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Tran Minh Hoi, Vu Xuan Phuong

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Tran Minh Hoi, Vu Xuan Phuong 28(4): 28-36 T¹p chÝ Sinh häc 12-2006 tÝnh ®a d¹ng cña khu hÖ thùc vËt ë v−ên quèc gia xu©n s¬n, tØnh phó thä trÇn minh hîi, vò xu©n ph−¬ng ViÖn Sinh th¸i vµ Tµi nguyªn sinh vËt V−ên quèc gia (VQG) Xu©n S¬n ®−îc coi lµ sè 32/2006/N§/CP ngµy 30 th¸ng 3 n¨m 2006 l¸ phæi xanh cña tØnh Phó Thä bëi lÏ c¶ tØnh giê cña ChÝnh phñ n−íc CHXHCN ViÖt Nam. ®©y chØ cßn khu vùc Xu©n S¬n cã rõng tèt vµ giµu cã nhÊt. Theo kÕt qu¶ ®iÒu tra b−íc ®Çu cña II. kÕt qu¶ nghiªn cøu ViÖn §iÒu tra quy ho¹ch rõng, Tr−êng ®¹i häc L©m nghiÖp, ViÖn Sinh th¸i vµ Tµi nguyªn sinh 1. CÊu tróc cña thµnh phÇn loµi cña khu hÖ vËt vµ Tr−êng ®¹i häc S− ph¹m Hµ Néi th× VQG thùc vËt ë VQG Xu©n S¬n Xu©n S¬n cã tÝnh ®a d¹ng sinh häc cao, trong ®ã Theo nh÷ng sè liÖu ®iÒu tra ®Çu tiªn khi x©y cã nhiÒu loµi thùc vËt quý hiÕm ®ang bÞ ®e däa ë dùng Khu b¶o tån thiªn nhiªn (KBTTN) Xu©n møc quèc gia vµ toµn cÇu. S¬n cña ViÖn §iÒu tra quy ho¹ch rõng (1992), §Ó gãp phÇn ®¸nh gi¸ ®Çy ®ñ tÝnh ®a d¹ng KBTTN Xu©n S¬n cã 314 loµi thùc vËt cã m¹ch. sinh häc ë VQG Xu©n S¬n, lµm c¬ së x©y dùng Sè liÖu ®iÒu tra cña Trung t©m Tµi nguyªn M«i chiÕn l−îc qu¶n lý, b¶o tån, trong thêi gian 3 tr−êng thuéc ViÖn §iÒu tra quy ho¹ch rõng phèi n¨m (2003-2005), chóng t«i ®· tiÕn hµnh ®iÒu hîp víi Ban qu¶n lý VQG Xu©n S¬n vµ Chi côc tra, ®¸nh gi¸ tÝnh ®a d¹ng thùc vËt t¹i VQG KiÓm l©m tØnh Phó Thä (th¸ng 10 n¨m 2002), ®· Xu©n S¬n. thèng kª ®−îc 726 loµi thùc vËt bËc cao cã m¹ch thuéc 475 chi vµ 134 hä. Nh− vËy, sè l−îng loµi I. ph−¬ng ph¸p nghiªn cøu t¨ng gÊp ®«i so víi tr−íc. Tõ n¨m 2003 ®Õn n¨m 2005, chóng t«i ®· tæ chøc ®iÒu tra theo c¸c mïa 1. Thêi gian , ®Þa ®iÓm kh¸c nhau vµ theo c¸c h−íng kh¸c nhau, ®· thu Trong 3 n¨m (2003 - 2005) ®· tiÕn hµnh ®iÒu ®−îc 1.250 sè hiÖu tiªu b¶n víi gÇn 4.000 mÉu tra thùc ®Þa nhiÒu ®ît theo « tiªu chuÈn vµ theo 4 vËt. Sau khi xö lý ng©m tÈm ®Ó b¶o qu¶n, chóng tuyÕn kh¶o s¸t t¹i VQG Xu©n S¬n, tØnh Phó Thä: t«i ®· gi¸m ®Þnh tªn khoa häc vµ lªn ®−îc danh tuyÕn 1: xãm Dï - nói Ten; tuyÕn 2: xãm Dï - lôc thùc vËt ë VQG Xu©n S¬n víi 1.217 loµi thùc xãm LÊp - xãm Cái; tuyÕn 3: xãm Dï - xãm vËt bËc cao cã m¹ch thuéc 680 chi, 180 hä. L¹ng - xãm Lïng M»ng thuéc x· Xu©n S¬n vµ Sù ph©n bè cña c¸c taxon nh− sau: trong 6 tuyÕn 4: xãm Chß Rãt (x· §ång S¬n) - bÕn Th©n ngµnh thùc vËt bËc cao cã m¹ch th× ngµnh Méc - nói CÈn, ®Ó thu mÉu thùc vËt vÒ gi¸m ®Þnh tªn lan (Magnoliophyta) cã sè hä, chi vµ loµi phong khoa häc vµ ph©n tÝch trong phßng thÝ nghiÖm. phó nhÊt (gåm 151 hä - chiÕm 83,88%, 633 chi 2. Ph−¬ng ph¸p - 93,10% vµ 1.130 loµi - 92,85%); tiÕp ®Õn lµ ngµnh D−¬ng xØ (Polypodiophyta) víi 22 hä Thu thËp tµi liÖu, ph©n tÝch c¸c kÕt qu¶ ®· (12,22%), 38 chi (5,59%) vµ 74 loµi (6,08%); cã trong vµ ngoµi n−íc. §iÒu tra thu thËp mÉu ngµnh Th«ng (Pinophyta) cã 3 hä (1,64%), 4 chi vËt trªn hiÖn tr−êng b»ng « tiªu chuÈn vµ tuyÕn (0,57%) vµ 5 loµi (0,41%); ngµnh Th«ng ®Êt kh¶o s¸t. X¸c ®Þnh tªn khoa häc cña c¸c mÉu vËt (Lycopodiophyta) cã 2 hä (1,10%), 3 chi theo ph−¬ng ph¸p h×nh th¸i so s¸nh; tËp hîp, lªn (0,44%) vµ 6 loµi (0,50%); hai ngµnh Cá th¸p danh lôc loµi cña khu hÖ thùc vËt; ®¸nh gi¸ sù bót (Equisetophyta) vµ QuyÕt l¸ th«ng ®a d¹ng trong c¸c taxon. §¸nh gi¸ c¸c loµi quý (Psilotophyta) cïng cã sè hä, sè chi vµ sè loµi hiÕm dùa vµo c¸c tµi liÖu: S¸ch §á ViÖt Nam thÊp nhÊt (1 hä, 1 chi vµ 1 loµi). Ph¸t hiÖn 4 loµi (2004), Danh lôc §á IUCN (2001) vµ NghÞ ®Þnh míi bæ sung cho hÖ thùc vËt ViÖt Nam, ®ã lµ: 28 Aristolochia fangchii C. Y. Wu (hä Méc h−¬ng- loµi (83,80% sè loµi) lín h¬n rÊt nhiÒu sè hä Aristolochiaceae); Quercus sichourensis (Hu) (24), sè chi (107) vµ sè loµi (183) trong líp Hµnh C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang - såi t©y trï (hä DÎ- (Liliopsida). Nh− vËy, sè l−îng taxon cña líp Fagaceae); Pseudostachyum sp. nov. - h¸o m¸ Méc lan chiÕm −u thÕ tuyÖt ®èi trong tæng sè hä, (tiÕng Dao) (hä Cá-Poaceae), ph©n bè ë ®é cao chi vµ loµi cña ngµnh nµy; tû lÖ nµy ®−îc tÝnh 300-800 m t¹i xãm Dï vµ ch©n nói Ten; t−¬ng ®−¬ng 5/1 (947/183), nghÜa lµ cø cã 5 loµi Rhododendron euonymifolium LÐvl. - ®ç quyªn thuéc líp Méc lan míi cã 1 loµi thuéc líp Hµnh. l¸ vÖ m©u (hä §ç quyªn-Ericaceae). Trong 180 hä thùc vËt, cã 35 hä chØ cã 1 Trong ngµnh Méc lan (Magnoliophyta), líp loµi, 71 hä cã tõ 2-4 loµi, 33 hä cã tõ 5-9 loµi, Méc lan (Magnoliopsida) cã 127 hä (chiÕm 28 hä cã tõ 10-19 loµi vµ 13 hä cã trªn 20 loµi 84,10% sè hä), 526 chi (83,09% sè chi) vµ 947 (b¶ng 1). B¶ng 1 Nh÷ng hä thùc vËt ®a d¹ng nhÊt (cã trªn 20 loµi) ë VQG Xu©n S¬n STT Tªn hä Sè loµi STT Tªn hä Sè loµi 1 Euphorbiaceae 60 8 Myrsinaceae 24 2 Rubiaceae 49 9 Lauraceae 23 3 Fabaceae 38 10 Verbenaceae 23 4 Moraceae 35 11 Cyperaceae 21 5 Asteraceae 34 12 zingiberaceae 20 6 Orchidaceae 32 13 Araceae 20 7 Poaceae 27 Trong 13 hä nµy, hä ThÇu dÇu lµ ®a d¹ng (34 loµi), hä Phong lan (32 loµi).... nhÊt (60 loµi), tiÕp ®Õn lµ hä Cµ phª (49 loµi), Chóng t«i ®· thèng kª ®−îc 26 chi cã tõ 5 hä §Ëu (38 loµi), hä D©u t»m (35 loµi), hä Cóc loµi trë lªn (b¶ng 2). B¶ng 2 Nh÷ng chi thùc vËt ®a d¹ng nhÊt (cã trªn 5 loµi) ë VQG Xu©n S¬n STT Tªn chi Sè loµi STT Tªn chi Sè loµi 1 Ficus 24 14 Helicia 6 2 Ardisia 13 15 Solanum 6 3 Piper 9 16 Callicarpa 6 4 Polygonum 9 17 Clerodenron 6 5 Diospyros 7 18 Carex 6 6 Elaeocarpus 7 19 Cyperus 6 7 Hedyotis 7 20 Dioscorea 6 8 Psychotria 7 21 Tectaria 5 9 Dendrobium 7 22 Pteris 5 10 Begonia 6 23 Schefflera 5 11 Bauhinia 6 24 Garcinia 5 12 Desmodium 6 25 Rhododendron 5 13 Maesa 6 26 Syzygium 5 B¶ng 2 cho thÊy cã 26 chi, chØ chiÕm 4% so Myrsinaceae) víi 13 loµi; chi Piper (hä víi tæng sè chi cña khu hÖ thùc vËt Xu©n S¬n Piperaceae) vµ chi Polygonum (hä Polygonaceae), nh−ng cã tíi 186 loµi, chiÕm 15,28% tæng sè loµi mçi chi cã 9 loµi; chi Diospyros (hä Ebenaceae), cña c¶ khu hÖ. Chi cã nhiÒu loµi nhÊt lµ Ficus (hä chi Elaeocarpus (hä Elaeocarpaceae), chi Moraceae) víi 24 loµi; tiÕp ®Õn lµ chi Ardisia (hä Hedyotis vµ chi Psychotria (hä Rubiaceae), chi 29 Dendrobium (hä Orchidaceae), mçi chi cã 7 loµi; chi Schefflera (hä Araliaceae), chi Garcinia (hä tiÕp ®Õn lµ c¸c chi Begonia (hä Begoniaceae), chi Clusiaceae), chi Rhododendron (hä Acanthaceae), Bauhinia (hä Caesalpiniaceae), chi Desmodium chi Syzygium (hä Myrtaceae), mçi chi cã 5 loµi. (hä Fabaceae), chi Maesa (hä Myrsinaceae), chi 2. C¸c loµi thùc vËt quý hiÕm ë VQG Xu©n Helicia (hä Proteaceae), chi Solanum (hä S¬n Solanaceae), chi Callicarpa vµ chi Clerodenrun (hä Verbenaceae), chi Carex vµ chi Cyperus (hä Trong sè c¸c loµi thùc vËt ®· thèng kª ®−îc, Cyperaceae), chi Dioscorea (hä Dioscoreaceae), cã 40 loµi quý hiÕm (chiÕm 3,4% tæng sè loµi mçi chi cã 6 loµi; cuèi cïng lµ c¸c chi Tectaria cña khu hÖ thùc vËt). CÇn cã kÕ ho¹ch −u tiªn (hä Dryopteridaceae), chi Pteris (hä Pteridaceae), b¶o vÖ chóng (b¶ng 3). B¶ng 3 C¸c loµi thùc vËt quý hiÕm ë VQG Xu©n S¬n Gi¸ trÞ b¶o tån STT Tªn khoa häc Tªn phæ th«ng S§ N§ IUCN VN 32/CP 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Drynaria bonii C.
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