DOCSLIB.ORG

An Examination of Relationships Between Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media Content and Risk Behaviors: a Case Study of College Students

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Examination of Relationships Between Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media Content and Risk Behaviors: a Case Study of College Students AN EXAMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MEDIA CONTENT AND RISK BEHAVIORS: A CASE STUDY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS Alexandru Stana A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2013 Committee: Srinivas R. Melkote, Ph.D., Advisor Michael Bradie, Ph.D., Graduate Faculty Representative Sandra L. Faulkner, Ph.D. Michael A. Horning, Ph.D. © 2013 Alexandru Stana All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Srinivas R. Melkote, Advisor In spite of its prevalence in the contemporary media landscape, the effects of exposure to sexually explicit materials have received relatively little attention from media and communication scholars. From a Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) perspective, the present study investigated whether the consumption of sexually explicit materials predicts the adoption of risk behaviors, particularly sex- and body image-related risk behaviors. In addition, the study focused on the psychological mechanisms - represented by the Sexual Self-Concept (SSC) - that could facilitate the adoption of said risk behaviors. In order to address these issues, quantitative data was collected using a self-administered online survey design. Also, in response to mounting criticism according to which quantitative research methods could offer only truncated snapshots of individuals' interactions with sexually explicit materials, a second, qualitative data set was collected using a self-administered diary design. The analysis of the quantitative data revealed that consumption of sexually explicit media content significantly predicts SSC scores. In turn, SSC was found to be a significant predictor of the adoption of sex-related risk behaviors (sex risk partners and sex risk practices). SSC was found to not be a significant predictor of body image health-related risk behaviors. A path model revealed that the SSC moderates the adoption of risk behaviors, thus supporting the theoretically- driven hypothesis that the SSC functions as a psychological mechanism that could facilitate the adoption of risk behaviors. Also, the path model revealed that age and gender significantly predict the adoption of risk behaviors. iv Thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed a complex and nuanced picture of participants' interactions with sexually explicit media content. The underlying assumption of most quantitative studies of pornography is that exposure to pornography is likely to have detrimental effects on consumers; however, the qualitative section of this study demonstrated that, while retaining a sense of the potentially negative influence of pornography, participants identified numerous occasions in which the consumption of sexually explicit media was seen as a beneficial, enriching presence in their lives. Participants in the qualitative phase of this study described positive, negative, and very often ambivalent encounters with sexually explicit material, which creates a more nuanced understanding of how people engage with this type of media content. The overarching theme that emerged in the analysis of the qualitative data was the theme of “ambivalence” manifested by participants both towards pornography per se as well as towards the perceived influence of consumption of pornography on individuals and on romantic relationships. Along with the theoretical importance of identifying the SSC as a mediating factor in the adoption of risk behaviors, this result allows health campaigns to target precisely the mechanisms that mediate the adoption of risk behaviors. Having more calibrated approach, health campaigns thus designed could reach significantly higher rates of success. The results in the qualitative section of the study call for a reconceptualization of sexually explicit media content and its audiences in a manner that accounts for the vast array of available material, as well as for the active, discriminate approach of the audiences to pornography. v Dedicated to my wife, Elena Solohina, for her unconditional support, endless understanding, and her very sophisticated sense of humor vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to express the deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Srinivas Melkote, for guiding me through the four years that I spent in the School of Media and Communication at Bowling Green State University, for his unwavering support, his warmth, and his infectious sense of humor. Dr. Melkote's research methods classes constituted the very first building blocks in my academic career, without which my dissertation and all that depended on it would not have been realized. I feel extremely fortunate for having had the opportunity to work with Dr. Melkote as my advisor, my mentor, and my professor. I would also like to express my gratitude to my dissertation committee: Dr. Sandra Faulkner, Dr. Michael Horning, and Dr. Michael Bradie. I will always be in the debt of Dr. Faulkner for her ability to encourage me to take risks and to not be afraid to take on unfamiliar intellectual paths. Her contribution has made my journey at Bowling Green State University and the process of writing my dissertation so much richer and gratifying. I would also like to thank Dr. Michael Horning for his endless generosity and tremendous help during the last two years. His expertise in quantitative data analysis, particularly structural equation modeling, and his willingness to so generously share his expertise with me, proved to be crucial to the success of my dissertation writing process. I am also very grateful for Dr. Bradie's insightful questions, comments, and suggestions, both during the process of writing the dissertation and especially on the dissertation defense day. I would also like to recognize the faculty of the School of Media and Communication at Bowling Green State University, particularly Dr. Sung-Yeon Park and Dr. Gi Woong Yun, vii whose classes have played an essential role in my formation as a media and communication scholar. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues in the doctoral program in the School of Media and Communication at Bowling Green State University: Mark Flynn, Anastasia Widmer, Dave Morin, and Matt Meier. My journey at Bowling Green State University would not have been possible without their friendship, constant support, encouragement, and fruitful intellectual debates. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................. 10 Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication ........................................ 11 Sexual Self-Concept ....................................................................................... 12 Objectives of the Study .............................................................................................. 13 Objective I ...................................................................................................... 14 Objective II .................................................................................................... 15 Objective III ................................................................................................... 16 Objective IV ................................................................................................... 18 Objective V .................................................................................................... 19 Objective VI ................................................................................................... 20 Definition of Key Terms and Concepts ..................................................................... 22 Sexually Explicit Material ............................................................................. 22 Sexual Self-Concept (SSC) ............................................................................ 23 Risk Behaviors ............................................................................................... 23 Biological Sex Differences ............................................................................ 25 ix Epistemological Assumptions .................................................................................... 26 Organization of Dissertation ...................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT .................................... 28 Social Cognitive Theory ............................................................................................ 28 Personal Factors ............................................................................................. 28 Behavioral Factors ......................................................................................... 29 Environmental Factors ................................................................................... 29 Symbolizing Capability ................................................................................. 29 Self-Regulatory Capability ............................................................................ 30 Self-Reflective Capability .............................................................................. 30 Vicarious Capability ...................................................................................... 31 Sexual Self-Concept ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sexual Violence in the Media: Portrayals and Prevention
    Sexual violence in the media: Portrayals and prevention Dr Jessica Taylor Special thanks to all peer reviewers of this publication VictimFocus Publications © 2020 Free copies from this report and others can be obtained using contact details below: Web: www.victimfocus.org.uk Resources store: www.victimfocus-resources.com Email: [email protected] 2 Content An introduction to the role of the media 4 Dominant messages: The sexualisation, pornification and objectification of 5 women and girls The effect of pornography and porn culture 9 Victim blaming, rape myths and misogyny 13 Examples of sexual violence prevention posters used in the UK 19 Recommendations for improving sexual violence prevention 23 Reference List 25 3 An introduction to the role of media The mass media now includes television, radio, internet and printed communications and is intended to reach the majority of the general public. Every day, an individual now spends more time engaging with mass media outlets through technology than sleeping. Ofcom (2014) reported that people in Britain spend an average of 8 hours and 40 minutes per day accessing media in comparison to only sleeping for an average of 8 hours and 20 minutes per day. With individuals relying heavily on media for information about social and political issues, pop culture, product information and general news, it is easy to see the power that these outlets have when it comes to presenting messages about sexual violence (Shaw et al., 2009). Even studies from the early eighties and nineties found that large proportions of children’s prime time television dramas contained sexual imagery, kissing, flirting and discussion of sex and intimacy (Cope-Farrar & Kunkel, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Teen Sexting THINK TWICE Before You Hit "Send"
    Teen Sexting THINK TWICE before you hit "send" ? Male and female teens IN WHAT IS sext at the 7 10 SEXTING? same rate. Sending or getting sexually explicit photos, videos, or Roughly 7 in 10 youth But females are messages through have felt some ? more pressured pressure to sext for your cellphone to sext. or online. reasons like making their romantic partner happy or getting someone's attention. HOW MANY TEENS SEXT? 15% I've sent a sext. 27% 12% I've received a sext. I've sent a sext from someone else without asking permission. WHY IS IT RISKY? Sexting can have legal Online photos Sexts can be used consequences like child live forever and to hurt you and pornography charges or can get into the be shared without having to register as a wrong hands. your consent. sex offender. HOW CAN I PREVENT IT ? "I don't think that would be good for us." Protect yourself and others by not taking sexually explicit pictures or videos. "I'd rather do other things with you." Speak up when someone makes you uncomfortable with their "I'm not ready texts or what they send you. for that yet." Respect others by not pressuring them to sext you. I RECEIVED OR SENT A SEXT. NOW WHAT? Delete the picture or video. Share your concerns with a Report a sext that was sent parent or trusted adult. to you or shared without your consent to the Cyber Tip Line. To report an explicit image or video: Call the Cyber Tip Line (800) 843-5678 or visit https://report.cybertip.org/ To remove sexual pictures and videos from the internet: Visit http://www.missingkids.com/gethelpnow/is-your-explicit-image-out-there- Visit https://cdn.netsmartz.org/tipsheets/You_Sent_A_Sext_Now_What.pdf To learn more about your safety and how to deal with sexting: Visit https://cyberbullying.org/sexting-advice-for-teens.pdf Click to Visit https://cdn.netsmartz.org/tipsheets/sexting.pdf learn more SOURCES Connect Safely.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration, Gender, and Sexuality GEND 3005 (3 Credits / 45 Hours)
    Migration, Gender, and Sexuality GEND 3005 (3 credits / 45 hours) SIT Study Abroad Program: The Netherlands: International Perspectives on Sexuality and Gender PLEASE NOTE: This syllabus represents a recent semester. Because courses develop and change over time to take advantage of unique learning opportunities, actual course content varies from semester to semester. Please do not assume these are the exact lectures and readings for any subsequent semester. Course Description The course examines gender and sexuality in the context of post-colonial and post- migration subjectivities in the Netherlands. Through an integration of lectures, field visits to museums and grassroots organizations, and reflection sessions, the course explores how gender and sexuality impact the lives and experiences of post-colonial and post- migration individuals in the Netherlands. We will be focusing both on post-colonial migrants coming from the former Dutch colonies, such as the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), Suriname, and the Dutch Antilles, and on the more recent Islamic immigrants from Morocco and Turkey to explore how gender and sexuality (and race and religion) are used in the processes of identity construction, integration, and exclusion. During a two-week excursion to Morocco, students study the interaction between Islam, gender relations, and sexuality within the context of the post-Arab Spring. The excursion will allow students to draw a comparative understanding of how conceptions of gender and sexuality are constructed across cultures and societies.
    [Show full text]
  • Criminalization Downloads Evil: Reexamining the Approach to Electronic Possession When Child Pornography Goes International
    \\jciprod01\productn\B\BIN\34-2\BIN203.txt unknown Seq: 1 2-JUN-16 14:19 CRIMINALIZATION DOWNLOADS EVIL: REEXAMINING THE APPROACH TO ELECTRONIC POSSESSION WHEN CHILD PORNOGRAPHY GOES INTERNATIONAL Asaf Harduf* INTRODUCTION ................................................... 280 R I. THE LADDER OF CRIMINALIZATION ....................... 281 R A. The Matter of Criminalization ......................... 282 R B. The Rungs of the Ladder of Criminalization ........... 284 R 1. First Rung: Identifying the Conduct, Causation, and Harm ......................................... 285 R 2. Second Rung: Examining the Ability to Achieve Goals ............................................. 286 R 3. Third Rung: Examining Alternatives to Criminalization .................................... 287 R 4. Fourth Rung: Assessing the Social Costs of Solutions and Striking a Balance .................. 288 R C. Towards an Analysis of Child Pornography Possession ............................................. 288 R II. APPLICATION TO THE ELECTRONIC POSSESSION OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ............................................ 289 R A. First Rung: The Offensive Conduct of Electronic Possession ............................................. 292 R 1. Conduct of Electronic Possession .................. 292 R 2. Harms to Children ................................ 294 R 3. Causation: Four Possible Links .................... 295 R 4. Offensiveness: Summation ......................... 302 R B. Second Rung: Criminal Law’s Ability to Reduce Harm to Children ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pornography and Objectification of Women in Nollywood Films: a Study of Nigerian Actresses' Perception of Acting Sex and Nudit
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 20 | Issue 2 Article 5 Jan-2019 Pornography and Objectification of Women in Nollywood Films: A Study of Nigerian Actresses’ Perception of Acting Sex and Nudity Scenes Floribert Patrick C Endong Follow this and additional works at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Endong, Floribert Patrick C (2019). Pornography and Objectification of Women in Nollywood Films: A Study of Nigerian Actresses’ Perception of Acting Sex and Nudity Scenes. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20(2), 58-72. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss2/5 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2019 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Pornography and Women’s Objectification in Nollywood Films: A Study of Nigerian Actresses’ Perception of Acting Sex and Nudity Scenes By Floribert Patrick C. Endong1 Abstract Cinematic pornography and nudity are believed by many feminist critics to be a fertile site of women’s sexual objectification. In view of this, many conservative actresses– particularly Black Africans–perceive pornography (in the form of acting explicit sex or nudity scenes) as a serious potential danger to their personal dignity and that of women in general. Using observations, literary sources and online interviews with Nollywood stars, this paper examines how Nigerian actresses perceive the increasing sexualization of Nollywood films and the act of playing nude or pornographic roles.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Boys: Fantasy of Male Homosexuality in Boys' Love, Mary Renault, and Marguerite Yourcenar by Jui-An Chou Graduate Pr
    Between Boys: Fantasy of Male Homosexuality in Boys’ Love, Mary Renault, and Marguerite Yourcenar by Jui-an Chou Graduate Program in Literature Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Anne F. Garréta, Supervisor, Chair ___________________________ Robyn Wiegman, Co-Chair ___________________________ Rey Chow ___________________________ Anne Allison Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program in Literature in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 ABSTRACT Between Boys: Fantasy of Male Homosexuality in Boys’ Love, Mary Renault, and Marguerite Yourcenar by Jui-an Chou Graduate Program in Literature Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Anne F. Garréta, Supervisor, Chair ___________________________ Robyn Wiegman, Co-Chair ___________________________ Rey Chow ___________________________ Anne Allison An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program in Literature in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by Jui-an Chou 2018 Abstract “Between Boys: Fantasy of Male Homosexuality in Boys’ Love, Mary Renault, and Marguerite Yourcenar” examines an unexpected kinship between Boys’ Love, a Japanese male-on-male romance genre, and literary works by Mary Renault and Marguerite Yourcenar, two mid-twentieth century authors who wrote about male homosexuality. Following Eve Sedgwick, who proposed that a “rich tradition of cross- gender inventions of homosexuality” should be studied separately from gay and lesbian literature, this dissertation examines male homoerotic fictions authored by women. These fictions foreground a disjunction between authorial and textual identities in gender and sexuality, and they have often been accused of inauthenticity, appropriation, and exploitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Sexualization in the Media: a Need for Reform Punam Panchal Alam Seton Hall Law
    Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2013 Child Sexualization in the Media: A Need for Reform Punam Panchal Alam Seton Hall Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the First Amendment Commons Recommended Citation Panchal Alam, Punam, "Child Sexualization in the Media: A Need for Reform" (2013). Law School Student Scholarship. 75. https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/75 Child Sexualization in the Media: A Need for Reform By: Punam Panchal I. INTRODUCTION II. MEDIA EXAMPLES OF CHILD SEXUALIZATION A. The Parry Case – A Teen Model Exposed B. Jour Après Lunes – Lingerie for Four- to Six- year olds C. Toddlers and Tiaras – Costumes Gone Too Far III. CURRENT NEW YORK LAW IS INEFFECTIVE IN CURBING CHILD SEXUALIZATION IV. NEW YORK LAW AS APPLIED TO THE GIVEN MEDIA EXAMPLES A. The Hailey Clauson Images B. Toddlers And Tiaras C. Jours Après Lunes (JAL) V. PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO NEW YORK PENAL LAW TO HELP PREVENT CHILD SEXUALIZATION A. The proposed amendment does not run afoul of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. B. The proposed Amendment should be adopted as a matter of public policy to prevent psychological and social harm resulting from child sexualization. VI. CONCLUSION 1 CHILD SEXUALIZATION IN THE MEDIA: A NEED FOR REFORM BY: PUNAM PANCHAL I. INTRODUCTION She had already been featured on the covers of Russian and Japanese Vogue magazine, modeled for a Forever 21 catalogue,
    [Show full text]
  • Harm Being Done to Australian Children Through Access to Pornography on the Internet
    Harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the Internet That the following matter be referred to the Environment and Communications References Committee for inquiry and report by the first sitting day in December 2016: Harm being done to Australian children through access to pornography on the Internet, with particular reference to: trends of online consumption of pornography by children and their impact on the development of healthy and respectful relationships; current methods taken towards harm minimisation in other jurisdictions, and the effectiveness of those methods; the identification of any measures with the potential for implementation in Australia; and any other related matters Who we are The South Eastern Centre Against Sexual Assault (SECASA) provides sexual assault and family violence services in Victoria within the Mornington Peninsula, Frankston, Bayside, Port Phillip, Stonnington, Glen Eira and Kingston local government areas. We also work in the Greater Dandenong, Casey and Cardinia growth corridor. South Eastern Center Against Sexual Assault and Family Violence PO Box 72 East Bentleigh Victoria 3165 Prepared by: Carolyn Worth, Manager 10 March 2016 Phone: 03 99288741 Fax: 03 99288749 Introduction “Before the invention of the Internet, children and young people curious about sexual terms, phrases or the act itself were likely to talk to each other, or older siblings about it; these days they ‘Google it’. Even phrases which seem, on the face of it, innocent can lead children towards websites hosting adult content. Research also shows that young people are prone to seeking out sexual material, to discuss with friends or for their own sexual gratification.” (The Lucy Faithfull Foundation) “Exposure to pornography is routine among children and young people, with a range of notable and often troubling effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexting Or Self-Produced Child Pornography – the Dialogue Continues – Structured Prosecutorial Discretion Within a Multidisciplinary Response
    The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 2010 Sexting or Self-Produced Child Pornography – The Dialogue Continues – Structured Prosecutorial Discretion Within a Multidisciplinary Response Mary Graw Leary The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Mary Graw Leary, Sexting or Self-Produced Child Pornography – The Dialogue Continues – Structured Prosecutorial Discretion Within a Multidisciplinary Response, 17 VA. J. SOC. POL’Y & L. 486 (2010). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions by an authorized administrator of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEXTING OR SELF-PRODUCED CHILD PORNOGRAPHY? THE DIALOG CONTINUES - STRUCTURED PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION WITHIN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESPONSE Mary Graw Leary* CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................... 4 87 I. Clarifying Definitions: "Sexting" vs. Self-Produced Child Pornography ................................................................................ 491 A. Self-Produced Child Pornography ............................................. 491 B . "Sexting" .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Child Pornography, Pedophilia, and Contact Offending: the Empirical Research
    In the Thames Magistrates Court Case No: 011700940001 --------------------------------------------------- COMMISSIONER OF POLICE FOR THE METROPOLIS (Applicant) and LEO GARETH ADAMSON (Respondent) ---------------------------------------------------- Child pornography, pedophilia, and contact offending: the empirical research. Expert report by Dr. William Thompson PhD. Introduction I have been asked to give an opinion regarding the scientific basis, for or against, the prohibition of private possession of 'virtual child pornography' such as drawings, as opposed to photographs of children. In particular, I was asked to address two issues: (a) is there any evidence of a correlation, positive or negative, between the levels of availability of pornography and rates of contact offending; (b) is there any evidence, for or against, the use of pornography to facilitate contact offending. Given the original question, I have concentrated on the evidence concerning child pornography, and I have included other forms of evidence concerning the behavior of child pornography offenders (CPOs) that are relevant to the question. I am capable and qualified to offer an opinion having undertaken similar commissions in the past. Between 1990 and 2006, while resident in the UK, I was a practicing associate of the British Academy of Experts, and a forensic criminologist. My main areas of expertise were: child sexual assault allegations and investigative methods; the history of pornography, pornography effects studies, and related paraphilia––homosexuality, pedophilia, and sadomasochism. I supervised postgraduate research and taught courses on these subjects to undergraduates at Reading University. I was a guest lecturer on the post qualifying courses for social workers at Portsmouth University; and was frequently engaged as a lecture and/or seminar leader on these subjects at conferences for police and probation officers.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexting, Is It a Crime? We Are Here to Discuss
    RESPONSIBLE YOUTH INITIATIVE SEXTING, IS IT A CRIME? WE ARE HERE TO DISCUSS • Sexting • Child Pornography • Revenge Pornography • Punishments • Information sharing on social media • What to do if you receive images WHAT IS SEXTING? • SEXTING is the exchange of sexually suggestive messages or images between minors via cell phone or computer. • When sexting involves images of children under the age of 18, it can violate state and federal laws against exploitation of minors, and teens can be prosecuted under laws intended to punish adult sex offenders. WHAT IS CHILD PORNOGRAPHY? • Sexually explicit nude photos or videos of any person under the age of 18 • This includes photos or videos of the human genitals, pubic area or buttocks, and the female breasts (except during breastfeeding) • Photographs or videos of sexual activity (with/out clothes) WHO IS GUILTY OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF A MINOR (AKA CHILD PORNOGRAPHY) Any person of any age that creates, possesses, or distributes photos or other media depicting sexual activity of a person under the age of 18. TAKING THE PICTURE OR VIDEO = SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF A MINOR CHARGES AND PUNISHMENT • First Degree Sexual Exploitation of a Minor • Class C Felony – 44 to 279 months of imprisonment SENDING THE PICTURE OR VIDEO = SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF A MINOR CHARGES AND PUNISHMENT • Second Degree Sexual Exploitation of a Minor • Class E Felony = 15 to 136 months of imprisonment KEEPING THE PICTURE IN YOUR PHONE, COMPUTER, OR CAMERA = SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF A MINOR CHARGES AND PUNISHMENT • Third Degree Sexual Exploitation of a Minor • Class H Felony = 4 to 39 months of imprisonment SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF A MINOR • Mistake of Age is NOT a defense • Identity of the person depicted in the photo is NOT necessary to prosecute.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Rationales for the Continued Prohibition of Virtual Child Pornography
    An Examination of Rationales for the Continued Prohibition of Virtual Child Pornography James Houston Bales, Independent Scholar Since approximately 2004, a single- commonly listed as one of the main types of panel comic strip has been floating around doujinshi, or fan-created manga.3 on the internet: A man with a shocked In the West, the Tijuana Bibles of the expression on his face seated at a computer 1920s and 1930s lampooned many popular exclaims “Calvin and Hobbes?” while the characters, real and created, including the text above the image reads “Rule 34: There clearly high school-aged cast of the Archie is porn of it. No exceptions.” 1 Since its comics and other invented and popular inception as a meme, it has grown from a characters of dubious legal age.4 But setting joke about what unexpected depravities can aside the questions of taste, copyright, and be found on the internet to a full-fledged expression such images raise, focus instead phenomenon mainstream enough for South on the oft-ignored speech balloon in the Park to joke about on Comedy Central. 2 center of that comment: The content which Fanart communities have long embraced the has the cartoon man so shocked is, concept behind Rule 34, with the idea of ostensibly, a pornographic image featuring, pornographic embellishment of existing as his creator Bill Watterson describes him, properties becoming popular enough to be the child Bill Watterson never was.5 This creates a problem where Rule 34 and fan-created content in the same vein runs afoul of the law.
    [Show full text]