Memorandum Circular No. 2020-029
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Research & Development
PCA RP348 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Portland Cement, Silica Fume/Portland Cement and Masonry Cement Matrices by Javed I. Bhatty, F. MacGregor Miller, Presbury B. West, and Börje W. Öst RP348 99 ABSTRACT The effects of heavy metals on the physical and chemical properties of portland-cement based pastes were studied using different types of cement, four metal oxides, and four soluble metal salts. Type I (high cal- cium aluminate content) and Type V (low calcium aluminate content) portland cements were used to study the effects of their chemical differences on paste properties and metal stabilization. Fresh pastes were tested for workability, initial setting times, and heats of hydration. Hardened pastes were tested for strength and leachability by both TCLP (Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure) and column leaching with acetic acid. The cement matrix was an excellent stabilization matrix, better than could be projected from pH consid- erations alone. The investigation also involved examining Type I portland cement paste treated with three metals to- gether—chromium, cadmium and lead, added at very high (1% by mass of cement) and intermediate (1000 ppm by mass of cement) levels. The leaching solutions were acetic acid, “synthetic acid rain” (pH 3 sulfu- ric/nitric acid), and deionized water. A Type N masonry cement matrix was also investigated. The leachabilities were very low throughout the pH range of 6-11 for lead and chromium. At very high pH values, the leachabilities of lead and chromium were significantly higher. Cadmium leachability was neg- ligible above pH 10, but became rapid and highly significant below pH 9. -
P~~S~G~ Chemistry of the Oxides of Lead. Part T71. the Anodic Behaviour of Lead and Lead Dioxide
View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF THE OXIDES OF LEAD. PART VI. 2091 CCL.--P~~S~G~Chemistry of the Oxides of Lead. Part T71. The Anodic Behaviour of Lead and Lead Dioxide. By SAMUELGLASSTONE. IN a previous communication (this vol., p. 1469), the abnormal electromotive behaviour of electrolytic lead dioxide has been explained by assuming the presence in it of minute traces of 'a Published on 01 January 1922. Downloaded by Fudan University 25/12/2017 21:18:09. higher unstable oxide, possibly PbO,. In order to obtain further evidence of the existence of such an oxide, a series of experiments, on the polarisation and discharge of lead and lead dioxide anodes in alkali, was carried out. Since the electrode potentials of the known oxides of lead in A'-sodium hydroxide have already been determined, measurements of potential during polarisation and discharge should give information regarding the existence of any oxides in addition to those with which we are already familiar. Elbs and Forssell (2. Elektrochem., 1902, 8, 760) found that at low current densities a lead anode dissolves in N-sodium hydroxide as bivalent ions, but at higher densities the lead no longer dissolves, but lead dioxide is deposited, and oxygen is evolved. These authors attribute the evolution of gas to the decomposition of the dioxide into monoxide and oxygen, and state that this reaction occurs at a potential 0-23 volt more positive than that required for the deposition of lead dioxide from a solution of N-sodium hydroxide View Article Online 2092 GLASSTONE : saturated with lead monoxide. -
Glossary Chem2007.Pdf
An English‐Chinese and Chinese‐English Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in the Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools 中學化學科常用英漢及漢英辭彙 Prepared by the Curriculum Development Council 2007 香港課程發展議會編訂 二零零七年 English-Chinese Glossaries of Terms Commonly Used in the Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools 2007 ID English Chinese 1 (-)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (-)-2,3-二羥基丁二酸 2 (—)-tartaric acid (—)-酒石酸 3 (+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (+)-2,3-二羥基丁二酸 4(+)-tartaric acid (+)-酒石酸 5 (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethanoic acid (2,4-二氯苯氧基)乙酸 6 (bromomethyl)benzene (溴甲基)苯 7 (chloromethyl)benzene (氯甲基)苯 8 (dichloromethyl)benzene (二氯甲基)苯 9 (trichloromethyl)benzene (三氯甲基)苯 10 cis--but-2-enal 順-丁-2-烯醛 11 cis-but-2-ene 順-丁-2-烯 12 cis-but-2-enoic acid 順-丁-2-烯酸 13 cis-butenedioate 順-丁烯二酸鹽;順-丁烯二酸<某>酯 14 cis-butenedioic acid 順-丁烯二酸 15 cis-butenedioic anhydride 順-丁烯二<酸>酐 16 cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) 順-二氨二氯合鉑(II),順-二氯.二氨合鉑(II) 17 cis-methylbutenedioic acid 順-甲基丁烯二酸 18 cis-octadec-9-enoic acid 順-十八碳-9-烯酸 19 d-glucose 右旋葡萄糖 20 d-tartaric acid 右旋酒石酸 21 l-tartaric acid 左旋酒石酸 22 l-glucose 左旋葡萄糖 23 m- (meta-) 間 24 m-cresol 間甲酚 25 m-hydroxybenzoic acid 間羥基苯<甲>酸 26 m-nitrotoluene 間硝基甲苯 27 m-toluic acid 間甲苯<甲>酸 28 m-xylene 間二甲苯 29 meso-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid 內消旋-2,3-二羥基丁二酸 30 meso-tartaric acid 內消旋酒石酸 31 meso-tartrate 內消旋酒石酸鹽 32 N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-二甲基苯胺 33 N,N-dimethylbenzenamine N,N-二甲基苯胺 34 N,N-dimethylethanamide N,N-二甲基乙酰胺 35 N,N-dimethylphenylamine N,N-二甲基苯胺 36 N,N-diethylethanamine N,N-二乙基乙胺 37 N-(bromophenyl)ethanamide N-(溴苯基)乙酰胺 38 N-(nitrophenyl)ethanamide -
The Radiochemistry of Lead COMMITTEE on NUCLEAR SCIENCE
National Academy of Sciences NationalI Research Council I NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry of Lead COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L. F. CURTISS,Chuirman ROBLEY D. EVANS, ViceChaiYrnutJ NationalBureauofStandards MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology J.A. DeJUREN, Secretary WestlnghotieElectricCorporation C. J.BORKOWSKI J.W. IRVINE,JR. Oak RidgeNationalLaborstory MaseachueettaInstituteofTechnology ROBERT G. COCHRAN E. D. KLEMA Texas Agriculturaland Mechanical NorthwesternUniversity College W. WAYNE MEINKE SAMUEL EPSTEIN UniversityofMich@n CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology J.J.NICKSON U. FANO MemorialHospital,New York NationalBureauofStandards ROBERT L. PLATZMAN I..aboratcdrede HERBERT GOLDSTEIN Chimie+hysique NuclearDevelopmentCorporationof D. M. VAN PATTER America BartolResearchFoundation . LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C. AEBERSOLD CHARLES K. REED AtomicEnergyCommission U. S.Air Force J.HOWARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT NationalScienceFoundation OffIceofNavalResearch SUBCOMMITTEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chairman HAROLD KIRBY Unlversl~ofMichigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE FloridaStateUniversity Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory GEORGE A. COWAN JULIAN NIELSEN Los AlsrnosSclentiflcLaboratory HanfordLaborstories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG UniversityofWashington ArgonneNationalLaboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C. STEVENSON BrookhavenNationalLaboratory UniversityofC alifornta(Livermore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE UniversityofC slifornia(Berkeley) McGU1 University CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU JAMES DeVOE NavalRadiologicalDefenseLaboratory -
Synthesis of Nano Lead Oxide for the Application of Lead-Acid Energy Storage Devices
SYNTHESIS OF NANO LEAD OXIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF LEAD-ACID ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES WONG KIN NYAP MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (MPHIL) CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MALAYSIA CAMPUS (UNMC) 2017 0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Khiew Poi Sim, and research colleague, Dr. Chiu Wei Siong for constructive guidance in succeeding this essential research. Moreover, my appreciation is also extended to Yokohama Battery (M) Sdn. Bhd. for the sponsorship of tuition fees throughout my entire research tenure with University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. Besides that, I am also grateful with additional research funds provided by my supervisor’s team in purchasing all necessary experimental tools to ensure the project is completed to our expectation. 1 CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement 1 Contents 2-3 Abstract 4-5 List of Abbreviations 6-8 List of Figures 9-10 List of Tables 11 Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction 12-18 1.1 Motivation of the project 18-19 1.2 Objective of the study 19-20 1.3 Scope of this project 20-21 Chapter 2 2.0 Literature review 22 2.1 Lead-acid battery 22-27 2.2 Lead monoxide (PbO) 27 2.2.1 General application 27 2.2.2 Physical properties 28 2.2.3 Thermochemical properties 29 2.2.4 Commercial production of PbO 29-31 2.2.5 Synthetic approaches for nanoparticles of PbO 32 2.2.5.1 Spray pyrolysis technique 32-33 2.2.5.2 Sonochemical method 34 2.2.5.3 Hydrothermal method 35-36 2.2.5.4 Electrodeposition 36 2.2.5.5 Chemical solution -
Chem Soc Rev CRITICAL REVIEW
ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings AUTHORS Li, Xiaohong; Walsh, Frank C.; Pletcher, Derek JOURNAL Chemical Society Reviews DEPOSITED IN ORE 02 December 2015 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18850 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Chem Soc Rev Dynamic Article Links 1 1 Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00213e www.rsc.org/csr CRITICAL REVIEW 5 5 Q1 Electrodeposited lead dioxide coatings a b a Q2 Xiaohong Li, Derek Pletcher and Frank C. Walsh 10 10 Received 15th December 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00213e Lead dioxide coatings on inert substrates such as titanium and carbon now offer new 15 15 opportunities for a material known for 150 years. It is now recognised that electrodeposition allows the preparation of stable coatings with different phase structures and a wide range of surface morphologies. In addition, substantial modification to the physical properties and catalytic activities of the coatings are possible through doping and the fabrication of 20 nanostructured deposits or composites. In addition to applications as a cheap anode material in 20 electrochemical technology, lead dioxide coatings provide unique possibilities for probing the dependence of catalytic activity on layer composition and structure (256 references). 25 1. Introduction suffered from continuous corrosion of the underlying lead 25 substrate. It is only much more recently that the preparation Electrode coatings are now extensively employed to improve by electrodeposition of stable lead dioxide layers on inert 1 the performance of modern electrochemical technology. -
Oxide from Depleted Lead-Acid Batteries for Potential Reuse in Next Generation Electrochemical Systems
Hydrometallurgically Generated Nanostructured Lead(II) Oxide from Depleted Lead-Acid Batteries for Potential Reuse in Next Generation Electrochemical Systems Robert Chi Yung Liu Fitzwilliam College University of Cambridge A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University of similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. This dissertation does not exceed 60,000 words in length. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Vasant Kumar for his supervision and invaluable feedback and support during this project. To the past and present members of the Materials Chemistry Group, University of Cambridge, thank you for all your help and support. In particular, I would like to thank Dr Carsten Schwandt, Dr Daniel Jewell and Marcel Yiao for being excellent sources of electrochemical and chemistry knowledge. I am grateful to all the staff at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy for their invaluable help and advice over the years, especially Simon Griggs and Zlatko Saracevic for their help with SEM and BET respectively. -
Isotopic Exchange Reactions in Acetic Anhydride and Anhydrous Acetic Acid
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN ACETIC ANHYDRIDE AND ANHYDROUS ACETIC ACID by ERSEL ARTHUR EVANS A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment ot the requirements for the degree or DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1952 ASFBOYED I Redacted for Privacy In 0bmgr of lrJor Redacted for Privacy EtrE of Doprrtqrnt of (,hn{*tmr Redacted for Privacy 0belmra of Sobosl Omdurtr 0omlttor Redacted for Privacy Dorn of, Orrdurte Sohool ILto thrrh 1r pr.'rroatri Octobrr 19r 1951 fyprd bV lrtrtel,e Evrar ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to express his appre• ciation tor the fP1endly inspiration and assistanee given bf Dr . John L. Huston 1n this work . Me would also like to thank Dr, 'l' . H. No:rr1s and othe~ members of the Chemistry Department tor their helpfulness. The major portion of this work was made possible by a Du Pont Company :Postgraduate Fe~lowahip in Ci~m1stry~ Thi~ honor and assistance is gratefully acknowledged~ Part ot this work was suppo.rted by the Atomic Ener~Y Commission under Contract AT(45•1)•244. TABLE OF CONTENTS SEOTIOJ PAGE INTfWDUCTION GENJUAL l HISTORI6AL BACKGROUND 2 NON•AQUEOUS SOLVENT SYSTEMS 7 Liquid ammonia 1 Sul.fur dioxide 9 Anhvdr-ous ac.et1o aoid 12 Acetic anhy'dx-lde · 15 APPt..I.GATION OF RAD.IOACTIVE 'J!RAOERS 16 EXOHANGE REACTIONS IN ANHYDROUS AQSTIO ACID EXPERIMENTAL OUTLINE EXPERIMENTAL PROCreDURE ~A Radium D aa tracer .30 Preparation of carboxyl-labeled sodium acetate .32 Preparation of acetic anhydride and anhydrous aoetie acid 33 Sodiwa acetate·-acetio acid exchange Isotope ettect in wet combustions l~ PlUlllbous acetate-acetic acid exchange 48 Plumbic aoetate•acetio ac£4 exchange $2 Acetic anhydride-acetic ao·id exchange · Pb ( Il) .