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Einsatz Von Mauerbienen Zur Bestäubung Von Obstkulturen

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Einsatz Von Mauerbienen Zur Bestäubung Von Obstkulturen Einsatz von Mauerbienen zur Bestäubung von Obstkulturen Erarbeitung eines Management-Programmes zur Nutzung der Roten Mauerbiene (Osmia bicornis) in Obstplantagen und Kleingärten Gefördert durch die Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt Abschlussbericht Förderzeitraum: 1.1.2006 – 31.07.2009 Projektdurchführung Projektpartner Zoologisches Institut und Museum Rostocker Obst GmbH Universität Greifswald Theodor Körner Str. 22 Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 11-12 18106 Rostock 17487 Greifswald Prof. Dr. Klaus Fischer [email protected] Dipl.-Biol. Johann-Christoph Kornmilch [email protected] Einsatz von Mauerbienen zur Bestäubung von Obstkulturen 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis.................................................................................................................................. 2 Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................................................................... 4 Abbildungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................................... 5 1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Projektverlauf ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Arbeitsbereich Zoologie......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Arbeitsbereich Botanik.......................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Praxispartner .......................................................................................................................... 9 3 Material und Methoden ............................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Untersuchungsgebiete.......................................................................................................... 10 3.1.1. Plantage....................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2. Kleingarten.................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Nutzung von Röntgenaufnahmen in der Bienendiagnostik ................................................. 11 3.2.1. Ermittlung des Bruterfolges und des Geschlechterverhältnisses................................. 12 3.2.2. Beurteilung der Fitness der Bienen ............................................................................. 12 3.2.3. Parasitenkontrolle........................................................................................................ 13 4 Erfassung des natürlichen Bestäuberpotentials....................................................................... 14 5 Besatzdichte................................................................................................................................. 15 5.1 Richtwerte weltweit ............................................................................................................. 15 5.2 Versuchsanordnung.............................................................................................................. 15 5.3 Ergebnisse............................................................................................................................ 16 5.4 Beobachtungen abfliegender Weibchen............................................................................... 18 5.5 Konkurrenzwirkungen auf heimische Wildbienen............................................................... 18 6 Überwinterung der Kokons ....................................................................................................... 20 7 Schlupfdaten................................................................................................................................ 22 8 Parasiten...................................................................................................................................... 25 8.1 Taufliegen ............................................................................................................................ 26 8.2 Trauerschweber.................................................................................................................... 27 8.3 Erzwespen............................................................................................................................ 29 8.4 Ameisen ............................................................................................................................... 31 8.5 Kugelkäfer............................................................................................................................ 32 8.6 Milben.................................................................................................................................. 33 8.7 Vögel.................................................................................................................................... 36 9 Verwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln .................................................................................. 38 10 Bau der Nisthilfen....................................................................................................................... 39 10.1 Nistblöcke ............................................................................................................................ 39 10.2 Farbanstrich der Nisthilfen................................................................................................... 41 10.3 Niststände............................................................................................................................. 42 10.4 Exposition der Nisthilfen im Niststand................................................................................ 44 11 Mauerbienenzucht ...................................................................................................................... 47 11.1 Vermehrungsraten................................................................................................................ 47 11.2 Methoden zur Erhöhung des Weibchenanteils..................................................................... 49 12 Blütenstetigkeit ........................................................................................................................... 52 12.1 Trachtquellen vor der Obstblüte .......................................................................................... 53 12.2 Trachtquellen während der Obstblüte.................................................................................. 54 12.3 Trachtquellen nach der Obstblüte ........................................................................................ 54 12.4 Quantitative Erfassung der Blütenpräferenz ........................................................................ 55 13 Ökonomie .................................................................................................................................... 58 13.1 Kosten .................................................................................................................................. 58 13.1.1. Anschaffung Mauerbienen.......................................................................................... 58 13.1.2. Anschaffung Nisthilfen............................................................................................... 59 13.1.3. Zeitaufwand................................................................................................................. 59 13.2 Nutzen.................................................................................................................................. 59 Einsatz von Mauerbienen zur Bestäubung von Obstkulturen 3 13.2.1. Bestäubung.................................................................................................................. 59 13.2.2. Zugewinn an Mauerbienen.......................................................................................... 60 13.3 Rechenbeispiel ..................................................................................................................... 60 14 Vergleich verschiedener Bestäuber........................................................................................... 63 14.1 Honigbienen......................................................................................................................... 63 14.2 Mauerbienen ........................................................................................................................ 63 14.3 Hummeln.............................................................................................................................. 63 15 Managementplan zum Einsatz der Roten Mauerbiene........................................................... 65 15.1 Die Rote Mauerbiene ........................................................................................................... 65 15.2 Lebenszyklus........................................................................................................................ 65 15.3 Vorbilder weltweit ............................................................................................................... 66 15.4 Vorteile der Mauerbiene ...................................................................................................... 66 15.5 Einsatzgebiete
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