DOCSLIB.ORG

Self-Healing Polymeric Materials: a Review of Recent Developments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ARTICLE IN PRESS Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 479–522 www.elsevier.com/locate/ppolysci Self-healing polymeric materials: A review of recent developments Dong Yang WuÃ, Sam Meure, David Solomon CSIRO Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Gate 5, Normanby Road, Clayton South, Victoria 3168, Melbourne, Australia Received 17 June 2007; received in revised form 30 January 2008; accepted 18 February 2008 Available online 4 March 2008 Abstract The development and characterization of self-healing synthetic polymeric materials have been inspired by biological systems in which damage triggers an autonomic healing response. This is an emerging and fascinating area of research that could significantly extend the working life and safety of the polymeric components for a broad range of applications. An overview of various self-healing concepts for polymeric materials published over the last 15 years is presented in this paper. Fracture mechanics of polymeric materials and traditional methods of repairing damages in these materials are described to provide context for the topic. This paper also examines the different approaches proposed to prepare and characterize the self-healing systems, the different methods for evaluating self-healing efficiencies, and the applicability of these concepts to composites and structural components. Finally, the challenges and future research opportunities are highlighted. Crown Copyright r 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Polymeric materials; Self-healing; Composite repair; Biomimetic repair Contents 1. Introduction . 480 2. Fracture mechanics of polymeric materials. 483 3. Traditional repair methods for polymeric materials. 485 3.1. Repair of advanced composites . 485 3.1.1. Welding . 485 3.1.2. Patching . 485 3.1.3. In-situ curing of new resin . 485 3.2. Repair of thermoplastics . 485 4. Self-healing of thermoplastic materials. 486 4.1. Molecular interdiffusion . 486 4.2. Photo-induced healing . 487 4.3. Recombination of chain ends . 488 4.4. Self-healing via reversible bond formation. 489 ÃCorresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 9545 2893; fax: +61 3 9545 2829. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.Y. Wu). 0079-6700/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright r 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.02.001 ARTICLE IN PRESS 480 D.Y. Wu et al. / Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 479–522 4.4.1. Organo-siloxane . 489 4.4.2. Ionomers . 491 4.5. Living polymer approach. 493 4.6. Self-healing by nanoparticles . 493 5. Self-healing of thermoset materials . 494 5.1. Hollow fiber approach. 494 5.1.1. Manufacture and characterization . 494 5.1.2. Assessment of self-healing efficiency . 497 5.2. Microencapsulation approach . 498 5.2.1. Manufacture and characterization of self-healing microcapsules . 499 5.2.2. Mechanical property and processing considerations . 503 5.2.3. Assessment of self-healing efficiency . 504 5.3. Thermally reversible crosslinked polymers . 508 5.4. Inclusion of thermoplastic additives . 509 5.5. Chain rearrangement. 511 5.6. Metal-ion-mediated healing . 512 5.7. Other approaches . 513 5.7.1. Self-healing with shape memory materials . 513 5.7.2. Self-healing via swollen materials . 513 5.7.3. Self-healing via passivation . 514 6. Modeling . 514 7. Conclusions . 515 8. Insights for future work . 515 References . 516 1. Introduction microcracks may affect the structural integrity of the polymeric components, shorten the life of the Polymers and structural composites are used in a vehicle, and potentially compromise passenger variety of applications, which include transport safety. vehicles (cars, aircrafts, ships, and spacecrafts), With polymers and composites being increasingly sporting goods, civil engineering, and electronics. used in structural applications in aircraft, cars, However, these materials are susceptible to damage ships, defence and construction industries, several induced by mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV techniques have been developed and adopted by radiation, or a combination of these factors [1]. industries for repairing visible or detectable da- This could lead to the formation of microcracks mages on the polymeric structures. However, these deep within the structure where detection and conventional repair methods are not effective for external intervention are difficult or impossible. healing invisible microcracks within the structure The presence of the microcracks in the polymer during its service life. In response, the concept of matrix can affect both the fiber- and matrix- self-healing polymeric materials was proposed in the dominated properties of a composite. Riefsnider 1980s [7] as a means of healing invisible microcracks et al. [2] have predicted reductions in fiber- for extending the working life and safety of the dominated properties such as tensile strength and polymeric components. The more recent publica- fatigue life due to the redistribution of loads caused tions in the topic by Dry and Sottos [8] in 1993 and by matrix damage. Chamis and Sullivan [3] and then White et al. [9] in 2001 further inspired world more recently, Wilson et al. [4] have shown that wide interests in these materials [10]. Examples of matrix-dominated properties such as compressive such interests were demonstrated through US Air strength are also influenced by the amount of matrix force [11] and European Space Agency [12] invest- damage. Jang et al. [5] and Morton and Godwin [6] ments in self-healing polymers, and the strong extensively studied impact response in toughened presence of polymers at the First International polymer composites and found that matrix cracking Conference on Self-healing Materials organized by causes delamination and subsequent fiber fracture. the Delft University of Technology of the Nether- In the case of a transport vehicle, the propagation of lands in February 2007. ARTICLE IN PRESS D.Y. Wu et al. / Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 479–522 481 Nomenclature Mw molecular weight N number of cycles in a fatigue test e elongation to break NBE norbornene Z fatigue-healing efficiency NMA nadic methyl anhydride s fracture stress NMR nuclear magnetic resonance DK change in KI during fatigue cycling OH hydroxyl group l wavelength PBE polybisphenol-A-co-epichlorohydrin A6ACA acryloyl-6-amino caproic acid PC polycarbonate BDMA benzyl dimethylamine PDES polydiethoxysiloxane CQ camphorquinone PEEK polyether–ether–ketone DA Diels–Alder PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) DBTL di-n-butyltin dilaurate PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate) DCB double-cantilever beam PMEA poly(methoxy ethylacrylate) DCPD dicyclopentadiene PROMP photo-induced ring-opening metathesis DETA diethylenetriamine polymerization DGEBA diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A PS polystyrene DMA dimethylaniline ROMP ring-opening metathesis polymeriza- DSC differential scanning calorimetry tion E fracture energy SEM scanning electron microscopy EMAA poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) TBC paratertbutylcatechol ENB 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene TCE 1,1,1-tris-(cinnamoyloxymethyl) ESR electron spin resonance ethane GQ strain energy-release factor TDCB tapered double-cantilever beam HOPMDS hydroxyl end-functionalized polydi- TEGDMA triethyleneglycol dimethylacrylate methyl-siloxane TEM transmission electron microscopy I molecular parameters TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxy KI stress intensity factor Tg glass transition temperature KIMax maximum stress intensity factor TGA thermo-gravimetric analysis KIQ critical stress intensity factor UDME urethane dimethacrylate LDPE low-density polyethylene UF urea-formaldehyde MA methacrylic acid UV ultraviolet light Conceptually, self-healing polymeric materials actuators, cracking due to manufacturing-induced have the built-in capability to substantially recover residual stresses, and fiber de-bonding. their load transferring ability after damage. Such An ideal self-healing material is capable of recovery can occur autonomously or be activated continuously sensing and responding to damage after an application of a specific stimulus (e.g. heat, over the lifetime of the polymeric components, and radiation). As such, these materials are expected to restoring the material’s performance without nega- contribute greatly to the safety and durability of tively affecting the initial materials properties. This polymeric components without the high costs of is expected to make the materials safer, more active monitoring or external repair. Throughout reliable and durable while reducing costs and the development of this new range of smart maintenance. Successful development of self-healing materials, the mimicking of biological systems has polymeric materials offers great opportunities for been used as a source of inspiration [13]. One broadening the applications of these lightweight example of biomimetic healing is seen in the materials into the manufacture of structural and vascular-style bleeding of healing agents following critical components. the original self-healing composites proposed by Healing of a polymeric material can refer to the Dry and Sottos [8]. These materials may also be able recovery of properties such as fracture toughness, to heal damage caused by insertion of other sensors/ tensile strength, surface smoothness, barrier properties ARTICLE IN PRESS 482 D.Y. Wu et al. / Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 479–522 and even molecular weight. Due to the range of I healed RðIÞ¼ (4) properties that are healed in these materials, it can I initial be difficult to compare the extent of healing. Wool and O’Connor [14] proposed a basic method
Recommended publications
  • Preparation of “Constrained Geometry” Titanium Complexes of [1,2]Azasilinane Framework for Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization

    Preparation of “Constrained Geometry” Titanium Complexes of [1,2]Azasilinane Framework for Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization

    molecules Article Preparation of “Constrained Geometry” Titanium Complexes of [1,2]Azasilinane Framework for Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerization Seul Lee, Seung Soo Park, Jin Gu Kim, Chung Sol Kim and Bun Yeoul Lee * Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (S.S.P.); [email protected] (J.G.K.); [email protected] (C.S.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-031-219-1844 Academic Editor: Kotohiro Nomura Received: 27 December 2016; Accepted: 7 February 2017; Published: 9 February 2017 5 t Abstract: The Me2Si-bridged ansa-Cp/amido half-metallocene, [Me2Si(η -Me4C5)(N Bu)]TiCl2, termed a “constrained-geometry catalyst (CGC)”, is a representative homogeneous Ziegler catalyst. CGC derivatives with the [1,2]azasilinane framework, in which the amide alkyl substituent is joined by the Si-bridge, were prepared, and the catalytic performances of these species was studied. Me4C5HSi(Me)(CH2CH=CH2)-NH(C(R)(R’)CH=CH2) (R, R’ = H or methyl; Me4C5H = tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) was susceptible to ring closure metathesis (RCM) when treated with Schrock’s Mo-catalyst to afford -Si(Me4C5H)(Me)CH2CH=CHC(R)(R’)NH- containing a six-membered ring framework. Using the precursors and the products of RCM, various CGC derivatives, i.e., 5 5 [-Si(η -Me4C5)(Me)CH2CH=CHC(R)(H)N-]TiMe2 (13, R = H; 15, R = Me), [-Si(η -Me4C5)(Me) 5 CH2CH2CH2CH2N]TiMe2 (14), [(η -Me4C5)Si(Me)(CH2CH=CH2)NCH2CH=CH2]TiMe2 (16), 5 5 [(η -Me4C5)Si (Me)(CH=CH2)NCH2CH=CH2]TiMe2 (17), and [(η -Me4C5)Si(Me)(CH2CH3)NCH2 CH2CH3]TiMe2 (18), were prepared.
  • Materials Properties Derived from INSITE Metallocene Catalysts

    Materials Properties Derived from INSITE Metallocene Catalysts

    REVIEW Materials Properties Derived from INSITE Metallocene Catalysts By P. Stephen Chum,* William J. Kruper, and Martin J. Guest Novel metallocene catalysts for the synthesis of ethylene/a-olefin copolymers are reviewed here. The technology usedÐsingle-site constrained geometry catalyst technologyÐis demonstrated to be useful for the preparation of a wide array of copolymers with unique materials properties, such as a high melt fracture resistance, as illustrated in the Figure. 1. General Aspects and Challenges of Catalysis procatalyst is inactive for olefin polymerization and may be activated through the use of Lewis acid catalysis with mixtures Over the past decade, the development of Dow's INSITE of modified methylalumoxane (MMAO) and electron-defi- (trademark of The Dow Chemical Co.) metallocene catalysts cient boranes such as tris-perfluorophenylborane (FAB). Al- has led to the launch of many new polyolefin product lines ternatively, the procatalyst may be activated through the use that had been previously unattainable from conventional of preformed, non-coordinating counterions, which are appro- Ziegler±Natta catalysis.[1] From a structure±activity perspec- priately ion-paired with protonated ammonium or trityl salts. IV tive, the catalyst ligand structures are readily tailored synthet- The nature of the catalytically active species derived from Ti ically from both an electronic and steric point of view. This analogues under polymerization conditions has recently been [4] alteration motif has led to the development and screening of reviewed. It is clear from our studies that variation of the several hundred ansa-cyclopentadienyl amido group IV metal Lewis acid components of the catalyst package can affect constrained-geometry catalysts (CGCs), which have been parameters such as efficiency, comonomer incorporation, Mw, evaluated for the preparation of a wide array of ethylene/ polydispersity, and more importantly, polymer microstructure a-olefin copolymers possessing unique materials properties.[2] and stereoregularity.
  • Polyolefin from Commodity to Specialty Mike Chung TC* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

    Polyolefin from Commodity to Specialty Mike Chung TC* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

    cie al S nce ri s te & Mike Chung, J Material Sci Eng 2015, 4:2 a E M n f g DOI: 10.4172/2169-0022.1000e111 o i n l e a e n r r i n u g o Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering J ISSN: 2169-0022 EditorialResearch Article OpenOpen Access Access Polyolefin from Commodity to Specialty Mike Chung TC* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Introduction the “Golden Age” of polymer science. The tremendous research efforts were generating the discovery of catalysts with superior activity and Polyolefins-including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), stereospecificity, as well as leading to economically viable production poly(1-butene), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), ethylene-propylene elastomer processes and product developments. In the late 1970s, Kaminsky and (EPR), and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) - are the most Sinn discovered a new class of homogeneous (single-site) Ziegler-Natta widely used commercial polymers, with over 120 million metric tons catalyst, based on metallocene/methylaluminoxane (MAO), which global annual consumption, or close to 60% of the total polymer offers tremendous advantages in understanding the polymerization produced in year 2014. The popularity is due to their excellent mechanism and allows the design of catalyst to prepare new polymers combination of chemical and physical properties along with low (especially copolymers) with narrow molecular weight and composition cost, superior processability, and good recyclability. By controlling distributions. Polyolefin technology and industry have been changing crystallinity and molecular weight, polyolefins with a wide range of the landscape by broadening the monomer pool and introducing new thermal and mechanical properties have been produced for wide high performance products and new applications.
  • Copolymerization of Propylene with Higher Α-Olefins by A

    Copolymerization of Propylene with Higher Α-Olefins by A

    polymers Article Copolymerization of Propylene with Higher α-Olefins by a Pyridylamidohafnium Catalyst: An Effective Approach to Polypropylene-Based Elastomer Fei Yang 1, Xiaoyan Wang 2,*, Zhe Ma 1, Bin Wang 1,* , Li Pan 1 and Yuesheng Li 1 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; [email protected] (F.Y.); [email protected] (Z.M.); [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (B.W.) Received: 16 December 2019; Accepted: 1 January 2020; Published: 3 January 2020 Abstract: In this contribution, we explored the copolymerization of propylene with higher α-olefins, including 1-octene (C8) 1-dodecene (C12), 1-hexadecene (C16) and 1-eicosene (C20), by using a dimethyl pyridylamidohafnium catalyst. A series of copolymers with varied comonomer incorporation, high molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained at mild conditions. The effects of the insertion of the comonomers on the microstructure, thermal and final mechanical properties were systemically studied by 13C NMR, wide-angle X-ray scattering, DSC and tensile test. Excellent mechanical performances were achieved by tuning the incorporation and chain length of the higher α-olefins. When the comonomer content reached above 12 mol.%, polypropylene-based elastomers were obtained with high ductility. A combination of excellent elastic recovery and flexibility was achieved for the P/C16 copolymers with about 20 mol.% monomer incorporation.
  • US20100160506A1.Pdf

    US20100160506A1.Pdf

    US 2010.0160506A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0160506 A1 Wu et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jun. 24, 2010 (54) PRODUCTION OFSYNTHETIC Publication Classification HYDROCARBON FLUIDS, PLASTICIZERS (51) Int. Cl. AND SYNTHETICLUBRICANT BASE CSK 5/55 (2006.01) STOCKS FROM RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS CSK 5/109 (2006.01) C07D 30/03 (2006.01) (76) Inventors: Margaret May-Som Wu, Skillman, C07D 31 7/24 (2006.01) NJ (US); Karla Schall Colle, C07C I/207 (2006.01) Houston, TX (US); Ramzi Yanni (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 524/114; 524/280; 549/523: 549/229; Saleh, Baton Rouge, LA (US); 585/327 Allen D. Godwin, Seabrook, TX (57) ABSTRACT (US); John Edmond Randolph This disclosure is directed to an integrated method for making Stanat, Houston, TX (US) synthetic hydrocarbon fluids, plasticizers and polar synthetic lubricant base stocks from a renewable feedstock. More par Correspondence Address: ticularly, the disclosure is directed to a metathesis reaction of ExxonMobil Research & Engineering Company natural oil or its derivative ester and ethylene in the presence P.O. Box 900, 1545 Route 22 East of an effective amount of a metathesis catalyst to form linear Annandale, NJ 08801-0900 (US) alpha-olefins, internal olefins and reduced chain length trig lycerides. The linear alpha-olefins and/or internal olefins are polymerized to produce synthetic hydrocarbon fluids in the (21) Appl. No.: 12/633,742 presence of a suitable catalyst. The reduced chain length triglycerides are converted into polar synthetic lubricant base (22) Filed: Dec. 17, 2009 stocks or plasticizers by hydrogenation, isomerization, fol lowed by hydrogenations, or by hydroisomerization pro cesses.
  • Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefin Edward M

    Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefin Edward M

    White Paper Adhesives | Sealants | Tapes Adhesive Bonding of Polyolefin Edward M. Petrie | Omnexus, June 2013 Introduction Polyolefin polymers are used extensively in producing plastics and elastomers due to their excellent chemical and physical properties as well as their low price and easy processing. However, they are also one of the most difficult materials to bond with adhesives because of the wax-like nature of their surface. Advances have been made in bonding polyolefin based materials through improved surface preparation processes and the introduction of new adhesives that are capable of bonding to the polyolefin substrate without any surface pre-treatment. Adhesion promoters for polyolefins are also available that can be applied to the part prior to bonding similar to a primer. Polyolefin parts can be assembled via many methods such as adhesive bonding, heat sealing, vibration welding, etc. However, adhesive bonding provides unique benefits in assembling polyolefin parts such as the ability to seal and provide a high degree of joint strength without heating the substrate. This article will review the reasons why polyolefin substrates are so difficult to bond and the various methods that can be used to make the task easier and more reliable. Polyolefins and their Surface Characteristics Polyolefins represent a large group of polymers that are extremely inert chemically. Because of their excellent chemical resistance, polyolefins are impossible to join by solvent cementing. Polyolefins also exhibit lower heat resistance than most other thermoplastics, and as a result thermal methods of assembly such as heat welding can result in distortion and other problems. The most well-known polyolefins are polyethylene and polypropylene, but there are other specialty types such as polymethylpentene (high temperature properties) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (elastomeric properties).
  • Light Linear Alpha Olefin Market Study

    Light Linear Alpha Olefin Market Study

    Light Linear Alpha Olefin Market Study Chemical Strategic Report Prospectus Light Linear Alpha Olefin Market Study Light Linear Alpha Ole n Market Study Light Linear Alpha Ole n Market Study Contents Introduction The linear alpha olefin (“LAO”) business is complex, serving a broad range of industries and Introduction ............................................................................................. 3 applications therein from commodity plastics to small volume fine and performance chemicals. Study Scope ............................................................................................. 5 A simplified map of the LAO value chain is given below: Key Questions Addressed in the Study ............................................... 7 Deliverables .............................................................................................. 8 Alpha Olefins Supply Chain Proposed Table of Contents ................................................................. 9 Full Range Ethylene Polybutene-1 Processes Butene-1 Methodology .......................................................................................... 11 PE/PP Hexene-1 Study Team ............................................................................................ 15 Comnomer Dimerization Plasticizer Alcohols Qualifications ......................................................................................... 18 Octene-1 Polyolefin Elastomers Trimerization About Chemical at IHS Markit ............................................................. 21
  • Licensed Technologies Innovative | Proven | Value-Adding

    Licensed Technologies Innovative | Proven | Value-Adding

    Licensed Technologies Innovative | Proven | Value-adding lyondellbasell.com Saudi Ethylene and Polyethylene Company (SEPC), Al-Jubail Industrial City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia LyondellBasell is the world’s third-largest independent chemical company. We have annual revenues of approximately $30.8 billion and more than 14,000 employees worldwide. Our vertically integrated facilities, broad product portfolio, manufacturing flexibility, superior technology base and reputation for operational excellence enable us to deliver exceptional value to our customers across the petrochemical chain – from refining to advanced product applications. Product diversity and vertical integration allow LyondellBasell to capture value at every step of the petrochemical chain. Natural Gas Wellhead Crude Liquids Capturing value along the chain Refining Refining Fuels Olefins Olefins Crackers Olefins Aromatics T echnology Propylene Olefin OxyFuels Polyethylene Polypropylene Polybutene-1 Acetyls Ethylene Oxide Styrene Derivatives Oxide Glycols, Glycol Ethers Glycols 2nd Level PP Catalloy Derivatives Compounding Butanediol Glycol Ethers Refining & OxyFuels Olefins & Polyolefins Olefins & Polyolefins Intermediates & Derivatives Technology Americas Europe, Asia & International 2 A global leader in polyolefins and chemicals technology, production and marketing About LyondellBasell LyondellBasell’s technologies are some of the Global capacity positions most reliable, efficient and cost effective in the With major administrative offices in Houston, world. With over 280 licensed
  • Development of Constrained Geometry Complexes of Group 4

    Development of Constrained Geometry Complexes of Group 4

    A Dissertation entitled Development of Constrained Geometry Complexes of Group 4 and 5 Metals by Ryan Thomas Rondo Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Chemistry Dr. Mark R. Mason, Committee Chair Dr. Patricia Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2010 An abstract of Development of Constrained Geometry Complexes of Group 4 and 5 Metals Ryan Thomas Rondo Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Chemistry The University of Toledo May 2010 Constrained geometry catalysts (CGC) are known to be active in the polymerization and copolymerization of alkenes with a distinct control over polymer tacticity. The tethering of one 5-cyclopentadienyl moiety and one pendant donor gives these compounds an accessible metal center as well as ability to maintain their structure throughout the catalytic process. Complexes of this type typically feature one pendant amido donor. Replacement of the pendant amido donor with a nitrogen heterocycle such as an indolyl- or pyrrolyl-group should result in electrophilic metal centers due to reduced N M donation, a consequence of electron delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair in the aromatic system. This dissertation reports the development of a new series of constrained geometry ligands that feature indolyl- and pyrrolyl- donor moieties. iii In chapter 2, the synthesis and characterization of a series of acetal precursors and their corresponding di(3-methylindolyl)ethane and dipyrrolylethane constrained geometry ligands is reported. Within this report are two new acetal precursors, fluorenyl acetaldehyde diethylacetal, and indenyl acetaldehyde diethylacetal.
  • Monomer Recovery in Polyolefin Plants

    Monomer Recovery in Polyolefin Plants

    PETROCHEMICALSand GAS PROCESSING Monomer recovery in polyolefin plants This article outlines the application in polyolefin plants of a membrane based process, VaporSep, for separating and recovering hydrocarbons from nitrogen - in particular, the treatment of resin degassing vent streams Marc L Jacobs DouglasE Gottschlich Richard W Baker MembraneTechnology & ResearchInc (MTR) hemical feedstocks, or monomers, such as ethylene and propylene, Selective are the single largest operating + cost in the manufacture of polyolefins. Layer Due to the intensely competitive nature of the industry, monomer losses in vent streams are a mqjor concern for produc- Microporous ers. Typical losses for a plant range from <_ 1 to 2 per cent of the feed and can Layer account for 2000 to 4000 tons/year of lost monomer. Assuming a cost of $350/ton, these vent streams represent a significant opportunity for recovery and Support recycling of raw materials web A membrane-based process called 'l VaporSep, to separate and recover Figure The three-layer VoporStepmembrqne hydrocarbons and nitrogen in poly- olefin plants, has been developed by free selective layer which performs the and parallel flow combinations to MTR. The process is based on a poly- separation. meet the requirements of a particular meric membrane that selectively perme- After manufacture as flat sheet, the application. ates hydrocarbons, compared to light membrane is packaged into a spiral- gases such as nitrogen and hydrogen. wound module, as shown in Figure 2. Resin degassing vent streams This article describes how the process is The feed gas enters the module and In a typical polyolefin plant, propylene, applied to resin degassing vent streams flows between the membrane sheets.
  • Globally Established Polyolefin Plants

    Globally Established Polyolefin Plants

    Globally established polyolefin plants. Competence in PE and PP projects opens markets. 02 Linde Engineering: Polyolefin plants Linde Engineering: Polyolefin plants 03 Knowing what makes the market tick. We’re familiar with the processes for PP and PE – worldwide. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) belong to the Integrating petrochemical complexes polymers with the highest demand and growth rates world- wide. More than 50 % of all ethylene produced is consumed Very few companies have the know-how to build turnkey in polymerisation processes for the production of PE and PP. integrated petrochemical complexes. Linde is in a unique More than 30 years of experience in the polyethylene and position of being able to offer a complete spectrum of polypropylene market have given Linde a profound knowl- technologies along the olefin/polyolefin chain, such as edge base in both engineering and project execution for gas separation, ethylene, propane dehydration, poly- such plants. ethylene and polypropylene, linear alpha olefins. Our experience of having constructed PE and PP plants in numerous countries around the world gives us, Linde, the capability to focus on the planning and project develop- ment required to provide a truly successful turnkey plant. One-stop individual support We offer the full range of engineering services for poly- ethylene and polypropylene projects, including: 3 Consulting services 3 Project development 3 Economical and technical feasibility studies 3 Licensing arrangements 3 Financing 3 Arrangement of premarketing and off-take 3 Support and documentation for authority engineering 3 Project management 3 Engineering and design 3 Procurement 3 Construction 3 Commissioning and start-up 3 Training of operational and maintenance personnel 3 After-sales support 04 Linde Engineering: Polyolefin plants Working hand in hand.
  • Nickel and Palladium Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization

    Nickel and Palladium Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization

    Mini Review Academ J Polym Sci Volume 2 Issue 2 - January 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Michael Ioelovich DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2019.02.555585 Nickel and Palladium Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization Qiuli Wang1,2, Binnian Yuan1,3, Guoyong Xu1 and Fuzhou Wang1* 1Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, China 2Jiaxiang No.1 Middle School, China 3China University of Mining and Technology Yinchuan College, China Submission: January 10, 2019; Published: January 22, 2019 *Corresponding author: Fuzhou Wang, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China. Abstract polymerizationThis review have summarized received extensivethe progress researches on transition owing tometal the precisecatalysts control for olefin of branching polymerization, microstructure, and focuses molecular on the weights olefin polymerizationand properties by the late transition metal catalysts and the recent advances in catalyst design. In recent years, nickel and palladium complexes for olefin ofKeywords: the resulting polyolefins. Abbrevations:Nickel and palladium complexes; Olefin polymerization; Chain-walking; Branched polymer MAO: Methylaluminoxane; CGC: Constrained Geometry Catalysts; LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene; LLDP: Linear Low-Density Polyethylene; HDPE: High-Density Polyethylene; PP: Polypropylene Introduction using late transition metal catalysts should be highlight for The research of the ethylene and α-olefins polymerizations development of polyolefin materials during the past two decades In 1980s, Kaminsky [8] discovered that Methyl Aluminoxane (MAO) as an excellent co-catalyst to highly activate half- polymerization to produce polymers of narrow molecular weight metallocene’s [8] and badged metallocene catalysts for alkene distribution. The second milestone in alkene polymerization [1-5], because polyolefin materials are tremendously important catalysis was the development of metallocene catalysts.