikar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 138 2631 1353 138 33 13 3 4309 1410.6

Table 6.4: Growing Stock of Eucalyptus of Railway W.C. Total Volume Range Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB (Trees) (m3) Patiala Eucalyptus 0 5 15 8 6 2 1 37 68.6 Nabha Eucalyptus 0 137 111 53 21 4 0 326 193.1 Samana Eucalyptus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sirhind Eucalyptus 955 2658 2031 737 168 34 5 6588 2822.9 Rajpura Eucalyptus 81 598 179 53 53 33 14 1011 514.4 Bhadson Eucalyptus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1036 3398 2336 851 248 73 20 7962 3599

Table 6.5: Growing Stock of Miscellaneous of Railway W.C. Total Volume Range Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB (Trees) (m3) Patiala Miscellaneous 0 34 20 17 9 19 28 127 204.55 Nabha Miscellaneous 1 38 36 25 20 9 22 151 195.25 Samana Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sirhind Miscellaneous 0 8 9 7 1 1 1 27 22.15 Rajpura Miscellaneous 4 47 38 12 1 3 1 106 55.25 Bhadson Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 5 127 103 61 31 32 52 411 477.2

6.6 Method of treatment: In this working circle fellings are done only as per requirement of Railway Authorities especially on main railway line and silvicultural fellings are done on other railway lines as per rules of the Forest Department. All the gaps will be filled up by planting suitable species raised in polythene bags/root-trainers in nurseries. All rules of planting and other operations will be followed according to instructions issued by the department from time to time. 6.7 Silivcultural System: The Silvicultural system to be followed is clear felling in the case of pure stands of eucalyptus, leaving 20 trees per ha. as standards. In case of mixed crops, "Selection cum improvement felling" would be employed. 78 6.8 Calculation of rotation and conversion period:

The rotation age for different species shall be as under:

Sr. Species Rotation Expected Dia No. (years) (in cm) 1 Shisham 60 years 60 2 Eucalyptus 25 years 60 3 Poplar 12 years 30 4 Kikar 30 years 35 5 Mulbery 15 years 25 6 Miscellaneous 60 years 60

6.9 Calculation of Yield:

As discussed earlier, yield will be calculated by using Simon's modification of Von Mantal's formuls. The annual yield for Shisham, Kikar,Eucalyptus, Mulberry & Misc. that could be prescribed for felling is as under:-

Y = V(2r/r2-x2) Where, Table-6.6: Calculation of Annual Yield Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. Total V = Total standing vol. in cubic 1100.9 1410.6 3599.6 477.2 6588.3 metres r = Rotation period (years) 60 30 25 60 175 X = Age in years corresponding to 20 cms. Dia upto which 20 10 10 20 60 enumeration has been done y = Annual yield calculated in m3 41.28 105.79 342.81 17.88 507.76 Average annual yield prescribed for falling as per G.O.I's guidelines, which 20 52 171 8 251 is 50%

6.10 Tabular statement of Fellings: Table-6.7: Felling Program of Railway W.C

Compartment Volume to be obtained (m3) Year Range Name of Strip No. & Side Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc.

2012-2013 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly Line 39 12 L/S 24 62 3 d s n e a

e r y r T

D

Rajpura Main Rly Line 26 8 R/S n 12 43 2

, e l d l a a e F Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly Line 25 5 R/S D 16 54 4 TOTAL 20 52 172 9

79

n y r 2013-14 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 21 L/S e 35 98 5 l s l D

e a , e F d r

a T d e Rajpura Main Rly. Line 26 14 L/S n 17 73 4 D a TOTAL 21 52 171 9

2014-2015 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 13 R/S 23 71 4 d s n e a

e r y r T

D

Rajpura Main Rly.Line 26 9 L/S n 17 65 2

, e l d l a a e F Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 3 L/S D 12 36 3 TOTAL 21 52 172 9

2015-2016 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 1 R/S 31 75 6 d s n e a

e r y r T

D

Rajpura Main Rly.Line 26 22 L/S n 13 54 -

, e l d l a a e F Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 13 L/S D 8 43 3 TOTAL 20 52 172 9

2016-2017 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 5 L/S 15 50 3 d s n e a

e r y r T

D

Rajpura Main Rly.Line 26 8 L/S n 25 60 4

, e l d l a a e F Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 15 R/S D 12 62 2 TOTAL 20 52 172 9

2017-2018 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 8 L/S 21 54 3 d s n e a

e r y r T

D

Rajpura Main Rly.Line 26 5 R/S n 18 72 3

, e l d l a a e F Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 8 R/S D 13 46 3 TOTAL 21 52 172 9

2018-2019 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 7 L/S 12 80 2 d s n e a

e r y r T

D

Rajpura Main Rly.Line 26 5 L/S n 13 71 3

, e l d l a a e F Sirhind Ambala-Kalka Rly.Line 1 1 R/S D 27 21 2 TOTAL 20 52 172 7

2019-2020 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 4 R/S 10 59 2 n e l l a F Rajpura Main Rly.Line 26 3 L/S 13 61 2 d s n e a

e r y r T D

Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 3 L/S 9 40 4 , d a e Sirhind Ambala-Kalka Rly.Line 1 1 L/S D 21 12 - TOTAL 19 53 172 8

,

n

s d e y e 2020-2021 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 3 R/S d 18 29 1 l a r e l n e r a a D T D F

80 Rajpura Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 10 4 L/S 21 54 5

Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 11 L/S 13 76 2

Sirhind Abandoned Ambala-Kalka Rly line 1 2 L/S - 11 1 TOTAL 21 52 170 9

2021-2022 Patiala Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 39 11 R/S 14 60 3 n e l l a F Rajpura Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 10 2 L/S 16 41 3 d s n e a

e r y r T D

Nabha Rajpura-Patiala Dhuri Rly.Line 25 2 R/S 20 50 2 , d a e Sirhind Abandoned Ambala-Kalka Rly line 1 2 R/S D 2 21 - TOTAL 20 52 172 8

6.11 Marking Rules: The following marking rules are prescribed. i. All trees in the annual coupe shall be marked except: a. Areas falling within outer signal to outer signal with exceptional cases. b. 50 trees of Eucalyptus evenly spaced per kilometre on either side. c. All green standing Shisham trees. d. Trees not available silviculturally. e. All healthy fruit trees and those belonging to Ficus species in the interest of wildlife. f. Trees required for seeds.

ii. All over-mature Kikar trees shall be marked for felling.

iii. All dead, dry, hollow and fallen trees shall be marked for felling.

iv. Trees on main railway lines or other railway lines having electric tracks shall be marked for felling, as they are dangerous from railway safety point of view. v. Trees inside the curves obstructing the view and leaning trees towards the railway tracks likely to casue damage/accidents may be marked after joint inspection by Railway and Forest Authorities to ensure railway safety. vi. Trees on either side of the level crossing may be marked after joint inspection by Railway and Forest Authorities to ensure railway safety.

81 6.12 Method of executing Fellings:

1. All felling, except that of eucalyptus, shall be done by uprooting the stumps. 2. In case of dead, dry and fallen trees of all species also, uprooting of stumps shall be done. 3. Big sized trees shall be loped before felling to avoid damage to advance growth, transmission lines, railway tracts etc. 4. The felling refuse shall be collected and burnt immediately after felling. 6.13 Planting Rules:

The detail of activities to be carried out in plantation is given in the plantation programme, however the general guiding principles governing planting should be as under:- 1. Areas felled in a year shall be planted in the following year. 2. Areas that are problematic like saline-alkaline soil, waterlogged areas etc. shall be treated first before plantation is taken up. 3. Species to be planted in particular areas is to be decided as per the site-factors of the particulars area. 4. In a particular compartment, preferably one species will be planted with 10% mixture of other species in order to maintain biodiversity. 5. All natural regeneration of the species shall be retained and adopted.

6.14 Planting program:

Areas felled in a year shall be taken up for plantation in the following year. As soon as the felling is over, the brushwood will be collected at suitable places far away from the standards and disposed off. The stumps of trees left, if any, shall be uprooted, except that of eucalyptus. The shrubs and tall grasses shall be cleared. Areas in which sufficient density of coppice is obtainable shall not be taken up for plantation. In these areas, protection measures including fencing shall be taken. Eucalyptus coppice shall be supplemented by planting tall polythene bag/root trainer raised plants of eucalyptus. The areas however, after taking 1st coppice shall be uprooted of stumps completely, and thorough soil working shall be done.

82 The planting distance shall be 3m from plant to plant in a row and each row 3m apart (3mx3m). However this may be modified to (3mx2m) or (3mx4m) as per the requirements of the species and the locality factors. Khals, passels already laid out shall be, maintained or new ones lay out, wherever necessary. The planting shall start after the first shower of monsoon and completed as early as possible. Late planting or winter planting should be avoided as far as possible. Good healthy plants raised in polythene bags or root trainers should be used for plantation. Arrangements for irrigation must be done beforehand. At least two irrigations during the months of summer dry season and once during the dry winter months are essential. In case of shisham, the best method is to prepare one year old entire plants by raising root-shoot cuttings. Efforts should be made to increase the stocking of shisham by planting, tending, the natural root-suckers. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. Frost hardy species like neem, kikar if not planted under shade, shall be covered during the winter months to protect from the damages of frost. In low lying areas, planting can be done after the flood waters have receded or by planting on mounds and ridges constructed for the purpose. Tabular statement of the Plantation Program is given as:

Table 6.8: Planting Program of Railway W.C.

Area from Total in Year Felling (ha) Blanks (ha) (ha.) 2012-2013 5 11 16 2013-2014 3 8 11 2014-2015 3 9 12 2015-2016 2 8 10 2016-2017 2 8 10 2017-2018 1 7 8 2018-2019 1 6 7 2019-2020 1 6 7 2020-2021 1 7 8 2021-2022 1 5 6 Total 20 75 95

83 6.15 Subsidiary Silivicultural Operations:

6.15.1 Tending Operations:

The young plantations shall be tended by carrying out weeding and hoeing till the second year of planting. During the first season, three weeding and hoeing should be done in the months of August, October, November and February/March. In the second year, two weedings one in August and the second in October/November shall be done. One weeding is desirable in the third year. During weeding, a thorough scraping of grasses around the plants upto 50 cms radius should be done. In the later years, the trenches should be kept clear to facilitate the flow of water. Application of nitrogenous fertilizers may be done in the first and second year after the hoeing is over @25gm. per plant. Harrowing of interspaces after 2 years is advantageous and checks the growth of grasses and bushed. In older plantations, growth of mesquite, sarkanda etc should be cleared by jungle clearance.

84 Chapter 7 Bundhs & Drains Working Circle

7.1 General Constitution of the Circle:

This Working Circle will comprise of all the areas along Drains, escapes and bundhs belonging to Irrigation Department and under the control of Forest Department. It covers a total length of 412.636 kms and having a an area of 384.11 hectares (List attached Annexure-3).

7.2 Special Objects of Management: The special objects of management of this working circle are: a) To enhance the ecosystem services and to provide local livlihood opportunities to the local communities and conservation and restoration of biodiversity. b) To produce wood for agricultural implements, house construction and other uses for the rural as well as the urban population. c) To provide sufficient food and shelter to wild life including birds. d) To reclaim Alkaline/Saline areas with the suitable species. e) To manage the forests in such a way so as to get optimum sustainable yields. 7.3 Blocks and Compartments: Each strip on either side would constitute a block. Each block is further divided into compartments. A compartment in strips along drains will constitute 15 R.Ds or part thereof on either side. 7.4 The Stock: The vegetation in this Working Circle is irregular in respect of density and composition. Most of the crop, which is found in patches, is of kikar. Many compartments are either blanks or bear a few scattered trees. The areas are mostly dry and degraded. 7.5 Analysis and Evaluation of the Crops: The enumeration of the existing crop down to 20 cms. dia (o.b) has been done. Detail of growing stock species wise in is shown below. 7.5.1 Growing stock (Abstract)

85 Growing Stock of Drain & Bandh Sr. Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees 1 Shisham 377 1565 219 103 44 26 37 2371 776.55 2 Kikar 361 1177 1233 900 240 74 20 4005 2619.95 3 Eucalyptus 176 1372 1520 766 262 103 27 4226 2800.1 4 Misc. 967 5729 932 284 105 54 103 8174 2373.2 Total 1881 9843 3904 2053 651 257 187 18776 8569.8

Shisham Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees

1 Samana Shisham 0 453 57 41 6 4 - 561 167.60 2 Sirhind Shisham 25 17 2 2 1 0 47 22.10 3 Bhadson Shisham 0 23 7 2 0 0 0 32 9.50 4 Nabha Shisham 47 439 80 31 18 8 22 645 281.70 5 Patiala Shisham 191 90 37 22 15 8 11 374 157.40 6 Rajpura Shisham 139 535 21 5 3 5 4 712 138.25 Total 377 1565 219 103 44 26 37 2371 776.55 Kikar Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees 1 Samana Kikar 0 294 347 235 37 2 - 915 573.05 2 Sirhind Kikar 72 47 16 4 1 0 140 65.05 3 Bhadson Kikar 0 76 32 10 0 1 0 119 42.80 4 Nabha Kikar 74 267 179 164 42 6 0 732 423.40 5 Patiala Kikar 279 304 300 202 47 19 2 1153 600.95 6 Rajpura Kikar 8 164 328 273 110 45 18 946 914.70 Total 361 1177 1233 900 240 74 20 4005 2619.95 Euc Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees

1 Samana Euc 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 14 3.70 2 Sirhind Euc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 3 Bhadson Euc 0 0 1 2 16 11 0 30 65.55 4 Nabha Euc 19 560 762 436 192 83 26 2078 1691.05 5 Patiala Euc 62 3 2 1 0 0 0 68 5.75 6 Rajpura Euc 91 804 750 327 54 9 1 2036 1034.05 Total 176 1372 1520 766 262 103 27 4226 2800.1 Misc. Sr. Range Name of V IV III IIA IIB IA IB Total no. Vol. No. Species of trees 1 Samana Misc. 0 812 135 48 2 0 0 997 171.65 2 Sirhind Misc. 612 53 8 6 0 0 679 141.75 3 Bhadson Misc. 0 272 44 18 3 1 0 338 93.60 4 Nabha Misc. 52 1626 336 88 46 32 79 2259 986.20 5 Patiala Misc. 510 210 74 17 11 11 16 849 225.20 6 Rajpura Misc. 405 2197 290 105 37 10 8 3052 754.80 Total 967 5729 932 284 105 54 103 8174 2373.2

86 7.6 Method of treatment: As mentioned earlier, the method to be employed would be the complete treatment of a particular compartment according to its Silvicultural requirement and its potential capacity. As far as possible shisham stock will be preserved for future and there will be no felling of green shisham trees in this working plan. However, congested Shisham pole crops will be thinned. Kikar will be replaced by Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus and kikar of exploitable diameter will be clear felled leaving 10 trees per R.D on either side. During the period of this working plan the blank areas will be artificially regenerated with polythene bag/root trainer raised plants. Coppice obtained from eucalyptus will be supplemented with tall plants to increase the stocking per unit area. However, valuable species like Shisham Neem, Drek, Teak etc. would be preferred over kikar. Problematic areas like Saline-Alkaline areas, waterlogged areas, etc would be properly treated before plantation is carried out to ensure better result. 7.7 Silivcultural System:

The Silvicultural system will be Selection cum improvement felling. 7.8 Calculation of rotation and conversion period: The rotation age for different species shall be as under:

Sr. Species Rotation Expected Dia No. (years) (in cm) 1 Shisham 60 years 60 2 Eucalyptus 25 years 60 3 Poplar 12 years 30 4 Kikar 30 years 35 5 Mulbery 15 years 25 6 Miscellaneous 60 years 60

7.9 Calculation of Yield: As discussed earlier, yield will be calculated by using Simon's modification of Von Mantal's formuls. The annual yield for Shisham, Kikar,Eucalyptus, Mulberry & Misc. that could be prescribed for felling is as under:-

Y = V(2r/r2-x2)

87 where, Table-7.6: Calculation of Annual Yield Shisham Kikar Euc. Misc. Total V = Total standing vol. in 776.55 2619.95 2800.10 2373.2 8569.80 cubic metres r = Rotation period (years) 60 30 25 60 175 X = Age in years corresponding to 20 cms. Dia upto which 20 10 10 20 175 enumeration has been done y = Annual yield calculated 29.12 196.49 266.56 88.99 581.16 in m3 Average annual yield prescribed for falling as per G.O.I's 14.56 98.24 133.28 44.49 290.58 guidelines, which is 50%

7.10 Tabular statement of Fellings: Table-7.7: Felling Program of Drains & Bundh W.C

Year Range Name of Strip Compartment Volume to be obtained (m3) No. Shisham Kikar Eucl Misc . s e

2012-13 Patiala Model Town Drain 4 L/S e 27 43 28 r t

Nabha Nabha Drain 12 L/S n 22 15 e l Sirhind Choe 3 R/S l 20 17 8 a f

d n a

Samana Samana Mandi Drain 4 L/S 14 24 y r d

,

Rajpura Ghaggar Bundh 21 R/S d 8 13 a e Sirhind Sihind Choe 1 L/S D 7 21 8

Total 6 98 133 44 2013-14 Patiala Bahadur garh Link Drain 2 R/S 39 21 8 . s e e r

Nabha Nabha Drain 12 R/S t 20 34 8

n

Mohalgwara Gulwati Drain 4 L/S e l l

Bhore syphon Dandrala 2 L/S a f nd (Detch Drain 2 folder) d n a

y r d

Samana Samana Mandi Drain 4 R/S 29 59 16 , d a e D Sirhind Jhambo Drain 10 19 12 Total 6 98 133 44

2014-15 Patiala Protection bundh II 5 L/S 3 29 12 20

Jambu wala Drain 17 R/S 21 15 d n a

. n y

Rajpura Ghaggar Bundh 10 L/S s 33 73 12 r e e l d l e

, r a t f Sirhind Sirhind Choe 3 R/S d 16 33 12 a e D

Total 14 99 133 44

88 2015-16 Patiala .

bahadur garh Link drain 23 L/S s 21 39 e e r t

n

Nabha Nabha Drain 7 R/S e 12 30 22 l l a f

Samana Kalwanu Drain 13 R/S d 21 24 n a

y r d

Rajpura Lahhra Drain Bundh 4 R/S 31 31 13 , d a e D Sirhind Sirhind Choe 1 R/S 13 9 10 Total 14 98 133 45 s e

2016-17 Patiala Tangri Bundh Link Drain 2 L/S e 21 33 11 r t

n e l

Nabha Nabha Drain 7 L/S l 30 22 11 a f

d n

Samana Ditch Drain 6 L/S a 22 21 12

y r d

,

Rajpura Pachi Dara Bundh 5 L/S d 17 15 a e Sirhind Jhmabo Drain 2 L/S D 8 42 10 Total 5 98 133 44

2017-18 Patiala Tangri Bundh Link Drain 2 R/S . 29 23 20 s e e r t

n e l

Nabha l a f Sirhind Choe 7 L/S 32 41 d n a

y r d

Samana Samana Mandi Drain 9 L/S , 22 42 d a e D Rajpura Ghaggar Bundh 28 L/S 18 26 24

Total 4 99 132 44 .

2018-19 Patiala Tangri Bundh Link Drain 16 L/S s 25 38 16 e e r t

n e l l

Nabha Rohti Drain 6 R/S a 19 37 - f

d n a

y r

Samana d

,

Kaithal Drain 9 L/S d 25 25 8 a e D Rajpura Dhankansu Branch 12 L/S 30 34 28

Total 4 99 134 44 .

2019-20 Patiala Tangri Bundh Link drain 12 L/S s 29 33 33 e e r t

n

Nabha Nabha Drain 4 R/S e 23 47 - l l a f

Samana Kaithal Drain 18 L/S d 22 36 n a

y r d

Rajpura , d

Ghaggar Narwana branch 8 L/S a 24 13 12 e

Link channel D

Total 15 98 129 44 l r n e a y d l d a 2020-21 Patiala Model Town drain 1 R/S f 28 46 18 89 Nabha Nabha Drain 6 L/S 14 31 -

Samana Kalwanu Drain 12 L/S 23 31 26

Rajpura Ghaggar Bundh 13 L/S 33 25 18

Total 15 98 133 44

2021-22 Patiala Bahadur garh Link Drain 41 L/S 27 24 26

d . n s a e

Samana Samana Mandi Drain 33 L/S e 33 50 y r r t

d

n , e d l l a a e f

Rajpura Pachi Dara Bundh 14 L/S D 57 30 20

Total 15 99 133 44

7.11 Marking Rules: The following marking rules are prescribed. i. All trees in the annual coupe shall be marked except: a. Areas adjoining habitations upto 500 meters on either side b. Avenue line along the side of drains etc. and service roads of the drains. c. All green standing Shisham trees less than 210 cm. girth. d. 10 trees of eucalyptus and 5 trees of Shisham/Kikar per R.D. on either side. On the service road side, these will be preferably in the avenue line.

e. On minors and distributaries where there is only one line of eucalyptus on either side, trees will only be marked if the girth of eucalyptus and kikar is more than 120 cms.

f. Trees not available silviculturally.

g. All healthy fruit trees and those belonging to Ficus species in the interest of wildlife.

h. Trees required for seeds. ii. All over-mature Kikar trees shall be marked for felling. iii. All dead, dry and fallen trees shall be marked for felling. iv. All tree dangerously leaning towards canals and standing on berms shall be marked for felling. Marking of such trees shall be done under personal supervision of a Gazetted Officer. v. One tree at every 50 meters shall be left unmarked on the outer boundaries of the birs adjoining private areas. This is being prescribed in

90 order to check the increasing tendency of people to encroach upon the government forest areas. vi. It should be ensured that the felling should commensurate with regeneration and sufficient funds are made available for this purpose. vii. The tree growth in the beds of drains shall be removed. 7.12 Method of executing Fellings: 1. All felling, except that of eucalyptus, shall be done by uprooting the stumps. 2. In case of dead, dry and fallen trees of all species also, uprooting of stumps shall be done. 3. Big sized trees shall be loped before felling to avoid damage to advance growth and nearby areas. 4. Eucalyptus trees shall be cut slanting with saw and the stump height shall be limited to 10-15 cm only. 5. The felling of eucalyptus shall not be done in a hot and dry season to facilitate sprouting of coppice. 6. In consonance with the Silvicultural system adopted, there will be no clear- felling and always some standards shall be retained in the area. 7. The standards retained should have straight and clean boles and distributed over the entire area. 8. The felling refuse shall be collected and burnt immediately after felling.

7.13 Planting Rules:

The detail of activities to be carried out in plantation is given in the plantation programme, however the general guiding principles governing planting should be as under:- 1. Areas felled in a year shall be planted in the following year. 2. Areas that are problematic like Saline-alkaline soil,waterlogged areas etc shall be treated first before plantation is taken up. 3. Species to be planted in particulars areas is to be decided as per the site-factors of the particular area. 4. In a particular compartment, preferably one species will be planted with 10% mixture of other species in order to maintain biodiversity. 5. All natural regeneration of the species shall be retained and adopted.

7.14 Planting program:

91 Areas felled in a year shall be taken up for plantation in the following year. As soon as the felling is over, the brushwood will be collected at suitable places far away from the standards and disposed off. The stumps of trees left, if any, shall be uprooted, except that of eucalyptus. The shrubs and tall grasses shall be cleared. Areas in which sufficient density of coppice is obtainable shall not be taken up for plantation. In these areas, protection measures including fencing shall be taken. Eucalyptus coppice shall be supplemented by planting tall polythene bag/root trainer raised plants of eucalyptus. The areas however, after taking 1st coppice shall be uprooted of stumps completely, and thorough soil working shall be done. The planting distance shall ordinarily be 3m from plant to plant in a row and each row 3m apart (3mx3m). However this may be modified to (3mx2m) or (3mx4m) as per the requirements of the species and the locality factors. Khals, passels already laid out shall be, maintained or new ones lay out, wherever necessary. The planting shall start after the first shower of monsoon and completed as early as possible. Late planting or winter planting should be avoided as far as possible. Good healthy plants raised in polythene bags or root trainers should be used for plantation. Arrangements for irrigation must be done beforehand. At least two irrigations during the months of summer dry season and once during the dry winter months are essential In case of shisham, the best method is to prepare one year old entire plants by raising root-shoot cuttings. Efforts should be made to increase the stocking of shisham by planting, tending, the natural root-suckers. The failures should be beaten up during the same planting season. The planting stock used for beating up should consist of healthy and vigorous plants. Frost hardy species like neem, kikar if not planted under shade, shall be covered during the winter months to protect from the damages of frost In low lying areas, planting can be done after the flood waters have receded or by planting on mounds and ridges constructed for the purpose.

Tabular statement of the Plantation Program is given as:

92 Table 7.8: Planting Program of Drain & Bundh W.C.

Area from Total Year Felling (ha) Blanks (ha) (ha.) 2012-2013 13 55 68 2013-2014 13 46 59 2014-2015 13 41 54 2015-2016 12 40 52 2016-2017 12 38 50 2017-2018 12 32 44 2018-2019 12 31 43 2019-2020 12 28 40 2020-2021 12 26 38 2021-2022 12 29 41 Total 123 366 489

7.15 Subsidiary Silivicultural Operations: 7.15.1 Tending Operations: The young plantations shall be tended by carrying out weeding and hoeing till the second year of planting. During the first season, three weeding and hoeing should be done in the months of August, October, November and February/March. In the second year, two weedings one in August and the second in October/November shall be done. One weeding is desirable in the third year. During weeding, a thorough scraping of grasses around the plants upto 50 cms radius should be done. In the later years, the trenches should be kept clear to facilitate the flow of water. Application of nitrogenous fertilizers may be done in the first and second year after the hoeing is over @25gm. Per plant. Harrowing of interspaces after 2 years is advantageous and checks the growth of grasses and bushed. In older plantations, growth of mesquite, sarkanda etc should be cleared by jungle clearance.

93 Chapter 8 Wild Life Management (Overlapping) Working Circle

8.1 General History:

Fauna and flora are inseparable constituents of the forest ecosystem. Excessive exploitation of forests disturbs the balance in nature. For healthy growth of wildlife, it is therefore, imperative to protect and preserve enough cover of forests to sustain wildlife. In the state of Punjab, due to maximum utilization of land area for agricultural activities, the forest cover is very low. However, in Patiala Division, the erstwhile princely states have taken care to set aside some areas as hunting grounds or for keeping cavalries of which most of the Bir forests were the constituents. Maharaja Bhupindra Singh of Patiala had a love for animals and he introduced a number of species of deer and antelope. Motor lines were laid inside Bir Moti Bagh for the purpose of protection of wildlife and taking excursions. Bir Bhunerheri, in the past was one of the most important "Shikar garh" (hunting and shooting preserve) of the rulers of Patiala State. Although no works of improvement of the growing stock were carried out, shikarlines (30 feet wide roads) in and around Bir area were laid on the ground and regularly maintained. No grazing of cattle was allowed in the Bir area at that time.

8.2 Management:

The management of wild life will be a two prong strategy, depending on whether the area is a Protected area under the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, or an area outside the Protected area.

8.2.1 Management of Wildlife:

In the case of Wild Life in a Protected area like Sanctuaries or National Parks, the management will be as per the Management Plan of the Protected Area. The responsibility of implementing the prescriptions of the Management is vested on the DFO (Wild-Life). As separate Wild Life Management Plans for each Sanctuary and other protected areas are being prepared and implemented by the Wild Life wing, this Working Plan will not deal with the management of Wild Life in such protected areas. However, keeping in view the importance of wild life and the fact that Patiala Division has 6 of the 11 Wild Life Sanctuaries of the State, some information regarding the Sanctuaries is given in this Plan.

94 8.2.1.1 Area Statement

Sr. No. Name of Bir Area (ha) PATIALA 1 Bir Kule majra (C.No. 1-5) 238.76 2 Bir Majal khurd (C.No. 1-4) 125.04 3 Bir Kheri Gujran (C.No. 1-2) 59.48 4 Bir Sannaur (C.No. 1-13) 134.33 5 Bir Kartarpura (C.No. 14-17) 68.00 6 Bir Miranpur (C.No. 1-6, 10-15) 344.79 7 Bir Goghpur (C.No. 7-10) 111.28 8 Bir Bhunerheri Chotti (C.No. 21-24) 73.46 BHADSON 1 Bir Bhorey Agol (C.No. 1-5,6 1192.83 GURDIALPURA 1 Bir Gurdialpura (C.No. 1-6) 226.22 2 Bir Mallah Kheri 64.34 NABHA 1 Bir Anniah Dherian 6.47 2 Bir Bauran 0.50 SIRHIND 1 Bir Amloh (C.No. 1-10) 10 Total area of Birs= 2655.55

8.2.1.2 Composition of Crop:

The present crop in all the Sanctuary areas of Bir forests consists of both natural grown trees and shrubs, and plantations. The main tree species found are Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite), Acacia nilotica (Kikar), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Albizia lebbeck (siris), Morus alba (Toot), and Acacia leucophora. The less common tree species are Mangifera indica (Mango), Sygygium cumini (Jamun), Butea monosperma (Dhak), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Melia azadirach (Drek), Ficus religiosa (Pipal), Phoenix sylvestrix (Khajoor), Cordia dichotoma (Lasura) and some ornamental species such as Delonix regia (Gulmohar), Cassia fistula ( Amaltas), Cassia simea, Millingtonia hartensis (Akash neem) etc. In the last two decades, Eucalyptus hybridhad been planted extensively after celar-felling of the natural crop. As a consequence, some compartments due to failure of the plantations were totally overtaken by mesquite growth, which provide little food but more harm to the Wild-Life.

95 The undergrowth consist of Zizyphus numularia (Mallah), Adhatoda vasica (Basuki), Calotropis procera (Ak), Capparis Sepioria (Hins), Capparis deciduas, Carissa spinarum (Haronda) and Cassia tora (Panwar).

A number of grasses and herns are also found which includes Saccharum bengalense (Kana), Saccharum spontaneaum (Kahi), Vetiveria zizanoides (Panni) etc. The high grasses provide cover to the wildlife. Among the annual grasses are Cenchrum ciliaris Cynodon dactylon, Dichanthium annulatum, which are common during the monsoon period. Malva parviflora, Galium aparine, Veronica agrestis are the common winter annuals.

8.2.1.3 Flora and Fauna: The division has block forests in Bir Kullemajra, Bir Kheri Gujra, Bir Sanour, Bir Bhunerheri Chotti, Bir Mirapur Khurmpur, Bir Ghogpur, Bir Majal Khurd, Bir Annia Dheria, Bir Agaul, Bir Malla kheri, Bir Kartarpura, Bir Gurdialpura. Whereas strip areas are evenly distributed all over the division. The strip forests have limited capacity to hold wildlife at best they provide temporary shelter to birds for roosting and nesting. Whatever little wild life exists, it survives majorly in the block forests. The list of the flora and fauna is enclosed as Annexure-7 & 8. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 amended in 2002, is in force for protection and conservation of Wildlife in Punjab. Under the above act, the forest offices have been duly empowered for implementation of the policies of protection & conservation of Wilflife as the Wildlife Wardens. The other junior officers are vested with the powers of detection of illegal wildlife crime. They are required to report to the Chief Wildlife Wardens for taking necessary actions and drawing of Wildlife Offence Reports.

8.2.2 Management of Wildlife in areas other than in Sanctuaries: In the case of the Wild life present in areas other than in Sanctuaries, the management shall be under the Supervision of the DFO (Territorial). It is worth mentioning, here that the presence of wild life is almost negligible in areas other than in Sanctuaries. This is because the areas other than Sanctuaries means the narrow strips of land adjoining the roads, canals railway lines etc which are neither the natural habitat of the wild animals nor are they conducive to the habits of wild life. The heavy biotic pressure like the vehicular traffic along the roads, the habitation areas along such forest strips, and the rapid urbanization in many areas also 96 contributes to the negligible presence of wild animals. Therefore, this working Plan does not feel the necessity to treat the wild life in a separate working Circle and prescribe specific management. However, a good number of birds – aquatic, terrestrial as well as arboreal are present along the water bodies like canals, distributaries, minor etc. The presence of water, tall weeds, grasses, reeds and dead, dry trees make these areas very conducive for the avifauna population. In order to protect and harbour this population of wild life it should be ensured that: 1 Fruit trees along such strips are retained.

2 Some dead, dry trees which form the nesting place for the birds are retained.

3 Protection from fire by removing the dry grasses and other inflammable materials from the surrounding area and peripheral area. 4 Protection from illegal poaching and prosecuting offenders strictly as per provisions of the Wild Life protection Act, 1972. Spreading of awareness among the people, especially of the nearby areas regarding the importance of wild life, the responsibility of people towards conservation as well as consequences in case of violations.

97 Chapter 9 Joint Forest Management (Overlapping) Working Circle

9.1 Joint Forest Management

As envisaged in the National Forest Policy, 1988, the participation of people in the protection, management and development of forest has assumed more and more significance. In Patiala Division, the forests are mainly in the form of strips along canals, roads, embankments etc. There is not much scope of Joint Forest Management on such strips of forest land or in the small pockets of block forests, most of which has been declared as protected areas under the Wild Life Protection Act, 1973. However, keeping in view the limited areas under tree cover, the non- availability of vacant areas where plantation could be carried out, the need for a comprehensive approach towards involving people in the establishment of new areas which may be covered with trees in felt. Under the scheme, people may be encouraged to grow trees in their own farms, strips adjoining their fields and in return, government and the people can share the benefits derived therefrom. Towards this end, the Government has declared a policy of benefit sharing with the people. The Forest Development Agency (FDA) was established in each Forest Division for the afforestation works on private, Panchayat and Government lands. The funding was supported by the National Eco Development Board (NAEB), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Recently in the place of FDA, SFDA has been constituted at State Level for further working and better supervision of the afforestation works. 9.2 Special objects of Management. 1. To give adequate portection to the existing forest resources in the division through effective people’s participation. 2. To maintain and improve the quality of the environment,that is, the existing vegetation/tree cover should be maintained for the conservation and improvement of the environment and for the better living conditions for human beings. 3. To reduce the pressure on the forests by diverting the pressure with the alternative sources of energy.

98 4. To manage the forests in such a way that there is effective sharing of unsufructs to the people in a sustainable manner. 5. To create awareness among the people about the importance of the forest resources/tree cover for a better future to humanity. 6. Overall socioeconomic development of the fringe areas. 9.3 Government Policies on Joint Forest Management The Government of Punjab passed a resolution on 14th July 1993 for the constitution of JFM committees. This was revised vide resolution dated 18th November 2003, keeping in mind the guideline of GOI issued in this regard. Later all the JFMCs in each forest division were coordinated under the Forest Development Agency (FDA’s) for that particular division. The main objectives of this agency are:-  Conservation, management and increase in the forest cover in the project area, in a sustainable manner.  Conservation of soil and water in the project area.  Employment generation through creation of productive community assets.  Formation of village level committees which will carry out the activities mentioned above.  Employement generation to most needy sectionof the society, particularly women, SC/ST and landless labourers and encourage them to be self-sufficient.  To train the rural women in income generating activities and to improve their social, economical and health conditions.  To avail the alternative sources of energy to the rural people, and subsequently decreasing their dependence on forest for fuel.  To inculcate the idea of conservation of natural resources among the members of JFMs and other people.  To ensure the active people participation in the implementation of the different objectives of the project.  To share the usufructs with the local people. To effectively implement this objectives, a percentage of the allocated funds can be used for entry point activities which are taken up in the JFM areas so that active coordination between the Forest Development agency

99 and the villagers improves. Micro plans are also to be drawn up for investment and production activities after taking into consideration the local needs of the people. Self Help Groups can also be constituted. The money saved can be used for developing other income generating activities. Along with these there is increased need to improve the marketing places processing facilities so that the villagers world is open to major marketing and processing faciliies so that the villagers world is open to major marketing places economically. As the self reliance of the Villagers increase, their dependence on the forests and resulting, destruction of these valuable resources gradually decreases. The FDAs have an executive committee and a general body. The conservator of Forests heads the executive body of the FDA. There would be representation from all the line departments and JFM committees. The Divisional Forest Officer would be the Chief Executive Officer of the FDA. The executive body has to meet once in every year to elect its office holders from among the JFMC members. The gerneral body also should meet regularly in a year to decide on their activities. The constitution of the FDA’s will bring new zest into the working of the Joint Forest Management Programme in Punjab. 9.4 Present Conditions of Forest The natural forests have deteriorated alarmingly for the reason that they were not allowed growing naturally up to maturity for potential yield. The plantations raised artificially could not be protected to their rotation ages except in a few areas Constraint to protection of forests is mainly due to the close vicinity of the Forest with towns. The forest areas have also depleted considerably and more and more areas are goint out of management every year. The result of deterioration and depletion of forests is that an acute crisis of timber, firewood and other forest produces exists in the markets and particularly the timber is out of reach to the common people. 9.5 Duties and Responsibilities in the Changed situation. 1. The existing forests are to be maintained and improved for conservation & amelioration of environment and other living conditions. 2. Protection is the most important Challenge that the forests are facing and JFM should ensure social fencing in all the areas where the problem exists. 100 3. Forest protection forces should be formed to aid the forest patrolling parties to protect the forests. 4. The demand of timber, fuel wood and other forest produces are to be met up from the existing forests by way of sharing of usufruct benefits in lieu of protection. 5. To ensure smooth harvesting of the forest produce by the forest department. 6. To integrate the interest of the forest dwellers with the forest management. 7. Immediate fencing of the borders to prevent the illegal transport of timber to Punjab. The above objectives can be achieved and ensured through the successful protection and conservation of the existing forests. 9.6 Implementation of Joint Forest Management Policies Patiala Division Since its implementation JFM had taken its roots in Patiala Forest Division. Patiala Forest Division has good mixed forests with many villages surrounding it. The list below shows all the JFMCs formed in Patiala Forest Division. List of VFCs and their Registration Numbers Sr.No Name of VFCs Registration Number 1 Raisal C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/1/21.12.2006 2 Jassomajra C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/3/21.12.2006 3 Mallewal C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/5/21.12.2006 4 Khokh C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/7/21.12.2006 5 Tarkheri C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/9/21.12.2006 6 Jindalpur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/11/21.12.2006 7 Kalho Majra C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/19/21.12.2006 8 Rampur Kalan C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/21/21.12.2006 9 Bhedwal Jhungia C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/23/21.12.2006 10 Madanpur Chalheri C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/25/21.12.2006 11 Khanpur Khurd C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/27/21.12.2006 12 Uddha C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/35/2.1.2007 13 Nohran C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/37/2.1.2007 14 Saholi C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/39/2.1.2007 15 Rohta C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/41/2.1.2007 16 Sadho Heri C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/43/2.1.2007 17 Kansuha Kalan C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/45/2.1.2007 18 Ajnoda Khurd C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/47/2.1.2007 19 Amlala C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/57/2.1.2007 20 Mehmadpur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/59/2.1.2007 21 Hasanpur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/61/2.1.2007 22 Magra C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/63/2.1.2007 23 Rajaapur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/65/2.1.2007 24 Badana C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/67/2.1.2007 25 Kishanpura C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/69/2.1.2007 101 26 Ngal C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/71/2.1.2007 27 Sanoli C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/73/2.1.2007 28 Dadrala C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/75/2.1.2007 29 Mahiwala C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/77/2.1.2007 30 Bamna C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/87/4.1.2007 31 Mavi Kalan C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/89/4.1.2007 32 Gajipur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/91/4.1.2007 33 Prem Singh Wala C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/93/4.1.2007 34 Kalwanoo C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/95/4.1.2007 35 Marori C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/97/4.1.2007 36 Dilawarpur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/99/4.1.2007 37 Sainimajra C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/101/4.1.2007 38 Sansarwal C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/103/4.1.2007 39 Rajgarh C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/105/4.1.2007 40 Bijalpur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/107/4.1.2007 41 Kahangarh Gharacho C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/109/4.1.2007 42 Hushain Pur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/119/4.1.2007 43 Miranpur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/121/4.1.2007 44 Suniarheri C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/123/4.1.2007 45 Akaut C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/125/4.1.2007 46 Bishanpur Chhana C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/127/4.1.2007 47 Bibipur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/129/4.1.2007 48 Rauni C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/131/4.1.2007 49 Sidhuwal C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/133/4.1.2007 50 Khera Jattan C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/135/4.1.2007 51 Kharabgarh C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/137/4.1.2007 52 Binjal C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/139/4.1.2007 53 Nijampur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/141/4.1.2007 54 Pur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/143/4.1.2007 55 Daun Kalan C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/145/4.1.2007 56 Samuspur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/147/4.1.2007 57 Chaura C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/149/4.1.2007 58 Jogipur C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/151/4.1.2007 59 Khatauli C.F.S.Patiala/FDA, Patiala/153/4.1.2007

Here all the JFMCs are working under FDA. In all these JFMCs a variety of entry point activities are being undertaken under FDA which includes activities like poultry, Piggery, Mushroom cultivation, providing fish fingerlings, providing sewing machines to villagers, creation of bound parties including rural youth, distribution of malai threads, wool decoration materials, self starter generators, bicycles, cows, rubber sheet machines, etc. Several assets that were created as entry point activities were handed over to the self help groups for upkeep maintenance and future benefit sharing. Self-help groups are goint to be created which will become instrumental in creation of

102 many assets out of their saving and protection of forests has also improved tremendously to their involvement. Still the challenges are many and more needs to be done for the better future of forests of Patiala. Some forest villages or habitations near good plantation areas or forest area are to be selected for implementations of the Joint Forest Management Scheme. The share of revenue to the forests dwellers may be fixed as per the latest provisions of the government. Share of revenue will be precondition to the forests. Celebrative governmental development programmes can be taken up with the department of rural development of the state for the overall development of these forest villages. The territorial Divisional Forest Officer should take the initiative in this respect. Patiala Forest Division has already taken some steps in this respect. The concerned Range Officer and Beat Officers may be sent to visit project areas where there is successful implementation of the JFM programmes. 9.7 Sharing of Usufructs with the JFM Beneficiaries The beneficiaries will be allowed to collect the minor forest produce, dead and fallen leaves and fodder free of cost without causing damage to the forests.

103 Chapter 10 NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCE (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

10.1 General Constitution The general principles followed in constitution of this working circle and JFM Working Circle as these areas are suited for cultivation of different kinds of NTFPs. However the collection or management of NTFTs are not systematic. 10.2 General Character of the Vegetation. The species yielding non-timber forest produces grow everywhere in the forests of the division with other vegetation. The occurrence of different kinds of forest types in the division has been described under article numbers 3.1.1, 3.1.2 of Chapter 3 of Part 1 of the Plan and non-wood forest vegetation are their associates. Leaves, flowers, seeds, barks, roots, etc which are non-wood forest produces are collected from herbs, shrubs and trees of the forests for their medicinal and economical values.Thatch, Palm leaves, grass, Mango, Jamun, etc are collected from the forests in huge quantities. Honey is a non-wood forest produce which is also collected from the forest areas. Apart from the non-wood forest produces mentioned here and the timbers and the fuel wood, any other produce.

10.3 Area Statement. This working circle comprises of the whole area under Patiala Division and especially those falling under plantation working circle, JFM working circle as these areas are suited for cultivation of different kinds of NTFPs.

10.4 Special Objects of Management Primary Objectives. 1. To protect, conserve and improve the non-wood produces (minor forest produces) which have not been covered by the prescriptions of other working circles.

104 2. To build up the growing stock of non-wood forest produces and medicinal plants in proper composition and condition. 3. To raise plantation of medicinal plant species. 4. To increase the market and scope for processing of these medicinal plants to economical products. 5. To bring the cultivation and marketing of NTFPs under the ambit of J.F.M. and Forest Development Agency so that it gradually becomes a source of livelihood for the fringe residents. Secondary Objectives 1. To increase the value of the forests by introducing the commercially valuable non-timber forest produces. 2. To raise crop as under-storey plantation and maintain them. 3. To conserve the natural heritage by preserving the existing forests with their variety of flora and fauna and to conserve the genetic resource. 10.5 Analysis and Valuation of the Crop Aam, Jamun, Khazur, Arjun, Ashok, Neem, Bel, Pipual, etc tree species have high economical and medicinal values for their leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, barks, roots, etc. and occur in the forests in good numbers. Brahmi, Tulsi, Pundina, Sarpagandha, Kalamegh, etc which are very important medicinal plants and are collected from forests. Their occurrence is not so adequate. Kana and Kahi grasses are available plenty in the forests. Natural regeneration of the species yielding non-wood forest produces (or minor forest produecs) is usually inadequate. Grazing and other biotic interference exist and the natural regeneration is affected. 10.6 Silvicultural System: The Silvicultural system to be followed is the Selection System. Only the silviculturally available non-wood forest produces are to be extracted with due importance to the rotation of the specific species. The trees, which have medicinal values for their fruits, seeds, barks, leaves, etc are to be protected and the vegetative parts are to be extracted scientifically. Plantation of medicinal plants and other highly valuable NWFP are to be raised following the standard method. Natural regeneration in patches of medicinal plants and other NWFP may be supplemented by artificial planting.

105 The selection of the areas is left to the discretion of the territorial DFOs and it should be tried to raise these plantations through JFM beneficiaries after markets are sought so that they get some revenue. Demonstration centers like Herbel garden to be promoted to raise more awareness among common public. 10.7 Choice of Species Aam, Amrud, bahera, Ber, Arjun, Jamun, Neem, Mahua etc medicinal tree species are to be mixed with major plantation species to be raised in the Plantation Working Circle and JFM Working Circle. The Plantation of medicinal plants of brahmi, sarpagandha, tulsi, pudina, kalamegh, etc and other herbs, which are prioritized species are to be raised in herbal gardens as demonstration plots as well as under storey inter crops to obtain revenue. Good grass areas of Kana and Kahi are to be maintained for extraction by the villagers. 10.8 Exploitable Size and Rotation. Non-wood forest produces are derived from herbs, shrubs, climbers, grasses, trees etc which are annual, bi-annual and perennial in lognevity. So the herbs, shrubs, climbers etc are to be collected annually or bi-annually depending upon the life span of the individual species. The flowers, fruits, seeds, barks, leaves and other vegetative parts are to be collected from the perennial trees depending on their phenological characters,i.e. flowering time, fruit maturing time, seed maturing time, etc. Barks and roots from trees are to be collected only with permission from the Divisional Forest Officer.The trees yielding non-timber forest produces are not be felled for extraction before attaining their age of physical rotation. 10.9 Prescription of treatment. There is no hard and fast rule for collection of NTFP. But only the silviculturally available produces are to be allowed for collection and if any area is found deficient of any species, such species is not to be allowed for collection. The calculation of yield cannot be done for many species of NTFPs as they are neither systematically harvested nor grown in the Division at present. 10.10 Planting Cycle. 106 The planting cycle to be followed is ten years corresponding to the period of the plan. The operation for artificial planting in the gaps for supplementing the natural regeneration, raising plantation of medicinal plants, raising medicinal tree species mixing with the principal species, etc are to be carried out in the available areas. Other improvement works are also to be carried out in these areas. The areas to be selected for raising these plantations are left to the discretion of the respective Divisional Forest Officers. 10.11 Method of Treatment 1. Wherever medicinal tree species are mixed with the principal plantation species they are to be retained during tending, thinning, etc operation which are to be carried out for establishment of the principal species. 2. During tending, thinning, etc operations in these areas, if any patch of medicinal plant is found which requires tending, thinning, etc for its improvement such operations are to be carried out. 3. Non-wood forest produces or minor forest produces are as important as major forest produces and have pronounced uses in human life. So, all the forest field officers should remember during carrying out different operations in the forests that the NWFP are protected, maintained and improved. 10.12 Miscellaneous Regulations 1. No lopping of Bahera, Jamun, Neem and Mango trees is permissible. 2. Lopping of Khajur leaves are permissible only to after ensuring that a unit of 5 leaves per tree are left. 3. The NTFP plantations raised are to be adequantely tended according to standard procedure and schedule. 4. Grazing is totally prohibited in the areas where NTFP plantations are raised. 5. Adequate fencing is to be provided necessary.

107 Chapter-11 FOREST PROTECTION (OVERLAPPING) WORKING CIRCLE

11.1 General Constitution The general principle followed in constitution of this working circle has been explained in earlier chapters. This working circle has been formed for protection of forests wealth by way of regular patrolling in the forest as well as non-forest areas of the division. Forest resources particularly timbers and fuel wood is very valuable and is growing in nature in open conditions. Forests meet up the basic needs of the people. Forest produces are largely used as industrial raw materials. Forests i.e. green vegetative covers maintain environment living conditions for human being and all other animals. So its protection is necessary and is to be ensured. The pressure on the forests is also very high as there is increase in population and because of the easy money it brings through illegal activity. The Working Circle extends over the whole of the Patiala Forest Division as the whole of the forests is under severe biotic especially human pressure. The protection can also be from other stresses like fire, soild erosion, weeds and firewood collectors. 11.2 Special Objects of Management 1. To provide protection of the valuable forests of Patiala Division. 2. To prevent free flow of illegal timber. 3. To protect the forests against fire. 4. To adopt good soil conservation measures. 5. Increase social fencing measures through effective JFM programmes. 11.3 Legal Provisions. Forest is a renewable resources and its management cannot be successful without its protection. So there are legal provisions for protection of forests in Indian Forests Act 1927 and its Punjab amendments and Punjab Forest Rules. All the forest personnel engaged in the management of forests have been duly empowered for protection of forests. The Divisional Forest Officer is in overall charge for protection of forests in the division and the Range Officers,Block Officers and Forest Guards in their respective protection units to assist him. 11.4 Formulation of the Protection Enforcement System. The DFO is in overall charge of the portection of forests in the division. The Range Officer is entrusted with the responsibilities of enforcing protection measures in the Range area by way of patrolling and detecting forest offences. He is required to

108 draw offence reports and send them to the DFO to get it sanctioned either for compounding of offence or for prosecution which has to be decided by the DFO. The Block Officer is entrusted with the responsibility of enforcing protection measures in the Block area by way of patrolling and detecting the forest offences. Block forest officer is also empowered for accepting the compounding fee from the offenders as well as sending the cases for prosecution. Foresters are directly assisted by the Forest Guards posted under him. The Forest Guards posted in the beats are entrusted with the power of detecting forest offences and they are required to report to the Block Officers under whom their services have been placed. The new concept of JFM also has provisions for formation of Self Help Groups, which can be given the responsibility of protection in lieu of the usufructs that they receive from those areas. 11.5 Execution of Search Warrants. The forest officers up to the rank of Range Officer are empowered with the power of executing Search Warrants in any premises for finding out the hidden illegally collected forest produces. 11.6 Powers of Arresting the Offenders. The forest officers up to the rank of foresters may arrest the forest offenders in case of necessity. The offender/Offenders is/are to be released or handed over to the nearest police station within 24 hours from the time of arrest for other legal actions which are required to be taken as per rule. 11.7 Collection of Information In-charge, Range Officer and Block Officers should maintain a system of collection of information on illicity felling in the forests, extraction of illegal produces from the forests, illegal transport to the markets and other places, utilization of huge timbers in Government construction. Direct patrolling may not be effective in all such cases. 11.8 Special patrolling during night. Though there is no unit of Special Task Force in the division but the forest guards do special checking operation during night-time. 11.9 Special measures against smuggling of forest produces across border. Smugglers, miscreants and dishonest traders organize illicit felling in the forests and carry valuable timbers. The timbers for the market are also smuggled out for more profit. These sorts of prolonged unlawful activities create a condition of deficiency in supply and availability of timbers and other forest produces in the 109 market, which hikes the price in market. As a result the common people cannot purchase the timbers for their essential needs. Such a situation in the state cannot be allowed to continue in the interest of the people. Organized illicit felling in the forests is to be resisted by special patrolling measures. The police station posts are to be reminded from time to time for effective control of smuggling out of timbers and othe forest produces from the state. Any forest produce that is detected by any military, police or other paramilitary forces have to be handed over to the nearest forest official. 11.10 Posting of Young Healthy Personnel in Patrolling Parties Young, energetic and physically fit forest personnel should be posted in the patrolling parties for performance of tough duties. Aged, unhealthy and ill personnel should not be given the protection duty.More over there should be more recruitments and patrolling staff should have regular transfers also. 11.11 Other Protection measures. Other Protection measures like protection from fire has to be taken care of by making adequate number of fire lines and their good maintenance from time to time. Soil conservation measures have also to be adopted. Silvicultural systems like selection system can aid to improve soil conservation measures as it least disturbs the forest soils.

110 Chapter-12 Miscellaneous Regulations 12.1 Petty Fellings: The following kinds of trees may be marked for such fellings. 1. Trees required for scientific works at the Research and Training Divisions, Hoshiarpur and FRI, Dehradun. 2. Trees required to be felled for establishing new nurseries, extension or alteration of nurseries with the permission of 3. Trees required for establishing fire-lines, etc. 4. All deviations, which permanently alter the basis of management laid down in a working plan, will require prior sanction of the PCCF. All deviations, which do not permanently alter the basis of management and with the necessity of which he agrees, may be approved and sanctioned by the Working Plan Conservator on behalf of the PCCF. In case where there is difference of opinion between the Working Plan Conservator and the Territorial Conservator, the former will refer them to the PCCF for instructions. The PCCF/CFWP, as the case may be, will countersign the deviation statement.(as per para 83 of NWPC) 5. Minor deviations can be sanctioned at the level of the CF Working Plan or the PCCF as the case may be; but the PCCF, before sanctioning the National Working Plan Code 46 major deviations of following nature, will necessarily take prior approval of the Regional CCF of the Ministry of Environment & Forests: (i) change in Silvicultural System; (ii) clear Felling of Natural Forest; (iii) formation of new Felling Series; and (iv) large scale felling due to natural calamities, which cannot be adjusted against future yield. .(as per para 83 of NWPC) The petty fellings will be shown in the control forms if the trees which count towards yield are felled. The trees which do not count towards yield will not appear in the control forms and their felling shall be regulated by the Conservator of Forests, South Circle, Patiala. 12.2 Construction of Roads/Link roads:

111 No construction of roads/link roads should be allowed without the sanction of competent authority/GOI as they attract the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 12.3 Buildings: A large number of buildings already exist in the division for office and residential accommodation of the staff. In fact, a good amount of construction work was done during the last part of the previous working plan period. A list of buildings constructed during the said period is given below: Table 12.1 : List of Existing Buildings SL.No CATEGORY TOTAL RANGE YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION 1 Class IV Quarter 1 Patiala 1992-93 2 Garage 4 Nabha R HQ 1999-2000 PNC DFO Office 1999-2000 PNC CF Office 1999-2000 PNC Dy DFO ® 1999-2000 3 Watch-tower 3 Nabha R HQ 1999-2000 Samana 1999-2000 Samana 1999-2000 4 Pump house 10 Patiala (3) 1999-2000 Patiala (2) 1999-2000 Nabha (2) 1999-2000 Samana (3) 1999-2000 5 Seed Store 5 Patiala (2) 1999-2000 Sirhind 1999-2000 Samana 1999-2000 Nabha 1999-2000 6 Store 4 Nabha 1999-2000 Patiala 1999-2000 Samana 1999-2000 Sirhind 1999-2000 7 Tractor Shed 2 Samana 1999-2000 Nabha 1999-2000 8 Store 1 Patiala 2000-01 Range/Division Office, 2 Chattbir 2000-01 9 Fire Watch Tower 1 Nabha Range 2000-01 10 Van Chetna 1 Patiala 2000-01 Kendra 11 Room & 1 Patiala Range 2000-01 Varandah attached with Rest house 12 Forest Rest House 1 Bhadson Range 2000-01

112 However, most of the older buildings need repair and maintenance like the old rest house in Rani Dhee at Bir Agol and the old rest house at Bir Bhunerheri. Besides these, the following buildings need to be constructed. 12.4 Maintenance of boundaries and pillars:

Boundary pillars of strip forests will be got erected & repaired with a close coordination among the different departments of PWD (B&R), Canal, drainage, Railways & Forests. In the case of Birs even though demarcation has been done, boundary pillars in some of them are missing or have been damaged for want of regular programme of checking and maintenance. Some areas under adverse possession for several years have recently been removed. However, a few areas like the encroachment in Kule Majra still remains. It is therefore, of paramount importance that all these forests are re-demarcated and boundary pillars maintained. The forward and backward bearing of all sensitive boundary pillars should be kept on record so that in case of conflict. They can be identified and verified easily. The use of modern technology like Global Positioning System (GPS) in demarcation, construction and maintenance of boundary pillars etc. is highly recommended. A five-year programme for checking and maintaining external boundaries is prescribed for the Bir forests as given below:

Table 12.2 : Program for Checking and Maintaining Boundaries

YEAR RANGE NAME OF THE BIR FORESTS Patiala Bir Majal Khurd 2012-13 Nabha Bir Anna Derian and Bir Bhoray Agol 2013-14 Bhadson

2013-14 Patiala Bir Kheri Gujran, Bir Kartarpura and Samana Bir Gurdialpura 2014-15

2015-16 Patiala Mirapur, Khurampur

Patiala Bir Kulemajra, Bir Sannaur 2016-17 Samana Bir Mallah Kheri, Bir Gurdialpura Sirhind Bir Sirhind, Bir Derah 2018-19 Patiala Bir Miranpur, Bir Goghpur and Nabha Bir Dosanjh 2020-2021 Sirhind Bir Amloh

113 Special attention is invited to the demarcation of Bir Agol (C-45b ~ 15.60 ha), area adjoining C-45a, although included in the Bir Forests, has yet not been demarcated. Similarly in MotiBagh and Bir Gurdialpura, areas declared as Wild Life Sanctuaries and remaining areas under the Forest Department should be demarcated properly. In Bir Sirhind, encroachments are on the increase, being in the middle of a township. As all the Bir Forests lie in the fertile agricultural belt, there is likelihood of encroachments on the forest land. Therefore, regular programme of checking and maintenance of boundary pillars is of prime necessity.

All these areas, after demarcation should be permanently created with barbed wire or thorny hedges. The pillars must be numbered and written. The distantly located pillars may be connected to one another by digging lines, which should be cleared.

The Range Forest Officer should check the boundaries once a year and record a certificate to that effect on the Boundary Register. The Block Officer should check the entire boundaries of his block once a year and send the necessary report to the ranger Forest Officer. The Beat Guards should keep the records of boundaries of their beats in the Beat Book.

12.5 Declaration of Protected Forests: Forest areas of Bir Gurdialpura (Samana Range) and all Bir forests of Sirhind Range are managed as Unclassed Forests. Efforts should be made at the earliest to declare these forests as protected forests under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.

12.6 Fire Protection:

The forest areas, both Birs and Strip forests are prone to fire damage, as they are situated adjoining to the agricultural fields. The harvest refuse in burnt by the farmers, sometimes resulting in forest fires in the adjoining forests. Therefore strict vigil during the harvesting season, both during rabi and Kharif crops is required.

The following measures are suggested for fire prevention: 1 The people who have their fields adjoining strip forests should be educated to burn the crop residue in such a way that it does not cause damage to the adjoining forest crop. This can be achieved by controlled burning. 2. The rank growth of kana and kahi should be disposed off by auctioning. 3. The compartment roads and internal boundary of compartments should be cleared of grasses and bushed.

114 4. Harrowing of interspace between the rows of trees should be done to check fire-hazard. 5. Fire-towers should be erected at suitable places.

6. Fire-watchers should be employed from March to June every year in the fire- season. 7. The territorial staff should maintain good relations with the local people to garner their support in case of fires and other eventualities.

8. The felling refuse should be burnt under strict supervision. The Division Forest Officer should visit the fire-affected areas immediately after it comes to his knowledge and should submit a report to the Conservator of Forests giving all the details of occurrence of fire, cause of fire and damage occurred to the crop with remedial measures for the future. 12.7 Control of Grazing: Areas that have to be taken up for plantation should be fenced with barbed wire well in advance. Strict enforcement of the penal provisions of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and the Cattle Trespass Act, 1871 should be enforced and the rates of compensation should be revised from time to time.

12.8 Research Plots: At present, there are 6 research plots in compartment No.16 and 17 of Bir Kartarpura. These research plots were established during the year 2004 and were tried to establish germplasm bank of different species. Now the plots are in healthy condition able to give the required stock for trials at different sites with different soil and weather conditions. It is advisable to lay out some sample plots for research purposes in Bir Sanour. Similarily some research experiments should be laid out in the Bir forests to suggest better productivity of these forests and also to afforest the badly effected areas.

12.9 Nurseries: There are 14 nurseries in Patiala Forest Division and these are strategically located in order to cater of planting in forest areas and to meet the demands of farm forestry. Since nursery stock forms the backbone of success of forest plantations, these should be given prime importance and they should be well protected from the menace of wildlife and other biotic pressures and properly fenced.

115 Table-12.9 : List of Nurseries Annual turn Sr. Area in Name of Range Name of Nursery Location of plants No. No. ha ( in lacs) Nabha-Gobindgarh 1 Sirhind Amloh 0.75 0.65 Road km 45-46 G.T.Road (near 2 Sirhind Sirhind 0.75 1.00 Range office) 3 Bhadson 1. Bir Agaul Bir. 1.50 2.00 4 --do-- 2. Rani Dhi --do-- 1.00 1.50 5 --do-- 3. Mangewal --do-- 0.50 0.50 6 Samana 1. Samana Samana Range Office 1.00 1.00

7 --do-- 2. Tagriabbu Patiala Samana Road 2.00 1.20 near km stone 15 8 Patiala 1. Bhunerhei Bir 2.00 1.00 9 --do-- 3. P.N.C. Near DFO Office 0.4 0.60 10 --do-- 4. Kartarpura Bir 0.5 1.35 Nabha Disty Near 11 Nabha Bagichi 1.5 0.23834 Rly. Station 12 Nabha 1. Mehas Bir C.4 1.50 0.6019 13 Rajpura 1. Bhagora NBC 1.8 1.00 14 --do-- 2. Ghanour N.B.C 497-98 R/S 1.4 1.00

Almost all the nurseries are run and maintained following the old, traditional methods. In orders to increase the quality of the seedling and to minimize the cost, better and modern technologies like construction of green-house and shade-house, use of root-trainers in place of the age-old polythene bags, provision of micro-water sprinklers etc. should be made. Production through vegetative methods like cuttings and cloning may be used to multiply the available good stock to required numbers. As per recommendations of the earlier working plan, “Plus Trees” for collection of certified seeds have been identified and duly marked in different parts of the Division. The record about the selection and maintenance of plus trees needs to be maintained properly in the Divisional Office. Only seeds selected from such identified sources should be for plantation programmes. 12.10 Problematic Areas:

There are a few patches of saline alkaline and waterlogged areas. The saline- alkaline patches will be treated with Gypsum before taking up plantations and the waterlogged area will be treated by constructing ridges/mounds of earth and planting suitable species like Arjun, Willow, Jamun etc.

116 12.11 Establishment of a Cell for removal of encroachments A committee under the Charimanship of the Conservator has been constituted for removal of the encroachments. Deputy Commissioner, Senior Superintendent of Police, Divisional Forest Officer are the members of the committee. 12.12 Biodiversity Conservation As per the guidelines of the National Forest Policy 1988 and the objectives of the Biodiversity Convention, 1991 signed at Rio de Janeiro, emphasis should be laid on planting a mixture of indigenous species rather than concentrating on monocultures. 12.13 Monitoring & Evaluation Although there will be no review of the Working Plan but the results of plantation, silvicultural prescriptions and other treatments will be monitored and evaluated yearly preferably by a separate unit set up for the purpose. The corrective measures will be taken, if need be, on the basis of the results of the study. 12.14 Petty Sales: Dry and fallen trees may be disposed off as early as possible to avoid financial loss. Grasses (Sarkanda) and fruit auction will be held in time so that they are in good conditions and attractive to the contractors and fetch good price. 10.15 Beat Books: Each beat guard should maintain a Beat-Book to be prepared and issued by the Divisional Office. The Beat Book shall contain the following information: 1. Map of the Bir/Strip forests in his beat. 2. Details about the area like length, width, area, boundaries, H.B.Nos. etc. 3. Copy of Boundary Registers of Bir Forests. 4. Duties of Beat Forest Guard. 5. LegalStatus of the forest area with Government notification. 6. Abstract copy of the relevant sections of the Indian Forest Act, 1927, Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 , Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and Vernacular translations thereof. 7. List of buildings, roads, paths, fire lines etc in the Bir/Strip forest of his beat. 8. Details of plantations raised during the last 10 years.

117 Chapter 13 Maintenance of Records for Control

13.1 Records :

A detailed record of each forestry activity shall be maintained in order to have a solid database for scientific monitoring, evaluation and future planning. In order to avoid any complicacy at any level, the controlling officers should inspect the following documents while touring : 1. Annual Plan of Operations. 2. Plantation Journals. 3. Forest journals. 4. Nursery Registers. 5. Divisional Note-Book 6. Control Forms. 7. Fire Control Forms. 8. Deviation Statement.

13.1.1 Annual Plan of Operations : Annual Plan of Operations should be prepared by the Divisional Forest Officer in advance and works executed according to the approved plan. 13.1.2 Plantation Journals: For each plantation, a separate journal shall be maintained in prescribed form, wherein a complete record of plantation viz year of plantation, area under plantation, number of plants, species planted, details of expenditure incurred month wise, compartment-wise/strip-wise/locality-wise etc. should be given. It will also, later on, include the maintenance cost for subsequent three years. At the end of each year observations regarding success of the plantation, growth figures etc. shall be recorded in the journals. Instructions of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Punjab, regarding checking of plantations issued from time to time, should also be followed. 13.1.3 Forest Journals:

The Forest Journals are the most important record of the history of the forests. They should be maintained in the prescribed performa for each forest separately. All forestry activities such as regeneration, felling and enumeration, maintenance cost, weed cutting, constructing of fire-lines etc. should be recorded for a year. For each year, there will be one entry that should be signed by the Forest Range Officer. The 118 inspection notes by the officers should be filled in the journals. The Divisional Forest Officer should inspect the entries at the time of annual office inspection. 13.1.4 Nursery Registers :

For each nursery, a separate register shall be maintained. It shall have monthly detail of operations and expenditure incurred, plants raised, plants used departmentally, plants supplied to the public during the month etc. Detail of plants supplied free of cost to other Government, departments, public institutions etc. shall also be recorded in the register. Plants destroyed as a result of natural calamities or otherwise shall be got written off from the competent authority. A copy of the nursery register showing details of species wise nursery stock should be sent to the Divisional Office monthly. 13.1.5 Divisional Note-Book :

The Divisional Forest Officer should maintain a note-book in which the following information should be recorded: 1 Flowering and seeding of important tree species. 2 Climate-rainfall and temperature experienced during the year and its effect on the forest crop. 3 Pests and diseases noticed on the forest crop, the treatment and result thereof. 4 Growth data of trees collected during the year. 5 Problems regarding labour. 6 Any other matter important from the forest management point of view. 13.1.6 Control Forms:

The following standard control forms prescribed by the P.C.C.F. Punjab should be maintained: i. Form 2(a) : For the control of Yield in a Working Circle. ii. Form 3 : For the control of regeneration operations, and iii. Form 4 : For the control of other miscellaneous operations. These forms shall be maintained and submitted to the Conservator of Forests as per instructions of the Government. 13.1.7 Fire Control Forms: The record of forest fires should be maintained in the prescribed proformas. The details of area burnt with sketch, cause of fire, date of fire, damage, date of time

119 of control, damage and the appropriate financial loss will be recorded. The information should be correct and up-to-date. 13.1.8 Deviation Statement:

No deviation should be done without the prior approval of the competent authority. To exercise control over progress of various operations at the end of each financial year, the prescription of the Working Plan will be compared with the progress of felling, regeneration or other miscellaneous works and any excess or shortfall will be recorded, giving reasons for deviation and sanction of the competent authority be given.

120 Chapter 14 Financial Estimates and Expenditure on Working Plan

The following is the financial forecast of the Working plan. The calculations are based on the Royalty rates of the PSFDC. It is expexted that the rise in prices of wages and materials etc. will compensate the rise in the price of wood/timber.

14.1 Revenue: Table-14.1 : Revenue

Sr. No. Year Revenue (Rs.) 1 2012-13 80736464 2 2013-14 66056447 3 2014-15 72464968 4 2015-16 87214192 5 2016-17 86509835 6 2017-18 88574387 7 2018-19 87213168 8 2019-20 87382794 9 2020-21 83516663 10 2021-22 83234785 Total 822903703

14.2 Expenditure : The expenditure on various items of planting and maintenance of plantations will be high, as the areas left plantation are problematic. Further, some of the areas have to be reclaimed and then afforested. Most of the plantations have to be irrigated for one third of the rotation period. For our calculations, therefore, we have taken Rs. 79700/- per ha as the cost of plantation and Rs. 38700/- per ha as the cost of maintenance, the daily wage rate being Rs. 193/- per day. The estimated expenditure in the plan period will be: Table 14.2 : Expenditure Sr. No. Year Expenditure (Rs.) 1 2012-13 235763838 2 2013-14 190560496 3 2014-15 192853394 4 2015-16 180467243 5 2016-17 108414155 6 2017-18 376692000 7 2018-19 120374569 8 2019-20 125613063 9 2020-21 114131659 10 2021-22 207434181 Total 1852304598 121 The expenditure is more than the revenue. This is because: 5 The prescribed yield has been reduced to one half of the calculated yield as per the guideline issued by the Government of India. 6 The rates used in calculating the revenue are the Royalty rates of the PSFDC, which are much lower than the existing market rates of timber. 7 Moreover, a very conservative approach had been applied for marking of trees due to environmental and ecological considerations.

122 ANNEXURES 1

Detail of Areas of Strip Forests Range wise in Patiala Forest Division. ROADS

RAJPURA RANGE S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to Km./ in Km. Kilomater Rd / R.D.s 1 Chandigarh Patiala-Hisar Road 12 to 134 122 12-51 2 Rajpura Patiala Bye pass 0-4 4 0-4 3 Kharar Banur Road 18-22 4 18-22 4 Banur Tepla Road 0-17 17 0-17 5 Rajpura Bye pass (Old G.T. Road) 28.2-231.8 3.6 28.2-231.8 6 Bhagura Ambala Khan Road 0-13.443 13.443 0-13.443 7 Shambu Road 8-27 13-27 8 Rajpura Harplpur Road 0-13 13 0-13 9 Sarala Jamatgarh link road 0-12.147 12 0-12.147 10 Transmission area link road 0-0.590 0.590 0.590 11 Zoo-Chhatbir link road 0-6 6 0-6 12 Kharola link road 0-6.336 6.33 0-6.336 13 JandmanGoli Link road 0-3.4 3.40 0-3.40 14 24 wing road 0-2 0-2 5.00 NABHA RANGE S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to Km./ in Km. Kilomater Rd / R.D.s 1 Nabha Gobindgarh Road 0-16 18.2 0-16 2 Chakkar Road 0-5 5 0-5 3 Guast house road 0-2 2 0-2 4 Patiala Bhadson road 10-21 24.2 10-21 5 Nabha Bhawanigarh road 0-8 8 0-8 6 Nabha Malerkotla Road 3-14 11 3-14 7 Lachaheri link Road 0-2 2 0-2 9 Scooter Factory Road 0-15 8 0-15 10 Nabha Chhitawala Road 0-12 13 0-12 11 Nohra Dandrala Road 0-03 13 0-03 12 Babarpur Ghariwal Road 0-03 03 0-3 13 Nabha Dosanj Road 0-3 3 0-3 14 Dodag Darin link road 0-8 8 0-8 15 Nabha Thui Road 0-3 3 0-3 16 Nabha Gurditpura Gulwati Road 0-8 8 0-8 17 Harigarh-Chathe Link Road 0-4 4 0-4 18 Chaudhuri Majru Nohra Link 0-12 11.40 0-12 Road 19 Nabha-Gobindgarh road 0-4 0-4

123 SAMANA S. Name of Strip Length from Leng Area in No Km./Rd to Km./ th in Kilomater / Rd Km. R.D.s 1 Chandigarh Patiala-Hisar 12 to 134 122 75-134 Road 2 Patiala Sangrur Road 0-24 24 8-24 3 Ludhiana Rohtak Road 111-130 23 111-130 4 Samana Bwanigarh Road 0-15.5 15.5 0.15.5 5 Patiala Chika Road 6.600-32 25.4 26-32 6 Samana Ramnagar Road 1-12 11 1-12 7 Samana Gazipur Road 1-6 3 1-6 8 Samana Bishanpur road 0-7 7 0-7 9 Balbore Kamalpur Road 0-5 5 0-5 10 Bhupindra Sagar Road 0-2 28 0-2 11 Raitgarh Shatrana Road 0-25 4 0-25 12 Khanauri Koithal Road 0-12 11 0-12 13 Samana Kulara road 0-14 12 0-14 PATIALA S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in N Km./Rd to Km./ in Km. Kilomater / o Rd R.D.s 1 Chandigarh Patiala-Hisar Road 12 to 134 122 51-75 2 Patiala Amabala Khan Road 0-9 9 0-9 3 Patiala Nabha Road 3.800-18.200 17 3.800-18.200 4 Patiala Chika Road 6.600-24.500 25.4 6.600-24.500 5 Bhupindra Road 0-2 2 0-2 6 Rajwaha Road 0-2 2 0-2 7 Mall Road 0-4 4 0-4 8 Rajinder Tank Road 0-1 1 0-1 9 Passi Road 0-3 3 0-3 10 Pepsu Bhakhra Road 0-0.5 0.5 0-0.5 11 C.A.P. Road 0-0.500 0.5 0-0.500 12 High level Channal Road 0-2 2 0-2 13 Dukhniwaran Nabha Road 0-4 4 0-4 14 Leela Bhawan Road 0-1.3 1.3 0-1.3 15 Ranbir Marg 0-0.250 0.25 0-0.25 16 Tripuri Road 0-1.7 1.7 0-1.7 17 Patiala Pahewa Road 3-35 32 3-35 18 Patiala Sanaur Road 3-7.500 4.500 3-7.500 19 Patiala Sirhind Road 1.340-14.400 14 1.340-14.400 20 Patiala Sangrur Road 3-8 5 3-8 21 Sanaur Bhadurgarh Road 0-4.500 4.5 0-4.500 22 Patiala Suller Road 3-5.800 2.8 3-5.800 23 Devigarh Nenola Road 0-8 8 0-8 24 Rakhra Dhablan Road 0-3 3 0-3 25 Patiala Dakala Road 0-14 14 0-14 26 Rohar Ghanaur Road 0-5.400 5.400 0-5.400 27 Patiala bhadson Road 0-14 14 0-14 28 Julkan Link Road 0-8 8 0-8 29 Bahadurgar Seal Road 0-6 6 0-6 30 Upper Mall Road 0-2 1.6 0-2 31 Northern Bye Pass 0-5 5 0-5 32 Southern Bye Pass 0-19 18.600 0-19

124 BHADSON S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilomater / Km./Rd R.D.s 1 Bhadson Sirhind Road 0-7 7 0-7 2 Nabha Gobindgarh Road 4-22.2 18.2 16-22.2 3 Patiala Bhadson road 3.8-28 24.2 24-28

Sirhind S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilomater / Km./Rd R.D.s 1 G.T.Road Km 240-267/6 240-267/6 27/6 240-267/6 2 Patiala –Sirhind Road Km 14.6- 14.6-30 15.4 14.6-30 30 3 Nabha Gobindgarh Road Km 22.2-37 14.8 22.2-37 22.2-37 4 Sirhind-Chunni Road Km 5- 5-18.8 13.8 5-18.8 18.8 5 Sirhind-Morinda Road Km 0- 0-8 8 0-8 20.6 6 Sirhind –Sangat pur Rd km 0- 0-10 10 0-10 10 7 Amloh Khanna Road km 0-9 0-9 9 0-9 8 Amloh Bugga Road km 0-14 0-14 14 0-14 9 Amloh Shamash pur road km 0- 0-8 8 0-8 8 10 Sadhugarh Badali Rd 0-11 0-11 11 0-11 11 Sirhind Chakkar Rd.km 0-1.5 0-1.5 1.5 0-1.5 12 Rurkee-Charnarthal Rd. km.0-6 0-6 6 0-6 13 Jakhwali-Basant Pura Rd. km 0-13 13 0-13 0-13 14 Khoje Majari Bhamarsi Rd. km 0-10 10 0-10 0-10 15 Jakhwali Jalkheri Rd.km.0-5 0-5 5 0-5 16 Madhupur Bye Pass Km 0-6 0-6 6 0-6 17 Brass Link Road km 0-8 0-8 8 0-8 18 Bhadalhuha-Bhamarsi Rd.km 0-5 5 0-5 0-5 19 Amloh-Bye Pass km 0-1 0-1 1 0-1 20 Amloh-Hospital Rd.km 0-0.3 0-0.3 0.3 0-0.3 21 G.T.Rd.to Saundah head Link 0-3 3 0-3 Rd.0-3 22 Sirhind Tehsil Rd. km 0-1 0-1 1 0-1 23 Defera Link Road 0-4 0-4 4 0-4 24 Jakhwali Blaspur Road km 0-6 0-6 6 0-6 25 Sirhind Tarkherri Road km 0- 0-17 17 0-17 17 26 Amloh Ghadhyan Road km 6- 6-12 6 6-12 12 27 Badinpur road km 0-9 0-9 9 0-9

125 ANNEXURE 2 Detial of Areas of Strip Forests Range wise in Patiala Forest Division. CANALS Rajpura

S. Name of Strip Length Length Area in No from in Km. Kilometer Km./Rd to / RDs Km./Rd 1 Rajpura Disty. 85-118 85-118 2 Banur canal 0-123 40.718 0-123 3 Narwana Branch Canal 65-161 28.930 65-161 4 Sarai Banjare minor 0-15 4.50 0-15 5 Malaur Minor 0-4 1.106 0-4 6 Kauli Disty. 0-26.153 30.410 0-19 7 Muhabat pur Minor 0-16 4.425 0-6 8 Gharam Rajwaha 0-99.153 30.410 0-15 9 Arnauli Rajwaha 0-98 30.043 0-27 10 S.Y.L. Canal. 82-122 12.200 82-122 11 Uda pur Minor 0-96 29.210 0-30 12 Balamgarh Minor 0-14 4.294 0-14 13 Sanaur Disty 0-25 7.625 0-25 14 Chattar Nagar Minor 0-9 3 0-9 15 Dyalpur Minor 0-5 1.5 0.5 16 Jangpura Minor 0-12 3.70 0-12 17 Buden pur Minor 0-4 1.630 0-6 18 Raj Khand Minor 0-6 (0-29) 1.830 0-22 19 Naiban wala Minor 0-22 7 0-6 20 Jansuai Minor 0-6 1.830 0-6 21 Ghanaur Sub minor 0-6 1.830 0-6 22 Raj Putan wala Minor 0-15 4.80 0-6 23 Marden pur minor 0-10 3 0-10 24 Sanaur Disty 0-99.153 30.348 0-25

126 Nabha Range S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilometer/ Km./Rd Rds 1 B.M.L. 204-225 204-225 2 PF.II 90-157 20.130 90-157 3 PF. III 157-200.45 13.135 157-177 4 Mohal Gwara Disty 0-25 7.475 0-25 5 Udda Minor 0-15 4.727 0-15 6 Uple Minor 0-18 4.490 0-18 7 Nabha disty 0-16.325 5.035 0-16.325 8 G.B.C. 0-34 11 0-34 9 Chakkar Minor 0-6 1.830 0-6 10 Malka Minor 0-10 3.00 0-10 11 Kotli Rajwah 0-65 22 0-65 12 HarsGarh Minor 0-6 1.830 0-6 13 Chhajju Bhatt Minor 0-15 4.60 0-15 14 Kakrala Minor 0-37 12 0-37 15 Tung Minor 0-11 4 0-11 16 Ramgarh Minor 0-22 7 0-22 17 Chhitian Wala Minor 0-16 5 0-16 18 Paidani Minor 0-23 8 0-23 19 Saholi Minor 0-12 3.70 0-12 20 Lubana Minor 0-5 1.5 0-5 21 Hirda Pur Minor 0-15 4.6 0-15 22 Nawada Rajwah 0-12 4 0-12 23 Kassi No. I 0-6 1.830 0-6 24 Kassi No. II 0-10 3 0-10 25 Rohti Rahwah 0-25 8 0-25 26 Kassi No. 1 of Rahtion 0-6 2 0-6 27 Kassi No. II of Rahtion 0-14 4.5 0-14 28 Birdhno Minor 0-tail 3.660 0.tail 29 G.B.C Link 0.57 - 0.57 30 Allowal Disty 0.46.5 - 0.46.5 31 Bhwanigarh Rajwaha 0-10 0-10 32 Ghnurchi Minor 0-20 0-20 33 Ramgarh Rajwaha 0-tail 0-tail

127 Samana

S. Name of Strip Length from Lengt Area in No Km./Rd to h in Kilometer/Rds Km./Rd Km. 1 B.M.L 204 to 460 270-339 342- 348 352-460 2 Karamgarh Rajwah 0-70,71-78 & 41 0-70, 71-78 & 83-130 83-130 3 Marori Minor 0-15 4.81 0-15 4 Chohat Kheri Minor 0-55 18 0-55 5 Dhanetha Rajwah 0-31 9.30 0-31 6 Bishan garh branch 0-31 9.30 0-31 7 Dhanauri Rajwah 53-76 8 53-76 8 Sangatpura minor 76-109 10.210 76-109 9 Taipur Minor 0-30 9.50 0.30 10 Rasoli Minor 0-36 10.910 0-36 11 Badshah pur minor 0-30 9.200 0-30 12 Gular minor 0-17 5.150 0-17 13 Atalan Branch Da minor 0-13 3.960 0-13 No.1 14 Atalan Branch Da minor No. 0-15 43575 0-15 II 15 Attalan Branch 0-55 16.775 0-55 16 Juawant pura minor 0-20 6.12 0.20 17 Karamgarh minor (Link) 0-10 3 0-10 18 Sodhiwala minor 0-15 4.600 0-15 19 Karhali Rajwah 0-67.5 20.360 0-67.5 20 Balbera Minor 0-30 9.20 0-30 21 Minor No. III Karamgarh 0-6.183 2.01 0-6.183 link road 22 Mawi Minor 0-6 1.830 0.6 23 Kamalpur Minor 0-12 3.660 0-12 24 Daba Minor 0-10 3.05 0-10 25 Sangat pur Minor 0-10 3.05 0-10 26 Bamna Minor 0-37 11.160 0-37 27 Namada Rajwah 40-88 14.640 40-88 28 Namada Minor No.3 of 29 Namada Rajwah 0-4 1 0-4 30 Namada Minor 4 0-6 1.830 0-6 31 Namada Minor 5 0-15 4.60 0-15 32 Jahla Disty 0-25 7.625 0-25 33 Minor No. 6 of Namada 0-16.152 4.880 0-16.152 Rajwah 34 Karamgarh link 0-73 22.320 0-73 35 Choe Branch (Chaneta) 0-20 6.10 0-20 36 Choe Branch 0-69, 74-78 6.30 0-69, 74-78 & & 83-88 83-88 37 New Choe link 0-55 17.75 0-55 39 Kheri Mallah minor 0-36 10.980 0.36 40 Choe Escape 0-2.252 0.862 0-2.252 41 New minor 0-3 0.915 0-3 42 Minor are 4 of Karamgarh 0-30 9.150 0-30 43 Minor are 5 of Karamgarh 0-20 6.100 0-20 44 Dhauari Minor 55-60 1.525 55-60 128 45 Minor are 2 of Karamgarh 0-18 5.540 0-18 46 Minor are 3 of Karamgarh 0-4.129 1.349 0-4.129 47 Minor are 4 of Karamgarh 0-3.069 0.915 0-3.069 48 Minor are 5 of Karamgarh 0-4.023 1.640 0-4.023 49 Minor No. 6 of Karamgarh 0-2 0.820 0-2

Patiala

S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilometer/Rd Km./Rd s 1 B.M.L 204-460 9.980 225-270 2 Gharam Rajwah 0-99.153 30.410 17-99.153 3 Arnauli Rajwah 0-98.750 30.043 27-98.750 4 Uda pur Minor 0-96.060 29.210 30-96.060 6 PF. III 157-200.45 13.135 177-200.45 7 Baran Dari Minor 0-15.120 4.536 0-15.120 8 P.N.C. (old) 0-16 4.605 0-16 9 P.N.C. (New) 0-15.240 4.575 0-15.240 10 Moti Bagh minor 0-17 5.307 0-17 11 High level Channel 0-7.158 2.185 0-7.158 12 2 L Disty 0-37.153 5.307 0-37.153 13 Seona Minor 0-12.090 3.680 0-12.090 14 Barn Minor 0-13.153 3.975 0-13.153 15 3 R Disty 0-23.153 7.120 0-23.153 16 Sanaur Disty 0-98.500 22.050 25-99.500 17 Bahadurgarh minor 0-25 7.500 0-25 18 Fatehpur minor 0-29.153 18.148 0-59.153 19 Thakargarh Minor 0-16.180 4.854 0-16.180 20 Seikhpur Minor 0-8 & 14.400 0-48 11.120-48 21 Kotla minor 0-37.153 11.438 0-37.153 22 Bahadurpur minor 0-15.153 4.650 0-15.500 23 Jan suie Minor 30-45 4.500 30-45 24 Choe Branch (old 0-12 3.690 0-12.100 25 Jahlan Disty 0-17 5.100 0-17 26 Dhablan Disty 0-35 10.500 0-35

Bhadson S. Name of Strip Length Lengt Area in No fromKm./ h in Kilometer/ Rd to Km. Rds Km./Rd 1 Amloh Minor 41-84.204 12.100 45-84.24 2 Khanaura Minor 0-26.410 9.850 0-26.410 3 Tohra Minor 30-61.155 9.190 30-61.155 4 2 R Disty 30-65.210 10.675 30-65.210 5 Alampur Minor 0-8.153 2.540 0-8.153

129 Sirhind S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to Km./ in Km. Kilomater / Rd R.D.s 1 B.M.L RD 82-204 137-204 67 137-204 2 Narwana Branch Rd 0- 0-65 65 0-65 65 3 Raj Pura Disty. RD 0-84 50-84 34 50-84 4 I.R. Disty. RD0-90 0-90 90 0-90 5 II-R Disty RD 0-30 0-30 30 0-30 6 Akash Disty Rd 0-44 0-44 44 0-44 7 Saidpur Minor Rd 0-21 0-21 21 0-21 8 Rajindergarh Minor Rd 0-25 25 0-25 0-25 9 Amloh Minor Rd 0-45 0-45 45 0-45 10 Haripur Minor Rd 0-28 0-28 28 0-28 11 Jarag Minor Rd 0-17 0-17 17 0-17 12 Rauni Minor RD 0-30 0-30 30 0-30 13 Sangatpur Minor Rd 0- 0-35 35 0-35 35 14 Reeth Kheri Minor Rd 0- 0-55 55 0-55 55 15 Challela Minor Rd 0-28 0-28 28 0-28 16 Tara Minor Rd 0-28 0-28 28 0-28 17 Sirhind Minor Rd 0-50 25-50 25 25-50 Total Area of the Canals = 3958.31 ha

130 ANNEXURE 3 Detail of Areas of Strip Forests Range wise in Patiala Forest Division. Drains and Bandhs RAJPURA S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilomater / Km./Rd R.D.s 1 Ghaggar Bandh R/S 0-60 18.30 0-60 2 Ghaggar Bandh L/S 0-4 1.22 0-4 Ghaggar Narwana branch link 0-4 4 0-4 channel 3 Ghaggar Narwana branch link 0-4 1.22 0-4 channel R/s 4 Ghaggar branch link channel 0-37.143 11.32 0-37.143 bunch let margianal 5 Pachi Dara Bandh R/S 0-61 27.000 61.92 R/Marginal 6 Dhakansu Bandh R/S 61-92 27.000 61-92 7 Lahhru Drain Bandh (In between 0-1.108 0-413 0.413 Pachi dara Bandh Narwana Branch L.J. Bandh R/S 8 Lahhru Drain Bandh h L/S 0-0.127 0.127 0-0.127 9 Lahhru Drain Bandh L/S Rt. 0-0.074 0.148 0-0.148 Spur No.II 10 Mehdudan Drain Bandh R/S 0-2.274 0.884 0-0.884 11 Mehdudan Drain Bandh L/S 0-0.260 0.260 0-0.260 12 Mehdudan Drain Bandh spur 0-0.074 0.222 0-0.222 No. I, R/S 13 Mehdudan Drain Bandh spur 0-0.074 0.222 0-0.222 No. II, R/S 14 Mehdudan Drain Bandh spur 0-0.074 0.222 0-0.222 No. III, R/S 15 Bhagna Drain Bandh 0-10,15 to 28 10.00 0-10, 15-28 16 Banur Drain (Ghaggar Link 0-16 5.00 0-16 Bandh) in between Ghaggar Bandh & Chhat bir R/S

NABHA S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilomater / Km./Rd R.D.s 1 Nabha Deain 31.216- 16.50 31.216- 85.153 85.153 2 Sirhind Choe 347-419 32 347-419 3 Rohti Drain 132-68 11 132.68 4 Mohalgwara Gulwati Drain 0-50 16 0-50 5 Bhore syphon Dandrala 0-6 1.75 0-6 (Detch Drain 2nd folder) 6 Jambu wala Drain 18-310 91 277-310 7 Nabha Chotti Drain 0-tail 0-tail

131 SAMANA

S. Name of Strip Length from Length in Area in No Km./Rd to Km. Kilomater / Km./Rd R.D.s 1 Samana Drain 0-5.430 5.430 0-5.430 2 Kaithal Drain 5-18.089 4.00 5-18.089 3 Kalwanu Drain 0-58.240 18.75 0-58.240 4 Ganda Nalah. 0-100 30.00 0-50 5 Jambu wala Drain 18-310 91 18-236 6 Rohti Drain 0-32 10 0-32 7 Ghaggar Bandh 45-61 16 45-61 P PATIALA S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to in Km. Kilomater Km./Rd / R.D.s 1 Ganda Nalah. 0-100 30.500 50-100 2 Pratction bunch No. I 0-50 15.00 0-50 3 Pratction Bunch No. II 0-26 8.00 0-26 4 Praction Bunch No. III 0-8 2.50 0-8 5 Model Town Drain 0-52 16.00 0-52 6 Bahadurgarh link drain 0-5.2 5.20 0-5.2 7 Jhambo Drain 235-275 12 235-275 8 Tangri Bundh Right 0-70 21 0-70 9 Patiala Drain 0-2 1.6 0-2 10 Markanda bandh 0-33 9.9 0-33 11 Tangri Bandh Left 0-67.5 20.2 0-67.5

Sirhind S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to Km./ in Km. Kilomater / Rd R.D.s 1 Jhamboo Drain Rd 310- 310-345 35 310-345 45 2 Sihind choe Rd 0-10 0-10 10 0-10 3 Defence Bundh km 0-2 0-2 2 0-2

Bhadson S. Name of Strip Length from Length Area in No Km./Rd to Km./ in Km. Kilomater / Rd R.D.s 1 Sirhind Choe 419-450 31 419-450 Total Area of the Drain & Bandh = 200 ha

132 ANNEXURE- 4 Detail of Areas of Strip Forests Range wise in Patiala Forest Division Railway Lines

RAJPURA Length from Total Rajpu S.No Name of Strip Km/Rd Length Area ra to in Km. Km/Rd 1 Main Rly. lin 273.8 to 26.200 42.37 273.8 300 9 to 300

NABHA

Length Total from S.No Name of Strip Length in Nabha Km/Rd to Km. Km/Rd 1 Rajpura Patiala 10.670 to 64 63.330 39 to Dhuri Rly. Line 64

PATIALA

Length from Total S.No Name of Strip Km/Rd to Length Area Patiala Km/Rd in Km. 1 Rajpura Patiala 10.670 to 64 63.330 212.9 10.067 Dhuri Rly. Line 78 to 39

SIRHIND

Length from Total Length S.No Name of Strip Km/Rd to Sirhind in Km. Km/Rd 1 Main Rly Line 300-328 28 300-328 km 300-328 2 Sirhind Ropar 0-8 8 0-8 Rly Line km 0-8 Total Area of the Railway Lines= 510.60 ha

133 ANNEXURE : 5 AREA STATEMENT OF BIR FORESTS AREAS:

Sr. No. Name of Bir Area (ha) PATIALA 1 Bir Kule majra (C.No. 1-5) 238.76 2 Bir Majal khurd (C.No. 1-4) 125.04 3 Bir Kheri Gujran (C.No. 1-2) 59.48 4 Bir Sannaur (C.No. 1-13) 134.33 5 Bir Kartarpura (C.No. 14-17) 68.00 6 Bir Miranpur (C.No. 1-6, 10-15) 344.79 7 Bir Goghpur (C.No. 7-10) 111.28 8 Bir Bhunerheri Chotti (C.No. 21-24) 73.46 BHADSON 1 Bir Bhorey Agol (C.No. 1-5,6 1192.83 GURDIALPURA 1 Bir Gurdialpura (C.No. 1-6) 226.22 2 Bir Mallah Kheri 64.34 NABHA 1 Bir Anniah Dherian 6.47 2 Bir Bauran 0.50 SIRHIND 1 Bir Amloh (C.No. 1-10) 10

Total area of Birs= 2655.55

134 Annexure-8

Details of Tubewells Sr. No. Range Location Number Year of Construction 1 Sirhind Amloh Nursery 1 1992-93 Total 1 2 Rajpura Nabha Sahib Nursery 1 1998-1999 Pilkhani Nursey 1 1999-2000 Bhagoura 1 2005-06 Ghanour 1 2005-06 Total 4 3 Samana Bir Malla Kheri 2 1990-1991 Nursery Dhakrabba 1 1999-2000 Nursery Gurdialpura 1 2000-01 Nursery Samana 1 2000-01 Choa Branch 1 2000-01 Total 6 4 Patiala Bir Kartarpura Nursery 1 1999-2000 PNC Nursery 1 2001-2002 Bir Majal 1 2001-2002 Total 3 5 Nabha Range Office Nursery 2 20001-2002 Total 2 6 Bhadson Bir Bhorey Agaul C.No.1 1 2001-02 Bir Bhorey Agaul C.No.5,17,25,26 &30 5 2006-07 Bir Bhorey Agaul C.No.9 & 39 3 2011-12 Total 9 GRAND TOTAL 25

135 ANNEXURE-7

CHECK LIST OF WILD ANIMALS OF BIR FORESTS Sr.No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Blue Bull Boselaphus tragocamelus 2 Wild Boar Sus scrofa 3 Hog deer Axis porcinus 4 Jackal Canis aureus 5 Common Mangoose Herpestes adwardsi 6 Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulatta 7 Jungle Cat Felis Chaus (Gille tenstaedt) 8 Fruit bat Rousettus leschenaulti 9 Common Indian Hare Lepus ruficandatus 10 Smaller Indian Hare Vivestricula Indica 11 Pale Hedge Hog. Paraechinus micropus 12 Common house at Rattus rattus

136