DOCSLIB.ORG

HCE2018 03 Finland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HCE2018 03 Finland eMapsKnowledge Hub for Industry and Clinical Innovators Healthcare Europe 2018 The finance and reimbursement systems of 11 European countries Finland Author: Dr. Y.W. van Kemenade Enabled by: EIT Health Supported by: Achmea, Eurapco Editor: Oxford Academic Health Science Network Correspondence: [email protected] February 2018 Copyright 2018 Oxford Academic Health Science Network. All rights reserved. 3. Finland 3.1. Introduction Finland’s healthcare system is founded on government-subsidised municipal social welfare and healthcare services. The healthcare system is heavily regulated by legislation. Local municipal authorities are responsible for organizing the healthcare services. They can organize the provision of services independently or form joint municipal authorities with each other. In addition, local authorities can outsource the provision of services to other local authorities, a non-governmental organization or a private service provider. Operations and services are mostly funded by municipal tax revenue. The State supports municipal service provision by means of central government transfers to local government. Municipalities form hospital districts that are responsible for the provision of specialized medical care. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health has the highest decisionmaking authority with the 431 municipalities (local governments) responsible for providing healthcare to their residents17. According to the Constitution of Finland, public authorities must guarantee for everyone adequate social, medical and health services and promote the health of the population18. The supervision of healthcare providers is currently a responsibility of the six provincial state offices. The offices have social and health departments that are responsible for, among other things, guiding and supervising both public, specialized and primary and private healthcare in their respective provinces. The government decides on general national strategies and priorities and proposes bills to be discussed by the parliament. Healthcare policy is primarily the field of Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The Ministry also directs and guides the development and policies of social protection, social welfare and healthcare19. The government presents its annual budget proposal to the parliament, which makes the final decision on how much will be allocated to the healthcare sector as state subsidies. The Health Committee of each municipality prepares the municipality’s budget for healthcare. The Municipal Council approves the total municipality budget and, within the budget, the resources allocated to healthcare. The Council of each hospital district determines the budget for hospital care (within the district area). Finland has five provinces plus the autonomous Province of Åland Islands. The State Provincial Offices are regional government authorities of the state. They guide and supervise social welfare and healthcare in the provinces, while the country's 431 municipalities are responsible for the actual provision of services. At the local level, the municipalities are in charge of the tax-based funding of social welfare and health services for their inhabitants. The municipalities may arrange for services themselves or organise them in cooperation with neighbouring municipal authorities. A municipality may also contract services from another municipality or from a private service provider. Some municipalities purchase nearly all their health centre services from private providers. The basic social welfare, public health and specialised medical care services that must be available in every municipality are defined by law. Local authorities can decide the scale, scope and model of municipal service provision within the limits of legislation. The composition of services is not defined in precise detail by law, which means that services may differ from one municipality to another20. 17 Wikipedia 18 Kiuri 2017 19 Wikipedia 20 Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 2013 26 Health promotion, including prevention of diseases has been the main focus of Finnish healthcare policies for decades. This has resulted in the eradication of certain communicable diseases and improvement in the health of population21. The reform of 1993 reduced central government control and increased the freedom of the municipalities in the provision of health services. This made it possible for municipalities to adopt a more active role as a purchaser instead of acting in the provider role as previously. Particularly in the field of specialist hospital care, the reform has meant that the system changed somewhat from a public integrated model to a public contract model. The reform gave the municipalities and hospital districts enormous freedom to organize, regulate and administer service provision. Under current legislation the power of the ministry is weak, and does not have effective means to affect decisions made at local level. The reform of 2006, aimed to increase national level supervision of provision of health services. Currently provision and quality of healthcare services vary considerably between municipalities. This can lead to conflict with the Constitution which provides equal access to health services according to need for all Finnish residents. However, it has been found that when service production is becoming increasingly complex, it is more difficult to pinpoint failures to individual healthcare professionals from the national level. National level supervision is to be reinforced by expanding the functions of the National Authority for Medicolegal Affairs. Now, its main purpose is to supervise healthcare professionals. It is anticipated that the reform increases patient safety and decreases differences between municipalities in service production. Other authorities The National Institute for Welfare and Health (THL) is a specialist and research institution tasked with research and development on health services and other specialist tasks in the field. The National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira) guides, supervises and runs the licensing administration of social and healthcare. Regional State Administrative Agencies are responsible for supervising healthcare on a regional level. These, together with Valvira, also supervise healthcare professionals. The Finnish Medicines Agency (Fimea) is responsible for licensing and supervisory tasks, research and development and producing and disseminating pharmaceutical information22. 3.2. Finance system Finland has a compulsory, mainly tax-based healthcare system, which provides comprehensive coverage for the entire population. Both the state and the municipalities have the right to levy taxes. Central government's contribution to municipal healthcare is determined by population numbers, age structures and morbidity statistics. If this tax levy is not adequate for providing the public services required, the municipals receive state subsidies. Statutory health insurance, which covers the entire population, is divided into medical care insurance and earned income insurance. The Social Insurance Institution of Finland (known as KELA) coordinates health insurance, which is part of social security . Medical care insurance reimburses clients for tests and treatments ordered by private doctors and dentists as well as for client charges according to statutory reimbursement rates. Clients pay anything in excess of the statutory reimbursement rate themselves. Medical care insurance is financed almost solely by the state and policy-holders, each paying half of the costs. Medical care insurance contributions are deducted from the income, pension and benefits of all policy-holders23. Earned income insurance covers sickness allowance, rehabilitation allowance, special care allowance as well as maternity, paternity, parental and special maternity allowance. Earned income insurance also covers some of the costs of occupational healthcare services provided by employers and entrepreneurs as well as holiday pay accrued during parental leave. Occupational healthcare services are free of charge for employees. 21 Wikipedia 22 www.stm.fi 23 www.stm.fi 27 There is no official budget for financing the NHI scheme. The level of employers’ and insured persons contributions are decided annually by central government. The allocation of NHI resources to different types of care, as well as their regional distribution, is based on demand for services and on the reimbursement system, which is the same across the country. The NHI is mainly funded by employers and employees from whom income based insurance premiums are collected with taxes. The NHI is run by the Social Insurance Institution (SII) with about 400 local offices all over the country. The SII falls under the authority of the Parliament24. The government social insurance agency called Kansanelakelaitos or more popularly known as KELA, is responsible for coordinating the state contribution system. KELA will reimburse all registered citizens for treatment by doctors, dental care, hospital examination and treatment. Reimbursement is calculated based on a set of fixed fees, which means that citizens may be eligible to pay some of the costs themselves25. The responsibilities of this institute include coverage of some family benefits, National Health Insurance, rehabilitation, basic unemployment security, housing benefits, financial aid for students and state-guaranteed pensions. The NHI system offers varying levels of reimbursement for outpatient drugs, care from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Social Welfare and Healthcare in Finland
    Social welfare and healthcare in Finland Finland’s constitution requires that public authorities, in addition to providing health services for all, promote peoples’ health. This is accomplished by addressing the determinants of health and by reducing risk factors. Everyone has access to quality health and social services regardless of their financial situation. Finland in a nutshell Finland is a republic and a member of the European Union (EU). In terms of its area, Finland is the fifth-largest country in the EU, with a population of 5.5 million people. Finland is divided into self-governed municipalities (295 in mainland Finland). The national languages are Finnish (88% of population), Swedish and Sámi. FINLAND – DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS Facts about Finland 2017 Finland EU28 Demographic factors Population size (millions) 5,5 511,4 Share of population age 75 and over (%) 9,1 9,3 Total fertility rate 1,49 1,59 Sosioeconomic factors Purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita 32 700 30 000 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) 15,7 22,4 Unemployment rate 8,6 7,6 Finnish social welfare the functional capacity, social wellbeing and safety and healthcare system and inclusion of individuals, families and communities. Local authorities (municipalities) are responsible for Health services are divided into primary healthcare organising social and health services. Municipalities delivered by 142 municipal health centres, secondary can form joint municipal authorities to provide ser- care that is delivered in 20 central hospitals and some vices together with other municipalities. Municipali- local hospitals, as well as tertiary care delivered in five ties can also outsource the provision of social welfare university hospitals.
    [Show full text]
  • Presenting Finnish Society 2016 Kiiminki Senior High
    PRESENTING FINNISH SOCIETY 2016 KIIMINKI SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL This project was carried out in Kiiminki Senior High School in November 2016. The objective was to present my students as social commentators. The students were given a host of topics concerning Finnish society to work on and they were to turn in their effort in electronic form. The students were told their joint effort would be exhibited at school as well as published online. This piece of information apparently upped the ante as for the quality of the students’ work. In class the students were divided into small groups and each student was to evaluate three or four presentations. The objective with this was to make the student aware of their own role as the most important critic of their work – relying on the teacher providing assessment till the cows come home known to be a fiction – as well as familiarising the student with the criteria used in assessing compositions. The project was a success as the students clearly wanted to put their best foot forward knowing their effort would be made public. The English you find below is unedited yet showcases our students as keen social observers. Enjoy The Voice of Young Finland! Kiiminki November 2016 Markku Perala MA , Teacher of English Contributing social observers in 2016 are in alphabetical order Demir Nizam, Heikkinen Iisa-Liina, Holmi Anna- Sofia, Häkli Pauliina, Hörkkö Iida, Illikainen Janika, Karjalainen Anni, Karvonen Niklas, Kukka Joona, Kyngäs Veera, Lauriala Mira, Laurila Jutta, Lehtosaari Veera, Liias Iida-Maria, Meriläinen Lauri, Meriläinen Roosa, Miettinen Emma, Moilanen Iiris, Paasovaara Anni, Partanen Henna, Partanen Tuure, Pesola Väinö, Saastamoinen Atte, Simonen Mira, Syväsalmi Sara, Viide Isabella Does the typical Finn still exist? When you mention the word “Finnish” in a conversation, the first things that pop in the mind –Finnish person or not – are the stereotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Achieving Healthcare Happiness – the Finland Model a Thought Leadership Paper on How to ‘Transform Care Delivery’ Co-Authored with Dr
    Issue 15 siemens-healthineers.com/ Insights Series transforming-care-delivery Achieving Healthcare Happiness – The Finland Model A thought leadership paper on how to ‘Transform care delivery’ co-authored with Dr. Päivi Sillanaukee siemens-healthineers.com/transforming-care-delivery Preface The Insights Series The Siemens Healthineers Insights Series is our preeminent thought leadership platform, drawing on the knowledge and experience of some of the world’s most respected healthcare leaders and innovators. The Series explores emerging issues and provides you with practical solutions to today’s most pressing healthcare challenges. We believe that increasing value in healthcare – delivering better outcomes at lower cost – rests on four strategies. These four principles serve as the cornerstones of the Insights Series. Expanding Transforming Improving Digitalizing precision care patient healthcare medicine delivery experience Our Insights portfolio is an integrated collection of events, speaking engagements, roundtable discussions, and an expanding array of print and digital platforms and products all carefully curated to share ideas, encourage discussion, disseminate original research and reinforce our position as a healthcare thought leader. Please visit siemens-healthineers.com/insights-series Executive Summary The people of Finland consistently rank among the The government of Finland has employed five strategies happiest on earth. According to the World Happiness to transform the country’s healthcare system. These Report, Finland was the happiest country in the world changes can serve as a model for other health systems, in 2020 – for the third year in a row.1–3 The Report whether public or private. points to numerous reasons for this including reliable welfare benefits, low corruption, a well-functioning These five strategies are: democracy, and dependable state institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Helsinki Hospitals at the Beginning of the 20Th Century Maarit Henttonen, Lic
    Helsinki hospitals at the beginning of the 20th century Maarit Henttonen, Lic. Phil., Curator, Helsinki City Museum Hospital buildings are an important part of the national heritage and constitute important civic environments. As public buildings, the hospitals in Helsinki reflect Finland’s development from a Swedish province and a Grand Duchy of Russia to an independent welfare state. I will first provide a brief overview of the state of healthcare in Finland at this time and then move on to a discussion of Helsinki hospitals built in the early 20 th century. The first hospitals and university hospitals in Finland Records suggest that dispensaries had existed in Finland already in the 14 th century although it was only in the mid-18 th century, with the introduction of provincial hospitals, that hospitals as we understand them today first began to emerge. When sovereignty over Finland was transferred from Sweden to Russia in 1809, healthcare continued to be provided in accordance with the principles established during the years of Swedish rule. The naming of Helsinki as the country’s capital in 1812 and the moving of the university from Turku to Helsinki in 1828 gave a huge boost to healthcare provision and healthcare construction in the city. The German-born architect Carl Ludvig Engel (1778- 1840), together with the A E Staubert, a hospital architecture specialist from St Petersburg, designed the university’s Clinical Institute building, which was joined some decades later by the New Clinic, designed by E B Lohrmann (1803-1870). Thanks to the city’s university hospitals, by the early 20 th century, Helsinki was enjoying good healthcare provision.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Toivola, Michigan by Cynthia Beaudette AALC
    A A Karelian Christmas (play) A Place of Hope: A History of Toivola, Michigan By Cynthia Beaudette AALC- Stony Lake Camp, Minnesota AALC- Summer Camps Aalto, Alvar Aapinen, Suomi: College Reference Accordions in the Cutover (field recording album) Adventure Mining Company, Greenland, MI Aged, The Over 80s Aging Ahla, Mervi Aho genealogy Aho, Eric (artist) Aho, Ilma Ruth Aho, Kalevi, composers Aho, William R. Ahola, genealogy Ahola, Sylvester Ahonen Carriage Works (Sue Ahonen), Makinen, Minn. Ahonen Lumber Co., Ironwood, Michigan Ahonen, Derek (playwrite) Ahonen, Tauno Ahtila, Eija- Liisa (filmmaker) Ahtisaan, Martti (politician) Ahtisarri (President of Finland 1994) Ahvenainen, Veikko (Accordionist) AlA- Hiiro, Juho Wallfried (pilot) Ala genealogy Alabama Finns Aland Island, Finland Alanen, Arnold Alanko genealogy Alaska Alatalo genealogy Alava, Eric J. Alcoholism Alku Finnish Home Building Association, New York, N.Y. Allan Line Alston, Michigan Alston-Brighton, Massachusetts Altonen and Bucci Letters Altonen, Chuck Amasa, Michigan American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, TN American Finn Visit American Finnish Tourist Club, Inc. American Flag made by a Finn American Legion, Alfredo Erickson Post No. 186 American Lutheran Publicity Bureau American Pine, Muonio, Finland American Quaker Workers American-Scandinavian Foundation Amerikan Pojat (Finnish Immigrant Brass Band) Amerikan Suomalainen- Muistelee Merikoskea Amerikan Suometar Amerikan Uutiset Amish Ammala genealogy Anderson , John R. genealogy Anderson genealogy
    [Show full text]
  • Country Report Finland 2019
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 27.2.2019 SWD(2019) 1025 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Country Report Finland 2019 Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK AND THE EUROGROUP 2019 European Semester: Assessment of progress on structural reforms, prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and results of in-depth reviews under Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 {COM(2019) 150 final} EN EN CONTENTS Executive summary 4 1. Economic situation and outlook 7 2. Progress with country-specific recommendations 14 3. Reform priorities 17 3.1. Public finances and taxation 17 3.2. Financial sector 21 3.3. Labour market, education and social policies 25 3.4. Competitiveness reforms and investment 34 Annex A: Overview Table 45 Annex B: Commission debt sustainability analysis and fiscal risks 49 Annex C: Standard Tables 50 Annex D: Investment Guidance on Cohesion Policy Funding 2021-2027 for Finland 56 References 59 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Key economic and financial indicators – Finland 13 Table 2.1: Assessment of 2018 CSR implementation 15 Table C.1: Financial market indicators 50 Table C.2: Headline Social Scoreboard indicators 51 Table C.3: Labour market and education indicators 52 Table C.4: Social inclusion and health indicators 53 Table C.5: Product market performance and policy indicators 54 Table C.6: Green growth 55 LIST OF GRAPHS Graph 1.1: GDP growth and contributions 7 Graph 1.2: Contributions to potential growth 8 Graph 1.3: Quarterly harmonised index of consumer prices, Finland, year-on-year %-change 8 Graph 1.4: Regional disparities in Finland 9 1 Graph 1.5: Breakdown of rate of change of nominal unit labour costs in Finland by change in inflation, real compensation of employee, productivity contribution), rate of change of nominal unit labour costs in the euro area 9 Graph 1.6: Nominal unit labour costs in total economy (2010 = 100) 10 Graph 1.7: Export market shares (EMS): EMS growth rate, export growth, world export growth (negative.
    [Show full text]
  • HEALTH PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY and HEALTH SYSTEMS 23 EVIDENCE from 17 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Edited by Matthias Wismar, Claudia B
    Cover_WHO_nr23_Mise en page 1 6/10/11 17:59 Page1 23 HEALTH PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY AND HEALTH SYSTEMS PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY AND HEALTH HEALTH Health professional mobility affects the performance of health systems and these EVIDENCE FROM 17 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES impacts are assuming greater significance given increasing mobility in Europe, a Health Professional 23 process fuelled by the European Union (EU) enlargements in 2004 and 2007. This volume presents research conducted within the framework of the European Commission’s Health PROMeTHEUS project. This research was undertaken in order to address gaps in the knowledge of the numbers, trends and impacts and of the policy Mobility and Health responses to this dynamic situation. Observatory Observatory The following questions were used to provide analytical guidance for the 17 country Studies Series case studies reported here: from Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Systems Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom. • What are the scale and characteristics of health professional mobility in the EU? Evidence from • What have been the effects of EU enlargement? 17 European countries • What are the motivations of the mobile workforce? • What are the resulting impacts on health system performance? Edited by Matthias Wismar • What is the policy relevance of those impacts? Claudia B. Maier • What are the policy options to address health professional mobility issues? Irene A. Glinos Gilles Dussault Josep Figueras The editors Matthias Wismar is Senior Health Policy Analyst at the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Irene A. Glinos, Gilles Dussault, Josep Figueras Josep Gilles Dussault, Glinos, Irene A.
    [Show full text]
  • Apotti Programme Deployment of Epic in the Helsinki Area 2016–2020
    Apotti Programme Deployment of Epic in Helsinki Area 2016–2020 How to work with customizing a shared EMR for different specialties? How to organize the work getting clinicians in front ? How was the experience so far with EPIC ? Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District Apotti area covers • 30 hospitals, including University hospital group (Helsinki University Hospital) • 40 public health stations • 50 social service offices • 1,6 million citizens Denmark: The Health Platform • Two regions – 2.5 million citizens • 12 hospitals • 44,000 employees in the region will be using the system • 46 municipalities can (at least in part) be linked up to the system • 400 persons involved in the project organisation • No social or home care included Eastern Denmark Background: Social and Healthcare in Finland • Healthcare and social care services • Healthcare expenditure: 20 billion a year (9.5 % of GNP) • Private healthcare service providers’ combined turnover: 3.5 billion a year • Social care expenditure: 66 billion (32 % of GNP) • Proportion of social care expenditure related to old age: 38 % • Role of private sector providers is set to increase • Challenges • Aging population • Chronic diseases • Almost 100 % Electronic Medical Record coverage Epic Systems’ EHR software, the core of Apotti, is in use in some of the world’s top-ranking health care establishments • Over 3 million users • Over 45 million client portal users • Over 360 organizations, including Kaiser Permanente, Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins • The best content is incorporated into the Epic
    [Show full text]
  • POLICY and PRACTICE Integrating Health and Social Services in Finland
    679 POLICY AND PRACTICE Integrating health and social services in Finland: regional and local initiatives to coordinate care Ilmo Keskimäki1,2, Timo Sinervo1, Juha Koivisto1 1 National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland 2 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Corresponding author: Ilmo Keskimäki (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT In comparison with other countries, health and social care in Finland the new policies have led to legislative initiatives attempting to reform the is already relatively integrated, with local governments (municipalities) service system and to support integration; At the local level, municipal organizing most primary care and social services, and running, together collaboration has been launched to establish novel types of municipal care with other municipalities, hospital districts for specialized services. organizations and to create regional joint health and social care authorities However, the services are highly decentralized, with a small median size of to boost administrative integration and to facilitate the implementation of the municipalities, devolved decision-making and weak central-government innovative forms of integrated care. This article describes three examples of steering. The ageing Finnish population and rural–urban migration are these novel integrated-care initiatives: two of these – one of which provides creating challenges to the structure of the Finnish health and social care integrated health and welfare centres, with the other providing children’s and system. Recently, the Finnish government has proposed policies for both young people’s services – are run by regional joint authorities; the third is the administrative and the operative integration of health and social care, an urban health and welfare centre based on an alliance model of public-, to create larger authorities for organizing services and to strengthen the private- and third-sector partnership.
    [Show full text]
  • Finland – Civic Orientation Textbook
    FINLAND – CIVIC ORIENTATION TEXTBOOK Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. FINLAND AND THE FINNISH CULTURE ............................................................................................. 4 Geography and Climate of Finland ................................................................................................................................. 4 Population of Finland ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 What are Finns Like? ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Outline of the History of Finland.................................................................................................................................... 9 Finnish Culture: Calendar, Celebrations and Traditions ............................................................................................... 16 Discussion Questions .................................................................................................................................................... 23 2. FINNISH SOCIETY .................................................................................................................................. 24 Sections of Finnish Society .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ESPN Thematic Report on Financing Social Protection – Finland, European Social Policy Network (ESPN), Brussels: European Commission
    EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY NETWORK (ESPN) Financing social protection Finland Olli Kangas Laura Kalliomaa-Puha Social Europe EUROPEAN COMMISSION European Social Policy Network (ESPN) ESPN Thematic Report on Financing Social Protection Finland 2019 Olli Kangas and Laura Kalliomaa-Puha Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion 2019 The European Social Policy Network (ESPN) was established in July 2014 on the initiative of the European Commission to provide high-quality and timely independent information, advice, analysis and expertise on social policy issues in the European Union and neighbouring countries. The ESPN brings together into a single network the work that used to be carried out by the European Network of Independent Experts on Social Inclusion, the Network for the Analytical Support on the Socio-Economic Impact of Social Protection Reforms (ASISP) and the MISSOC (Mutual Information Systems on Social Protection) secretariat. The ESPN is managed by the Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) and APPLICA, together with the European Social Observatory (OSE). For more information on the ESPN, see: http:ec.europa.eusocialmain.jsp?catId=1135&langId=en Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission, however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Information Guide Finland
    Country Information Guide Finland A guide to information sources on the Republic of Finland, with hyperlinks to information within European Sources Online and on external websites Contents Information sources in the ESO database .......................................................... 2 General information ........................................................................................ 2 Agricultural information................................................................................... 2 Competition policy information ......................................................................... 2 Culture and language information..................................................................... 2 Defence and security information ..................................................................... 3 Economic information ..................................................................................... 3 Education information ..................................................................................... 3 Employment information ................................................................................. 3 Energy information ......................................................................................... 4 Environmental information .............................................................................. 4 European policies and relations with the European Union .................................... 4 Geographic information and maps ...................................................................
    [Show full text]