State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram CHIEF MINISTER MIZORAM

MIZORAM STATE

MESSAGE

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges that the global community is facing today. The world is experiencing percepti ble temperature rises. A mere single degree change in temperature may look minuscule, but the catastrophic change it could bring along is so huge that no one can ignore it. The global populati on is threatened with water shortages, hunger and poverty. The security of our planet is also questi oned. At this stage we are bound to take concrete acti ons while, on the other hand, we mainly speak of development which is the central theme of every nati on especially the developing countries. But development has to go parallel with sustainability, by putti ng environmental concerns always at the forefront.

From the days of our forefathers, our litt le agrarian state has been contributi ng more of less carbon to the environment owing largely to jhum system of culti vati on. Coupled with the technological advancement and development of the modern era, our contributi on rises to new heights. So far we are unable to precisely account for neither its volume nor its eff ect. But even laymen are conscious about the changing weather patt erns and the seasonal climate variati ons. We are no longer isolated from the rest of the world, but are now part and parcel of the community aff ected by climate change. Whatever befalls the globe, we are in it.

I am happy to learn that a comprehensive Acti on plan on Climate Change is prepared, touching every corner of possible acti ons and involving various Departments. The road to combat the eff ects of climate change is a long one. Hopefully, the road could be much shortened by this Acti on Plan. We sti ll have ti me to slow down the process and adapt to climate change.

(LAL THANHAWLA)

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram VAN HELA PACHUAU IAS Chief Secretary Government of Mizoram MIZORAM STATE

FOREWORD

The 4th Assessment Report of the United Nati ons Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has conclusive evidence that global warming is due to human acti vity. The Industrial revoluti on changes the face of the world by creati ng more urban centers and mass producti on, which in turn led to rapid depleti on of natural resources. Ever since then, it almost seems like the world is journeying in a single trail towards a point of no return, which is irreversible climate change.

The eff ect of climate change is omnipresent in a way that it follows us everywhere, be it in our home, work or travel whether far or near. Bitt er winter and warmer summer has become the talk of the town. It is also directly linked to our economic conditi on. We are already experiencing changing weather patt erns like diminished, irregular or late onset of rainfall which in turn aff ects our agriculture. Farmers in rural areas are aff ected the most. The health impact of climate change may be more accountable too.

There have been several laws and acts enacted to tackle climate change. The Government is also doing its duty. However, nothing seems enough in the task of miti gati ng climate change. It requires conti nuous and joint eff orts comprising the Government and all secti ons of people. The foremost need of the hour is a comprehensive soluti on, and this Acti on plan appears just in ti me. We cannot be just spectators anymore. We are all a part of the plan and we really must set our target to cut our emissions, increase energy effi ciency and make use of our renewable resources.

(VAN HELA PACHUAU)

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

Contents

Chapter – 1 : Climate Profi le 1-8 1.1 Introducti on 1 1.2 Nati onal Prioriti es and NAPCC 2 1.3 Mapping state development issues and Prioriti es with NAPCC 4 1.4. Baseline assessments 4 1.5. Past and on-going climate change trends and risks 6 Chapter – 2 : Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate Change 9-12 2.1. Introducti on 9 2.2. Approach to Climate Change 9 2.3. Domesti c Acti on 9 2.4. Other Initi ati ves 11 2.5. Insti tuti onal Mechanism 11 Chapter - 3 : Agro-climati c Zone Level Assessment of Climate Change Impact 13-16 Chapter - 4 : Process of Preparati on of Climate Change Acti on Plan in Mizoram 17-22 4.1. Formulati on of SAPCC 17 4.2. Methodology 17 Chapter – 5 : Sustainable Agriculture 23-38 5.1. Sectoral Overview 23 5.2. Facts about agriculture & horti culture in Mizoram 23 5.3. Facts about the Animal Husbandary: 24 5.4. Key Issues 25 5.5. Climate Change Adaptati on in Agriculture and allied sectors of Mizoram 25 5.6. Adaptati on Pathways in Agriculture 26

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 5.7. Key Prioriti es 29 Chapter- 6 : Sustainable Himalayan Mission 39-46 6.1. Introducti on 39 6.2. Key Facts 39 6.3. Mountain river system 40 6.4. Climate 40 6.5. Biodiversity 40 6.6. Key Issues 41

6.7. Key Prioriti es 42 Chapter – 7 : Green Mission 47-56 7.1. Introducti on 47 7.2. Key Facts about urban areas in Mizoram 47 7.3. Key Issues 48 7.4. Climate Change Adaptati on in forestry sector of Mizoram 49 7.5. Key Prioriti es 51 Chapter – 8 : Sustainable Habitat 57-68 8.1. Introducti on 57 8.2. Key Facts about urban areas in Mizoram 58 8.3. Key Prioriti es 62 Chapter – 9 : Health 69-88 9.1. Introducti on 69 9.2. Key Facts about the Sector 72 9.3. Infrastructure 73 9.4. Key Issues 75 9.5. Projecti on Scenario 77 9.6. Weather Variability 77 9.7. Acti vity Undertaken 79 9.8. Gaps 80 9.9 Strategic Framework 80 9.10. Enhanced exposure to Water Borne Diseases 80 9.11. Enhanced exposure to Cardio –Respiratory Problem 82

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9.12. Thermal Extremes 82 9.13. Enhanced chances of Malnutriti on and Food Security 82 9.14. Key Prioriti es 83 Chapter -10 : Solar Mission & Renewable Energy Sector 89-102 10.1. Introducti on 89 10.2. Key Facts about the Solar and other Renewable Energy sector 89 10.3. Concerns Due to Climate Change 93 10.4. Key Prioriti es to address climate change concerns 94 Chapter-11 : Energy Effi ciency 103-118 11.1 Introducti on 103 11.2. Key Facts about the Energy Sector 104 11.3. Concerns Due to Climate Change 108 11.4. Key Prioriti es to address climate change concerns 109 Chapter-12 : Water 119-128 12.1. Introducti on 119 12.2. Key Facts about the Sector 120 12.3 Key Issues 123 12.4. Adaptati on Pathways in Water Sector 124 12.5. Key Prioriti es 124 Chapter – 13 : Strategic Knowledge Mission 129-134 13.1. Introducti on 129 13.2. The mission objecti ve 129 Chapter – 14 : Analysis and Synthesis 135-138 14.1. Introducti on 135 14.2 Findings 135 14.3. Financial budgets 136 Chapter – 15 : Implementati on Arrangement 139-142 15.1 Implementi ng the priority Acti on 140 15.2 Measuring the results of the acti ons taken 140 15.3 Communicate the Results 140 15.4. Establish att enti on and review of the apex decision makers 141

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter – 16 : Conclusions 143-146 16.1. Significance of climate change 143 16.2. Addressing both adaptati on and miti gati on 143 16.3. Informati on on climate change implicati ons 143 16.4 Awareness and capacity-building 143 16.5. Overall approach 143 16.6. Involve stakeholders 144 16.7. Going beyond environmental & climate change professionals 144 16.8. Dynamic document 144 16.9. Integrate climate change in new initi ati ves 144

16.10. Monitoring of CAP 144 16.11. Budget 145 16.12. Recommendati ons for future CAPs 145 17. Minutes of Stakeholder consultati on programme on Mizoram Climate Change Acti on Plan 147-156 18. Annexure – 1 : Key Prioriti es 157-174 19. Annexure – 2 : Comprehensive list of Acti viti es Considered 175-200

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. Climate Change Strategy Moreover it also has a very low adaptability due to the socio-economic and bio- One of the youngest state of Indian Union, physical conditi ons.A recent report on Mizoram is very much vulnerable to the climate change impact in India highlights impacts of a changing climate and someti mes that “extreme precipitati on events may faces wrath of freak weather events due to increase by 5-10 days in all the regions in its geo-climati c conditi on, making the enti re the Northeast, which might cause wide state as one of the most hazard prone states alarm in the region as many parts of the in the country. The state is annually swept region are prone to landslides and fl ash by cyclonic storms, cloudbursts, hailstorms fl oods which are only aggravated by heavy and landslides. The valleys are hot and wet rainfall due to steep gradient. during summer and in the upper reaches it stays comfortably cool. However, the eff ect The main objecti ve of Climate Change of global warming has been experienced here Acti on Plan is to strategize adaptati on with data showing increase in rise in mean and miti gati on initi ati ve towards emission and maximum temperature over the last 10 stabilizati on and enhance the resilience of years. There are also frequent occurrence of the ecosystem. violent storms during March and April that come from North-West Directi on. Mizoram Plan Process receives an average rainfall of about 3000mm in a year and this is evenly distributed and Government of Mizoram has taken the it is not drought or fl ood prone.Although climate change issue very seriously. A the State is enjoying abundance of rainfall detailed roadmap has been chalked out during monsoon period, the dry spell during to develop the climate change acti on non-monsoon period is really hard for the plan for the state.Climate Change Council people. Due to the steepness of the hillsides, of Mizoram is created to develop state underground water retenti on is minimal, acti on plan for assessment, adaptati on causing perennial water sources to dry up and miti gati on of climate change with an during this period. This had been aggravated objecti ve to monitor the targets, objecti ves by the traditi on custom of jhum culti vati on, and achievements of the nati onal missions commonly known as slash and burn. specifi ed by Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram i Change (NAPCC). The respecti ve missions shall be taken care of and att ended to by the individual departments who shall strive to att ain the listed objecti ves within sti pulated ti me frames and ensure their verti cal integrati on with the Nati onal Mission.

Sl No Designati on Positi on in Council 1 Hon'ble Chief Minister, Chairman Chairman 2 Hon'ble Minister, Rural Development Member 3 Hon'ble Minister, Agriculture, etc. Member 4 Hon'ble Minister, PHE, Tourism, etc. Member 5 Hon'ble Minister, Transport, etc. Member 6 Hon'ble Minister, Revenue Member 7 Hon'ble Minister, Forests Member 8 Vice Chairman, State Planning Board Member 9 Chief Secretary, Govt. of Mizoram Member 10 Principal Secy, PHE, Agri, etc. Member 11 Secretary, Environment & Forests Member 12 Secretary, Tourism Member 13 Secretary, R.D. Member 14 Secretary, Horti culture Member 15 Principal Secy., Planning & Prog. Implementation Member Secretary

The operati ng arm of the Climate Change Council is designated as the Executi ve Council.

Sl No Designati on Positi on in the Council 1 Chief Secretary, Govt. of Mizoram Chairman 2 Principal Secy, Planning & Prog. Implementation Member 3 Principal Secretary, PHE, Agri, etc. Member 4 Principal Chief Conservator of Forests Member 5 Secretary, Rural Development Member 6 Secretary, Horti culture Member 7 Secretary, Tourism Member 8 Principal Adviser Planning Member 9 Chief Scienti fi c Offi cer, Science & Technology Member Secretary

II. Sustainable Agriculture to unfavourable physical conditi ons and the land holding patt ern that prohibits taking The State’s economy is predominantlyagrarian, up initi ati ves towards facilitati ng increase with more than 60% of the total work force of yield. As per the present status, the total engaged eitherdirectly or indirectly with annual requirement of rice for Mizoram the sector. Irrespecti ve of the considerable is 19,22,030 Quintals/year but Mizoram dependency of the economy the agricultural produces only 462924 quintals/ year (24% sector in the state is quite under developed of the total requirement) so the defi ciency is due to the predominant method of culti vati on, 76% which is likely to worsen under negati ve lack of irrigati on facility which is largely due impact of climate change or weather

ii State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram variability. Adaptati on measure if taken up experienced land degradati on (total of 20.64 judiciously can off set the negati ve impacts % of Mizoram) at an alarming rate owing to of climate change on irrigated rice but in the the destructi ve slash-and-burn system of case of rain-fed rice, growing of tolerant and culti vati on. high input effi ciency rice varieti es with bett er management and assured irrigati on only can From the animal husbandry and fi sheries reduce the climate change impacts. point of view the state is facing serious problem due to increase in defi ciency of To add on the agricultural issue lies the rainfall. land degradati on problem. Mizoram has

Key prioriti es: Agriculture

1. Development of Land (Levelling, bundling, etc) for Wetland Rice 2. Culti vati on (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existi ng Wetland Rice Culti vati on (WRC) 3. Developing data base on genotypes of local crop varieti es (mainly rice varieti es) and identi fi cati on of suitable varieti es for diff erent agro-climati c zones. 4. Impact assessment of paddy culti vati on through agricultural inputs such as crop variti es, kharif crops and promoti on of rain water harvesti ng and constructi on of eco friendly mini check dams for irrigati on. 5. Assessment study and demonstrati on of Systemati c Rice Intensifi cati on (SRI) culti vati on and Capacity building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse eff ects of climate change 6. Opti mizati on of jhum culti vati on through conservati on of arable land, water uti lizati on management, parallel culti vati on of alternati ve crops and Alternati ve jhum Control to Livelihood 7. Constructi on of Hill Slope terraces for conservati on of moisture and culti vati on of food grain, vegetable, pulses and oilseed crops 8. Increasing the area under perennial fruit plantati on crops and low value high volume crops to help cope with uncertain weather patt erns. 9. Management of climate change impact on horti culture and Climate risk management studies 10. Improving post harvest management such as cold chain for perishable crops and winter culti vati on practi ces 11. Promoti on of organic farming through usage of compost and vermi compost 12. Adopti on of Integrated Pest Management for improved crop yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and capacity building for stakeholders 13. Research study on livestock disease and establishment of early warning system and Capacity building to Stakeholders 14. Study of impact of Climate Change on the indigenous fauna of aquati c ecosystem and open waters 15. Water storage and providing proper diversion channels to the existi ng ponds for drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains 16. Providing extensive support and services to fi shermen through establishment of district level training centres 17. Water bodies conservati on for fi shery sector and establishment of fi shery units in reservoirs and riverine area

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram iii III. Sustainable Himalayan Mission IV. Green Mission

Mizoram is a fragment of Lower Himalayan The forest cover in Mizoram is around 91.27% range exhibiti ng a part of Mountain ecosystem of state geographical area, which in highest in comprising 21 moderate hill ranges and the country and is the richest source of carbon forest ecosystem. In between these two sink. However, the major constraints for the dominant ecosystems, lies the freshwater state are higher deforestati on rates due to ecosystem. Climate Change impacts coupled jhum culti vati on and forest degradati on with anthropogenic pressure is most likely caused by anthropogenic pressure. Due to to impart its negati ve eff ect on the fragile this the majority of the forests classifi ed Mountain Ecosystem of Mizoram. The under the open and medium dense forest assessment of impact of climate change on category and only 1% of forest cover classifi ed forest ecosystems has clearly demonstrated under the high dense forest with the canopy the possibility of adverse implicati ons on cover more than 40%. Lack of infrastructure, biodiversity and a large decrease in net Market Linkages and sustainable forest primary producti vity of forest. Such a policies making under-uti lizati on of potenti al projected shift or change in forest types likely for development of forest based enterprises leads to large-scale forest disappearance within the state. Almost 2/3rd of the area and loss of biodiversity. Forest ecosystems has already been degraded. These depleted are already subjected to socio-economic and degraded forests could not meet the pressures leading to forest degradati on, growing demands of ti mber and other forest with adverse impacts on the livelihoods of products in the state and cannot provide a the forest-dependent communiti es. Climate safeguard to the ecological functi ons like soil change in the projected scenario is like to conservati on, protecti on of land degradati on, exacerbate the stress on forest ecosystems. To maintenance of agricultural producti vity and add on the possibility of stress development protecti on of catchment area. of adaptati on strategies is constrained by uncertainty in the current projecti ons of climate parameters and impact assessments. Key prioriti es: Sustainable Himalayan Mission 1. Biodiversity Assessment 2. Research on Wildlife Populati on and Corridors - Mountain Goats, Burmese green Peacock, Malayan Bear 3. Creati on of Biodiversity Park 4. Assessment of climate vulnerability and climate change impacts on state biodiversity and forest resources 5. Documentati on and enrichment of biodiversity database through Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) at the JFMC Level 6. Inventorying and Conservati on of Medicinal Plants 7. Monitoring of carbon stock and biodiversity at regular intervals 8. Eco-tourism promoti on for biodiversity protecti on and sustainable livelihood 9. Undertaking study on valuati on of forest resources 10. Work to establish new systems to support for public awareness building through Establishment of Envis Centre 11. Restructuring land use policy for jhum culti vati on and habitati on on noti fi ed forest lands 12. Policy formulati on on transportati on subsidy or development of low cost transportati on for primary Forest products of the state 13. Protecti on of forests and forest land from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 Ha 14. Conservati on and Management of two major Wetlands

iv State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Key prioriti es: Green Mission fact that the towns in Mizoram are overgrown villages, trading centres with some rural development administrati ve offi ce outf its, 1. Improvement of forest quality and density in degraded lands and which become urban sett lements. These abandoned jhum lands outgrowth areas are generally devoid of 2. Improvement of the producti vity of basic urban services and are administered Bamboo and promoti on of local value through rural growth mechanism. There are additi on through establishment of increasing urban problems of overcrowding market linkages and growth of slums, scarcity of water 3. Undertaking studies on climate change supply, inadequacies of public health and impacts on NTFP producti vity and sustainable harvesti ng practi ces for sanitati on system, mismanagement of waste adaptati on of climate change materials. The existi ng urban infrastructure 4. Capacity building of communiti es/ for service delivery is increasingly insuffi cient, community forest management even for provision of core urban public insti tuti ons for climate change services such as water supply, sanitati on adaptati on and sewerage, urban roads and solid waste 5. Preventi on and control mechanism for management. Sanitati on possesses major forest invasive species and its uti lizati on problems with the absence of any sewerage strategies system in urban areas resulti ng in drainage 6. Promoti on of forest based industries of domesti c effl uent into nearby rivers and 7. Formulati on of conservati on strategies streams leading to contaminati on of water for Orchids and establishment of market linkages for value additi on sources.Absence of storm water drainage 8. Livelihood improvement Acti viti es for poses problems of water logging and forest dependent communiti es fl ooding, causing landslides and soil erosion. 9. Strengthening of Forest Department Indiscriminate developmental acti viti es also 10. GIS based Monitoring and Evaluati on add to the problem by obstructi ng drains of the program and encroaching rainwater fl ow paths.Solid 11. Strengthening of Local VSS waste is a pressing urban issue for Mizoram 12. Publicity / media and Outreach primarily because of its diffi cult terrain. Inadequate collecti on and improper disposal 13. Establishment of Mission Directorate currently lead to spillage and contaminati on of soil and surface as well as groundwater V. Sustainable Habitat streams.The urban transport sector has been largely neglected in the State, characterised The state has experienced relati vely slower by heavy traffi c congesti on due to narrow economic growth in comparison with rest of roads, rapid growth in number of vehicles India. The state of Mizoram, the smallest state along with highly topographic and concentric in terms of size, is the fi ft h most urbanized state development.Integrated sewerage and in India with 49% of its populati on residing drainage system is not available in all citi es in urban areas. The level of urbanizati on in of Mizoram. City development plans are Mizoram is likely to be 99% in 2016. As a underway for constructi on of the same in result of rapid increase of populati on within the major citi es and district headquarters the state spilling of populati on outside the of Mizoram. Under the Urban Infrastructure city limits has taken place. It highlighted the Development Scheme for Small and Medium

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram v Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and of the socio economic scenario of the region Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) major that creates a conducive environment for initi ati ves taken for six district headquarters. occurrence and spread of diseases. The socio economic indicators like educati on, gender, Key Prioriti es: Sustainable Habitat poverty, housing, ameniti es and employment provide a background towards understanding 1. Capacity Building and research of the health scenario of the region. initi ati ves on Climate Change Impacts and Preparedness Transmission dynamics of malaria is highly 2. Improvement in water usage climate sensiti ve and is severely impacted by management for urban drainage to the climati c conditi ons. Epidemiological study reduce climate change impacts substanti ated the impact of climate change on malaria. Irrespecti ve of the fact that the 3. Development of climate friendly number of malarial death has decreased Waste management systems and across the year the number of malarial improvement of aestheti cs incidence and annual parasite incidence has enhanced across the year substanti ati ng the 4. Reducti on of disaster risk through increase in the morbidity due to malaria. climate change adaptati on

5. Energy effi ciency improvement and The State of Mizoram is characterised with promoti on of renewable energy poor and unsafe drinking water and sanitati on usage in urban sector faciliti es (9.99% of the rural household and 1% of the urban household in the state lacks 6. Improvement of vehicular polluti on toilet- 2001 census). The unavailability of control mechanism for reducti on of safe drinking water and improper sanitati on GHG emissions faciliti es in far off and inaccessible area 7. Assessment and inventorisati on of enhances the chances of incidence of water climate change impact on urban borne diseases.The situati on of quality water sector availability is further worsen during the dry season due to increase of the pathogen loading of the water as well as during the VI. Health over precipitati on(water contaminati on via fl ooding) period due to increase in microbial One of the youngest states of the union, loading.Of the Water borne diseases the Mizoram lying in the far fl ung area of the incidence of Diarrhoea and enteric fever are country is extremely vulnerable to the quite noti ceable in the state. Although the extremes of climate change due to its rate of the both the diseases has decreased locati on in the fragile ecosystem and limited in 2010 in compared to 2009 the total access with the rest of the country. Barring number of cases seems to provide additi onal the scenario profi ling of the health conditi on diseases burden. towards determining the possible impact of climate change on the health status and Assuming current emission level conti nue modelling the impact reducti on framework, it their is high chances for deteriorati on of is also essenti al to have a clear understanding air quality in urban region as well increased

vi State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram exposure to ozone and other air pollutant VII. Solar Mission and Renewable including parti culate matt er projecti ng an Energy Sector increase in cardio- respiratory morbidity and mortality. Certain weather patt erns Mizoram is far behind in terms of the enhances the development of urban heat economic and infrastructural growth level of island, the intensity of which is important the nati on since last three decades which can for secondary chemical reacti on within the easily be depicted from the per capita energy urban atmosphere leading to elevated level consumpti on , a key indicator of human of some pollutants. development and growth . Availability and access to quality, reliable and aff ordable The climate change may also alter the seasonal power is criti cal parameters for promoti ng distributi on of some allergenic pollen species economic and social development of the leading to physiological problem. developing countries.

The lowering of yield of food crops due The state which is a power defi cit owing to to climati c variability might diminishes minimal in-house power generati on capacity dietary diversity and reduces overall food is facing a serious power shortage. The consumpti on and may therefore lead to change in climate conditi on and inconsistent micronutrient defi ciencies posing impact rainfall patt ern in the state is observed in last including death, malnutriti on and/or few leading to non-availability of water in micronutrient defi ciencies specially among lean period. the vulnerable secti on of the populati on with lower economic stability. Food insecurity However to cater the ever increasing power issue may also lead to urban migrati on. demand due to various factors like populati on

Key prioriti es: Health Sector 1. Identi fy extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of malaria and identi fying immunity interventi on measures towards control of incidence of malaria. 2. Assessment of impact of heat stress on human health and framing adaptati on strategy, identi fi cati on, documentati on and awareness creati on on temperature related morbidity 3. Evidence based assessment of biophysical determinants of malaria and development of framework for adaptati on measures for malaria control. 4. Carrying out of Adaptati on study 5. Research initi ati ves to identi fy change in patt ern of diseases by region due to climate change/ weather variati on 6. Study and documentati on of diseases caused by water (water borne) and development of insti tuti onal mechanism to reduce the incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along with awareness generati on 7. Development of insti tuti onal framework and infrastructural faciliti es for early detecti on of vector borne diseases, including managing outbreaks 8. Establishment of pathological laboratory with state of art technology for diseases identi fi cati on 9. Public health system infrastructure development for extreme climate risk management and managing outbreaks of major diseases 10. Capacity building and training for health workers for sensiti sati on of climate variati on and health impacts 11. Research study on malnutriti on of vulnerable group due to food security caused mainly due to climati c variati on

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram vii VIII. Energy Effi ciency

Outlook towards linking climate change growth, urbanizati on and to kick start the and energy sector are usually centred on industrial development and considering miti gati on eff ort because the current fossil the present power crisis in the state, the fuel based energy generati on method is state government has begun to explore the a major contributor to climate change. possibility of enhancing the power generati on Developing opti ons of low carbon growth by focusing on installati on of more number and reducing carbon footprint are important of hydro power plants as the state so as to acti viti es towards limiti ng the degree of future counter the lower water availability across climate change. Several miti gati on initi ati ves the lean period. The following facts forms the are conceptualized under Nati onal Mission basis of the strati gising the acti ons. for Enhanced Energy Effi ciency (NMEEE) with Bureau of Energy Effi ciency (BEE) and Energy Effi ciency Services Limited (EESL) to address climate change concerns and Key Prioriti es: Solar Mission and att ain energy security of the nati on. NMEEE Renewable Energy Sector has strategized the following initi ati ves, in 1. Up scaling Renewable Energy Applicati on additi on to the policies and programmes for for meeti ng up decentralized distributed energy effi ciency being implemented by BEE. or Off -grid area energy demand The state of Mizoram has already started 2. Unlocking grid interacti ve solar power initi ati on for addressing the climate change generati on and supplement the issues, with a focus on reduce of energy conventi onal grid power under Nati onal Solar Mission demand through energy conservati on and effi ciency improvement measures. However, 3. Reduce anti cipated energy and peak demand through promoti on and it is essenti al that, such eff orts are in line with implementati on of pilot SWH applicati on the Nati onal Mission on Enhanced Energy by undertaking installati on of 100 Nos. Effi ciency. The key elements for the multi - of 100 LPD systems and 100 Nos. of 200 LPD systems across various demand pronged strategy of the sector for miti gati on segments and adaptati on measures were identi fi ed 4. Develop RE systems supply chain through aft er detailed deliberati on in the working empanelment of renewable energy groups. technology manufacturers /distributors with ZEDA and support in development of their set-up in the state.

5. Insti tuti onal development and strengthening of ZEDA for promoti on of Renewable Energy applicati ons 6. Awareness creati on and manpower development for enhancement of the renewable energy applicati on 7. Market Transformati on of Renewable Energy applicati ons through policy measures

viii State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Key Prioriti es: Energy effi ciency Climate change is likely to impart formidable challenge to the water sector and the adversity 1. Awareness creati on and manpower development to enhance the energy may increase due to the locati on of the sate effi ciency measures in fragile ecosystem. The impact of climate 2. Market Transformati on of Energy change on water sector is likely to be due Effi ciency applicati ons through policy to errati c precipitati on creati ng variability in measures - 3. Up-gradati on of transmission and river fl ow and increased frequency/ intensity distributi on network for minimizati on of extremes events including fl ood. Increased of energy losses frequency and severity of fl oods may aff ect 4. Penetrati on of energy effi cient devices groundwater quality in alluvial aquifers. in domesti c and public uti lity systems facilitated by fi nancial, supply chain and Similarly increased rainfall intensity may market incenti ves lead to higher runoff and possibly reduced 5. Unlocking the energy effi ciency acti vity recharge. in IGEA mode 6. Insti tuti onal development and strengthening of Energy departments The other consequence of climate change for Energy Effi ciency promoti on envisaged is increased evapo-transpirati on infl uencing groundwater recharge and change in rainfall patt ern resulti ng in lower agricultural producti vity. IX. Water Nati onal Water mission established under Water is not only the source of sustenance Nati onal Acti on plan on Climate Change is of life the availability of desired quality and designed to ensure Conservati on of water, quanti ty of water is the prime factor for minimizing wastage and ensuring its more economic prosperity, enhancing the quality equitable distributi on both across and within of life and contributi ng to the food security States through integrated water resources of the nati on. The assured supply of irrigati on management. Promoti on of integrated basin water (irrigati on is the major consumer of level water resources management (Basin water resources contributi ng to 83% of the Level management strategies are planned total water consumpti on) is the primary to be reconsidered to deal with variability functi on of food grain producti on and in rainfall and water fl ows), increasing water contributes towards nati onal food security. use effi ciency by 20%, focussing att enti on to vulnerable areas including over exploited Although the total amount of fresh water areas and water conservati on are few available at present is enough to meet up designed initi ati ve under the programme. the current requirement of the state but the The mission will also seek to opti mise availability of desired quality and quanti ty the effi ciency of existi ng irrigati on system of water may get strained in some places including rehabilitati on of system that has under projected impact of climate changes, been run down and also to expand irrigati on, increase in populati on, lifestyle, economic where feasible with special eff ort to increase stability, land use patt ern, agricultural storage capacity. Initi ati ves to reduce fresh producti on, urbanisati on and migrati on of water use in urban areas are also planned populati on followed by uneven distributi on under the mission. Since water is a state of precipitati on over space and ti me. subject the plans and programmes under

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ix the mission to be executed falls under the preview of the state government. It is therefore important that the key prioriti es proposed under Nati onal Water mission are consistent with the state plan.

Key Prioriti es – Water Sector 1. Climate change impact assessment of present status of water resources like river, wetland, streams and lakes 2. Finalisati on of plan for conservati on and preservati on of water resources 3. Formulati on of State Water policy 4. Catchment and command area treatment through reverine aff orestati on 5. Capacity building of Water Resources department/ Mizoram PHED for integrated water resources management 6. Capacity building of Water Resources department/ Mizoram PHED for integrated water resources management 7. Expansion of hydrometric network and establishment of micro weather stati on for regular monitoring 8. Community tank management for combati ng water borne diseases 9. Promoti ng zero energy water purifi cati on for domesti c water supply 10. Renovati on and development of traditi onal water harvesti ng system with scienti fi c interventi on in district level 11. Capacity building of communiti es on adaptati on opti ons required for integrated demand side as well as supply side strategies during climate stressed conditi on. Impact assessment study of climate change on aquati c ecosystem

X. Strategic knowledge mission resources for their livelihoods. Climate variability can fundamentally drive processes Mission on Strategic Knowledge for climate of impoverishment through direct and indirect Change is framed under the Nati onal routes: (1) Direct: Severe or repeated climate Acti on Plan on Climate Change to bridge shocks can push vulnerable households into a up, assimilate and upgrade informati on and persistent poverty trap when their individual knowledge available on climate variability coping responses involve divestment of and vulnerability with an objecti ve to forecast producti ve assets such as land or livestock, as well as appraise for strategic development (2) Indirect: Climate uncertainty causes towards low carbon inclusive growth. inability to anti cipate when climati c extremes will occur, which acts as a disincenti ve to Reducti on and miti gati on of the impact of investment, innovati on, and development disasters depend on the coping capacity of interventi ons. The main aim of the State the vulnerable populati on; poverty makes mission on strategic knowledge is not only way for hazards becoming disasters. Climati c limited to the reducti on of green house changes are expected to severely impact gases (GHGs) but include building the coping those who are mostly dependent on natural capacity of the vulnerable populati on to

x State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram include the challenge of innovati on capacity Acti on implemented across the economy: building for sustainable development among the vulnerable populati on groups. Given the all-pervading nature of climate change, acti on will be taken across the state Key prioriti es: Strategic Knowledge economy. The inter-connectedness of issues 1. Development of Knowledge pertaining to climate change necessitates Management on Climate Change and this approach. Selecti ng and initi ati ng work facilitati ng its operati on for initi al only in some of the sectors will undermine period the eff ecti veness in an overall sense. 2. To build GHG inventory and identi fy Integrated perspecti ve imperati ve: the dominant GHG/CO2 emitti ng sectors, industries, districts, To be eff ecti ve in implementi ng initi ati ves municipaliti es in order to enable pertaining to the key prioriti es, it is vitally selecti on of miti gati on opportuniti es. important to have an integrated outlook and 3. Capacity Building on Climate Change not work in isolati on. This will be required to • Capacity building of personnel in ensure maximum returns to the eff orts being the service department made. • Exposure visit for capacity building Low Carbon economic development:

Way Forward The various miti gati on initi ati ves being planned across the Missions will ensure Changes in policies, organizati ons and that Mizoram proceeds on a low carbon practi ces: development path.

Analyzing the key prioriti es revealed that Biodiversity in addressing livelihoods: climate change orientati on needs to be provided at policy, organizati onal and practi ce The key adopti ve strategy being envisaged levels in diff erent sectors. Policies need to in the climate change acti on plan will integrate climate change considerati ons. At facilitate conservati on of biodiversity an organizati onal level, awareness, skills and including restorati on and rehabilitati on capacity has to be built. which will help vulnerable people, mostly the tribal communiti es and economically Awareness generati on and capacity most backward strata, to cope with climate building a focus: change.

Considering that climate change is a relati vely Building climate resilience: new challenge, the focus of this CAP will be on generati ng awareness and building The diff erent adaptati on initi ati ves being capacity. This will be done across all levels planned will ensure bett er preparedness to of the Government of Mizoram and external climate-induced changes, including extreme stakeholders involved in the diff erent events. sectors.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram xi Insti tuti onal Arrangements Financial budgets

In initi ati ng the preparati on of the Climate Each working group put together a budget Change Acti on Plan the Government of for the initi ati ves proposed to meet the Mizoram had consti tuted a committ ee that key prioriti es in each sector. There are a delegated the responsibility of Climate Change number of ongoing initi ati ves, which are also Acti on Plan preparati on subcommitt ees relevant to climate change; these budgets from line departments to bring greater focus have also been included in determining the on diff erent sectors. These deliberati ons overall budget for the CAP. The additi onal revealed that implementati on also requires resources required in each sector has also strong inter-sectoral and inter-department been esti mated and resources for these will coordinati on. be sourced from the GoI or external funding agencies. The following table provides the rough budget esti mate for the first CAP.

S. No. Parti culars Approx. Amount (Cr) 1 Sustainable Agriculture Mission 420.627 2 Sustainable Himalayan Mission 131.200 3 Green India Mission 283.600 4 Sustainable Habitat Mission 1314.600 5 Mission on Health 301.500 6 Mission on Solar & Renewable Energy 158.175 7 Mission on Energy Effi ciency 581.815 8 Mission on Water 469.740 9 Strategic Knowledge Mission 14.000 Total 3675.257

Mizoram Climate Change Acti on Plan – Monitoring & Evaluati on Framework

Areas Key Impacts Targets to Key Programs to Frequ- Feedback to Monitor Monitor Evaluate ency Loop Sustainable Biodiversity Biodiversity Protecti on of Land 3-5 Adjust Himalayan Land Use Plan Status Land from Soil Erosion Years budgets Mission Water Quality Degradati on Biodiversity & Modify Conservati on Program programs Wetland Conservati on Programs

xii State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Sustainable Water Stress Water Urban Planning 3-5 Adjust Habitat Waste Collecti on Waste Management budgets Mission Management Traffi c Green highways & Modify GHG Waste Constructi on programs Emissions Management form the GHG gas Sector reducti on Sustainable Changes in Increase Integrated watershed 3 Years Adjust Agriculture yields for key in yield in development program budgets Mission crops watershed Perennials plantati on & Modify Frequency of development Program programs crop failures program areas Skilled animal Yields in Adopti ons breeding programs aquaculture of improved Early warning system Fish Catch varieti es for diseases rates adjusted Targets for for eff ort Livestock Animal improvement weight and Targets for fi sh Output catch per year Green India Changes in Reforestati on Forest Enrichment 3-5 If program Mission the Forest rates Plantati on Programs Years do not Cover Reducti on of Fire Management meet Improvement Forests Programs targets in the Forest ANR Coverage Capacity Building modify stocks Areas Programs allocati on GHG Removal Enrichment of budgets from Forests Plantati on rates Mission Energy Installati on of Biogas Promoti on 3 Years Adjust on Solar & Security Solar Plants Program programs Renewable Installati on Wind and Solar Budgets Energy of Improved Programs Chullas and Biogas Mission Emission of Reduce Awareness creati on & 3 Years Adjust on Energy CO2 Transmission Capacity Building programs Effi ciency & Distributi on State level Budgets Emission Losses entrepreneurs to Intensity become ESCO

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram xiii Mission Frequency Accuracy Water supply 3 years Modify onWater of rainfall of fl ood connecti on Program program in diff erent forecasti ng Soil erosion Checkup according seasons Water use program to effi ciency Water structure evaluati on rates constructed No of harvesti ng strategies Mission on Incidence of Vector Borne Vector borne diseases 3 years Modify Health Vector Borne Disease programs program diseases impacts Water borne diseases according Incidence of relati ve to program to Water Borne baseline Heat wave impacts evaluati on Diseases Water borne program Frequency of disease Heat Waves impacts relati ve to baseline

xiv State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 1 Climate Profi le

1.1. Introducti on warming has been experienced here with data showing increase in rise in mean and maximum Descripti on of the state level context; temperature over the last 10 years. There are statement of issues and problems also frequent occurrence of violent storms during March and April that come from North- Mizoram is a beauti ful state with rich bio- West Directi on. Mizoram receives an average diversity. It is a state of rolling hills with about rainfall of about 3000mm in a year and this is 21 major hill features running through the evenly distributed and it is not drought or fl ood state; streams, deep gorges evergreen forests prone. form part of the climate sensiti ve Himalayan eco-system. The region is also very vulnerable A recent report on climate change impact in India to the impacts of a changing climate and highlights that “extreme precipitati on events someti mes faces wrath of freak weather events. may increase by 5-10 days in all the regions in the It also has a very low adaptability due to the Northeast, the rise in temperature with respect socio-economic conditi ons and bio-physical to the 1970s ranges from 1.8°C to 2.1°C. Also, conditi ons. The state is heavily forested (>70% the number of rainy days is likely to increase by of the geographical area) and has got additi onal 1-10 days with intensity of rainfall in the region incenti ve due to the conservati on eff orts. The to increase by 1-6 mm/day. This may cause forests of the region provide life supporti ng, wide alarm in the region as many parts of the provisioning, regulati ng, and cultural ‘eco- region are prone to landslides and fl ash fl oods system’ services to millions of local as well as which are only aggravated by heavy rainfall downstream people. The forests are of course due to steep gradient. Flash fl oods leave very highly suscepti ble not only to anthropogenic litt le scope for preparedness and also render acti viti es but also to climate change. crop and pastureland useless. In this context, the state climate change acti on preparati on The valleys are hot and wet during summer has been initi ated. The initi ati ve is supported and in the upper reaches it stays comfortably under MoEF-GiZ partnership programme and cool. It has a pleasant climate of 11oC in winter facilitated by knowledge partner CTRAN. and 20 to 30oC. However, the eff ect of global

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 1 1.2. Nati onal Prioriti es and NAPCC Nati onal Missions

Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate Change On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan emphasizes the overriding priority of Singh released India’s fi rst Nati onal Acti on Plan maintaining high economic growth rates to on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existi ng raise living standards of the people and aligns and future policies and programs addressing the measures that promote the development climate miti gati on and adaptati on. The plan objecti ves while also yielding co-benefi ts for identi fi es eight core “nati onal missions” addressing climate change eff ecti vely. running through 2017. The various missions are presented in the following diagram.

These missions converge to address issue relati ng to adaptati on and as well as miti gati on acti ons to contain climate change.

Figure 1.1: Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate Change

2 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram The idea of a sub-nati onal acti on plan emerged initi ati ves that have positi ve infl uence on as it is grounded locally and has high ownership, miti gati ng the adverse impact of climate bett er awareness linking experiences of climate change. These include (a) establishment of linked issues to correcti ve acti ons, bett er creati on market based instruments in sectors preparedness and also to set strategic prioriti es that have maximum infl uence on climate at the sub-Nati onal level. These prioriti es would change ( Perform Achieve and Trade for energy enable the leaders in the states to make plan effi ciency and white certi fi cates in renewable in for the resources and also to see the savings in energy sector, air pollutant trading in industry terms of long run cost associated with climate and mining sector, off set instruments in forestry change more closely. sector such as compensatory aff orestati on (b) encouraging Kyoto market instruments like Clean Other Initi ati ves Development Mechanism. (c) other initi ati ves like Bio-Diversity Conservati on, Wetland Apart from this there have been several Management, Coastal Zone Management, etc.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 3 1.3. Mapping state development issues and Prioriti es with NAPCC

Some of the sectors that have clear relevance with the nati onal missions are mapped below in the following table. Table 1.1: Key Sectoral Issues Sl Key Sectors Issues/Prioriti es at the sub-nati onal level Nati onal Missions for No strategic linkage 1 Agriculture More than 2/3rd are dependent on agriculture Sustainable agriculture and allied and climate change has signifi cant impact. Require mission diversifi cati on, sustainable land use and pest management as well as input management 2 Energy The state has a shortage of 50% during peak but a clean Enhanced Energy generator due to high potenti al for renewable and Effi ciency Mission, hydel power and high percentage of educated people Nati onal Solar Mission can be made aware about energy conservati on 3 Forest More than 70% of the state’s geographical area is Green India Mission forested. However, The primiti ve slash and burn method of culti vati on, or jhumming, in Mizoram has led to a massive destructi on of forests and innumerable forest fi res causing loss of human lives. 4 Health Vector borne diseases like Malaria is increasing the There is no clear state and deteriorati on of the water quality too has a nati onal mission bearing on the health addressing this, however, sustainable habitat, nati onal water mission, rural health mission would address these issues 5 Sustainable Rapid urbanisati on and pressure on urban Sustainable habitat Habitat infrastructure, energy, water, waste handling and mission disposal 6 Water Water scarcity is a major issue in most part of the Nati onal Water state and has become a major challenge Mission

The sectotal classifi cati on also includes: 1.4. Baseline assessments

• Agriculture (horti culture, animal The populati on of Mizoram is 0.89 million husbandry, fi shery and sericulture, soil according to 2001 census enhanced to 1.091 water conservati on; million (as per 2011 census) and is scatt ered • Forestry (includes soil conservati on and over 8 districts, 26 blocks and 830 villages (as bio-diversity) per 2011 census). The State has the density of 52 persons per sq. km. As against decadal • Habitat includes transport and works, growth rate of 21.54% at the nati onal level, the housing and urban development populati on of the State has grown by 29.18%

4 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram over the period 1991-2001 (22.78% over the Table 1.3: Demographic Data period of 2001-2011). The sex rati o of Mizoram Descripti on Unit Data Data at 970 females to 1000 males is higher than the (2001) (2011) nati onal average of 940. Female literacy of the Populati on Nos. 888573 1091014 State rose to 89.40% from 78.6% in 1991 (as per Density of Per Sq. 42 - 2011 census). Populati on km Rural Populati on % of Total 50.37 48.49 One of the youngest states of union Mizoram Urban Populati on % of Total 49.63 51.51 commands a special status in terms of the Scheduled Tribes % of Total 94.46 - Consti tuti on of India. Arti cle 371-G of the Total workers to % 52.57 - consti tuti on provides for special safeguards total populati on to the religious and social practi ces and also respects for the customary laws, ownership and Main workers % to total 40.79 - transfer of land requires rati fi cati on from the Marginal % to total 11.78 - state legislature. There are three autonomous Culti vators % to total 54.90 - district councils (Mara, Lai and Chakma) have Agriculture labour % to total 5.70 - been created. This is signifi cant in the context Household % to total 1.50 - of climate change as issues relati ng to land use Industry worker change, forest protecti on, sustainable culti vati on and orderly development would require Per capita income of Mizoram is Rs 45,982 (2009- signifi cant understanding and parti cipati on of 10) which is higher than the nati onal average. the local community to make it legally tenable, More than 60 per cent depend on agriculture socially acceptable and a driver of change for and industry is virtually non-existent. balanced growth of the state. Key socio-economic and ecological predictors for the climate modelling: Table 1.2: Administrati ve Setup Descripti on Unit Data Table 1.4: Socio - Economic and Ecological Area Sq. km 21081 Predictors Parameters Mizoram North- India Districts No. 8 Eastern Sub-Districts No. 23 Region Villages No. 830 Area in Sq. km 22,081 2,62,179 32,87,240 1 2 Towns No. 23 Forest area to 79% 23.57 23.57 total area (%) City No. 1 Populati on in 8.98 389.84 10,287.37 District Councils No. 3 lakh (2001) (Soruce - census of India 2011, Provisional Report) Literacy Rate 88.8 68.5 64.8 % (2001) The state is predominantly agrarian. More Poverty rati o 9.5 13.9 23.6 than 70 per cent of the populati on depend based on MRP on agriculture for their livelihood but low consumption producti vity of the sector its high sensiti vity to (2004-05)3 climate remain a matt er of concern. These data can be used for a holisti c projecti on of climate change impact. ______1 FSI data 2009 2 INCA report 2010 3 INCA report 2010

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 5 1.5. Past and on-going climate change a gradual decline and then a sudden increase trends and risks from 1990 to 1995. Infact, during the span of the 20 years study period, 1995 recorded Due to its geo-climati c conditi on, the enti re the highest rainfall of 3185.98 mm whereas state is one of the most hazard prone states 1994 had the lowest rainfall with a measure in the country. The state is annually swept by of 2278.29 mm only. From here onwards, the cyclonic storms, cloudbursts, hailstorms and trend does not show either a sharp increase or landslides. To make matt ers worse, the State decrease in rainfall. falls under Seismic Zone V, and thus liable to be hit by strong earthquakes. Small tremors When analyzed on an average monthly basis per are felt every now and then in and around the year, the trend shows a gradual increase from state. Although the State is enjoying abundance January and reaches its peak maximum during of rainfall during monsoon period, the dry July-August and then conti nues to decrease spell during non-monsoon period is really sharply by the end of the year. Anyway, when hard for the people. Due to the steepness of taken as a whole the average annual rainfall the hillsides, underground water retenti on is for the studied 20 years accounts to 2793.67 minimal, causing perennial water sources to dry mm which can be credited to the contributi on up during this period. This had been aggravated of downpour recorded during the monsoon by the traditi on custom of jhum culti vati on, seasons. On analysis of the two decades, the commonly known as slash and burn.The habit monthly average rainfall during 1996-2005 of felling trees and foliage of forests and when compared to the previous decade of burning them really destroy natural vegetati on, 1986-1995 shows a gradual increase during the thus causing ecological imbalances. Moreover, month of March, May, September and then a this usually led to unwanted spread of fi re to remarkable increase during the month of July forests. Thus, it can be interpreted that there is A study by remote sensing center in Mizoram change in the rainfall trend when analyzed and that tracks climati c parameters (namely rainfall, compared between the two decades, but not temperature and humidity) of Aizawl City for a on an extremely large scale which again shows period of twenty years (1986 . 2005) in Aizawal that this trend can further change the patt ern city has been summarised below. The data were for the consecuti ve 10 years rainfall data. If this compared and analyzed for two decades taking usual small scale change in trend conti nues, an average data for 10 years interval as well as 5 then Mizoram is not expected to experience a years interval to arrive at brief conclusive results sharp decrease in rainfall unless there are other on the overall climate change in Mizoram. climati c elements that unexpectedly alter the usual trend, which is mostly above the 2000 Rainfall patt ern mm mark.

Patt ern of rainfall in Mizoram during the past 20 Temperature years i.e, from 1986 to 2005 follows the usual expected trend in which maximum downpour Temperature data has also been analyzed occurred during the monsoon seasons and using 20 years temperature data collected and declines during the rest of the seasons. However, studied for two decades. The average monthly when analyzed on a yearly basis the trend shows maximum temperature taken during the

6 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram decade of 1996-2005 shows an increase over the end of each year. All the data recorded were the previous decade of 1986- 1995, during the within the wide range of +50% to +90% relati ve early part (January-February) as well as later humidity, with the highest percentage recorded part (November-December) of the years. during June to August.

However, not much increase is observed during Taken as a whole, the average relati ve humidity the rest of the months on comparison and studied at 5 years interval for a span of 20 years the trend is somewhat parallel to each other. indicated a gradual increase from 73.14% in However when analyzed on a whole, there 1986-1990 to 81.42% in 2001-2005, a marked has been an increase in the average maximum increase of +8.28% during last two decades. temperature during 1996-2005 by +0.28oC over the decade of 1986-1995, which denotes Data that have been used to study climate a trend in increase in temperature during the change in this context are necessarily simplifi ed last decade. The same increase is also refl ected representati ons of the climate system prevailing in the average minimum temperature recorded during 1986-2005. Despite the inevitable for the decade of 1996-2005 which is +0.30oC, limitati ons, the climate data simulati ons much higher than that recorded for the previous more or less accurately reproduce the large- decade of 1986- 1995. The rate of increase is scale seasonal distributi ons of pressure and clearly refl ected when the overall monthly temperature. In additi on, the large-scale average temperature recorded for both decades structure of precipitati on (rainfall) and heat fl ux shows an increase of +0.29oC. The overall trend (temperature variati ons) also closely resembles in temperature also shows a gradual increase the observed esti mates on a global scale during the 1996-2005 decade. The increase (which was +0.3 and +0.6° C during the last 150 in temperature as per the data indicates that years). there might be further rise in the heat wave in the years to come. Considering all the results obtained from the study, it can be said that the climate parameters Humidity studied, have either direct or indirect relati on to increased atmospheric concentrati ons Humidity is another climati c element that has of the principal anthropogenic greenhouse close relati on to temperature and rainfall and gases which have subsequently increased in also plays a key role in aff ecti ng the climate of signifi cant amount during the last two decades. a region. Average data on humidity for 20 years Elevated concentrati ons are predicted to persist was collected and analyzed for a period of 5 in the immediate atmosphere for years to come years each. The results studied for each period if we do not reduce emissions of greenhouse clearly indicated that there was a gradual and gases by the end of the next decade. Moreover, progressive increase in humidity during the the increased atmospheric levels of these

enti re span of 20 years. In each of the 5 years gases, especially CO2, increase the IR (Infrared) period data that was analyzed, the trend seemed energy absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby to decrease during the month of February but producing a warming infl uence at the ground then gradually increased ti ll August where it level and sub-surface as a result raising the reached its maximum and then decreased during mean temperatures by a few more degrees.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 7 8 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ChapterChapter - 2 Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate Change

2.1. Introducti on the per capita GHG emissions of developed countries, despite India’s developmental India released its Nati onal Acti on Plan on imperati ves. Climate Change (NAPCC) on 30th June 2008 to outline its strategy to meet the challenge 2.3. Domesti c Acti on of Climate Change. The Nati onal Acti on Plan advocates a strategy that promotes, India’s Nati onal Acti on Plan stresses that firstly, the adaptati on to Climate Change and maintaining a high growth rate is essenti al secondly, further enhancement of for increasing living standards of the vast the ecological sustainability of India’s majority of people of India and reducing their development path. vulnerability to impacts of climate change. Accordingly, the Acti on Plan identi fies 2.2. Approach to Climate Change measures that promote the objecti ves of sustainable development of India while also The Nati onal Acti on Plan recognises that yielding co-benefits for addressing climate climate change is a global challenge and, that change. Eight Nati onal Missions which form it should be successfully overcome through the core of the Nati onal Acti on Plan represent a globally collaborati ve and cooperati ve multi - pronged, long term and integrate eff ort based on the principle of equity. The strategies for achieving key goals in the Acti on Plan expresses India’s willingness to context of climate change. The focus is on play its role as a responsible member of the promoti ng understanding of Climate Change, internati onal community and to make its adaptati on and miti gati on, energy efficiency contributi on. In this eff ort, every citi zen of and natural resource conservati on. While, the planet should have an equal share of the several of these programmes are already planetary atmospheric space. The Acti on Plan a part of the current acti ons, the Acti on suggests that the long-term convergence of Plan seeks to enhance them in scope, and per capita GHG emissions is the only equitable eff ecti veness and implement them in an basis for a global agreement to tackle accelerated manner through ti me bound climate change. The Acti on Plan assures the plans. international community that India’s percapita GHC emissions would not exceed

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9 Solar Mission Water Mission

This mission aims at promoti ng the This mission aims to increase water use development and use of solar energy for efficiency by 20 percent through pricing and power generati on and other uses, as well regulatory measures, including the recycling as to render solar energy competi ti ve with of wastewater, increases in irrigati on fossil- based energy opti ons in urban areas, efficiency, and incenti ves to promote water- industry, and commercial establishments. neutral or water-positi ve technologies and Its goal is to generate at least 10,000 groundwater recharge. megawatt s of solar power and to create a Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan solar research center, among other things. Ecosystem

Mission for Enhanced Energy This mission seeks to promote the Efficiency conservati on of biodiversity, forest cover, and other ecological values in the Himalayan This mission seeks to yield savings of region to help stop the retreat of glaciers, 10,000 megawatt s by 2012 through the implementati on of certain initi ati ves, such as they consti tute a major source of India’s as energy incenti ves (including diff erenti al water supply. taxati on on energy- efficient appliances); Mission for a “Green India” setti ng up financing platf orms for public- private partnerships to reduce energy The mission plans to expand forest cover in consumpti on through demand- side India by 10 percent through aff orestati on of management programs; and establishing a 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands. system for large energy-intensive industries and faciliti es to trade energy-savings Mission for Sustainable Agriculture certi ficates so that they can meet government- The mission will foster adaptati on in the mandated reducti ons in energy consumpti on, agricultural sector by supporti ng the as per the Energy Conservati on Act. development of climate-resilient crops Mission on Sustainable Habitat and the expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, among other measures. This mission seeks to promote energy efficiency in urban planning through Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate measures such as putti ng more emphasis Change on urban waste managementand recycling, This mission will promote “a bett er strengthening the enforcement of automoti ve understanding of climate science, impacts fuel economy standards, using pricing and challenges.” It calls for the establishment measures to encourage the purchase of fuel- of a new Climate Science Research Fund, efficient vehicles, and providing incenti ves improved climate modeling, and increased for people to make greater use of public internati onal collaborati on. It will also transportati on. foster private sector initi ati ves aimed at

10 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram developing adaptati on and miti gati on reducti on into infrastructure project design, technologies through venture capital funds. strengthening communicati on networks and disaster management faciliti es at all 2.4. Other Initi ati ves levels; protecti on of coastal areas, provision Apart from the eight Nati onal Missions, the of enhanced public health care services, and Nati onal Acti on Plan also envisages other assessment of increased burden of disease initi ati ves aimed at enhancing miti gati on due to climate change. The Acti on Plan also and adaptati on. These include research highlights the role of Central Government, & development in the area of ultra super State Governments and local Bodies in putti ng criti cal boilers in coal-based thermal plants; in place appropriate delivery mechanisms and integrated gasificati on combined cycle building adequate capacity and knowledge technology to make coal based power in the relevant insti tuti ons for eff ecti ve generati on efficient; setti ng up more adaptati on and miti gati on acti ons. combined cycle natural gas plants; promoti on of nuclear energy through adopti on of fast 2.5. Insti tuti onal Mechanism breeder and thorium-based thermal reactor The Nati onal Missions are to be technology in nuclear power generati on; insti tuti onalized by the respecti ve Ministries adopti on of high-voltage AC and high-voltage and will be organized through inter sectoral DC transmission to reduce technical losses groups. Appropriate mechanisms including during transmission and distributi on; small public- private partnership and civil and large scale hydro power; promoti on of society acti ons, will be devised, as suited, renewable energy technologies such as bio- for eff ecti ve delivery of each individual mass combusti on and gasificati on-based Mission’s objecti ves. Comprehensive Mission power generati on; enhancements in the documents detailing objecti ves, strategies, regulatory/tariff regimes to help mainstream plan of acti on, ti melines and monitoring renewable-based sources in the nati onal and evaluati on criteria of all eight Missions power system; and renewable energy and Other Initi ati ves are to be developed by technologies for transportati on and industrial December 2008 and submitt ed to the Prime fuels. In additi on, the Acti on Plan envisages Minister’s Council on Climate Change. The eff ecti ve disaster management strategies work is to be coordinated by the Ministry of that include mainstreaming disaster risk Environment & Forests.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 11 1212 StateStStatate ActionAcActitioonn PlanPllaan onon ClimateClliimam tete Change:Chahangnge:e MizoramMizizororamam Chapter-3Chapter-3 Agro-climati c Zone Level Assessment of Climate Change Impact

The State of Mizoram enjoys a typical climate of Mizoram, the prioriti zati on of Miti gati on with variati ons ranging from Sub-tropical and Adaptati on opti on has been carried to temperate conditi ons in hilly areas. The out in a three stages. 1) Categorizati on, quick changes in topography of Mizoram 2) semi-quanti tati ve approach (to assess consequences a signifi cant climate changes the magnitude and likelihood of risks and within a short distance. According to the opportuniti es), 3) prioriti zed according Rainfall assessment of last fi ve years, it is to their combined magnitude-likelihood seen that the precipitati on is decreasing with scores. respect to the average rainfall of last fi ve years. Through assessment of Agro climati c The analysis also refers a ti me-frame; zones of Mizoram, Risks and opportuniti es therefore the suggested adaptati on and were also identi fi ed in relati on to projected miti gati on opti ons are projected risks and impacts of climate change. Climate change opportuniti es within this period. But, due projecti ons were used to defi ne agro- to the lack of quanti fi ed informati on on climati c zones, which served to disti nguish uncertainty in climate change scenarios in the priority risks and opportuniti es and Mizoram, a detailed ti me-frame analysis is latt er we can prioriti ze the adaptati on not carried out. Our fi ndings are given below opti ons. According to Agro Climati c Zones in a tabular from. Table 3.1: Problems and Potenti als with respect to Agro-climati c region in Mizoram Agro- State Problems Typology Potenti al Potenti al climati c Agricultural Horti cultural crops: region crops: Eastern Mizoram toxicity and soil Fragile Rice (kala Potato, ginger, Hima- acidity, Soil land; Low joha), Rabi caulifl ower, layan erosion and fl oods, produ- maize, rape cabbage, Region- cti vity; seed & mushrooms, II shift ing and Fragile mustard turmeric, Black culti vati on, low ecology and pulses pepper, cardamom, SRRs, non availability prone to medicinal & of electricity, poor soil erosion aromati cs road, poor Input with low (Cinchona, level of Chiryata, Himalayan delivery system and irrigati on & Yew, Bhumi Communicati on recurrent aonla & Tejpat) infrastructure. fl oods. & ornamentals (orchids).

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 13 Table 3.2: Agro Climati c features of Sub-Regions of Mizoram

NARP Zone Agro Climati c Features of the Sub Regions Sub Region Rainfall(in Climate Soil Crop mm) 1) Humid Himalayan 2441 Per humid to Brown Hills Rice, maize, Sub-Tropical Hills humid Ragi, potato Hill Zone North-East 3528 Per humid to Red sandy Rice, rapeseed, Hills humid laterite maize 2) Humid Upper Temperate 2809 Humid to per Alluvial, red Rice, jute, Sub-Alpine Brahmaputra humid loamy rapeseed, wheat Zone Southern Hills 2052 Per humid to Acidic soils Rice, maize, humid sesame, 3) Humid sugarcane Sub-Tropical Lower 1840 Per humid to Alluvial, red Rice, rapeseed, Hill Zone Brahmaputra humid loamy, tarai wheat, jute, soils potato

Figure 3.1

14 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 3.3: District wise rainfall comparison in Mizoram

Sl.No. District Average Rainfall of Rainfall in 2009 upto Less % from last fi ve years (in 24th July (in mm) normal mm) 1. Aizawl 1680.4 951.1 43.4 2. Champhai 1132.5 802.1 29.14 3. Kolasib 1398.1 1078.2 22.8 4. Lawngtlai 1337.5 944.8 29.3 5. Lunglei 1353.5 759.6 43.8 6. Mamit 1772.3 1052.3 40.6 7. Saiha 1628 1151 29.3 8. Serchhip 1276.5 675.2 47.1 Average Mizoram 1447.3 926.7 35.9

Table 3.4: Sector wise Climate Vulnerability and key Interventi ons in Mizoram

Modules Climati c Vulnerabiliti es Key Interventi ons NRM • Water scarcity • Polythene mulching in vegetables during Rabi season • Rainwater harvesti ng structure (farm pond) • Poor soil health • Percolati on pond for recharging ground water • Soil test based nutrient applicati on Crop • Water scarcity • Introducti on of adapted high yielding varieti es producti on during Rabi season of new crop • Poor soil health • Appropriate inter-cropping systems • Micro-irrigati on systems – sprinkler, drip Livestock & • Mortality and • Prophylaxis of livestock fi sheries morbidity losses due • Miti gati on of mineral defi ciencies in livestock to bioti c and abioti c • Producti on and supply of seedlings of fodder stresses trees/ grasses and Azolla • Fodder scarcity Insti tuti onal • Low seed • Seed bank/ seed producti on of seeds through replacement rate farmers groups & poor access to • Community managed farm machinery custom improved seeds hiring centre • Poor access to farm • Training 2-3 rural youth as livestock service implements providers for prophylaxis • Poor access to live- • Agro advisory based on IMD weather forecast stock services and village weather observatory • Losses due to highly • Training 2-3 rural youth for maintaining micro- uncertain weather irrigati on systems and farm machinery

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 15 16 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ChapterChapter : 4 Process of Preparation of Climate Change Action Plan in Mizoram 4.1. Formulati on of SAPCC Table 4.1 Sl Designati on Positi on in Objecti ve of SAPCC No Council 1 Hon’ble Chief Minister, Chairman The main objecti ve of Climate Change Acti on Chairman Plan is to strategize adaptati on and miti gati on 2 Hon’ble Minister, Rural Member initi ati ve towards emission stabilizati on and Development enhance the resilience of the ecosystem. 3 Hon’ble Minister, Member Agriculture, etc. This exercise helps serving as a platf orm to take 4 Hon’ble Minister, PHE, Member the climate change agenda of the state forward Tourism, etc. which in future could be a combinati on of 5 Hon’ble Minister, Member advocacy, knowledge deepening, policy analysis Transport, etc. and operati onal work. However, there is also the 6 Hon’ble Minister, Revenue Member need for putti ng forward acti ons where public 7 Hon’ble Minister, Forests Member investment would be needed to make the state 8 Vice Chairman, State Member and community more climate resilient. Planning Board 9 Chief Secretary, Govt, of Member 4.2. Methodology Mizoram 10 Principal Secy, PHE, Agri, Member Government of Mizoram has taken the climate etc. change issue very seriously. A detailed roadmap 11 Secretary, Environment & Member has been chalked out to develop the climate Forests change acti on plan for the state. 12 Secretary, Tourism Member 13 Secretary, R.D. Member Insti tuti onal Framework 14 Secretary, Horti culture Member 15 Principal Secy, Planning Member Climate Change Council of Mizoram will &Prog. Implemtn. Secretary coordinate state acti on plan for assessment, Objecti ve: The overall objecti ve of the Council adaptati on and miti gati on of climate change. would be to monitor the targets, objecti ves and The compositi on of the Council on Climate achievements of the nati onal missions specifi ed Change is as follows: by Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The respecti ve missions shall be

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 17 taken care of and att ended to by the individual Objecti ve:The objecti ve of the executi ve Council departments who shall strive to att ain the will be to monitor the directi ons and other listed objecti ves within sti pulated ti me frames related matt ers of the Climate Change Council. and ensure their verti cal integrati on with the Nati onal Mission. Roadmap for the development of the climate change acti on plan The operati ng arm of the climate change council shall be the executi ve council. The compositi on Required insti tuti onal arrangement has been of the council shall be as follows: put in place for the co-ordinati on of the Table 4.2 preparati on of the climate change acti on plan Sl Designati on Positi on in with the support from GiZ and CTRAN consulti ng No the Council acti ng as the knowledge partner. The following 1 Chief Secretary, Govt, of Chairman process will be followed: Mizoram 2 Principal Secy, Planning Member &Prog. Implmtn. 3 Principal” Secretary, PHE, Member Agri, etc 4 Principal Chief Member Conservator of Forests 5 Secretary, Rural Member Development 6 Secretary, Horti culture Member 7 Secretary, Tourism Member 8 Principal Adviser Member Planning 9 Principal Scienti fi c Offi cer, Member Science & Technology secretary

• Drafting Committee to produce the drafts (each 1 department nodal officers will coordinate)

• Respective Secretaries/Head of the Working 2 Groups will deliberate and approve

• Moderation by Nodal Department before 3 presenting to Council

• Wider stakeholder consultation 4

• Finalisation 5

Figure 4.1: Way forward for the preparati on of the Climate Change Acti on Plan

18 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Process of Prioriti sati on of the opti ons

Adaptati on and miti gati on opti ons will be generated within the working groups and prioriti sed. This will be based on the state specifi c barriers. The prioriti sati on framework has been given below:

Generati ng the opti ons

Figure 4.2: Generati on of opti ons

While generati ng the opti ons it will be seen that, there is no strategic disconnect with the nati onal policy with respect to stated positi ons, no further need to reinvent the wheel and also proposing workable approaches without having extra-emphasis on theoreti cal issues. The process will be parti cipati ve and inclusive.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 19 Prioriti sati on Framework

The process of prioriti sati on shall be as below:

Figure 4.3: Prioriti sati on of Sectoral Issues

This will give basket of opti ons sectorally and also can later be linked to budgetary and extra- budgetary resources.

Enabling framework

A low carbon development requires an enabling policy and insti tuti onal framework. This has been given below.

20 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 4.4: Tools to develop an enabling framework for CCAP

This tool will be used to analyse and develop a plan for carbon conscious development strategy for the state.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 21 22 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ChapterChapter - 5 Sustainable Agriculture

5.1. Sectoral Overview varies from 8oC to 17oC. Due to high rainfall during May to September the soil is Acidic The State’s economy is predominantly ranging from 4.5-5.6 ph. In Mizoram, due to agrarian, with more than 60% of the total limited availability of irrigati on, agriculture work force engaged either directly or is enti rely dependent on the rainwater indirectly in agriculture. Only 5% of the total from the driving monsoon downpours. The area is under culti vati on and about 11% of unfavourable physical conditi ons do not the total culti vated area is under irrigati on. facilitate irrigati on. The uneven terrains in However, agriculture sti ll remains under- Mizoram are not favourable for the culti vati on developed and the primiti ve method of jhum of crops. The distributi on of rainfall that varies (shift ing culti vati on) predominates. Both between 1900 mm and 3000 mm and the producti on and producti vity are relati vely ferti le temperate soil smooth the progress low. As per the Agriculture Census (1995-96), of extensive jhum culti vati on. This primeval there were 65,919 operati onal holdings with practi ce of Jhum culti vati on is carried out by a total operated area of 85,000 hectares. Out a large number of people living in rural areas of the total of holdings 42.04% is marginal, of Mizoram. A number of crops like paddy, 39.0% small, 17.83% semi medium 1.11% beans, cucumber, maize, arum, sesame, medium and 0.01% large holdings. Small mustard and cott on are grown by practi cing holdings make adaptati on planning far more jhum or shift ing culti vati on. complicated as compared to the larger ones. 5.2. Facts about agriculture & Mizoram enjoys wonderful blend of climati c horti culture in Mizoram conditi ons ranging from tropical, sub-tropical to temperate conditi ons. The hill ranges run in In Mizoram, Paddy is one of the most North – south directi on with varying alti tude important crops, and aft er the completi on with an average height of 920m above sea of the of paddy harvesti ng, the seeds of the level, coupled with high mean annual rainfall other crops are sown. (Paddy occupies almost of 2500 mm and high relati ve humidity upto 50% of the total cropped area and more than 90%. Mizoram has primarily sand-loamy and 88% of the total area under food grains.) The clay-loamy soil rich in organic carbon and sowing commences from the end of April, moderately rich in available potash. The close to the occurrence of the full moon. In temperature during summer season varies Mizoram, two types of paddy are sown: 1) from 20oC to 34oC and during the winter season early paddy (short durati on) and 2) principal

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 23 paddy (long durati on). The two crops are about 75,000 MT. The major fruit crops are, grown side by side in the same fi eld. Although, orange, pineapple, Passion fruit, banana, the initi al producti on of early paddy is poor, it mango, papaya, guava, jack fruit, grapes, pear, ripens quickly and is a means of subsistence litchi and apple. The major vegetables grown ti ll the verdant golden crop of principal in Mizoram are tomato, brinjal, beans, peas, paddy is collected. Besides agriculture, the squash, mustard, cabbage, etc. Among tuber culti vati on of crops like sugarcane, cott on, crops, potato, sweet potato and colacasia are tapioca, oilseeds, mustard, sesame, soybean major ones grown. The climate in the State is and pulses like cowpea, french and rice beans suitable for the culti vati on of spices. Ginger, also contribute towards the economy of turmeric, chilly, pepper, cinnamon and large Mizoram. Horti culture also adds substanti ally cardamom grow very well in the State. At to the state’s economy. present ginger, turmeric and chillies are commonly culti vated.

Table 5.1: Area and Producti on of Important Crops of Mizoram

Name of 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 crop Area Produ- Area Produ- Area Produc- Area Producti on Area Produc- (ha) cti on (ha) cti on (ha) ti on (ha) (MT) (ha) ti on (MT) (MT) (MT) (MT) Paddy 59196 114630 57085 107661 55754 99021 52847 42091 54541 15688 Maize 10481 20282 10505 19788 11742 22703 10775 20969 7328 729 Pulses 4892 4313 6741 7971 2972 2737 5054 5833 5048 2632 Oil seeds 7532 5478 5817 5321 4816 5429 4075 3755 3755 748 Sugarcane 1393 36174 1357 13565 1383 45953 1340 12187 12187 826

Source: Stati sti cal handbook, Mizoram 2008

Since the use of ferti lizer and pesti cides in 5.3. Facts about the Animal agriculture and horti culture fi elds is almost Husbandary: non-existi ng in Mizoram, so the agricultural and horti cultural products are mostly organic, The populati on of cross breed & Indigenous and the products have very high value in the catt le have increased by 16.60% and 3.88% nati onal and internati onal product market. To respecti vely during the interval between the moti vate and encourage the organic farmers, 16th and the 17th Census. The buff alo and and also to raise awareness, 2 Nos. of Market goat populati on have also increased by 6.84% Outlet have been established at Aizawl and and 5.88% respecti vely, signifying the lower Dartlang. growth in this type of livestock. Mithun & Pig populati on has increased by 33% and 33.09% Agro-climati c conditi ons in Mizoram are found respecti vely. Pig is the most populous and to be very much suitable for growing a wide popular livestock in Mizoram. While the cross range of horti culture crops covering fruits, breed populati on make up for 90% of the total vegetables, ornamental crops, and spice populati on, the indigenous pig accounts for crops. About 1600 Hectare has been covered only 10% of the total populati on. It is further for fruit plantati on with the total yield of

24 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram observed that as compared to the last census, due to changes of any of these parameters. there is a 44.00% decrease in the indigenous Failure of rains and occurrence of natural populati on of pigs. disasters such as fl oods and droughts could lead to crop failures, food insecurity, famine, The Mizo tribes of north east India developed loss of property and life, mass migrati on, and and practi ced diff erent types of fi shing negati ve nati onal economic growth within methods since ti me immemorial. The people the state. of Mizoram use locally available materials and apply indigenous ideas and skills (indigenous As per the present status, the total annual technical knowledge, ITK) for fi shing. Various requirement of rice for Mizoram is 19,22,030 fi shing techniques depend on various Quintals/year but Mizoram produces only behavioural patt ern and microhabitat type of 462924 quintals/ year (24% of the total fi shes. requirement) leaving a defi ciency in range of 76%. Climate change might change the gap 5.4. Key Issues further leading to producti on security issues.

In the last two decades signifi cant changes 5.5. Climate Change Adaptati on in in the climati c variables has been seen Agriculture and allied sectors of due to increasing nature of anthropogenic Mizoram acti viti es. It is esti mated that an average area of 2.00 lakhs acres of Forest cover are Adaptati on measured can off set the negati ve annually destroyed by slashing and burning impacts of climate change on irrigated rice but of trees for Jhum land in Mizoram. 3.50 lakhs in the case of rain-fed rice, growing of tolerant hectares are sti ll uti lized for the devastati ng and high input effi ciency rice varieti es with and unproducti ve jhumming (Shift ing) bett er management and assured irrigati on culti vati on of Paddy. This deforestati on only can reduce the climate change impacts. is due to mainly the change in land use in With such adaptati on strategies, the positi ve which shift ing culti vati on or jhum culti vati on impacts can be improved further. is at the centre. Mizoram has experienced land degradati on at an alarming rate owing Meteorological report (Guwahati ,2009) to the destructi ve slash-and-burn system depicted defi ciency in rainfall which is of culti vati on. Mizoram Remote Sensing increasing every year (in 2005 defi ciency was Applicati on Centre (MRSAC) has identi fi ed a 22% and in 2006 defi ciency was 25%). Due total of 20.64% of Mizoram as degraded land, to low rain fall Mizoram is facing a drought which scienti sts said is alarming. situati on aff ecti ng fi sh, agriculture and livestock. Like all other North Eastern states of India-, Mizoram is also facing the predicti on and The year 2005, saw extended dry periods in consequences of global climate change. Mizoram. Many springs and streams dried Temperature is generally considered as the up accompanied by large scale landslides fi rst variable assessments of climate change. (ICIMOD, 2008). Improper rainfall (earlier Followed by other parameters like rainfall and or later) adversely aff ected sowing and humidity. Agriculture is highly dependent on harvesti ng of crops, because of which there these three parameters and the producti on was a heavy damage in harvestable grains. and yield of Agriculture is likely to change Moreover, it is also seen that natural wetlands

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 25 are dwindling in many parts of Mizoram. climate change but infl uence the agriculture Some of the ecologists have argued that more of the state. Suitable agronomic management number of invasive species have appeared and opti ons can act as one of the important distributi on patt ern has changed in Mizoram. adaptati on strategies to face climate change. Out break of more number of diseases and pests occurring in citrus species are also 5.6. Adaptati on Pathways in reported. One signifi cant impact which many Agriculture plant scienti sts agree to is the changes taking place in the phenological phases in plants Eff ecti ve and result-based measures should (ICIMOD, 2008). be supported for the development of approaches at all levels on vulnerability and For working out the comprehensive impacts, adaptati on, as well as capacity-building for there is a need to link other infl uenti al the integrati on of adaptati on concerns into biophysical and socio-economic driving sustainable agriculture development strategy forces those which are indirectly impacted by in the state.

26 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 5.2 Issues Impact Pathways Warm and Humid Errati c cropping season, Local weather monitoring stati ons for summer and cold crop loss data and ti mely predicti ons, temperature winters tolerant crop varieti es Heavy and errati c Crop damage due to Stress tolerant varieti es, water harvesti ng, precipitati on prolonged submergence or mini-check dams and reservoirs lack of ti mely precipitati on Traditi onal Jhum Deforestati on, reducti on in Jhum opti misati on through catchment culti vati on carbon sinks, soil erosion area protecti on, plantati on crops, soil and land degradati on, conservati on livelihoods aff ected Use of ferti lisers Reducti on in carbon sink Organic farming, Using sustainable ferti lizer and ti llage practi ces (improving soil drainage, no-ti ll, etc) Increase in vector- High mortality of farm Vaccinati on, breeding of climate resilient borne diseases animals breeds

The following are the overview of the sectors the working groups and is not yet fi nal. A and how they are likely to be impacted due snapshot of discussions has been presented to climate change. The sheaf of opti ons in the following table. for adaptati ons now being mulled over by

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 27 Table 5.3

Sectors Possible adapti ve opti ons Agriculture Develop new crop varieti es including hybrids to increase the tolerance and suitability of plants to temperature, moisture and other relevant climati c conditi ons Diversify crop types and varieti es, including crop substi tuti on, to address the environmental variati ons and economic risks associated with climate change Soil and moisture conservati on practi ces through acti viti es like: contour ploughing, check dams and bunding, organic manuring, mulching etc. Develop water management and conservati on innovati ons, including irrigati on, to address the risk of moisture defi ciencies and increasing frequency of droughts Develop early warning systems that provide daily weather predicti ons and seasonal forecasts Change ti ming of farm operati ons like sowing and harvesti ng to address the changing durati on of growing seasons and associated changes in temperature and moisture Encourage organic farming practi ces Conservati on of agrobiodiversity to provide specifi c gene pools for crop and livestock adaptati on to climate change. Selecti on of crops and culti vars with tolerance to pests and diseases to generate greater geneti c variability (FAO) Developing resilient rice crops to heat stress Use of geneti c markers for speeding up breeding process Geographical analysis of vulnerable regions Site-specifi c adjustment in crop management (e.g. shift ing planti ng dates and improved water management) Regional climate modeling to identi fy future “ti lti ng points” of rice producti on

(e.g. the temperature level or CO2 levels above which major yield losses are experienced) Developing newer crop management trends (e.g. diversifi cati on from rice-rice to rice-maize systems) to alter crops’ budgets of carbon and nitrogen and thus signifi cantly att empt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Animal Breeding livestock for greater tolerance and producti vity. Changes in livestock Husbandry practi ces may infl uence future spread/distributi on of vector borne diseases Breeding livestock for greater tolerance and producti vity Improving pastures and grazing lands management Preservati on and conservati on (in-situ and ex-situ) of existi ng animal geneti c diversity Technological developments, such as the development and promoti on of new crop varieti es, improvements in water and soil management, and improved animal health Planti ng species with higher tolerance to changing climate

28 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 5.7. Key Prioriti es

The following acti on points have resulted out of several rounds of discussions between the working group members

Table 5.4

Key prioriti es: Agriculture 1. Development of Land (Levelling, bundling, etc) for Wetland Rice 2. Culti vati on (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existi ng Wetland Rice Culti vati on (WRC) 3. Developing data base on genotypes of local crop varieti es (mainly rice varieti es) and identi fi cati on of suitable varieti es for diff erent agro-climati c zones. 4. Impact assessment of paddy culti vati on through agricultural inputs such as crop variti es, kharif crops and promoti on of rain water harvesti ng and constructi on of ecofriendly mini check dams for irrigati on. 5. Assessment study and demonstrati on of Systemati c Rice Intensifi cati on (SRI) culti vati on and Capacity building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse eff ects of climate change 6. Opti mizati on of jhum culti vati on through conservati on of arable land, water uti lizati on management, parallel culti vati on of alternati ve crops and Alternati ve jhum Control to Livelihood 7. Constructi on of Hill Slope terraces for conservati on of moisture and culti vati on of foodgrain, vegetable, pulses and oilseed crops 8. Increasing the area under perennial fruit plantati on crops and low value high volume crops to help cope with uncertain weather patt erns. 9. Management of climate change impact on horti culture and Climate risk management studies 10. Improving post harvest management such as cold chain for perishable crops and winter culti vati on practi ces 11. Promoti on of organic farming through usage of compost and vermicompost 12. Adopti on of Integrated Pest Management for improved crop yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and capacity building for stakeholders 13. Research study on livestock disease and establishment of early warning system and Capacity building to Stakeholders 14. Study of impact of Climate Change on the indigenous fauna of aquati c ecosystem and open waters 15. Water storage and providing proper diversion channels to the existi ng ponds for drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains 16. Providing extensive support and services to fi shermen through establishment of district level training centres 17. Water bodies conservati on for fi shery sector and establishment of fi shery units in reservoirs and riverine area

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 29 • Development of Land (Levelling, evoluti on and global changes in climate bundling, etc) for Wetland Rice and soil. Such collecti ons typically contain Culti vati on (WRC) on available lands plant samples per species, usually termed having 0-10% slope and Improvement accessions, and in some cases contain some of Existi ng Wetland Rice Culti vati on disti nct lines or accessions. The collecti on (WRC) depends partly on the species of the sample In Mizoram, the culti vati on method has and the collecti on in which it is maintained. remained primiti ve (jhum). The main reasons Extensive documentati on systems will be are(i) lack of suitable land for Wetland Rice put in place to maintain and allow the use of Culti vati on (WRC) and (ii) lack of adequate these collecti ons effi ciently in plant breeding resources. programs state-wide. These are currently evolving to incorporate developments in According to Department of Agriculture, informati on management, such as the use of Government of Mizoram (2007-08) about formal ontology. Government of Mizoram will 9560 families are practi cing WRC under use global positi oning satellite systems used an area of 11,000 hectares. It is seen that by plant collectors which has made available more than 90% of them have no irrigati on precise geographic locati on informati on for faciliti es. In the context of environment, new collecti ons, which in turn means that household food security and eco-regional climati c and edaphic informati on can be imbalances, new directi ons are required more precisely associated with genotypic in planning and transfer of technology to and phenotypic informati on for a given plant meet future challenges of growing demand line. of food. Shift ing Culti vati on is destructi ve for environment, back breaking and less This systemati c approach of documentati on remunerati ve for the culti vators. Government includes the development of concepts of Mizoram has taken an initi ati ve to increase and procedures for effi cient Gene Bank and improvement of existi ng WRC as an management, such as reducing the number alternati ve farming system. Improvement of duplicate accessions and establishing representati ve ‘‘core collecti ons’’ The goal of of WRC will decrease emission of CO2 from forest fi re (Process of Jhum). these eff orts is the effi cient management and uti lizati on of the resources by plant breeding • Developing data base on genotypes programs of local crop varieti es (mainly rice varieti es) and identi fi cati on of • Impact assessment of paddy suitable varieti es for diff erent agro- culti vati on through agricultural climati c zones. inputs such as crop variti es, kharif crops and promoti on of rain water Government of Mizoram has taken initi ati ves harvesti ng and constructi on of to establish and maintain geneti c resource ecofriendly mini check dams for collecti ons of the state’s major crop species irrigati on. and their close relati ves. These collecti ons are the repository of millions of years of natural About 21% of the total agricultural area is selecti on and contain the geneti c diversity put on the paddy/seasonal crop culti vati on necessary for plant breeding eff orts to cope within the state. Overall 63% of the total crop with the recurring pressure of pathogen

30 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram area is under jhum culti vati on. According to of System of Rice Intensifi cati on (SRI) the departmental fi gure of 2007- 2008 total culti vati on and Capacity building to producti on of paddy stood at 15688 lakhs train farmers in latest rice cropping MT. Sett led agriculture on terraces and valley techniques specially evolved to lands is dominated by rice culti vati on. Paddy counter adverse eff ects of climate culti vati on has declined by 30% during 2008- change 09. Due to uneven distributi on of rainfall Use of quality seeds and adopti on of System over diff erent seasons, irrigati on facility is of Rice Intensifi cati on are the promising required by most of the crops viz. fi eld crops and one of the best practi ces for raising like Paddy, Maize, fodders etc., plantati on producti on and producti vity of crops in the crops like orange, Assam lemon, mulberries, State. Rice culti vati on is concentrated in 5 etc. and other cash crops like tea, coff ee, red districts of Mizoram. Out of which one district Oil palms, etc. Along with Minor Irrigati on falls under medium producti vity group, 3 faciliti es there is an urgent need of water districts are under medium-low producti vity harvesti ng system to support NLUP. group and one district comes under low producti vity group. Triennium average area Check Dams/Earthen Dam can be suitably of medium producti vity group (yield 2,000- constructed to collect and store surface 2,500 kg/ha) in one district was 0.173 lakh water from small streams and rivulets. A hectares, which was 32.3% of triennium water body of a reasonable size will augment average area (0.536 lakh hectares) under rice moisture retenti on and strengthen the water in the State. Triennium average producti on recharging system at the sub soil level. In was 0.349 lakh tonnes, which was 37.4% of spite of plenty of rains, at present, due to triennium average producti on (0.933 lakh hilly terrain rivers and other water sources tonnes) of rice in the State. Triennium average are usually dry, in winter leaving no scope for producti vity of medium producti vity group in irrigati on. one district was 2,017 kg/ha as against 1,741 kg/ha triennium average producti vity of the A bett er water management system needs State. Low producti vity is att ributed due to to be introduced to harvest rain water. In adopti on of old traditi onal varieti es and lack Mizoram there are numerous positi ve benefi ts of irrigati on faciliti es. for harvesti ng rainwater. The technology is low cost, highly decentralized empowering SRI is a simple but very eff ecti ve approach individuals and communiti es to manage to the current food crisis. System of Rice their water. It has been used to improve Intensifi cati on (SRI) culti vati on has just been access to water and sanitati on at the local introduced in the state and can contribute level. In agriculture rainwater harvesti ng has to signifi cant reducti on of green house gases demonstrated the potenti al of doubling food emission from rice culti vati on. producti on by 100% compared to the 10% • Opti mizati on of jhum culti vati on increase from irrigati on. Therefore Mizoram through conservati on of arable Government has proposed to put up water land, water uti lizati on management, harvesti ng system in each of 750 villages. parallel culti vati on of alternati ve crops and Alternati ve jhum Control • Assessment study and demonstrati on to Livelihood

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 31 Jhum culti vati on is the predominant land use (above 1000m) in Mizoram, climate and system in the upland areas of Mizoram where rainfall, the tree fl ourishes in this area grow 19 to 45% of the forest area is under jhum fast and provide yielding of huge quanti ti es of culti vati on. In the hills of Mizoram, agricultural fi rewood. The ashes of burnt alder twigs can operati ons are carried out up to a maximum be mixed with the soil to increase its ferti lity. elevati on of 5000 m with ‘slash and burn’ No part of the tree is wasted. The wood method. More recently, att empts have been can be used for fi rewood, building houses, made to opti mize the producti vity of jhum making furniture and carving. The leaves fi elds. There is a gradual shift in focus from have medicinal properti es and are generally earlier campaigns to eliminate the practi ce used to stop blood fl ow. Alder trees if planted of jhum to increasing its producti vity and in terraces at bench level can prevent run-off livelihood potenti al. But these eff orts have of topsoil. not yet been systemati c. In order to off set and improve traditi onal Jhum culti vati on, • Constructi on of Hill Slope terraces to prevent forest degradati on and loss of for conservati on of moisture and top soil, the state is likely to emphasise on culti vati on of foodgrain, vegetable, conservati on measures in arable land (such pulses and oilseed crops as contour bound, improvement of existi ng Tribals of Mizoram are expert in cutti ng paddy fi elds, bench terracing), creati on of beauti ful terraces along mountain slopes. This water bodies / up scaling and upgrading system of cropping is benefi cial in retaining of existi ng water bodies, catchment area ferti lity of soil; preventi ng landslides and protecti on and encourage parallel culti vati on checking soil erosion. Secondly, it is helpful in of plantati on crops like rubber, cashew nuts retaining the moisture of soil and conserving etc. Vegetable culti vati on to be taken up as a water, also. The Mizoram Government part of Horti cutural development Programme. understands the benefi ts of these farming The important species like Turmeric and methods and proposes to implement a Ginger will be culti vated in Bench terraces to programme that will lead to permanent avoid soil erosion. Proper capacity building culti vati on of the land by a transiti on to and training will be provided to the farmers of terrace farming by constructi on of terraces Mizoram for opti mizing the producti on from on the moderate slopes. their jhum fi elds by culti vati ng alder trees, which regenerate the soil and check erosion. • Increasing the area under perennial The root nodules of these trees improve fruit plantati on crops and high value ferti lity by fi xing atmospheric nitrogen in the low volume crops to help cope with soil. uncertain weather patt erns.

With a combinati on of the desired alti tude The agro-climati c att ributes of the state have

323 StateStStaatte ActionAcActitioonn PlanPllaan onon ClimateClliimmaattee Change:Chhaangngee:: MizoramMizizororamam since been found highly congenial for growing variable climate poses challenges for variety of horti cultural crops parti cularly horti culture, given the sector’s dependency on gentle slopes. These are not only highly on natural resources, especially water for remunerati ve land use opti on but also help in irrigati on. The horti culture sector in Mizoram preventi ng soil erosion, improving soil ferti lity is sti ll vulnerable to predicted changes to thereby maintaining ecological balance. The rainfall and temperature that will have a State Govt. has also laid emphasis on the negati ve impact on, plant growth, pest and development and expansion of a high market disease risk breakout and product quality. To potenti al fruits like passion fruit, orange, this eff ect, it is being proposed to carry out grape, papaya, chow chow (Sechiumedulis), a detailed study on the impact of climate Arecanut (Areca catechu), Hatkora, banana, change on horti culture sector. etc. Passion fruit is culti vated in Mizoram by almost every household as a garden fruit. • Improving post harvest management such as cold chain for perishable crops In the context of climate change, there is a and winter culti vati on practi ces need to increase the area of plantati on for perennial fruit and high value low volume Market infrastructures have not been crops. Promoti on of fruit plantati on will well organized or built up in the state so also help in enhancing carbon sinks. It is far. Storage faciliti es need to be created essenti al to encourage horti cultural acti viti es as well as transportati on faciliti es for in the state and minimise the impacts of agricultural commoditi es need to be climate change on horti cultural products improved. The district also off ers scope for by increasing the area under perennial fruit development of post harvest management and plantati on crops, increase in the area for many economically viable agricultural in respect of low volume- high value crops and horti cultural commoditi es. Training under protected conditi on, improvement in for diff erent technologies on post harvest post harvest management such as cold chain may be organized in selected areas. Lack of for perishable crops and encouraging winter storage faciliti es, transportati on bott leneck, culti vati on to increase double and multi ple inadequate grading, packing & drying are the cropping. main constraints. Cold storage facilites are available in fi sheries sector. Rural godown • Management of climate change and market sheds in potenti al areas may be impact on horti culture and Climate created. risk management studies Processing and preservati on of value added The state of Mizoram is gift ed with natural products are required as part of the climate growing conditi ons for several economically change adaptati on strategy. There is a important horti culture produce like Pineapple, need to develop quality control measures, Oranges, Banana, Ginger, Cashew Nut, etc. adequate packing and storage techniques. Climate change will impact the agronomy, The post harvest loss negates all the eff orts economics, and environmental aspects of that have been made to produce the crop. horti cultural producti on. Under conditi ons Thus it is crucial to focus the research and of changing water availability, growers need development of post harvest protecti on to consider both short-term and long-term method on economically less demanding and coping strategies. Mizoram’s increasingly consumer friendly alternati ves for ensuring

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 33 food security to people of Mizoram. The State have been established by giving assistance should focus on training for growers on post @ Rs. 15,000/- per unit to each individual harvest crop management, establishment of farmer in the previous year and another good go-downs and cold storage centres with 120 units already distributed to the Farmers grading faciliti es, market linkages, etc. during 2010-11 under various District.

• Promoti on of organic farming • Adopti on of Integrated Pest through usage of compost and Management for improved crop vermicompost yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and Mizoram being declared an Organic State is capacity building for stakeholders all ready to follow a well guided systemati c approach towards a uniform development Integrated pest management is a broad in Organic Farming. Organic farming is a ecological pest control aiming at best mix producti on system that largely excludes of all known pest control measures to keep the use of chemical ferti lizers, pesti cides the pest populati on below the economic and growth regulators. As large scale use threshold level. The major pest found in the of ferti lizers and pesti cides pose a number state are Leaf folder, Stem borer, Caseworm, of environmental hazards and imbalances Rice gundhi bugs, Leaf hoppers, Rodents, Pink in soil nutrient level, organic farming borer, Striped borer, White grub, Heliothis, has been highly encouraged. The uses of Maize Aphid etc. The multi ple impacts of Farmyard manure, compost, bio-ferti lizer, bio climate change could signifi cantly reduce pesti cides, etc. are used instead of syntheti c the eff ecti veness of current IPM strategies ferti lizers and chemical pesti cides etc. Crop leading to higher crop losses. rotati on, growing of green manureing crops viz. Dhaincha, Sunhemp, etc. and diff erent It is economically justi fi ed and sustainable cultural practi ces are followed. system of crop protecti on that leads to maximum producti vity with the least possible The state realises the need to conti nue and adverse impact on the total environment. In expand traditi onal organic farming to reduce crop producti on technology integrated pest use of ferti lisers that would lead to reducti on management is a schedule of practi ces which of green-house gases in the atmosphere. starts from fi eld selecti on ti ll harvest of crop. The Department has established 35 Nos. of The major components in this approach are to Vermiculture and a large number of the Organic advocate cultural, mechanical, biological and farmers were assisted by distributi ng them chemical methods of insect pests, diseases, Vermi-Mother Culture and Vermicompost weeds and rodent control compati bly. harvested from these Vermiculture pits. Government of Mizoram is taking steps in Promoti on of compost /vermicompost Moti vati ng farmers to minimize the use of requires mass awareness among the farmers pesti cides and to control the environmental and growers which is also economically viable populati on with the adopti on of Integrated and has greater opportunity all over the state. Pest Management. An area of 1567 ha will Small Vermiculture Units have been set up at be taken up for adopti on of Integrated Pest Farmers fi eld in each District. In all 666 Units Management as pilot.

34 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram • Research study on livestock disease systems have been increasingly threatened, and establishment of early warning directly and indirectly, by human acti viti es. In system and Capacity building to additi on to the challenges posed by land-use Stakeholders change, environmental polluti on, and water diversion, aquati c systems are expected to Mizoram although being an agrarian economy soon begin experiencing the added stress sti ll imports a large quanti ty livestock like pig, of climate change. The eff ect of climate catt le, goat, and poultry essenti ally required change on fi sheries mainly due to increase for the overall food supply of the people. temperature and may lead to early maturity Pork consumpti on in parti cular is very high. and breeding of fi shes. However this requires The traders who organize import sell the further analysis. Climate change is stress same in the local market. Parti cular policy sensiti ve to freshwater of Mizoram, which are att enti on should be paid to the health risks already adversely aff ected by a variety of other posed by the rapid worldwide growth in meat human impacts, such as altered fl ow regimes consumpti on, both by exacerbati ng climate and deteriorati on of water quality. In Mizoram change and by directly contributi ng to certain 14 major rivers and 6 lakes are the major diseases. water sources. Wetlands are a criti cal habitat for many species that are poorly adapted for Temperature and rainfall variati ons have other environmental conditi ons and serve as increased the incidence of vector-borne important components of fi sheries. Aquati c diseases. To minimize the impact of climate ecosystems have a limited ability to adapt change on animal health and reduce the to climate change. Government of Mizoram vector borne diseases, the state plans to has taken an initi ati ve to undertake research carry out a study on impact of climate work on climate change impact on aquati c change in livestock, piggery and poultry, ecosystem so as to conserve and aquati c ensure vaccinati on of farm animals against ecosystem. contagious diseases, de-worming and early disease warning system, develop a breeding • Water storage and providing proper policy and use biotechnology to breed diversion channels to the existi ng geneti cally climate resilient breeds of farm ponds for drainage of catchment animals, and increase the availability of and runoff during sudden heavy rains access to vaccines. Mizoram has 24,000 hectares of potenti al • Study of impact of Climate Change area available for fi sh farming. Due to lack on the indigenous fauna of aquati c of infrastructure it has not been possible ecosystem and open waters to exploit the potenti al. So far only 2,640 hectares of water area has been brought Aquati c ecosystems are one of the criti cal under pond fi sh culture. There are another components of environment. It is essenti al 400 hectares under paddy-cum-fi sh culture contributors to biodiversity and ecological integrated farming with wet rice culti vati on. producti vity; they also provide a variety of Besides the area, 6,000 hectares of water services for human populati ons, including area are also available in the riverine sector water for drinking and irrigati on, recreati onal in the form of rivers and streams. opportuniti es, and habitat for economically important fi sheries. However, aquati c The demand for fi sh is likely to further increase

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 35 with the increase of State populati on and the impacts of climate change and of the earning capacity of the people. This in itself interacti ng contributi on of fi sheries and justi fi es a major investment for the required aquaculture to food and livelihoods security. development of fi sheries in the state to Climate change will increase uncertainti es in bridge the gap between the demand and the supply of fi sh from capture and culture. supply, besides generati ng self and regular Such uncertainty will impose new challenges employment. for risk assessment, which is commonly based on knowledge of probabiliti es from According to 2007-08 State report, Mizoram past events. Data for determining eff ects of gets an average annual rainfall of more than past climate change at best cover no more 2445mm and that too in a concentrated than a few decades, and may no longer be an period of 6 months resulti ng in restricti ng adequate guide to future expectati ons. the working season in a year. During the heavy rain or uneven rainfall, Government A serious need is felt for developing seed would take initi ati ve to develop diversion farms along with the capacity building channels to avoid fl ash fl ood. At the same of fi shermen communiti es in the private ti me, surface sub-soil being highly absorbant, sector to meet the present and future fi sh- its retenti on capacity of water is low. seed requirement from the state itself. Consequently, Mizoram faces the unique Department is planning to establish district paradoxical problem of scarcity of water in level training centres which can provide the midst of plenty. To increase the storage technical support for water and soil analysis of water, government of Mizoram would along with identi fying training needs, promote water resource conservati on and providing training and capacity building of enhance water-use effi ciency for irrigati on; the fi shermen communiti es and fi sh farmers on the other hand the government would for adopti on of advance and sustainable also create and development of new water pisciculture techniques. The existi ng fi shing bodies for fi sh farming and integrati on of methods mostly adopted can be modifi ed and Giant freshwater prawn in feasible areas. improved with enhancement of the capacity building and training procedures along with • Providing extensive support and support services through the district level services to fi shermen through training centres. establishment of district level training centres • Water bodies conservati on for fi shery sector and establishment of fi shery Mizoram has about 3,000 hectare of water units in reservoirs and riverine area area under fi sh culture. About 7,000 families are engaged in fi sh farming while another It is esti mated that Mizoram has a potenti al 2,000 are involved in riverine (capture) area of 24,000 hectares available for fi sh fi shery. An age old method of fi shing followed farming, out of which only about 10.5 percent in Mizoram is to put a barrier in the fl ow of a has been exploited so far. Due to change river or stream by putti ng stones, felled trees, in temperature and uneven rainfall fi sh bamboos etc. and catch fi sh through cages breeding is hampered and earning capacity put in the openings. The existi ng demand, of fi sherman is reduced. The demand for fi sh and anti cipated challenges in the state, will will further increase the earning capacity require bett er multi -scale understanding of of the people. This in itself justi fi es a major

36 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram investment for the required development of Mizoram as wasteland of diff erent categories. fi sheries in the state to bridge the gap between This translates into 4469.88 Sq. km as total the demand and supply, besides generati ng wasteland in Mizoram. Shift ing Culti vati on self and regular employment. Government of (current) forms the main chunk of such Mizoram has identi fi ed some water bodies for wasteland and next comes the abandoned fi shery sector. As per the Government report jhum land. Due to deforestati on and 2007-08, the existi ng water bodies under uncertainty in rainfall, there is a direct impact fi sh farming in the state was 2840 hectares. on the growth of palatable grass species. Government has taken initi ati ves for water Regenerati on of fodder species (herbaceous body conservati on and to setup new fi sheries species), in pastures and forest land is also unit in reservoirs and riverine area for fi shery decreasing. As a consequence, there is sector development. shortage in quanti ty of livestock fodder. This will also aff ects livelihoods of local people • Greenery development of the through decreased producti on of milk and Devastated Barren Wasteland for milk products. Fodder Culti vati on In this regards Government of Mizoram wants Mizo or Zo indigenous people depend to reclaim wasteland and develop some on jhuming type of culti vati on since ti me fodders for livestock through Napier, Stylo etc. immemorial. In Mizoram, The State mainly This acti on will enhance the food security of has non-forest wasteland which are classifi ed the catt le during extreme climati c conditi ons as abandoned jhum land/current jhum land. and on the other hand the devastated barren The Nati onal Remote Sensing Agency in lands will be uti lized with greenery and some its Publicati on ‘Wastelands Atlas of India’ amount of carbon sequestrati on will take 2005, has indicated that 21.20 % of the place. total geographical area of 21,081 Sq. km, in

StateSSttatate ActionAcActitionon PlanPllaan onon ClimateClilimamatete Change:Chahannggee:: MizoramMizizoorraamm 3737 38 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter- 6 Sustainable Himalayan Mission

6.1. Introducti on 6.2. Key Facts

Mizoram is a fragment of Lower Himalayan Mizoram is mainly a hilly territory with range with alti tude ranging from 500 m. alti tudes varying from 500ft to 3000 ft to 3000 m. The hills are steep and are above sea level. At the ecosystem level, separated by the rivers which create deep the State exhibits a part of Mountain gorges between the hill ranges. There are ecosystem comprising 21 moderate hill 21 major hill ranges with average height ranges and forest ecosystem. In between of 1000 ft to 2000 ft spreading across the these two dominant ecosystems, lies state. The average height of the hills is about the freshwater ecosystem. The state has 900 meters with highest forest cover in the diff erent forest types belonging to 4 groups eastern region. Tropical Semi Ever Green, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Subtropical Broadleaved Hill and Climate Change impacts coupled with Subtropical Pine Forests (Champion & Seth’s anthropogenic pressure has its negati ve Classifi cati on System 1968). Around 70.43% eff ect on the fragile Mountain Ecosystem of Forest belongs to Tropical Evergreen of Mizoram. It faces problems of Jhum forest and 28.91% belong to Tropical Moist culti vati on, Soil erosion, siltati on, deciduous Forest. The state of Mizoram is a degradati on of top soil etc. which aff ect the part of Indo-Myanmar bio geographic region, forest quality and biodiversity. This requires which is one of the rich biodiversity regions special att enti on to combat the situati on by of the world. Wildlife Sanctuaries and a way of policy acti on and sustainable land large number of sacred groves were found use systems etc. The immense variety of the in the diff erent parts of the state, these climati c, edaphic and alti tudinal variati ons are the main preserves of biodiversity. The have resulted in a great range of ecological fl oral diversity of Mizoram is quite rich and habitats in Mizoram. also harbours about 35 species of Bamboo belong to 8 genera. Besides, a wide variety of wild culti vable plants, edible fruits, leafy vegetables and orchids are found in the natural forests of Mizoram.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 39 Table 6.1: Forest Type

Alti tude zone Very Dense Forest Medium Dense Forest Open Forest Total 0-500 m 1 1,813 6,791 8605 500-1000 m 34 2,921 4520 7475 1000-2000 m 98 1,516 1544 3158 2000-3000m 1 1 0 2 Total 134 6251 12855 19240 (Based on SRTM Digital Elevati on Model)

Primarily very dense forest are found in 6.5. Biodiversity 1000-2000 m alti tude range and also partly in 500-1000 m alti tude range. Moderately Mizoram is categorized under sub-group- dense and open forests are present mainly IB Northern Tropical wet evergreen forests. in low alti tude area of 0-500 m and 500 m to Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests cover the 1000 m (State Forest Report 2009). major central bio-geographic zone and the coverage is approximately 70% of the total 6.3. Mountain river system geographical area. Sub-Tropical Hill Forests come in the Eastern fringes bordering The rivers of Mizoram consti tute a major part Myanmar approximately extending from of the topography and are perennial in nature. 1500-2158 m mean sea level (MSL). The These rivers are aided by heavy rainfall in hilly area consti tutes about 24% of the total ranges in monsoon and occasional rainfall geographical area. The state has 2 Nati onal throughout the year. The northern part of Parks and 7 wildlife sanctuaries covering the state comprises of important rivers like an area of 990.75 sq. km which consti tutes the Tlawng or Dhaleshwari, Tuirial or Sonai 4.69% of the state’s geographical area. etc. Rivers like Mat, Tiau, Tuichang, and Tuipui fall in the southern part of Mizoram. Flora: The fl oral diversity includes a large The rivers of Mizoram are the main source variety of Phanerophytes which includes of water for the people of the state. The variety of trees and shrubs, Parasites and perennial rivers of the state feed the lush Epiphytes and succulent plants. Apart from green vegetati on of Mizoram these, Mizoram off ers plants that off er rich ti mber such as teak and sal woods, plants 6.4. Climate with medicinal values such as Cinchona, Taxus baccata, etc, and plants that off er fruits and The climate in Mizoram displays vegetables. But the most signifi cant fl ora of characteristi cs that are typically of the hilly Mizoram is the orchids. and mountainous region. The change in the topographical features of the region can also Fauna: The forest of Mizoram hold many cause a change in the climati c conditi ons in threatened animal species including the Mizoram. Tiger, Asian Elephant, Clouded Leopard, Gaur, Goral, Hoolock Gibbon, Stump-tailed

40 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Macaque, Binturong and many others. The of the total area of the state (21,087 sq. km) avi fauna diversity in Mizoram includes is covered by forest. However, due to the many rare and threatened species which traditi onal practi ce of shift ing culti vati on include Mrs Hume’s Pheasant (State bird), called ‘jhuming’, uncontrolled fi re, Blyth’s Tragopan, Green Peafowl, White- unregulated felling and arbitrary allotment cheeked Partridge, Blyth’s Kingfi sher, Blue of land to individuals, two-third of the area Pitt a, Moustached, Striped, Rufous-vented, is reported to have been partly depleted Brown-capped and Spot-breasted Laughing and degraded. thrushes, Crested Finchbill, Olive and Flavescent Bulbuls, Oriental Hobby, Wedge- Climate Change Impacts on the Forest billed Wren-babbler and Purple-throated Ecosystem Sunbird etc. The assessment of impact of climate 6.6. Key Issues change on forest ecosystems has clearly demonstrated the possibility of adverse Soil Erosion implicati ons on biodiversity and a large decrease in net primary producti vity of The common rocks found in Mizoram are forest. Such a projected shift or change in sandstone, shale; silt stone, clay stone and forest types is likely result in large-scale slates. The rock system is weak and unstable, forest degradati on and loss of biodiversity. prone to seismic infl uence. Soils vary from Forest ecosystems are already subjected to sandy loam and clayey loam to clay, generally socio-economic pressures leading to forest mature but leached owing to steep gradient degradati on and loss, with adverse impacts and heavy rainfall. The soils are porous with on the livelihoods of the forest-dependent poor water holding capacity, defi cient in communiti es. Climate change will exacerbate potash, phosphorous, nitrogen and even the stress on forest ecosystems. humus. Development of adaptati on strategies is Table 6.2: Diff erent Types of Land Cover in constrained by uncertainty in the current Mizoram projecti ons of climate parameters and impact assessments. Further, there is a Type of Land Cover Area (in sq. km) need for models where adaptati on can be 1. Closed (good) forest 4,190 incorporated into impact models. However, 2. Closed forest aff ected 13,520 given the general accepted knowledge in by shift ing culti vati on the sector, certain prioriti es can be chalked 3. Forest degraded by 2,600 which will have a positi ve eff ect on the shift ing culti vati on sustenance of the Eco System. 4. Non-forest 640 5. Water bodies 140 Adaptati on Pathways Total 21,090 Source: Forest Department, 2003 Considering the ecological fragility of the region, the concept of ‘Sustainable According to the report of Department of Himalayan Ecosystem’ requires promoti on. Environment and Forests (2003), 83 percent This would include formulati on and

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 41 implementati on of holisti c plans at the people and citi zens in general about their watershed level to transform human habitats natural heritage. by catalyzing the innate aspirati ons of local communiti es towards greater sustainability • Research on Wildlife Populati ons and habitat conservati on. Such eff orts and Corridors - Mountain Goats, would also include functi onal consolidati on Burmese green Peacock, Malayan of land for promoti on of natural resources Bear based employment generati on in the region. The forest of Mizoram holds many threatened Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem Mission mammals species like Mountain Goats, would also include adequate representati on Burmese green Peacock, and Malayan Bear. of regions cultural diversity and prevailing However, the populati on of these species indigenous knowledge. have decreased over the years. The proposed Table 6.3 study will focus on the populati on distributi on and threats. The study will also focus on the Issues Impact Pathways connecti ng corridors and habitat of these Soil Erosion Top Soil Loss Aff ores- lead to tati on , endangered species and the impacts of human Barren Hill Preventi on acti viti es (such as roads, infrastructural Ranges of Soil development, or logging) on these wild life Flash fl oods Conser- Water Scarcity vati on species. The research outcomes of these Adverse Micro measur- populati ons will contribute in policy acti ons Climate ement which will facilitate migrati on of individuals Impacts Floral Conser- between populati ons, issues of inbreeding on the Distributi on vati on and Biodiversity & Regener- Manag- & reduced geneti c diversity (via geneti c ati ons ement drift ). The study helps in re-establishment of populati ons that have been reduced or 6.7. Key Prioriti es eliminated due to random events (such as fi res or disease). • Biodiversity Assessment • Creati on of Biodiversity Parks Biodiversity Assessment and mapping is an acti vity to contribute to the establishment The Mizoram state has 2 Nati onal Parks and 8 of a biodiversity hotspot and to improve wildlife sanctuaries covering an area of 1241 the management plan of the protecti on of sq km, which consti tutes 5.89% of the state’s forests within the state. There is a general geographical area. Mizoram forest has rich lack of informati on and knowledge regarding fl oral biodiversity with rare species of orchids biological diversity and of the urgent need to and medicinal plants. The department is develop scienti fi c, technical and insti tuti onal proposing to establish Biodiversity Park in capaciti es to provide the basic understanding the state for the conservati on of rare and on which to plan and implement appropriate threatened fl oral species in line with Nati onal measures. The primary objecti ve of the Biodiversity Conservati on Act, 2001 study will include an inventory of fauna and fl ora; identi fi cati on of unique features in the • Assessment of climate vulnerability area; ethno-botanical data; this will help and climate change impacts on state in increasing the awareness among local biodiversity and forest resources

42 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram In Mizoram, Forests are among the most People in Mizoram are conti nued to depend important natural resources, which have on biodiversity and bio-resources for their played a fundamental role in supporti ng the livelihoods. Such populati ons are directly livelihood of the people. Due to its sheer dependent on local biological resource and importance, the Working Group decided have keen sense of observati on, practi ces. to have a comprehensive study on Climate This is passed on from generati on to change Impacts on the Biodiversity and generati on. Working Group recognized Forest Resources in the with changing climati c importance of the documentati on and to conditi ons so as to preserve and enhance publish the list of rare, endangered and the resilience of the forest ecosystem. In threatened species in their territory and to Mizoram, human acti viti es are triggering the launch special programmes for conservati on. biodiversity loss at alarming rates through Local bodies will be entrusted with the task land use change, forest cover loss, soil of preparing, maintaining and validati ng and water polluti on, and degradati on due people’s biodiversity register (PBR) in to forest fi res, habitat fragmentati on and consultati on with local people. The registers selecti ve exploitati on of species. will have details of the access to biological resources and traditi onal knowledge. The In the context of climate change these PBRs would be digiti zed and patents will be vulnerability of eco systems will be further fi lled in the future. stressed. The impacts of climate change will vary with respect to populati on and • Inventorying and Conservati on of compositi on of species. Species with limited Medicinal Plants climati c ranges and restricted habitat requirement or small populati on are typically Mizoram has one of the oldest, richest & the most vulnerable to exti ncti on such as most diverse cultural traditi ons associated endemic mountain species and biota. Infra- with use of medicinal plants. There are large specifi c variati on in select species is also number of traditi onal herbal medicines proposed to be taken up as a part of the practi ti oners who have traditi onal study. knowledge of herbal home remedies of ailments & nutriti on. The herbal medicines This study will act as a precursor for the used by rural people including tribals have future planning of Mizoram forest sector not yet been documented. Compiling an for conservati on of forest resources. This exhausti ve inventory of medicinal plants in study will necessarily focus on the impact the State is the need of the hour. Although of climate Change on Biodiversity, Forest these medicinal plants are less popular but Resources and adaptati on measures to be possess a surprising breadth of knowledge taken in the Planning for minimizati on of on medicinal plants and the specifi c Climate Change Impacts. ailments that they cure. Many of these plants grow in the wild and have never been • Documentati on and enrichment culti vated. Extensive forest degradati on of biodiversity database through has made several specimens rare and Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) hard-to-fi nd. Conserving them ensures at the JFMC Level their availability for scienti fi c investi gati on

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 43 and serves to propagate this ancient art, sustainable livelihood to the rural tribal thereby enriching indigenous knowledge communiti es whose primary dependency in medicine. Documentati on of medicinal is Jhum culti vati on. The alternati ve income plants will follow the Nati onal Medicinal source through such initi ve with reduce the Plants Board (NMPB), guidelines on Good extent of Jhum culti vati on. The alternate Agriculture Practi ces (GAPs) on the patt ern income source through such initi ati ve will of Good Agriculture and Field Collecti on reduce the extent of Jhum culti vati on. Practi ces (GACPs) developed by the World Health Organizati on (WHO) for medicinal For promoti on and development of eco- plants. tourism in forest areas small degraded or barren land may be put to use along with • Monitoring of carbon stock and the landscaping, plantati on, regenerati on biodiversity at regular intervals and protecti on components which would be jointly managed by the Department of Reduce Emission from Deforestati on and Tourism and Department of Forest with the Degradati on (REDD) is a climate change help of local community for which no specifi c miti gati on mechanism that could be adopted diversion may be required. Sacred Groves in to compensate Mizoram for keeping their Mizoram has vast amount of tourist potenti al forests standing and also conserve more to be realized. Sacred Groves are the loose habitat and ensure greater ecosystem ends of relict virgin forests which are quite services functi ons. To implement the REDD a diff erent from the surrounding degraded monitoring mechanism for carbon stock and forests. Thus these can serve as micro-level biodiversity at regular intervals is necessary. biodiversity hotspots. The monitoring carbon stock includes above and below ground biomass, soil organic To secure the necessary funding for the carbon and also removals from the forest. This Forestry Administrati on and to manage the monitoring mechanism also helps in taking protected area in future, the development scienti fi c management of bio resources and of ecotourism as a fi nancing mechanism to plan for adaptati on strategies. can be one of the best opti ons for Mizoram. Mizoram Government might develop and • Eco-tourism promoti on for promote conservati on of natural resources biodiversity protecti on and and ecotourism initi ati ves in collaborati on sustainable livelihood with local communiti es, with the aim of protecti ng the landscape and generati ng Mizoram has wide varieti es of hilly terrains, new & alternati ve job opportuniti es for luxuriant valleys, rivers, lakes and rich local people to replace Jhum culti vati on and fl ora & fauna in the eastern part of India commercial logging that threaten the forest. and also shares internati onal borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar. The mild climate • Undertaking study on valuati on conditi ons in Mizoram throughout the year of forest resources (Non traded) and types of the forests ranging from the and climate change impacts on the moist tropical and moist sub-tropical have vulnerable ecosystems great eco-tourism potenti als nati onally and internati onally. Eco-tourism can provide The forests of Mizoram provide some

44 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram tangible benefi ts in the form of food, fuel, themati c workshops will be organized to fi ber, ti mber and other forest products sensiti ze the public and generate awareness and also some intangible benefi ts like soil in the line of conservati on and eff ect of conservati on, watershed management, climate change on local ecosystems. ground water recharge etc. There are many uses of forest that are directly or indirectly • Restructuring land use policy for consumpti ve and durable or non-durable. jhum culti vati on and habitati on on These are conservati on, recreati onal benefi ts, noti fi ed forest lands the commercially available benefi ts (i.e. newsprint, cardboard, building materials, Jhum or Shift ing Culti vati on, a traditi onal edible fruits, woods, fuel woods etc.), eco means of agriculture based on indigenous services (i.e. bio-diversity, climate regulati on knowledge system as the major form of service, soil erosion control, etc.) livelihood for Mizoram farming community was a viable propositi on in the past. About Till date the Total forest valuati on has not 80 per cent of farmers in Mizoram sti ll been conducted in Mizoram. Considering the depend on jhum culti vati on that involves natural forest in Mizoram, the commercial clearing forests and burning trees, weeds and direct value of forest is not suffi cient and bamboos and is believed to have for evaluati on of the forest resources. It caused considerable loss of forest cover in has some indirect values, which cannot be the species-rich tropical rainforests of the determined from the market. But at present, region. Jhum burning also accounts for a esti mati on procedure of non- marketed very high percentage of gas emission when forest products, indirect values and non- every year huge amount of land in rain forest use values of forest do not properly appear are cut down and burnt. in the state accounts. Forest valuati on is required in the state to identi fy the actual New Land Use Policy focused on eco-friendly forest revenue and its contributi on to state acti viti es, preserving green forest and GDP. Climate Change Acti on Plan working through programme of bamboo plantati on group recognized the importance of the would aim at increasing forest cover from the total valuati on forest resources to measure present 49% to 60% of the total land area. the loss of GDP through climate change. The area between Tuilut to Dampa-Rengpui is dominated and extensively used for • Work to establish new systems jhuming. Restructuring of the present land to support for public awareness use policy is required for control of jhuming building through Establishment of in noti fi ed forest area. The proposed policy Envis Centre will address the issues related to the Innerline Reserved Forest Noti fi cati on of 17thOctober The present thrust of forest department 1878 and Riverine Reserved Forests Gazatt e is around creati ng awareness of forest Noti fi cati on of ADC on 19 May 1965 which ecosystems. The Climate change acti on plan noti fi ed the majority of the catchment area will emphasize on the creati on of public of the Rivers as Reserved Forest, These awareness and greater involvement of people policy acti ons will take measure to reduce in climate change miti gati on and adaptati on the soil erosion, water conservati on and programmes through this center. Periodic would encourage the forestati on on a large

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 45 scale with the benefi t of environmental also play regulatory role in water quality of protecti on and over a period ti me opening rivers and act as watersheds. However the up scope for carbon economy. jhum culti vati on in the Mizoram has degraded nearly 2/3 rd of forest land. Hence Soil • Policy formulati on on transportati on conservati on methods such as constructi on subsidy or development of low cost of check-dams, gully plugging, terracing, transportati on for primary Forest Agrostology methods, soil–stabilizati on products of the state plantati ons etc will be taken in Mizoram State. These measures are also useful for re- Unfortunately, the infrastructure faciliti es charging ground water reserves, to provide in Mizoram are very poor and the industrial employment and livelihood support systems. sector has equally been the victi m of To stop the soil erosion; measures such infrastructural bott lenecks especially in as plugging of gullies will also restore and transportati on. The high transportati on cost rejuvenate the soil ferti lity status. of Bamboo and NTFPs from Forest area to consumer market makes it uneconomical. • Conservati on and Management of Subsidy and alternati ve trade route two major Wetlands development for Bamboo is very important aspect of bamboo market development. Internati onal Union for Conservati on of Nature (IUCN) 2007 report on Wetland The state will provide transport subsidy on conservati on indicates that local people’s plant & machinery, raw materials transport involvement in wetland management can to att ract perspecti ve entrepreneurs in to contribute signifi cantly to maintaining this sector. The main objecti ves of both the or restoring ecological integrity and policies are ; the enrichment of industrial commcommunityunity wewellbeing.llbeing. Building upon this growth potenti als lying in the sectors cco-managemento-management of ttwowo mamajorjor wwetlandsetlands like agriculture, horti culture, forest and viz PalaPalakk Dil LaLakeke ((ProposedProposed for RamRamsarsar establishment of proper linkage amongst ssite)ite) and TaTamdilmdil LakeLake were selectedselected for the the industries based on resources available cconservaonservati on. ProposedProposed acti vvityity invoinvolveslves in in these sectors. Mizoram Government will mmappingapping of vital parts of hydrologicalhydrological cycle, restructure the existi ng transport policy ccatchmentatchment area ddevelopment,evelopment, watewaterr quaqualitylity to introduce subsidy for transportati on of mmonitoring,onitoring, anandd conservaconservati on of bibiologicalological forest based products. ddiversityiversity to ssupportupport wide rangerange of ecosystem sserviceservices sucsuchh as wwasteaste aassimilassimilati on, water • Protecti on of forests and forest land ppuriurifi cati on and livlivelihoodelihood improvement of from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 Ha llocalocal cocommunimmuniti ees.s. TThishis exerexercisecise wiwillll aalsolsoo hhelpelp iinn fl ood mmiiti ggaati on, ggroundround water recharrechargege Forests play an important role in Mizoram for anandnd mimicrocrc o clcclimateimmaate coccontrolntrol in MMizoramizoramm SState.tate. preventi ng soil erosion and landslides. They

4646 StateSSttatate ActionAAccttiioonn PlanPllaan onon ClimateClliimmaattee Change:Chhaanngge:e MizoramMiizzoorramam Chapter - 7 Green Mission

7.1. Introducti on and degraded forests could not meet the growing demands of ti mber and other forest The forest cover in the Mizoram is 91.27% products in the state and cannot provide of state geographical area, which in highest a safeguard to the ecological functi ons in India (Forest Survey of India (FSI), 2009). like soil conservati on, protecti on of land Forests and Mountains consti tute dominant degradati on, maintenance of agricultural feature of the state’s landscapes, economy producti vity and protecti on of catchment and environment. The State enjoys diff erent area. types of evergreen forests and waterfalls as well as areas of unique fl oral and faunal Nati onal Mission for Green India under the varieti es. The majority of the forested land Nati onal Acti on Plan for Climate Change lies in noti fi ed forest and also signifi cant recognized the forestry sector as one of forest cover lies under the management the most eff ecti ve carbon sinks to miti gate of communiti es and individuals. Mizoram and adapt to the Climate Change and its has the most variegated hilly terrain in the indispensible role in the conservati on eastern part of India. of ecological balance and biodiversity restorati on. Mizoram Climate Change However, the major constraints for the state Forestry Green Mission Acti on Plan is are higher deforestati on rates due to jhum prepared as per the guidelines of Nati onal culti vati on and forest degradati on caused Green Mission. by anthropogenic pressure. Due to this the majority of the forests classifi ed under the 7.2. Key Facts about urban areas in open and medium dense forest category Mizoram and only 1% of forest cover classifi ed under the high dense forest with the canopy cover The recorded forest area of the state is more than 40%. Lack of infrastructure, 16,717 sq. km out of this reserved forest Market Linkages and sustainable forest consti tutes 47.31%, protected forest policies making under-uti lizati on of potenti al consti tutes 21.34% and Un-classifi ed Forests for development of forest based enterprises consti tutes 31.35% of the total forest area. within the state. Almost 2/3rd of the area About 80% of the state geographical area is has already been degraded. These depleted under recorded forests.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 47 Table 7.1: District wise forest cover in 2005 (Area in km2) District Geographical Very Mod Open Total % of Change* Scrub Area Dense dense Forest G.A Forest Forest Aizawl 3575 32 1013 2278 3323 92.95 196 0 Champhal 3185 58 1180 1519 2757 86.56 175 0 Kolasib 1,382 0 210 1090 1300 94.07 32 0 Lawngtlai 2557 0 699 1681 2380 93.08 53 0 Lunglei 453 0 1586 2698 4284 94.44 38 Mamit 3025 41 568 2137 2746 90.78 105 0 Saiha 1400 0 629 703 1332 95.14 -4 0 Serchhip 1421 3 366 749 118 78.68 45 0 Total 21081 134 6251 12855 19240 91.27 640 1 *Change compared to 2005 assessment (revised) : Forest Survey of India, 2009 Report

The state has about 134 sq. km of very for 70% of the total populati on in the dense forest area covering Aizawl, Mamit Mizoram. However, most of the Geographic and Champhai districts, while Serchip having terrain of the Mizoram is not conducive to the lowest amount of very dense forest the sustainable agriculture practi ces due to cover and other districts doesn’t have any the slope of the terrain which made them to very dense forest cover. More than half of opt for Jhum culti vati on. Jhum culti vati on on the moderately dense forest can be found forest lands has been responsible for habitat in Aizawl, Champhai and Lunglei Districts. fragmentati on, destructi on and degradati on Open forest consti tutes 66% of total forest of the forests in the state. Almost the enti re cover spreading across the Mizoram State. state is infl uenced by age-old practi ce of Jhum Culti vati on, except some pockets of Traditi onal Community Forest Management valley bott omlands. Forest Fires, High rainfall has adopted long way back by the local and hilly terrain have further accentuated communiti es in Mizoram by forming village the impact of human acti viti es on the forest. safety and village supply reserve for their daily use of Forest Resources. However, Table 7.2: Land Use Patt ern in Mizoram Mizoram forest department has adopted Category Area(ha) Percentage the Joint Forest Management in the year (%) 1998, which envisaged in involvement of the Forest 1,593700 75.5 local communiti es and voluntary agencies Not 1,34050 6.2 in planning, protecti on, regenerati on and Available for development of forests. Already there are Culti vati on 593 JFM committ ees being formed and Other 7,209 3.4 managing more than 26000 ha of forest area Unculti vated Land ti ll date. Fallow Land 2,10,928 10 Cropped 1,02,903 4.9 7.3. Key Issues Area

Agriculture and allied sector is the mainstay Source: Forest Stati sti cal Handbook 2009

48 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Limited Culti vable land availability for the enforced, overexploitati on of ornamental rural populati on, land tenures and soil and medicinal plants, animal products, erosion are promoti ng the age old traditi on conversion of forests areas into agricultural of the Jhum Culti vati on. Around 1,20,000 lands and habitat destructi on. Even the family’s dependent on the Jhum Culti vati on. sacred forests maintained as community Annually about 50000 hectors forest land forests, are rapidly vanishing. been diverted for the Jhum culti vati on. This practi ce destroys the protecti ve and 7.4. Climate Change Adaptati on in producti ve vegetati on in preference to a very forestry sector of Mizoram brief period of immediate crop producti on. Mizoram has about 91% forest cover of the In order to earn their livelihood people total land surface. Hence forestry sector are practi cing shift ing culti vati on and over- plays key role in building adapti ve capaciti es exploiti ng forest resources, which leading of the local communiti es. to the serious damage to the forest and biodiversity. Mizoram State Government has The life cycles of forests range from decades initi ated New Land Use Policy (NLUP) from to centuries. Adaptati on to climate changes 2008 to divert Jhum culti vators towards refers to adjustments in ecological, social, other income generati on acti viti es. and economic systems in response to the eff ects of changes in climate. Adapti ve Second reason for the Forest degradati on management of forests will contribute to is from the Forest fi res. NLUP esti mated sustaining the livelihood of forest dependent around 50% of the forests esti mated to be communiti es in Mizoram. Manyy existi ngg highhighlyly vuvulnerablelnerable ttoo ththee bbothoth manmmanmadeade fforestsorests wiwithinthin the statestate andand most newly aandnd nnaturalatural fforestorest fi rres.es. ThThisis thrthreateat ffurtherurther esestablishedtablished stands will exexperienceperience climati c intintensiensifi es in tthehe cascasee ooff BBambooamboo fforestsorests in cocondinditi oonsns tthathat dedeviateviate frfromom cocondinditi oonsns MMizoram,izoram, which consti tutes aroaroundund 3232%% of totoday.day. InIn MizoramMizoram 67.7% of reserved forestsforests ththee ttotalotal fforestorest aarearea aandnd ccloselose ttoo ththee hhumanuman aarere inintenselytensely mamanagednaged bbyy stastatete ddepartment.epartment. hahhabitats.bitats. TThehe otheotherr pproporroporti on managedmanaged byby diff erent didistrictstrict ccouncilsouncils which fulfi ls multi ple SSomeome ooff the ememergingerging pproblemsroblems for MiMMizoramzoram ffuncuncti ononss at llowerower mmanagementanagement intensitintensity;y; FoForestryorestry secsectortor are incrincreasingeasing nnumberumber of tthehe remainderemainderr is manmanagedaged at llowow intensity lalandslidesndslides ddueue ttoo llossoss ooff fforestorest ccoverover aandnd or fforor proprotectecti on, conconservaservati on or social ssoiloil erosionerosion,, rerreservedserved forests aarere cconstantlyonstantly seservices.rvices. over-expover-exploitedloited in ununsustainablesusts ainable way, llawsaws aapplicablepplicable to ththesehese e foforestsrer sts are too weweaklyakly

StateSSttaatte ActionAAccttiioonn PlanPlan onon ClimateClliimmaattee Change:Chhaanngge:e: MizoramMiizzororamam 4949 Table 7.3: Adaptati on Pathways in Forestry sector

Issues Impact Pathways Warmer and drier Reduced growth rates, Identi fi cati on of suitable summer conditi ons Increased disturbance through genotypes through provenance fi re and insects, Changes in trials, Development of wood quality and quanti ty, technology to use altered wood Reduced regenerati on success, quality and size, Inclusion of Increased competi ti on from climate variables in growth and exoti cs (vegetati on, insects, yield models, Development of and diseases) “fi re-smart” landscapes Higher precipitati on Landslide, Forest fi re and fl ood Disaster risk reducti on, Socio- long dry spell and more economic adjustment (water extreme weathers allocati on management) Rainfall inhibiti on Draught like situati on and Conservati on measures and loss of vegetati on, impact on policy formulati on for forestry food security and community livelihood Jhum Culti vati on/ Slash Increased degradati on/ GHG Bett er dialogue and and burn technique for Gas Emissions diversifi cati on of agro-forestry agriculture and agri-sylvicultural system Outbreak of forest fi res Loss of Forest Cover/ GHG Gas Awareness Generati on, Emissions Alternati ve Income Generati on, Fire management Strategies

Adapti ve management of forests contributes planning can be formulated state-wide. in sustaining the livelihood of forest Intensifying assessment and monitoring, dependent communiti es in Mizoram. Many establishing new tools and indicators to rate existi ng forests within the state and most vulnerability and targeti ng research eff orts newly established stands will experience appear most promising to cope with climate climati c conditi ons that deviate from change in these forests. conditi ons today. Compared to agriculture, decisions taken today for managed forests While this might be seen as primarily aimed (e.g. tree species choice) remain irreversible at miti gati ng climate change, it has an for decades or even centuries. On the other adapti ve component of preserving species hand, selecti on of seed provenances for richness, conti nuity of forest ecosystems altered climati c conditi ons will require ti me. and resilience. It is esti mated that adverse climate change impacts will contribute to the Preliminary review indicates that concepts destructi on of forests and thereby promote and conti ngency plans for adapti ng forests the emission of greenhouse gases, which in are rarely included in state plans. Several turn will enhance global warming. Mizoram management opti ons for intensively managed formulated the key prioriti es in line with forests in regenerati on, tending, harvesti ng, Nati onal mission. The following secti on will protecti on, conservati on and management focus on the key prioriti es.

50 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 7.5. Key Prioriti es • Improvement of forest quality and density in degraded lands and The following acti on points have resulted out abandoned jhum lands of several rounds of discussions between the working group members Mizoram Forest sector has highest Forest cover in India; however it is facing Key priorities: Green Mission challenges in terms of forest crown density • Improvement of forest quality and quality. The Jhum practi ce in Mizoram and density in degraded lands and destroys the protecti ve and producti ve abandoned jhum lands vegetati on in preference to a very brief • Improvement of the productivity of period of immediate crop producti on. Aft er Bamboo and promotion of local value addition through establishment of the crop producti on these Jhum culti vati on market linkages areas are abandoned. Jhum culti vati on • Undertaking studies on climate has been responsible for fragmentati on, change impacts on NTFP productivity destructi on and degradati on of the forests and sustainable harvesting practices in the Mizoram state. Annually about 50000 for adaptation of climate change hectors forest land has been diverted for • Capacity building of communities/ the Jhum culti vati on. Forest survey of India community forest management Report, 2009 reported 91% total forest cover institutions for climate change adaptation of its Geographical area under tree cover • Prevention and control mechanism however the very dense forest consti tutes for forest invasive species and its less than 1% of total forest area. This is utilization strategies clearly indicati ng the need for the increasing • Promotion of forest based industries the tree cover enrichment acti viti es to • Formulation of conservation strategies promote the forest density. Ecological for Orchids and establishment of restorati on in terms of reforestati on and market linkages for value addition aff orestati on of degraded lands will reduce • Livelihood improvement Activities the ill eff ect of climate change. The practi ce for forest dependent communities of ecological restorati on will develop • Strengthening of Forest Department through block plantati on, agro-forestry, farm • GIS based Monitoring and Evaluation forestry, reforestati on of urban and peri- of the program urban insti tuti onal lands and soil moisture • Strengthening of Local VSS conservati on measures. • Publicity /media and Outreach • Establishment of Mission Directorate

Table 7.4: Fire Incidences (2009 - 2010)

Sl. No. of No. of Extent of Area Esti mated Value Causes of Fire No. Forest Occurrences Eff ected by of Forest Wealth Divisions Fire Lost 1 15 1,277 29022.15 Rs. 22,76,900 Jhum Burning 53,600 Nos. of &Ground Fire Seedlings Source: State Stati sti cal hand Book 2010

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 51 • Improvement the producti vity of Bamboo and promoti on of local value additi on through establishment of market linkages

Table 7.5: Bamboo Producti on in Mizoram

Product Unit 2008-09 2009-10 Quanti ty Revenue Quanti ty Revenue Extracted Generated Extracted Generated Bamboo Nos 182 177 23.44 46.89

Source: State Stati sti cal Handbook, 2010

Over the centuries the clearly feelings for acti on plan. Jhum culti vati on has resulted in to the large tracks of pure Bamboo forest in Mizoram. Bamboo based industries in cott age, small It alone contributes 14% of the country’s and medium sectors will be established within growing stock of bamboo with about 9210 the state. An investment friendly framework sq. km (49.10%) of the geographical area will be designed for implementati on fi nancial of 21018 sq. km of the state. However the mechanisms to support the Bamboo producti vity of Bamboo producti on per hector industries in terms of associated incenti ves is quite lower than internati onal producti on and subsidy. To improve the quality of the per hector. To increase producti vity proper bamboo products, new technologies will be Bamboo management techniques need to adopted to enhance the market outreach be developed and applied. & Linkages. Proper rotati on will also ensure sustainable harvest. The bamboo even at lower producti vity levels represent vast untapped major • Undertaking studies on climate resource of Mizoram, whose full ecological change impacts on NTFP producti vity and economic potenti al reminded and Sustainable harvesti ng practi ces underuti lized. The eco-friendly Bamboo for adaptati on of climate change crop have immense potenti al in improving rural economy, industrial development and In Mizoram,people are dependent on the sound economic base for the state on the forests resources that are directly or indirectly sustained basis. The latest growth stock of consumpti ve and durable or non-durable. Bamboo esti mated to be 24 Million MT. This These are NTFP Products, conservati on, implies the need to encourage enterprise recreati onal benefi ts, the commercially acti viti es that will add value to its forest available benefi ts (i.e. newsprint, cardboard, products like Bamboo to generate more building materials, edible fruits, woods, fuel income and employment for its generally woods etc.). However, the climate change poor populati on. Mizoram government will impacts on these resources may adversely provide enterprise development support aff ect the producti vity of the NTFP resources which will include the provision of business in terms of harvesti ng amount and quality of development and fi nancial services and the NTFPs. Dwindling availability of forest- policy support for forest based sustainable produce- food, fuel, medicinal herbs, etc. will livelihood promoti on under climate change deprive the rural poor from a supplementary

52 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram source of both income and food. Non- The objecti ve of proposed acti vity is ti mber forest products are likely to be more to building adapti ve capacity among vulnerable to changes in the climate system Panchayat Raj Members Community Forest than ti mber producti on. These products Management Insti tuti ons and communiti es have indirect and incremental impacts on towards Climate Change Adaptati on for local economies, food security and health. increasing the forest cover, protecti on and Studies have shown that there is a high to reduce the climate change impacts. percentage of populati on below the poverty These acti viti es will be planned under JFM line in forested areas, varying from 47.15% in for bett er capacity building and training of south Orissa to 37.43% in Madhya Pradesh, the stakeholders and JFMCs. as against 26.10% being the nati onal average. This clearly indicates that the local • Preventi on and control mechanism populati on is not being benefi ted by the for forest invasive species and its revenue generated by forest as a natural uti lizati on strategies resource. However, baseline of the current NTFP producti on and the potenti al impacts The propagati on of invasive species in of climate change yet to be quanti fi ed for Mizoram is aided by the habitat degradati on the state of Mizoram. Hence research studies due to deforestati on, developmental on these issues will be undertaken and also acti viti es, shift ing culti vati on and illegal on developing & promoti on of sustainable harvesti ng. The main invasive species harvesti ng practi ces. considered in the forestry area of Mizoram are Mikaniamicrantha, Eupatorium • Capacity building of communiti es/ seroti numm, Musa sp. (wild banana), community forest management Ageratum conyzoides etc. Wild banana is insti tuti ons for climate change predominant in the hilly slopes of Mizoram adaptati on and hindered the natural biodiversity of these areas. However inadequate research Mizoram adopted the practi ce of Joint Forest is available on the invasive species potenti al Management (JFM) from 1998-99 onwards impacts on the biodiversity. One of the and made it essenti al part of plantati on potenti al cost eff ecti ve strategies considered programs. Currently Forest & Environment for containing the invasive species is through Department registered 593 (Joint Forest promoti on of usage of invasive species. Wild Management Committ ees) JFMCs and banana will be promoted to uti lize as fodder 19Forest Development Agencies (FDA) for the livestock and the fi bre for local dress consti tuted in 15 Forestry Divisions across materials. State forest dept. will formulate the State. JFMC Members are supporti ng a control mechanism for these invasive conservati on acti viti es around 26000 species in the forest lands and also develops hectares of forest. The impact of JFM on uti lizati on plan of these invasive species protecti on, conservati on and regenerati on especially the wild banana of forests cannot be quanti fi ed now as the scheme is initi ated only a few years back. • Promoti on of forest based However FSI, 2009 report suggesti ng a industries fairly regenerati on of forest due to the JFM acti viti es. Mizoram has highest literacy level in the India

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 53 however most people are dependent on the of the state are well acquainted about the natural resources for their livelihood due to medicinal properti es of Orchids growing in lack of infrastructure development, remote their surroundings. The knowledge gained locati on, poor market linkages, inadequate through their experience and on from power supply, diffi cult topography and generati on as a guarded secret. Mizoram is a limited fl at terrain (Just around 3%). Hence, small state but quite rich in orchid diversity. the promoti on of forest based industries in Mizoram has a vast potenti al for employment However these orchids are not properly generati on and eff ecti ve usage of its natural conserved and developed to a sustainable resources. Currently forest based industries uti lizati on level due to lack of eco-scienti fi c in Mizoram are very limited; Policy Acti on management. These orchids have domesti c and Economic incenti ve are required to and internati onal potenti al in cut-fl ower and create enable platf orm to encourage setti ng medicinal markets. There is great export up NTFP Processing Units , plywood industry, potenti al for exoti c orchid species found other ti mber-based units, plantain fi bre and in Mizoram. Till date there are no such hill broom units. Forest department will marketi ng potenti al explored in Mizoram. give special eff orts for promoti on of wood The markets are mostly operated by village based industries by enhancing plantati on in councils though constructed by Department abandoned jhum land. of Trade and Commerce. Forest dept. is planning to establish a sustainable culti vati on • Formulati on of conservati on and establishment of market linkages of local strategies for Orchids and orchid species which have high demand establishment of market linkages outside the state. for value additi on • Livelihood improvement Acti viti es Within the hills of Mizoram about 246 orchid for forest dependent communiti es taxa in 74 genera were recorded. Out of these, 67 taxa (including saprophytes) are terrestrial Climate change impacts are already being and 179 are epiphyti c. Bulbophyllum parryae observed, signaling an urgent need for and Sterogynelushaiensis are endemic. response measures that minimize current Dendrobium, with 41 species and one vulnerabiliti es. By protecti ng and enhancing variety, is the largest genus. Forty genera, 3 the natural services that support livelihoods, being monotypic, are represented by a single vulnerable communiti es can maintain local species. About 55% of the total taxa appear safety nets and expand the range of opti ons to be endangered. The habit, phenology, for coping with disrupti ve shocks and trends. distributi on frequency and conservati on The forest dependent communiti es are status, and phyto-geographical affi niti es are mainly economically fragile and rely on forest discussed for all taxa. Apart from these the resources for a range of basic needs like food, commonly found species are Vanda coerules shelter, clothing and heati ng. Promoti on of (Blue Vanda), Renantheraim schooti ana alternati ve livelihood improvement acti vates (Red vanda), Paphiopedilum hirsuti ssimum, such as Rubber plantati on, Bee Keeping, P. Villosum which are prohibited from Poultry and engagement in protecti on export. Conservati on measures for those acti viti es will moti vate the communiti es endangered are also suggested. Local people to protect the forest and to gain economic

54 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram benefi ts. The people get gainful employment and wildlife resource center (with library, in collecti on of bamboo and minor forest documentati on, map room, GIS and MIS produce and selling them in the market cell faciliti es). GIS-based framework helps and other ancillary acti viti es such as value in gaining a scienti fi c understanding and additi ons. This adapti ve measure will help to make informed decision making on in improvement of livelihood of the forest Deforestati on analysis and implementi ng dependent communiti es and also encourage successful reforestati on programs and forest conservati on which will ulti mately sustainable forest management. result in GHG sequestrati on. Teams of Subject Matt er Specialists at Range • Strengthening of Forest and Division level (on contractual basis) will Department bring in new knowledge and skills. There include: Informati on and Communicati on Capacity building measures shall be Technology (including RS/GIS capabiliti es), undertaken for personnel in forest and community mobilizati on, watershed/ environment sector to improve their skills Soil moisture /water harvesti ng; fi nance, and professional competence keeping in view ecological restorati on / REDD issues etc. the arduous nature of their duti es, oft en in remote and inhospitable places. For eff ecti ve • Strengthening of Local VSS implementati on of forest and environmental laws, regular trainings on legal aspects of Given the fast changing rural scenario forest and environmental issues need to be with increase in the number of educated conducted for forest personnel. Adequate unemployed/underemployed youth, the infrastructure and professionals need to be Mission would support development of provided to meet the training requirements youth cadres to lead the charge at the of all levels of forest staff keeping in view the local level. Support of research insti tuti ons, current needs and future trends in forestry universiti es/colleges from local area, Forest management and administrati on. Department and NGOs would help develop this cadre as Self Employed Change Agents • GIS based Monitoring and Evaluati on (SECA). The cadre of community youths of the program will help Mission acti viti es at the local level with acti ve support of Forest Department Global informati on system is also an and other agencies. This will also augment important tool to digiti ze the evaluati on and capacity of Forest Department to facilitate scienti fi c management of the resources. It Mission acti viti es with existi ng regular staff . plays a great role in monitoring, creati on or demarcati on of reserve forests, creati on of • Publicity /media and Outreach Nati onal parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries including aff orestati on /reforestati on areas. In order Land use policies, regulati on policies and to ensure an integrated approach at village/ measures in respect of climate change can cluster/sub-landscape/sub- watershed encounter inerti a, passive resistance or acti ve level, the forest department will need new oppositi on, parti cularly from the indigenous capaciti es. The Mission would support up- communiti es. To providing informati on gradati on of the Range Offi ce into a forest and explanati ons is therefore vital for

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 55 generati ng public and stakeholder support • Establishment of Mission Directorate for government policies and regulati ons. Public outreach can also encourage voluntary Department of Forest, Government of Mizoram changes in habits, address the arguments of wants to establish a mission directorate, for those who oppose specifi c acti ons and help Monitoring and Evaluati on of forest development to prepare the younger generati on for living program of Mizoram. The body will coordinate in the climate-change world. all forest development issues to achieve the desired target.

56 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 8 Sustainable Habitat

8.1. Introducti on 91 persons per sq. km). Aizawl town alone accommodates 56.26% of the total state The climate of Mizoram is neither very hot urban populati on followed by Lunglei with nor very cold, but moderate throughout 31.11%, whereas Mamit shows the lowest the year. The whole state falls under the Urban Populati on of 16.96%. direct infl uence of south-west monsoon and receives an adequate amount of rainfall. The unique geology and geographical The climate of the state is humid-tropical, conditi ons of Mizoram makes the State characterized by short winter, long summer vulnerable to various natural disasters. The with heavy rainfall. main hazards in the State are Earthquake and Landslides. High winds and fl oods damage Urbanisati on is a process, rather than a houses and properti es during the monsoon product by which a group of people start season. The problem of fl ash fl oods are also living in towns and citi es dominated by being witnessed in some parts of Mizoram, industrial and service functi ons. It is a especially in low lying areas causing damage process by which the populati on migrates to house, property and crops. The speed of from rural areas to towns and citi es which windstorm in the whole State is 55m/s (198 are major commercial and industrial km/h) which is the highest value specifi ed centres in the economy. Mizoram became in the country. In such events weak houses a state in 1987 and Aizawl the state capital made of wood, bamboo etc. are the most which has been experiencing rapid socio- vulnerable. The damages which occur in economic growth. With an 11% growth at such high winds usually are localised in two urban centres of Aizawl and Lunglei in nature. 1971 the state claimed to have higher urban populati on growth in the country (over 36%) Mizoram, being a hilly terrain is prone with 22 towns according to 2011 census. to landslides. Every year a number of The populati on density of Mizoram in 2011 landslides have been reported from various Census is 52 persons per sq. km against 42 localiti es. This causes a lot of misery to the persons per sq. km recorded during 2001. public resulti ng in loss of life and property, Among all 8 districts, Aizawl district occupied disrupti on of communicati on network and the highest density of populati on with 113 also economic burden on the society. This is persons per sq. km which is 22 persons more primarily att ributed to high slope and relief, than the fi gure recorded during 2001 (i.e. immature geology, neo-tectonic acti vity,

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 57 heavy rainfall and unplanned and improper with 3,12,837 people living in the city while land use practi ce in the state. (Source : Mamit district has seen the lowest urban Environmental studies of Aizawl City using Remote populati on at 14,809. Sensing And GIS, A project report, 2005, Mizoram State Remote Sensing Centre, S&T, Planning Dept’ Lawngtlai district in southern Mizoram has Mizoram). seen the highest rural populati on with 96,555 people living in villages while Saiha district 8.2. Key Facts about urban areas in also in south has the lowest rural populati on Mizoram at 31,301. The populati on of Mizoram is 10,91,014. It shows that the state’s total populati on has increased by 201,441 persons during last 10 years (Census 2011). The state has experienced relati vely slower economic growth in comparison with rest of India. The state of Mizoram, the smallest state in terms of size, is the fi ft h most urbanized state in India with 49% of its populati on residing in urban areas. As a result of rapid increase of Figure 8.1: Populati on distributi on of Mizoram populati on within the state and spilling of Around 5 % of the rural households enjoy populati on outside the city limits has taken water supply within their premises and place. about 57 % of the households get water Table 8.1: Populati on Stati sti cs of Mizoram from near their premises. For majority of the households (47 %) the main source of water Descripti on 2011 2001 is spring water. Approximate 10.91 Lakh 8.89 Lakh Table 8.2: Distributi on of Household by Populati on source of Drinking Water Actual Populati on 1,091,014 888,573 Male 552,339 459,109 Source of Total % Rural % drinking Female 538,675 429,464 water Populati on 22.78% 29.18% Tap 51386 31.9 15352 19.3 Growth Hand-pump 3108 1.9 1174 1.5 Source: Census 2011 Tube-well 3394 2.1 2357 3 Well 3213 2 1425 1.8 It highlighted the fact that the towns in Tank, Pond, 6490 4 3682 4.6 Mizoram are overgrown villages, trading lake centres with some rural development River, canal 18379 11.4 14368 18.1 administrati ve offi ce outf its, which become Spring 65363 40.6 37625 47.4 urban sett lements. These outgrowth areas Any other 9633 6 3379 4.3 are generally devoid of basic urban services Total 160966 100 79362 100 and are administered through rural growth mechanism. The state capital district Aizawl Absence of storm water drainage poses has registered the highest urban populati on problems of water logging and fl ooding,

58 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram causing landslides and soil erosion. The decline and then a sudden increase from damages caused to roads, lanes, houses, 1990 to 1995 (Fig 1). In fact, during the properti es and even lives by heavy rains span of the 20 years study period, 1995 during rainy season are almost annual recorded the highest rainfall of 3185.98 phenomenon in Mizoram (especially within mm where as 1994 had the lowest rainfall urban areas like Aizawl, Lunglei, Champhai, with a measure of 2278.29 mm only. Thus, Serchhip, Kolasib, Mamit, Saiha & Lawngtlai). it can be interpreted that there is change Constructi on of Retaining Wall drains etc. in the rainfall trend when analyzed when to prevent calamiti es, rehabilitate disaster compared between the two decades, but victi ms as well as for restorati on and repair not on an extremely large scale which again works necessitated by natural disasters is shows that this trend can further change the required each year in the urban areas of patt ern for the consecuti ve 10 years rainfall Mizoram. Due to rapid urbanizati on owing data. If this usual small scale change in trend to movement of rural populati on to urban conti nues, then Mizoram is not expected areas in view of the incidence of increasing to experience a sharp decrease in rainfall poverty in rural areas, there has cropped up unless there are other climati c elements that a serious problem as a large number urban unexpectedly alter the usual trend, which is poor are not having any suitable place for mostly above the 2000 mm mark. habitat. There are increasing urban problems of Key Issues overcrowding and growth of slums, scarcity of water supply, inadequate public health The state of Mizoram is located in a highly and sanitati on system, mismanagement seismic zone (Zone V) as per the seismic of waste materials. The existi ng urban zoning atlas of India and is prone to frequent infrastructure for service delivery is earthquake shocks and subsequent hazards. increasingly insuffi cient, even for provision The state also lies in the ecologically sensiti ve of core urban public services such as water region of the northeast India. Although supply, sanitati on and sewerage, urban temperature is usually the fi rst variable roads and solid waste management. considered in assessments of climate change, it is important to consider other data that Sanitati on poses major problems with the integrate the state of the climate system over absence of any sewerage system in urban space and ti me. These include such climate areas resulti ng in drainage of domesti c parameters like rainfall and humidity. effl uent into nearby rivers and streams leading to contaminati on of water sources. As per the present status, there has been a Indiscriminate developmental acti viti es also predicti on in the change occurring which has add to the problem by obstructi ng drains been experienced even by the common man and encroaching rainwater fl ow paths. either in the form of rise in temperature or increase or decrease in rainfall. Also Solid waste is a pressing urban issue for frequent rainfall makes urban living highly Mizoram primarily because of its diffi cult vulnerable to climati c impacts such as fl oods terrain. Inadequate collecti on and improper and landslides. However, when analyzed disposal currently lead to spillage and on a yearly basis the trend shows a gradual contaminati on of soil and surface as well as

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 59 groundwater streams. Integrated Solid waste Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) major Management facility is being implemented initi ati ves taken for six district headquarters. in the capital city of Aizawl with the support The Housing and Urban Development from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Corporati on Limited has been appointed as consultant to prepare Detailed Project The urban transport sector has been largely Report (DPR) to provide services to the poor neglected in the State, characterised by in Aizawl under the Integrated Housing and heavy traffi c congesti on due to narrow Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) roads, rapid growth in number of vehicles programme. along with highly topographic and concentric development. Oft en there are days when There has been an increase in the average some areas remain inaccessible due to maximum temperature during 1996-2005 by blockage of roads by landslides or other +0.28°C over the decade of 1986-1995, which damages caused by heavy rains. Public denotes a trend in increase in temperature transport is limited due to inadequate road during the last decade. The same increase network, poor infrastructure and scatt ered is also refl ected in the average minimum demand. Except for the Nati onal Highways temperature recorded for the decade of and a few leading roads, much of the road 1996-2005 which is +0.30°C, much higher length in Mizoram is unusable for load bearing than that recorded for the previous decade heavy vehicles. The vehicle populati on was of 1986-1995. The rate of increase is clearly recorded during 2007-08 was 61000 which is refl ected when the overall monthly average 7.53% more than that of previous year. temperature recorded for both decades shows an increase of +0.29°C. The overall Integrated sewerage and drainage system trend in temperature also shows a gradual is not available in all citi es of Mizoram. increase during the 1996-2005 decade. In City development plans are underway for fact, the global temperature increase for 50 constructi on of the same in the major citi es years (1951-2000) was 0.5°C (source: NASA and district headquarters of Mizoram. Under GISS) whereas Aizawl is warming at the rate the Urban Infrastructure Development of 1.22°C in 20 years only. It may be noted Scheme for Small and Medium Towns that the 20 years data may be too litt le to (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and base upon.

Figure 8.2: Rainfall Variati on of Aizawl City

60 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 8.3: Temperature Variati on

In additi on, poor management of solid and In additi on, the large-scale structure liquid waste, traffi c congesti on and vehicular of precipitati on (rainfall) and heat fl ux polluti on, clearance of green areas due to (temperature variati ons) also closely indiscriminate constructi on, and fossil-fuel resembles the observed esti mates on a energy consumpti on in city infrastructure global scale (which was +0.3 and +0.6°C contribute to climate change through during the last 150 years).In order to increase in GHG emissions and reducti on combat these odds through a sustainable in carbon sinks in urban areas. Various strategy for climate resilience, the state has features of urban agglomerati ons in the envisaged the following key prioriti es in the state interact with the climate and enhance urban sector. the vulnerability of the city populati on.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 61 Table 8.3: Adaptati on Pathways in Citi es

Issues Impact Pathways Warm and Humid Increased demand for Create awareness to retrofi t building summer and cold cooling with green design; policy incenti ve for winters usage star rated HVAC products Heavy and aberrant Increased storm-water Development of storm water precipitati on runoff management plan and investment in sewerage; re-assessment of master plans/land use plans of urban agglomerati ons, policy incenti ve use of permeable surfaces and incorporati on in the PWD codes Enhanced waste Health hazards, soil Awareness for waste segregati on and generati on due to contaminati on through policies for landfi lling of waste urban agglomerati on leaching, odour polluti on by populati on infl ux Transport system Congesti on and higher GHG Phase out of old vehicles, integrated congesti on and ageing emission traffi c study and congesti on reducti on plan Energy Usage Higher concentrati on and Uti lity DSM measures in street higher use lighti ng, solar water heati ng Decline in the forest Decrease Planti ng heat tolerant trees, city wide cover inbiosequestrati on of programmes for tree watering and atmospheric carbon maintenance, roadside plantati on dioxide, incur signifi cant programme, development of parks adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. 8.3. Key Prioriti es being in the neighbourhood of Bangladesh, Mizoram is situated in hilly terrain and one of the most vulnerable countries in the one of the most vulnerable state with world in respect of natural calamiti es is in respect to climate change such as warmer unique situati on unlike any other state of India temperatures, unusual rainfall, landslides. and requires special att enti on in initi ati ves on At the same ti me, bett er urban planning and miti gati on and adopti on measures under the policies can reduce energy use and Green sustainable habitat mission. House Gas emissions and improve the resilience of urban infrastructure to climate Within the identi fi ed key prioriti es with change, thus shaping future trends. Lack of high importance four acti ons are adaptati on suitable livelihood and employment faciliti es acti viti es and three acti ons are miti gati on further add to the unsustainable exploitati on acti viti es. The high prioriti es identi fi ed based of natural resources. Moreover, the region on the basis of cost eff ecti veness, cost-benefi t,

62 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram feasibility, ease of implementati on and and carry out cost-eff ecti ve acti ons. overall sustainability. Within the Sustainable Habitat six key prioriti es are under the urban The following acti on points have resulted sector, one key priority under transport out of several rounds of discussions between sector. The total budget proposed for the the working group members. seven key prioriti es along with sub acti viti es is 1314.6 Crore INR. Key Priorities: Sustainable Habitat There are multi ple opportuniti es for the miti gati on acti viti es to explore the carbon 1. Capacity Building and research markets with several mechanisms like Clean initiatives on Climate Change Impacts Development Mechanism (CDM), Voluntary and Preparedness Carbon Standards etc. The revenue 2. Improvement in water usage management for urban drainage to generated from the miti gati on acti viti es can reduce climate change impacts be used for the eff ecti ve operati on of the 3. Development of climate friendly acti viti es. Involvement of State Government Waste management systems and through “climate-conscious” urban planning improvement of aesthetics and management can help achieve nati onal 4. Reduction of disaster risk through climate goals and minimise tradeoff s climate change adaptation between environmental and economic 5. Energy effi ciency improvement and prioriti es at local levels. Local authoriti es promotion of renewable energy usage can help achieve nati onal climate goals in urban sector through urban policies to reduce energy 6. Improvement of vehicular pollution control mechanism for reduction of demand and improve resilience to climate GHG emissions change Nati onal governments can help 7. Assessment and inventorisation of create a sound insti tuti onal foundati on and climate change impact on urban knowledge base to support local decision sector makers engage with stakeholders to identi fy

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 63 • Capacity Building and research initi ati ves as comprehensive knowledge initi ati ves on Climate Change base is required for bett er understanding Impacts and Preparedness and bett er implementati on of the initi ati ves. Department of Urban Development will be The state emphasises the need to enhance the primary responsible department for this capacity of the offi cials on climate change key priority acti on and its sub acti viti es. issues and possible adapti ve and miti gati ng measures so that they can include climati c • Improvement in water usage considerati ons in their departmental management for urban planning as well as day to day operati onal drainage to reduce climate and monitoring acti viti es. Beginning with a change impacts training needs assessment for all relevant departments and agencies, training modules The water supply in urban areas of Mizoram especially on solid waste management, water is inadequate. In order to provide for management and effi cient distributi on of unforeseen climati c extremes such as fl oods supply and delivery and urban management in urban design, build provisions for storm would be conducted and training imparted. water fl ow, and prevent contaminati on of Capacity building would also be extended water streams due to fl ooding, these aspects for awareness generati on of residents on would be incorporated into the urban design. good practi ces such as source segregati on of The local spring like sources is considered to waste and energy effi ciency. be converging to the drainage system while its uti lity to drinking water system remains The key prioriti es identi fi ed based on the cost beyond the normal scope of considerati on. eff ecti veness, feasible opti ons, sustainable In order to provide for unforeseen climati c and easy to implement with respect to the extremes such as fl oods in urban areas, present conditi on of state. New or reformed storm water fl ow and contaminati on of water insti tuti ons are needed to enable state streams due to fl ooding, these aspects would governments to facilitate capacity building be incorporated into the urban design. More and decision-making on climate change at frequent rainstorms will also overload the the local level. A comprehensive capacity capacity of sewer systems and wastewater building programme on climate change is treatment plants more oft en. Saving of 1 MW necessary which will help to build awareness energy will reduce GHG emission of 6000 ton and increase in knowledge base of the offi cials CO2 equivalent per annum. It would also lead responsible. This acti on is necessary before to energy conservati on by reducing energy implementi ng any climate change miti gati on consumpti on at pumping stati ons, wastewater

64 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram treatment plants and other relevant faciliti es. subsequently Lunglei town solid waste It would include installati on of liquid waste management will be developed. It will treatment faciliti es, provision of new consist of constructi on of composti ng sewerage system, including the sewerage plant, procurement of household bins and treatment plant, collecti on network, outf alls provision of door-to-door waste collecti on and sewer cleaning equipment, both for the same, constructi on of sanitary landfi ll rehabilitati on of the existi ng water supply and transfer stati on, purchase of collecti on and distributi on systems and constructi on vehicles and equipment and constructi on of of new systems, consti tuti on of water use parking facility for collecti on vehicles, survey societi es for regular monitoring of services, in context of urban development. The Urban leak detecti on and water quality monitoring. Development Department had drawn a Water conservati on and enhanced effi ciency comprehensive plan for compost producti on would help in adapti ng to water shortage from Municipal Solid Waste and implement during climate induced dry spells. It would the project through ADB fi nancing sources. also lead to energy conservati on by reducing MSW projects are also highly suitable to energy consumpti on at pumping stati ons, att ract CDM benefi ts. Measures to reduce wastewater treatment plants and other greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to relevant faciliti es. Acti viti es will include bulk expected climate change impacts will put and household water metering and capacity additi onal pressure on city budgets and building exercises. increase the need for additi onal public resources. These miti gati on acti viti es will • Development of climate reduce signifi cant amount of GHG emissions friendly Waste management and the revenue fl ow from the sale of systems and improvement of emission reducti ons will help in sustaining aestheti cs the projects. Composti ng of 490 TPD MSW will avoid methane emission which will be Solid waste management subprojects about 3.61 lakhs ton CO2 equivalent in next include constructi on and upgrading of 5 years. landfi ll sites, transfer stati on, storage and parking faciliti es for the collecti on vehicles • Reducti on of disaster risk and procurement of collecti on and disposal through climate change equipment, as eligible under the subproject adaptati on selecti on criteria for the Investment Program. The acti vity is proposed to establish an Climate change and urban disaster risk are the integrated waste management plan for citi es two biggest challenges to Mizoram today, as including measures to improve effi ciency it faces the consequences of unprecedented of existi ng solid waste and sewerage rates of populati on growth, urbanisati on, management systems, and incorporate a economic development and GHG emissions. plan for management of constructi on and Most of the towns and the capital city lies demoliti on (C&D) waste, biomedical waste, in a mountainous high terrain region where and domesti c hazardous waste. natural hazards strike. Therefore all the towns will be considered for appropriate As high priority, The Aizawl city solid waste measures to reduce its vulnerability. Due management project will be initi ated and to the lack of preparedness, emergency

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 65 response and post-disaster recovery lighti ng system for reducti on of energy usage plans, natural disaster destroyed schools, and miti gati ng GHG emissions. This can be housing and cultural environment of urban promoted as a Public-Private-Partnership areas, which consequently have serious (PPP) basis on selected urban areas. Once impacts on eff orts towards the sustainable established and proven a state-wide development. programme will be launched. Master plan will be prepared for increasing renewable energy Urban Department will formulate building supply and energy effi ciency measures in the guidelines with provision for disaster selected city and towns along with awareness resistance constructi on, design and materials generati on and capacity building acti viti es and will promote traditi onal environment- will be conducted. friendly & energy-effi cient and disaster resistant housing and buildings in urban and • Improvement of vehicular rural areas for diff erent agro-climati c zones, polluti on control mechanism fl ood plains and considerati on of seismic for reducti on of GHG emissions vulnerability of the state. Climate responsible master plans for selected citi es/towns will Aizawl is linked by the Nati onal Highway be developed considering the disaster risk of No. 54 which runs from west to east from the zones. Understanding the functi on of the Sairang to Zemabawk and passes through land management and revenue department the city at Bawngkawn saddle the goose neck to protect land from encroachment; land point of Aizawl. At present Mizoram is solely revenue code, ownership ti tles as provided dependent on its road network to meet its in the present Land Law of Mizoram and transportati on needs. Most of the prime reformulati on of land tenure policy to areas are in the top ridges and saddle areas. It enable sustainable urban development is leads to the increase in vehicular movement necessary. within the state and the connecti ng citi es and towns. • Energy effi ciency improvement and promoti on of renewable Vehicular emission is one major source energy usage in urban sector of polluti on as there is no signifi cant industrializati on. The steady increase Urbanizati on and economic development in in number of vehicles in the state is Mizoram are leading to a rapid rise in energy contributi ng to the deteriorati on of ambient demand in urban areas in our country air quality. The records by the Motor vehicle leading to enhanced Green House Gas (GHG) Inspecti on Wing, Transport Department, emissions. The capital city of Aizawl and Govt of Mizoram, for the past 11 years show other towns are experiencing rapid growth conti nual trend of increase in vehicular in the peak electricity demand. The local populati on. This steady increase of number governments and the electricity uti liti es are of vehicles year aft er year shows that fi nding it diffi cult to cope with this rapid rise vehicles shall conti nue to be one of the main in demand and as a result most of the citi es/ sources of air polluti on in the state especially towns are facing electricity shortages. In the in the city. Shift towards public transport or state a policy mechanism will be formulated Mass Rapid Transit system, improved urban for promoti on of solar water heati ng and infrastructure, building concepts of mass

66 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram rapid transit, low emission vehicles, electric health and ecosystems. Similarly, accurate vehicles in Aizawl city and appropriate urban esti mates of emission rates and patt erns of planning are essenti al steps to go towards pollutants are necessary to support eff ecti ve low carbon economy unless the emissions air quality management strategies. Emission are controlled through bett er effi cient inventories are typically constructed through vehicle or introducti on of electric vehicle. a data aggregati on process that accounts for CNG vehicles are most appropriate for emission rates, acti vity levels, and source Aizawl city & other small Towns. Considering distributi ons. Emission rates are oft en these facts, implementi ng this miti gati on derived from laboratory measurements acti on considered as high priority and (e.g. vehicle dynamometer studies), acti vity additi onal revenue from the sale of emission levels can be obtained from traffi c counts or reducti on will help in sustaining the acti vity. surveys of sources and source distributi ons Mizoram Government plans to improve may come from roadway maps, aerial the enforcement to control the vehicular photographs or esti mated from populati on polluti on which leads to air polluti on and density. However, the propagati on of errors GHGs with the help of State Polluti on Control associated with this data process can result Board (SPCB). in large uncertainti es that reduce the uti lity of emission inventories and consequently • Assessment and inventorisati on impede the air quality management of climate change impact on process. urban sector For regular monitoring of the city Esti mati on of emissions load is an essenti al environment, it is essenti al to conduct an step in order to quanti fy the share of Urban environmental and emissions profi ling Sector in the pollutant levels in the city/ of the towns by collecti ng baseline data towns. The sources of emissions include on environmental parameters, including vehicles, domesti c fuel burning, DG sets, emissions, establishing benchmarks for solid waste dumping, liquid waste discharge, periodic monitoring, checking environmental energy consumpti on etc. Accurate and degradati on and identi fying scope for comprehensive emission inventories are miti gati on in the relevant areas. This would needed as a foundati on for determining require setti ng up of monitoring stati ons the geographic distributi on of pollutants, across the towns and capacity building of the evoluti on of their chemical and physical personnel on monitoring techniques. properti es and their impact on human

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 67 8888 StateStStatate ActionAAcctitioonn PlanPllaan onon ClimateClilimmaattee Change:Chhaangngee:: MizoramMiizzororamam Chapter - 9 Health

9.1. Introducti on The possible climate related health impacts envisaged are1: Accrued empirical evidence has already 1. Progressively increased health burden established climate- disease relati onship. because of increased proliferati on Public health which is highly dependent of climate sensiti ve diseases and upon the availability of adequate quanti ty premature death (high confi dence) and quality of food, safe drinking water, decent home protected against disasters, 2. Altered distributi on of some infecti ous a reasonable income and good social disease vector that might proliferate and community relati ons (WHO, 2003) is due to climate change (medium projected to be aff ected by climate change confi dence) (Rahman A, 2008). Climate changes is 3. Altered distributi on of some allergenic expected to profoundly catalyses the pollen species (high confi dence) propagati on of infecti ous, communicable 4. Increased heat wave related death as well as life threatening vector borne (medium confi dence) diseases (as some of the vectors are highly 5. Projected trends in climate change climate sensiti ve as regards to temperature related exposures of importance to and rainfall). Impact of climate related human health stress due to increased heat, air polluti on, malnutriti on, increased incidence of water a. Increased malnutriti on (due to borne diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, deteriorati on in nutriti onal health typhoid and gastreoenteriti s, and vector arising from crop failure, which is borne diseases such as malaria will result caused by droughts and especially in increased morbidity and mortality. by high night temperatures that Mizoram has already a combinati on of many result in reduced cereal yields) and of this human health related issues. Climate consequent disorders, including changes may impart an additi onal pressure those relati ng to child growth and on the public health system that is already development highly linked with burdened to cope with the existi ng level of the economic conditi ons (high health issues including communicable and confi dence) non communicable diseases..

14th Assessment Report IPCC

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 69 b. Increase the number of people transmission window for the vector borne suff ering from death, diseases, diseases, increased incidence of water borne injury from heat waves, fl ood, and communicable diseases, malnutriti on/ storms, fi res and drought (high deteriorati on of nutriti onal health and confi dence) consequent disorder (including those related to child growth and development), c. Increase burden of vector and food security (resulti ng from reduced crop water borne diseases yield), increase in poverty/economic decline, populati on displacement and even loss d. Increased cardio respiratory of livelihood due to outbreaks of natural morbidity and mortality associated disaster. The impact would however vary with ground level ozone. depending on number of factors like adapti ve The possible health related adverse impact capacity of the populati on, level of exposure, is likely to damage human well-being and sensiti vity, demographic and socio economic prosperity substanti ally and especially factors like populati on growth, urbanisati on, among the populati on having lower capacity poor health conditi on of the populace, water to combat the impacts and access to medical scarcity and inadequate sanitati on conditi on, faciliti es. The direct impact because of preparedness and awareness among the climate change can be in form of heat strokes populati on on general health related issues. which might enhance the morbidity or Climate Change and Health: Pathways from mortality principally amongst the older age driving force to potenti al health impacts group and urban poor. The indirect impact (WHO, 2003) can vary widely including enhancement of

70 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 9.1 One of the youngest states of the union gender, poverty, housing, ameniti es and Mizoram lying in the far fl ung area of the employment provide a background towards country is extremely vulnerable to the understanding of the health scenario of the extremes of climate change due to its region. The socio economic scenario of 1.09 locati on in the fragile ecosystem and limited million Mizo populati on distributed across access with the rest of the country. Barring 719 villages and 23 towns in 8 districts is the scenario profi ling of the health conditi on represented in terms of socio-economic towards determining the possible impact indicator like literacy rate (Mizoram’s has of climate change on the health status and one of the highest literacy rate in the modelling the impact reducti on framework, it country 2ER of 91.58%2), populati on density is also essenti al to have a clear understanding lower populati on density of 52 persons per of the socio economic scenario of the region sq. km, economic status (12.6% percent of that creates a conducive environment for total populati on lying below poverty line3) occurrence and spread of diseases. The and employment (total employment of 0.41 socio economic indicators like educati on, lakhs4).

2 htt p://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_fi les/mizoram/Provisional%20Populati on%20Total%20of%20Mizoram.pdf 3 htt p://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_fi les/mizoram/Provisional%20Populati on%20Total%20of%20Mizoram.pdf 4 htt p://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_fi les/mizoram/Provisional%20Populati on%20Total%20of%20Mizoram.pdf

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 71 Though Nati onal Acti on Plan on Climate 9.2. Key Facts about the Sector change does not identi fy human health as separate Nati onal Mission, Govt of Mizoram The secti on intends to present and overview focused on health sector envisaging the of the health status of the state that possible impact of climate change on human has formed an integral part of strategy health. development. The parameters include overall health scenario, diseases outburst (incidence The acti on plan is strategized in order and prevalence of both communicable and to reduce the impact of climate change non communicable diseases), morbidity related direct and indirect human health and associated mortality, health risk and relevant exposure, combat the incidence available infrastructure. Although the fact of diseases and promoti on of sustainable remains that trends of diseases over years development. The strategy is framed on the are not exclusively driven by the impact of basis of assessment of the scale of impact at climate change but the issue persists that the regional level, determining the priority and existi ng health scenario might deteriorate scale of acti ons and strategising adaptati on under weather variability and overall human measures towards reducing vulnerability health impact may escalate with respect of climate change. Such strategy broadly to their virulence and spread to hitherto includes enhancement of awareness and diseases free area. uptake of eff ecti ve clinical and public health interventi on in high need regions for reducti on of impact.

Demographic Characteristi cs5 Table 9.1: Birth Rate Category India Mizoram 2008 2009 2008 2009 Combined birth Rate (Birth rate Per 1000 22.8 22.5 17.8 17.6 populati on )

Table 9.2: Death Rate

Category India Mizoram Male Female Total Male Female Total Death Rate (death rate Per 8.0 6.8 7.4 6.3 3.9 5.1 1000 populati on ) in 2009

Table 9.3: Infant Mortality Rate

Category India Mizoram Male Female Total Male Female Total Infant Mortality Rate (death 49 52 50 33 38 36 rate Per 1000 populati on ) in 2009

5 htt p://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/Demographic%20indicators.pdf

72 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Health Status : Communicable Diseases

Table 9.4: Malaria Cases

Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2006) 1785129 1707 10650 120 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2007) 1508927 1311 6563 75 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2008) 1526210 1055 7361 91 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2009) 1563574 1144 9399 119 Malaria Cases (Reference period Dec 2010) 1373317 678 15626 31

Table 9.5: Diarrhoeal Diseases

Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Diarrhoeal Diseases (Reference period Dec 2009) 11984490 1818 21841 17 Diarrhoeal Diseases (Reference period Dec 2010) 10112845 1388 16142 12

Table 9.6: Enteric Fever

Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Enteric Fever (Reference period Dec 2009) 1099331 436 1163 4 Enteric Fever (Reference period Dec 2010) 1034642 379 1115 0

Table 9.7: Acute Respiratory Infecti on

Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Acute Respiratory Infecti on (Reference period Dec 28240346 3043 41078 16 2009) Acute Respiratory Infecti on (Reference period Dec 24720144 2612 25665 18 2010)

Table 9.8: Viral Hepati ti s

Category India Mizoram Cases Death Cases Death Viral Hepati ti s 124085 600 476 7

9.3. Infrastructure The health care infrastructure of the Health is a state subject in India where the state comprises of network of hospitals, policies and infrastructure are planned Community health Centre (12 CHCs – and developed by the state government. Community Health Centres are designed to

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 73 provide all assured services which includes adequate infrastructure including shortage routi ne and emergency care in additi on to all of medical and Paramedical staff ’s absence nati onal Health Programme and all support of medicines and supplies due to limited and service to fulfi l nati onal programmes), fi nancial resources. Primary Health Centre (57 PHCs – Public Health is the fi rst port of call for routi ne, Apart from the health care faciliti es preventi ve, promoti ve, curati ve and rendered in the state, the department has emergency care in additi on to all nati onal also provisioned to improve the general health programme) and sub-centres (370 health of school going children under School sub-centre and 60 sub centres clinic –Sub health programme through all PHC and centres is the most peripheral and the fi rst CHC. The program is conducted with an contact point between the primary health objecti ve of promoti on of positi ve health, care system and community care system). of school children, preventi on of diseases, Despite of the expansion of health care early diagnosis and treatment along with faciliti es in the state ti ll the last plan period awakening of health consciousness and the health care faciliti es and access to improving hygiene and environment. quality health services need improvement in The health department in the state is the state especially in the rural areas where bifurcated into two directorates viz,, ttherehere iiss nnoo pupublicblb ic hhealthealth providers.providers. RRuralural DiDirectoraterrectoratte of hhealthealth seservicerviice anandd DiDirectoraterectorata e hehealthalth ccareare seservicesrvicese iinn ththee sstatetate llacksacks ththee of hhospitalospital anandd memedicaldical ededucauccati oon.n. T Thehe

7474 StateSSttatate ActionAcActitionon PlanPlalan onon ClimateClilimamatete Change:Chahangnge:e: MizoramMizizororamam organogram for the health and family welfare department is presented below:

Figure 9.2

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 75 9.4. Key Issues The minimum temperature required for development of P. Vivax and P. falciparum Increase in morbidity/mortality due parasite in anopheline mosquitoes is 14.5 to increased incidence of Vector Borne o 0 diseases –16.5 C and 16.5 –18 C respecti vely (Martens et al. 1995) which increases due to decrease Transmission dynamics of malaria is highly in temperature ti ll 320C where aft er there climate sensiti ve and is severely impacted by is high mortality in mosquitoes (Martens, the climati c conditi ons. Epidemiological study 1997). substanti ated the impact of climate change on malaria. The study revelled decrease A relati on between the temperature and in the durati on of sporogony in anopheles durati on required for the completi on of mosquito with increase in temperature from sporogony of the parasite in anopheles 20 to 25oC. Since the anopheline mosquito mosquito is presented in the table below7 : are cold blooded the development of Table 9.9 parasite in their body are eff ected by climati c conditi on like temperature, rainfall, relati ve Parasite No. of Days required for humidity, frost and wind velocity. At increased Species sporogony at diff erent temperature temperatures the rate of digesti on of blood 20oC25oC meal in mosquito increases which in turn P.falciparum 22-23 12-14 accelerates the ovarian development, egg laying, reducti on in durati on of gonotrophic P.vivax 16-17 9-10 cycle and higher frequency of feeding on P.malarie 30-35 23-24 hosts thereby enhancing the probability of P.ovale Not known 15-16 transmission as reducti on in the durati on of gonotrophic cycle and sporogony are related with increased rate of transmission6.

Epidemiological Profi le (World Malaria Report 2010)

The above representati on indicates the suscepti bility of the states to the incidence of Malaria.

6Martens et al., 1995, Macdonald 1957; Deti nova 1962;Molineaux 1988 7WHO 1975

76 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram

Figure 9.4 9.5. Projecti on Scenario

The baseline scenario indicates that the state of Mizoram has its transmission windows open for 7-9 months in six district will rise to 10-12 months in 4 districts. Table 9.10 TWs of Malaria in Mizoram based on temperature (A1B Baseline and projected scenario by 2030) No of No. of months open for Malaria Transmission Districts 01 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to Data Not Available 2 12 Baseline 8 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 Projecti on 8 0 0 0 0 3 4 1 TWs of Malaria in Mizoram based on temperature and RH (A1B Baseline and projected scenario by 2030) No of No. of months open for Malaria Transmission Districts 01 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to Data Not Available 2 12 Baseline 8 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 Projecti on 8 0 0 0 0 3 4 1 9.6. Weather Variability8 increase of average temperature in course of last decade in comparison to earlier. There Temperature has been observed increase in average The temperature conditi on of Mizoram maximum temperature by 0.28oC, average can be described in terms of not so warm maximum temperature by 0.30oC in 1996- o summer (20-30 C) and not very cold rain 2005 over 1986-1995 periods. The trends o free winter (11-21 C). However Temperature of increase in average temperature across analysed using 20 years temperature data the years revealed a probability of gradual from 1986-1995 and 1996-2005 revelled and increase in temperature.

8R.K. Lallianthanga & Robert Lalchhanhima Sailo, Mizoram Remote sensing Applicati on Centre

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 77 Humidity

A study of 20 years humidity data revealed and average increase of humidity from 73.14% during 91986-1990 to 81.42% in 2001-2005.

Table 9.11: Scenario Analysis of malarial incidence in the State

Year Populati on BSC/BSE ABER Total Malaria SPR SFR Death due to Cases Malaria 2006 905689 218072 24.07 10650 4.88 3.18 120 2007 980366 154045 15.71 6563 4.26 2.69 75 2008 980366 165441 16.87 7361 4.4 3.73 91 2009 980366 171793 17.52 9399 5.47 4.29 119 2010 1001289 322929 32.25 15626 4.68 4.39 31

Figure 9.5

Table 9.12: Age wise distributi on of Malaria

Age wise Male Female Pregnant woman 0-4 940 892 Among 15626 malarial 5-15 2036 1949 cases 23 are pregnant 15 years and above 5553 3831 woman

Figure 9.6

78 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Figure 9.7 From the Above fi gure it is well evident 9.7. Acti vity Undertaken that although the number of malarial death has decreased across the year the number 1. Distributi on of Long Lasti ng insecti cidal of malarial incidence and annual parasite Nets in villages where malarial incidence has enhanced across the year incidence is high (in year 2009 and substanti ati ng the increase in the morbidity 2010 around 70,000 and 80,000 due to malaria. numbers of Long Lasti ng insecti cidal Nets were distributed in the villages of Projecti on of Malarial Transmission Mizoram)

Based on the minimum required temperature 2. Indoor Residual spray for ensuring transmission of malaria and 3. Increase awareness to the populati on projected climati c conditi on a projecti on is regarding the curati ve and preventi ve provided for transmission in the year 2030 measures under NVBDCP as against the baseline (1960-1990). 4. Training, orientati on, reorientati on Transmission Window’s of Malaria in North- and refreshers course is conducted Eastern region based on temperature and from FTD/ASHA, NGO, Medical offi cer RH (Baseline (1960-1990) and projected and specialists. scenario by 2030)

Table 9.13

State No. Of District No. of months open for Malaria Transmission 7-9 10-12 Data not Available Mizoram 8 Baseline 6 1 1 Projecti on 3 4 1

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 79 5. Surveillance within the state boundary 9.10. Enhanced exposure to Water Borne to take blood smear of any fever cases Diseases suspected for presumpti ve dose. Water borne diseases are classifi ed as water 9.8. Gaps borne (ingested) and water washed (caused by lack of hygiene). Several factor like water a. Requirement of man power and availability, household access to safe water decentralisati on of funds and material and impact of temperature plays vital role in for malaria control in far off and incidence of water borne diseases. inaccessible area. b. Funds for vehicle hiring and treatment The State of Mizoram is characterised with of people living under below poverty poor and unsafe drinking water and sanitati on line and inaccessible areas. faciliti es (9.99% of the rural household and 1% of the urban household in the state lacks c. Infrastructure for transfer of slides from toilet- 2001 census). The unavailability of sub-centres to PPP microscopy centre safe drinking water and improper sanitati on or Government microscopy centre. faciliti es in far off and inaccessible area enhances the chances of incidence of water d. Lack of adequate facility for identi fying borne diseases. extrinsic and intrinsic drivers towards devising

9.9 Strategic Framework

Figure 9.8

80 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 9.14

Category India Mizoram 1991 2001 1991 2001 Household having Safe Drinking water 62.30% 77.90% 16.21% 36.00% Faciliti es (in %)

The situati on of quality water availability is Of the Water borne diseases the incidence further worsen during the dry season due to of Diarrhoea and enteric fever are quite increase of the pathogen loading of the water noti ceable in the state. Although the rate of as well as during the over precipitati on(water the both the diseases has decreased in 2010 contaminati on via fl ooding) period due to in compared to 2009 the total number of increase in microbial loading. cases seems to provide additi onal diseases burden.

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 81 9.11. Enhanced exposure to Cardio 9.12. Thermal Extremes –Respiratory Problem High temperature may also lead to the higher Assuming current emission level conti nue level of urban polluti on and humidity or their is high chances for deteriorati on of exacerbate pre existi ng respiratory problems air quality in urban region as well increased (Gaffi n and Ross 1998; Gawith, Downing and exposure to ozone and other air pollutant Karacostas 1999). Other direct impact including parti culate matt er projecti ng an increase in cardio- respiratory morbidity 9.13. Enhanced chances of Malnutriti on and mortality. Certain weather patt erns and Food Security enhances the development of urban heat The lowering of yield of food crops due island, the intensity of which is important to climati c variability might diminishes for secondary chemical reacti on within the dietary diversity and reduces overall food urban atmosphere leading to elevated level consumpti on and may therefore lead to of some pollutants. micronutrient defi ciencies posing impact The climate change may also alter the including death, malnutriti on and/or seasonal distributi on of some allergenic micronutrient defi ciencies specially among pollen species leading to physiological the vulnerable secti on of the populati on with problem. lower economic stability. Food insecurity issue may also lead to urban migrati on.

Table 9.15: Adaptati on Pathway

Climate change Impact Pathway Issues Surface temperature Expected to face an increase Development of adaptati on frame is projected to incidence of malaria due to work towards reducing the incidence increase between increase in temperature of malaria and enhancing the 0.8-2.10C infrastructural faciliti es towards facilitati ng prompt and complete treatment of vector borne diseases Decrease in winter 1. Lower crop yield in winter 1. Management of Malnutriti on and Precipitati on 2. Damage of crop due to addressing food security issues Increase in intensity higher precipitati on 2. Loss of employment and adverse of summer 3. Increased pest incidence eff ect on health precipitati on 4. Increase runoff and landslide during summer precipitati on Increase in night 5. High night temperature ti me temperature reducing cereal yield Climate change 1. Damage to agriculture 1. Planning eff ecti ve disaster Extremes like fl ood, leading to Increased Poverty management programme landslide and malnutriti on, populati on 2. Increased surveillance for displacement evidence malnutriti on including 2. Populati on displacement micronutrient defi ciencies adversely impacti ng social 3. Addressing the specifi c needs cohesion and health of the community thereby preventi ng migrati on

82 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Adaptati on measures are strategized in order are vulnerable to occasional outbreaks. to off set and reduce the negati ve impact of Many of the interventi on like indoor residual climate change and uti lising the positi ve spray is not operati onally feasible as the impacts towards enhancement of overall human sett lements are scatt ered in hilly sustainable development. Adaptati on in terrain and are also not accepted among the the context of health includes interventi ons community. that may be defi ned as “Acti ons that involve making changes to natural or human The quantum of transmission in the region environment or to human behaviour that is governed by two entomological indices have the benefi cial impacts (or prevent i.e. vectoral capacity and Entomological adverse impacts) on health of humans” Inoculati on Rates (EIR) per person/night. (Hutt on 2000). These indices are directly aff ected by the density of vectors in relati on to number of Adaptati on can be defi ned according to humans in a given local situati on, daily survival the purpose (autonomous and planned), rate, feeding rate of vector mosquitoes and the ti ming (preventi ve and reacti ve), the the durati on of the sporogonic cycle which temporal scope (short and long term), the are sensiti ve to environmental conditi ons. spati al scope (localised and spread), the form (legal, technical, advisor and behavioural), Although the environmental and eco- the functi on (structural and non structural) climati c factors are assisti ng in enhancing and valuati on of performance (eff ecti veness the breeding of mosquitoes but such – feasibility) (EEA 2007). parameters cannot be varied. It is therefore highly essenti al to identi fy the other extrinsic For working out the comprehensive strategy and intrinsic factor based on the local the socio economic driving forces are conditi ons through detailed entomological also linked those are indirectly impacted investi gati on in malaria endemic pocket. by the climate change but infl uence the overall health scenario which forms the The studies can include identi fi cati on of fundamental and integral part of socio vectors and parasite prelevence region economic development. wise, their breeding ti me and places, bionomics concerning their breeding, in 9.14. Key Prioriti es additi on to other parameters like geographic distributi on, seasonal prevalence and Identi fy extrinsic and intrinsic drivers host feeding preference and other related of malaria and identi fying immunity issues. interventi on measures towards control of incidence of malaria. Based on the identi fi ed extrinsic and intrinsic factor the immunity interventi on measures Mizoram is a hardcore malarious area with towards control of incidence of malaria will around 7-9 months of open transmission be strategized including variety of opti ons window. The weather conditi on (hot and like distributi on of LILN, Insecti cide treated humid for around 9 months) in the region is bed nets, anti malarial drug, introducti on conducive for both mosquito proliferati on and of larvivorous fi shes in stagnant water, acti ve malaria transmission. Mostly pockets introducti on of residual spray, clinical cure in forest, forest-fringe and foothill villages and awareness creati on through training located along inter country/interstate border programme.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 83 Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as a key priority under state climate change a key priority under state climate change acti on plan. acti on plan.

Assessment of impact of heat stress on Evidence based assessment of biophysical human health and framing adaptati on determinants of malaria and development strategy, identi fi cati on, documentati on and of framework for adaptati on measures for awareness creati on on temperature related malaria control. morbidity To frame up the adaptati on measures it is The rise in temperature due to climati c essenti al to undertake multi -disciplinary, change is likely to intensify the summer multi - insti tuti onal and multi - locati onal study conditi ons with heat waves poses risk of to generate evidence for impact of climate deaths from heat strokes, diseases (skin and change on malaria. Such study is essenti al eye diseases) and injury. The risk is higher for developing a framework for adaptati on among the vulnerable group which includes measures for addressing the adverse impacts infants, elderly persons, pregnant woman, of climate change on malaria. Such study urban poor and labourers. should include fi eld survey in vector and parasite prelevence pockets, surveillance of In order to reduce the impact of heat stress entomological indices and malaria. on human health it is essenti al to quanti fy the heat eff ect on human health including The adaptati on measures towards control the identi fi cati on of medical, social, and outbreak of vector borne diseases environmental and other factors that modify includes both proacti ve initi ati ves towards the temperature–mortality relati onship reducing the incidence of diseases and in line with the local factors like climate, reacti ve measures including preparedness topography, heat-island magnitude, income, for undertaking prompt and complete and the proporti on of elderly people. treatment. Based on the assessment the appropriate infrastructure can be developed which Development of proacti ve framework includes setti ng up of intensive therapy units includes in existi ng health care faciliti es for prompt • Enhanced surveillance of suspected treatment. fever cases which is the cardinal Since the climate change and its impact on symptom of malaria the health related issues are expected to be widespread, strengthening awareness, • Supply of LLIN to populati on at knowledge and skills at all levels across the higher risk of malarial incidence states is highly essenti al. Such initi ati ves • Supply of Insecti cide treated bed includes advocacy and sensiti zati on of nets policymakers, massive general awareness campaign, sensiti zati on of the health service • Residual spray providers (ASHA, AYUSH, Doctors), health workers and paramedic staff , strengthening • Chemoprophylaxis - community resilience.

84 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chemoprophylaxis is recommended complicati ons for management of for travellers, migrant labourers severe malaria and military personnel exposed to malaria in highly endemic Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as areas. Use of personal protecti on a key priority under state climate change measures like insecti cide-treated acti on plan. bed nets should be encouraged Carrying out of Adaptati on study for pregnant women and other vulnerable populati ons. Adaptati on acti vity is needed to be implemented in order to counter and reduce • Assessment of malaria related the vulnerability to climate change that has knowledge, practi ces and already occurred and health risk projected to behaviour of the community in occur over coming decades. Current levels of malaria endemic areas to develop vulnerability are due to non performance of behavioural change for developing traditi onal public-health acti viti es, including strategy towards preventi on and providing access to safe water and improved control of malaria sanitati on to reduce water borne diseases, and implementi ng surveillance programmes • Increased awareness level and to identi fy and respond to outbreaks of enhancing community parti cipati on malaria and other infecti ous diseases. Weak in control of malaria public-health systems and limited access to • Monitoring and supervision of primary health care contribute to high levels acti viti es to ensure carrying out of vulnerability and low adapti ve capacity of Malaria Control Programme in amongst the people. eff ecti ve and judicious manner In order to reduce the burdens of climate- which is most oft en jeopardized sensiti ve health, determinants and outcomes due to lack of funding and lack of may need to be revised, reoriented and adequate professional support. in some regions expanded to address the Development of reacti ve frame work additi onal pressures of climate change. To includes this context an assessment is required to be carried out to determine the degree to which • Early diagnosis followed by Prompt, the existi ng health programmes is need to eff ecti ve and complete treatment be augmented depending on factors such as the current burden of climate-sensiti ve • Development of adequate health outcomes, the eff ecti veness of infrastructure towards diagnosis of current interventi ons, projecti ons of where, severe malaria cases negati ve on when and how the burden could change with microscopy changes in climate and climate variability, access to the human and fi nancial resources • Strengthening of present health needed to implement acti viti es, stressors care set-up that could increase or decrease resilience to impacts, and the social, economic and • Development of adequate politi cal context within which interventi ons infrastructure for management of

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 85 are implemented. Given the importance of Climate-change-related alterati ons in these types of assessments, further research rainfall (enhancement of precipitati on- fl ood is proposed under the state climate change situati on), surface water availability and acti on plan. The assessment will also include water quality (increased contaminati on) the cost of adaptati on. could aff ect the burden of water related diseases. Extreme summer and lower rainfall Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as is envisaged to enhance the pathogen loading a key priority under state climate change whereas extreme rainfall and runoff events acti on plan. may increase the total microbial load in water courses and drinking water reservoirs. So it is Research initi ati ves to identi fy change in vital that a research study being is carried out patt ern of diseases by region due to climate to fi nd out the possibility of outbreak. change/ weather variati on Insti tuti onal development involves There is high probability that Climate change strengthening the surveillance with an might enhances the chances of newly integrated approach for management of emerging infecti ous diseases, re-emergence water borne diseases including water source of diseases previously under control and contaminati on and determining possibility redistributi on of diseases in new areas/ of outbreaks of water borne diseases diseases free area. Since the overall health including developing of infrastructure conditi on is vital element in determining towards facilitati ng prompt treatment of the the adapti ve capacity there is a high chance diseases. that the burden of disease and disability are likely to be more severe than otherwise in Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as light of change in climati c conditi ons. The a key priority under state climate change degree of emergence of diseases and climate acti on plan. change related vulnerability in the future, will depend not only on the extent of socio- Development of insti tuti onal framework and economic change, but also on how evenly infrastructural faciliti es for early detecti on of the benefi ts and costs are distributed, and vector borne diseases, including managing the manner in which change occurs (McKee outbreaks and Suhrcke, 2005). Given the importance of these types of assessments, further research Vector-borne diseases such as malaria is proposed under the state climate change enhance the morbidity and mortality leading acti on plan. to social disrupti ons within the community. Besides ecological parameters which Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as infl uence the disease incidence other local a key priority under state climate change factors such as socioeconomic, socio-cultural acti on plan. and behaviour patt erns of the community play a major role in disease transmission. Study and documentati on of diseases caused This objecti ve of early detecti on and by water (water borne) and development managing outbreaks can be accomplished of insti tuti onal mechanism to reduce the by compilati on of generated dataset and its incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along integrati on within spati al infrastructure (SI) with awareness generati on and introducing a geographical informati on

86 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram system (GIS) for analysis and management Judging the necessity on the basis of above of diseases outbreaks. scenario well equipped labs are proposed in the state at malaria endemic pocket and also As a part of GIS infrastructure development at remote areas that are not well connected themati c layers including PHC/CHC locati ons, to the main part of the sate having well geomorphological parameters, land use, soil equipped laboratory. type, water bodies, drainage network, forest cover and sett lement is to be considered to Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as form the basis of analysis towards describing a key priority under state climate change the primary risk factor within the PHC/CHC’s. acti on plan. Themati c maps of ecological parameter when overlaid on Malarial API map can Public health system infrastructure guide towards informati on on malarial development for extreme climate risk epidemiology including early detecti on management and managing outbreaks of and framing up strategy towards managing major diseases outbreaks. Climate changes posses’ high risk of Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as extreme climate events like enhanced a key priority under state climate change precipitati on leading to fl ooding, drought acti on plan. and landslide. A disaster management plan and emergency preparedness measures Establishment of pathological laboratory needs to be facilitated in order to reduce with state of art technology for diseases the impact of climate change extreme identi fi cati on events. The infrastructural faciliti es need to be strengthened including strengthening Climate change is expected to enhance of the current health care faciliti es to burden on the existi ng health care system respond during natural disaster. Acti ons and specifi cally the diseases detecti on centre such as community resilience, disaster in the far off , remote and inaccessible areas preparedness, extending psychological or even in malaria endemic pockets where aid to victi ms, retrofi tti ng of vulnerable microscopy cannot be conducted within 24 infrastructure, strengthening surveillance hrs of sample collecti on or does not have including traditi onal knowledge and cultural RDT faciliti es or faciliti es of storing of RDT plan is proposed under the initi ati ves. under recommended conditi ons. Such areas call for increase in the test centre for early Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as detecti on of malaria. a key priority under state climate change acti on plan. Moreover some pati ent may not respond to treatment due to drug resistance or Capacity building and training for health treatment failure or happened to be the workers for sensiti sati on of climate case of severe malaria where microscopic variati on and health impacts evidence may examined to be negati ve. In such cases there is a requirement of well Since the degree, dynamics and intensity equipped lab. of the vector and water borne diseases are changing with changing of ti me it is highly

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 87 essenti al that training should be imparted Climate change variati ons are expected to to the existi ng man power on the treatment lead to consequenti al decline in agriculture procedures. The training is to be carried out and increased malnutriti on and food security. among the diff erent categories of health Given the importance of these types of care service provider aft er understanding assessments, further research is proposed the training requirement, development of under the state climate change acti on plan to module in consultati on with state health assess the increased impact due to climate department, undertaking training of local change and develop nutriti onal status of trainers and imparti ng of training among vulnerable populati on. the community through the identi fi ed and trained trainers. Monitoring and managing migrati on and psychological impacts of food security on Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as the vulnerable rural poor is also planned as a a key priority under state climate change part of the study. acti on plan. Initi ati ves outlined above are planned as Research study on malnutriti on of vulnerable a key priority under state climate change group due to food security caused mainly acti on plan. due to climati c variati on

88 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ChapterChapter -1010 Solar Mission & Renewable Energy Sector

10.1. Introducti on is strategized in line with the Nati onal Climate Change Acti on Plan objecti ve of promoti ng Energy is a key indicator and input to the country’s development objecti ves while achieve the desired economic growth. yielding co-benefi ts for addressing climate The development growth of a country or change eff ects. The solar mission and state or a region is measured in terms of renewable energy acti on plan is developed technological development, industrializati on by following the approach of adaptati on and socio- economic growth. The enti re fabric measures which will help to cope-up with of developmental goals is webbed around a climate change eff ects and also the miti gati on successful energy strategy. Human’s quest for measures to portray the pathway of reducing leading a bett er and comfortable life and with the carbon emission intensity and achieving the present era of massive growth in all the the sustainable development. spheres of life, it has compelled him/her to use all available energy sources irrespecti ve 10.2. Key Facts about the Solar and of the involved cost and environmental other Renewable Energy sector degradati on. Mizoram is far behind in terms of the Climate change is admitt edly a serious issue economic and infrastructural growth level of and must be a key considerati on in any energy the nati on since last three decades which can policy, but ensuring diversity of energy supply easily be depicted from the per capita energy and providing aff ordable energy opti ons are consumpti on1, a key indicator of human also important issues. The acti on plan on solar development and growth2. Availability and mission and renewable energy is presented access to quality, reliable and aff ordable to enable communiti es to understand the power is criti cal parameters for promoti ng uncertainty of future climati c conditi ons and economic and social development of the engage eff ecti vely in a process of developing developing countries. The per capita energy adaptati on and miti gati on programmes. The consumpti on of the state in all demand climate change acti on plan for energy sector segments – domesti c consumers, industrial

1Per capita electricity consumpti on of Mizoram as 185 kWh is very low compared to the nati onal average of 566 kWh (World Bank Data for 2008). 2According to Human Development Index (HDI), coined by UNDP.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 89 consumers, agriculture consumers, etc. is Mizoram which is a power defi cit state owing one of the lowest in the country. to negligible in-house power generati on capacity is facing a serious power shortage4. Though populati on of the state has increased The change in climate conditi on and at around 22.78% during 2001 -2011 and inconsistent rainfall patt ern in the state is achieved 1,091,0143 numbers. With the observed in last few years. Around 64% of overall populati on increase in the state and total rainfall of Mizoram occurs in monsoon further increase in urban populati on from period of June to September of every that of during 2001, the demand of electricity year. Almost all the hydro power plants of is also increasing day by day being electricity Mizoram have seasonal operati on due to is a key factor to have a high aspirati on to non-availability of water in lean period. achieve bett er standard of living.

Table 10.1: Populati on distributi on scenario of Mizoram

Sl. No State/ District Populati on 2011 Total Rural Urban 1 Mizoram 1091014 529037 561977 2 Mamit 85757 70948 14809 3 Kolasib 83054 36358 46696 4 Aizawl 404054 91217 312837 5 Champhai 125370 77153 48217 6 Serchhip 64875 32894 31981 7 Lunglei 154094 92611 61483 8 Lawngtlai 117444 96555 20889 9 Saiha 56366 31301 25065

3Source: Provisional populati on Data of Census 2011 4Source: Zoram Energy Development Agency, August 2009

90 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 10.2: Demand Mix

Restricted Peak Demand5 100 MW Restricted Off Peak Demand 50 MW

Electricity Consumpti on Patt ern Domesti c Consumers 68% Commercial 13.65% Public Lighti ng 4.95% Agriculture 0.001% Public Water Works 28.14% LT Industrial 2.40% Bulk Supply (HT) 12.02%

Figure 10.1 Majority of electricity demand is of LT by virtue of geographical disadvantages like consumers as high as 94% of total electricity steep hills; the division of hills by deep gorges consumed out of which 68% is consumed by and numerous streams and rivers. Moreover, the domesti c sector only. power sector of the state is experiencing problems in the electric uti liti es like capacity The power demand of the state is met through additi on, power evacuati on, T&D losses, its own generati on from small hydel, diesel poor PLF, etc. The one of the feasible soluti on and thermal power stati ons maintained by to overcome this situati on is to explore and the Power & Electricity Department and uti lize the renewable energy. Promoti on and through import from other NE Grid. Grid use of renewable based opti on will not only electricity penetrati on in remote hilly areas of reduce the strain on the existi ng forest but Mizoram is techno-economically un-feasible will also promote low carbon growth.

5Source: Annual Report on Energy Conservati on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 91 The state’s own generati on is insuffi cient to meet the peak demand. The hydro power potenti al of the state is esti mated at 2425 MW, out of which only about 1.5% is presently harnessed.

Table 10.3: Power Sector in Mizoram

Year Energy Consumpti on Energy Generati on (in Million Units) (in Million Units) Hydel Total 2004 - 05 125.65 5.92 6.58 2005 - 06 134.51 8.66 11.47 2006-07 151.22 11.14 14.22 2007-086 179.44 16.30 18.92 2008-097 169.86 8.2 10.8 2009-10 190.70 13.48 17.48

The state is yet to att ain the target set by is the predominant energy source for rural the Govt. of India policy under Rajiv Gandhi lighti ng reported by 86% of the households Grameen Vidyoti karan Yojana (RGGVY) of all and remaining households are dependent villages to be electrifi ed by 2009-10 and all on kerosene, gas and other sources as well households to be electrifi ed by 2012. Out as the urban lighti ng energy scenario is also of 732 inhabited villages, more than 20% almost same with 99.5% of the households Mizo villages are sti ll un-electrifi ed and have using electricity and remaining 0.5% are no access to electricity as per the defi niti on using gas and other sources9. of Electrifi ed Village from Government of India8. Lower electrifi cati on in the village Firewood and chips,a predominant cooking level is the result of diffi cult terrain, unevenly fuel of rural Mizoram is used by around 70% dispersed populati on and high incidence of of total households whereas around 29% rural poverty. of them are using LPG and remaining 1% is consuming other sources of energy. But, the The conventi onal primary sources of urban scenario is signifi cantly diff erent with energy in Mizoram are fi rewood and chips, LPG as main fuel for cooking at around 88% petroleum products and electricity. Mizoram of households whereas 11% of households has been depending mainly on electricity are using fi rewood and rest of them are using imported from Central sector generati on/ kerosene, dung cake, etc. other states through grid lines. Electricity

6Ref: Economic Survey of Mizoram -2008-09 7Ref: Annual Report of Energy Consumpti on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram. 8Ref: NEDFI Databank 9Ref: Nati onal Sample Survey 61st Round, 2004-05 by Nati onal Sample Survey Organizati on, Govt. of India April 2007.

92 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram To cater the ever increasing power demand degree or others including non-consumpti ve due to various factors like populati on transfer of river fl ow in case of hydro power growth, urbanizati on and to kick start the or consumpti ve use of water in thermal plant industrial development and considering and bio fuel plantati on. The envisaged climate the present power crisis in the state, the change could impact diff erent components state government has begun to explore the of the electricity sector as outlined below: possibility of enhancing the power generati on by focusing on installati on of more number The projected impact of variati on in of hydro power plants as the state has huge precipitati on level due to climate change will hydro potenti al and the power generati on severely impact the hydropower generati on will be less costly and also decided to which in turn will change the energy supply encourage power generati on from other scenario at the state level where hydro- non-conventi onal energy sources. In spite of generati on has a lion’s share. the fact, that generati on capacity additi on is highly essenti al for the socio economic On demand side, regions that will face growth of the state, the point also crucial for warmer temperature and lower precipitati on addressing that increasing of large hydro10 level will result in increase of electricity or coal based power plant will contribute demand because of higher use of electric to GHG emission. Promoti on and use of gadget resulti ng to knock on eff ect on energy renewable based opti on will not only reduce consumpti on and will thereby enhance the the strain on the existi ng forest but will also pressure on electricity distributi on network promote low carbon growth. through increased seasonal demand.

10.3. Concerns Due to Climate Impact of extreme events due to climate Change change on energy sector can damage economic and social infrastructure because Outlook towards linking climate change of the fact that centralised power plants tend and energy sector are usually centred on to serve large catchment of populati on and miti gati on eff ort because the current fossil are also sensiti ve to climate change. fuel based energy generati on method is a major contributor to climate change. Biomass sti ll dominates the state energy Developing opti ons of low carbon growth profi le e.g. fi re wood, dung, etc. are more and reducing carbon footprint are important vulnerable to adverse eff ects of water cycle acti viti es towards limiti ng the degree of changes on river catchment aff ecti ng the future climate change. poorest segment of the society.

Energy and water sector are closely and The envisaged climate change could impact dynamically linked. All human devised diff erent components of the electricity sector energy system have water footprint to one as outlined in below.

10Review of Greenhouse gas emission from creati on of hydro power reservoirs in India, Background paper: Strategies for Low carbon growth, World Bank 2008

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 93 Table 10.4

Possible Climate Change Impacts on the Energy Sector Climate Change Indicators Impacts on Energy Sector Hydrological Variability (Greater Seasonal and • Variability in Hydropower generati on year to year variability in precipitati on, more • Variability in water availability for Thermal frequent and prolonged extreme events like Generati on drought or heavy rainfall) • Biomass availability vulnerable to water cycle impacts aff ecti ng household energy security • Could impact renewable generati on potenti al, especially solar thermal • Threat of damage to infrastructure from extreme events

Increased Temperature • Impacts Hydropower generati on in summer months • Increased requirements of water for cooling in Thermal generati on • Increased need of energy in household sector for cooling • Could impact renewable generati on potenti al, especially solar

Assessing the vulnerability of energy supply The prioriti es are in line with the concerns to climati c events and longer term climate raised due to impact of the climate change change needs to be formulated with tailor and the states response. made. A strategic approach is therefore required to be framed up to ensure that 1. Up scaling Renewable Energy ti mely and eff ecti ve adaptati on measures are Applicati on for meeti ng up taken, ensuring coherence across diff erent decentralized distributed or Off -grid sectors and governance to reduce the area energy demand sectors vulnerability to the impact of climate change. The promoti on and use of off -grid or decentralized renewable energy generati on 10.4. Key Prioriti es to address climate will reduce greenhouse gas emission by both change concerns direct and fugiti ve emission due to substanti al decline in fossil fuel or non-renewable The key elements for the multi - pronged biomass usage. In general rural consumers strategy of the sector for miti gati on and of enti re India is not well conversant adaptati on measures were identi fi ed aft er with the use of electricity and electrical detailed deliberati on in the working groups. devices. Hence, they should be educated in

94 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram conservati on of electrical measures, such as supporters and empanelment of the use of effi cient devices and of alternate them with ZEDA energy resources like solar energy, biogas plants etc. v. Installati on of 100 such systems in the approved sites. • Maximizing use of stand-alone solar power packs of 250 Wp for vi. Training to users on operati on and decentralized power generati on maintenance support. through pilot scale implementati on of • Promoti on and facilitate installati on of 100 systems under JNNSM scheme. stand-alone off -grid solar power plant with capacity range below 100 kW Providing electrical energy will empower the with targets of 0.80 MW by 2016-17 people residing at one of the most diffi cult and 1.60 MW by 2021-22 terrain or far- fl ung area in the country with the opti on to sustain under severe Providing electricity in the off -grid areas or to impact of climate change be it the increase the small entrepreneurs in the state is a key in temperature or unavailability of water.To step towards achieving the socio-economic cater the power demand and maximize the development of any backward or remote judicious uti lizati on of renewable energy areas. A typical 100 kWp solar power project resources for meeti ng up household and will reduce GHG emission of around 140 t CO e other dedicated consumer’s requirement, 2 annually. Complying with the Nati onal Solar use of solar photovoltaic power packs will Mission to reduce green-house gas emission, be promoted. The systems can be designed the acti vity is planned through following sub according to the power requirement variati on acti viti es:i. Undertaking study for solar for the day with alternati ve source of back up power feasibility and identi fi cati on of project of solar photovoltaic to avoid power shortage locati on where necessity of decentralized during lean ti me. Due to use of each unit power plant exists. of electrical energy generated from power packs around 0.8 kgCO2e emission will be ii. Preparati on of Detailed Project miti gated. Report

i. Awareness creati on and capacity iii. Land acquisiti on and transfer; building for incremental usage of iv. Creati on of energy evacuati on solar power packs. infrastructure

ii. Identi fi cati on, evaluati on and v. Undertake implementati on - approval to 100 consumers for Reduce the conventi onal energy 250 Wp SPV power pack systems. dependency for meeti ng the decentralized or capti ve power iii. Design of solar power pack demands and also power demand systems according to the user for commercial/ revenue earning need. acti vity by installing standalone Solar Photovoltaic Power iv. Identi fi cati on of technology

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 95 plants. Facilitati ng installati on ii. Develop project proposal, DPR. of standalone solar photovoltaic iii. Apply for Financial closure, land power plants within 100 kWp acquisiti on and transfer, capacity with following targets- iv. Infrastructure Creati on for • Up to 2016-17 is 0.80 MW energy distributi on network.

• 2017-18 to 2021-22 is 0.80 MW v. Undertake implementati on of total 100 kWp standalone Solar • Electrifi cati on of un-electrifi ed villages Photovoltaic Power plants in 10 and hamlets by non-conventi onal numbers of villages to meet the energy sources and undertake pilot power demand of the villagers. electrifi cati on of 10 villages through solar and other renewable energy The pilot initi ati ve of electrifi cati on of remote systems to meet the power demand of villages will contribute in approximate 1400 the remote villages. tCO2e Greenhouse gas emission miti gati on. The household energy requirement in the 2. Unlocking grid interacti ve solar state is met through the use of fi rewood power generati on and supplement obtained from forest resulti ng in increase the conventi onal grid power under in the strain over the existi ng forest. This Nati onal Solar Mission not only reduces the carbon sink but also enhances the vulnerability of the area in light The state of Mizoram is highly dependent on of the proposed impact of climate change import of power from other state grids. Even like top soil denudati on in case of fl ood or though hydro power potenti al of the state other impact. Providing electricity to rural is explored through already implemented household or rural enterprises is a key step projects; sti ll the grid interacti ve solar power towards reducing the vulnerability of this generati on opti on is unexploited in the state. parti cular secti on of the society who will be The objecti ve is to harness solar energy more impacted due to changes in climati c sources available in the state by creati ng and conditi on. Reduce the conventi onal energy enabling policy interventi ons for diff usion of and fi rewood dependency for electrifi cati on zero polluti ng RE technology and deploying by electrifying remote un-electrifi ed villages solar power projects across the state in a through non-conventi onal energy sourcesto near future and thereby reducing the power meet the power demand and provide constant import. The following steps will help in source of power to the inhabitants of villages achieving the compliance: or dispersed area where comparati vely concentric populati on situated and power • Undertake a demonstrati on project demand for commercial acti vity or revenue of install 1 MW grid interacti ve solar earning acti vity persists. The sub- acti viti es to power plant at Lengpui, Aizwal by be undertaken are 2013

i. Undertaking study for electrifying The state has initi ated solar photo voltaic remote villages in decentralized power project in a pilot mode with mode. implementati on of 37 number SPV pumps, 315 number of solar street lighti ng system,

96 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 3045 number of solar home lighti ng system, ii. Develop project proposal, DPR 5812 solar lanterns, 110 number of solar and apply for fi nancial closure cookers, 109 kWp solar photovoltaic power plants11. With an objecti ve to explore the iii. Land acquisiti on and transfer grid interacti ve solar power generati on in the state which is sti ll untapped following acti ons iv. Infrastructure Creati on for will be taken - energy evacuati on to the grid

i. Survey and investi gati on to v. Facilitati ng installati on of grid identi fy appropriate sites interacti ve solar power plants of capacity 100 kWp - 2 MWpwith ii. Develop project proposal, DPR following target- and apply for fi nancial closure • 2 MW Up to 2021-22 iii. Land acquisiti on and transfer

iv. Infrastructure Creati on for The installati on of 1 MW solar power plant energy evacuati on to the grid can contribute in 1400 tCO2e of greenhouse gas emission reducti on annually. v. Facilitati ng implementati on of pilot project of 1 MWp grid 3. Reduce anti cipated energy and interacti ve solar PV power plant peak demand through promoti on under JNNSM scheme at Lengpui, and implementati on of pilot SWH Aizawl. applicati on by undertaking installati on of 100 Nos. of 100 LPD systems and 100 The renewable power generati on from Nos. of 200 LPD systems across various the solar power plant will thus miti gate demand segments. greenhouse gas emission of around 1400 tCO2e annually. Use of Solar Energy for Water Heati ng has tremendous opportunity in Mizoram. A large • Facilitate in installati on of 2 MW grid amount of energy is consumed for heati ng connected solar plant of capacity 100 water in hotels, hostels, guest houses, kW - 2 MW by 2022 nursing homes, hospitals etc. Solar hot water plants can meet this requirement without With an objecti ve of achieving the target set any fuel and with zero emission. Besides out in Nati onal Solar Mission and increase the this opti on, solar driers can be used for state renewable power share, the state has small scale as well as medium scale drying planned to explore and set up grid interacti ve applicati ons like agro processing units etc. power generati on from solar energy – Solar Water Heater may be used in place of electric geyser. There is a tremendous i. Survey and investi gati on to opportunity to replace these geysers with identi fy appropriate sites solar water heaters under Nati onal Solar

11Source: MNRE as on 31st March 2007

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 97 Mission. Though few demonstrati on projects vii. Promoti ng SWH applicati on has been undertaken in the state whereas by installing pilot projects majority of the solar water heati ng potenti al of 100 systems of 100 LPD is sti ll untapped as it has not explored by the and 100 systems of 200 LPD commercial and residenti al segments ti ll now. capacity across various demand With an objecti ve of reducing dependency segments over conventi onal fuel for meeti ng the hot viii. Training to users on operati on water requirement in Govt. establishments and maintenance of the system of the state and consequenti al miti gati on of green-house gas emission; the acti viti es The acti vity will enhance the solar water planned are – heater market in the state and contribute in GHG emission miti gati on. The acti on is i. Declarati on of the target acti on chosen as priority considering its importance, by the State Govt. through policy as it is line with the Govt. of India’s initi ati ve mechanism. under Nati onal solar mission, enormous ii. Developing project proposal, GHG miti gati on opportunity and feasible DPR and apply for fi nancial opti on. A solar water heater of 100 litres can 12 assistance. prevent 1.5 tCO2e GHG emission reducti ons annually use of 1000 no. SWH of 100 litre iii. Inviti ng applicati ons for pilot capacity each can contribute to a peak load demonstrati on projects to saving of 1 MW. promote SWH applicati ons.

iv. Developing SWH supply chain 4. Develop RE systems supply-chain involving SWH manufacturers, through empanelment of renewable distributors, installers, etc. energy technology manufacturers / distributors with ZEDA and support v. Awareness creati on and capacity in development of their set-up in the building for promoti on of solar state. water heater use for water heati ng purpose across the state. To maintain the quality of the equipment, Raising awareness amongst bett er and ease of project implementati on, the probable users of various adequate support on operati on and demand segments. maintenance of the equipment for specifi c vi. Create conducive environment ti me period, reduce the cost of equipment, for development of SWH ZEDA will empanel the RE technology technology supply chain and provider, implementi ng agencies. Apart from promoti on of manufacturing and this, the state govt. will provide support in supply of SWH systems in the setti ng -up of assembling and distributi ng state. set up through land allocati on and providing

12Source: FAQ_MNRE

98 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram other necessary clearances, tax rebate, etc. • Insti tuti onal development of ZEDA to to few early entries of the manufacturer or carry out capacity building and training distributi ng agencies. of local entrepreneurs and O&M personnel on setti ng up of solar, bio- 5. Insti tuti onal development and gasifi er and other renewable energy strengthening of ZEDA for promoti on systems at household / community of Renewable Energy applicati ons level.

The State of Mizoram is facing a formidable • Training of the working group members challenge in reform of power sector in terms and their representati ves from ZEDA of functi onal reorganizati on and insti tuti onal and other concerned departments development of the departments to achieve and organizati ons on sector specifi c effi cient functi oning and implementati on of climate change issue and enhance renewable energy applicati ons. The opti on the knowledge about the policy includes – measures.

• Restructure and functi onal re- 6. Awareness creati on and manpower organizati on including increase of development for enhancement of the human resource strength at ZEDA renewable energy applicati on to achieve effi cient functi oning and increase implementati on of renewable The govt. of India with its several energy projects. promoti onal programmes and schemes for renewable energy implementati on has To achieve high share of renewable power supported in development of renewable in the state grid, it is needed to have bett er energy technologies market and number of support system in the state nodal agency with manufacturers is now in the sector but sti ll adequate human resource. The following the country is lagging behind to provide acti ons are planned to achieve the above technical support in terms of proper and objecti ves – adequate installati on, maintenance and repair of renewable energy systems due to i. Recruitment and retaining of insuffi cient or technical competency. The technical or engineering offi cials state of Mizoram being located in north –east in ZEDA. of India where almost no renewable energy technology manufacturer has set up is facing ii. Training of existi ng staff s on serious problem in the above-menti oned recent technology development aspect. Therefore, to operati onalize nati onal solar mission and other ongoing • Supporti ng state level entrepreneurs programmes of GoI in the state to become RESCOs, Channel Partners and to enhance the knowledge under JNNSM scheme and renewable about the policy and procedure energy device manufacturers, to implement the policy. distributors, installers, etc. iii. Upgrading the offi ce The ZEDA will support the entrepreneurs infrastructure

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 99 to become RESCO, channel partner under the state on renewable energy applicati ons, JNNSM in order to maximize solar technology about the benefi t of RE systems, durability, implementati on in the state and also to and also diff usion of renewable energy in increase renewable energy promoti on and infrastructure projects is a key element for reduce the cost of project implementati on. promoti on. Complying with the nati onal mission acti on plan is to be done through • Curriculum or technical course following sub acti viti es: development with ITIs and other technical insti tuti ons in the state for i. Identi fi cati on of Agencies for producti on, engineering, installati on taking up awareness generati on and maintenance acti viti es of renewable acti vity. energy systems– ii. Undertaking Training Need The introducti on of training course in Analysis Study for the all ITI’s will be benefi cial for successful department, preparati on of implementati on and operati on of the manual and carrying out pilot renewable energy projects. workshop.

i. Development of course iii. Carrying out awareness structure campaign on use of renewable energy applicati ons. ii. Training of the teaching staff s and special training will be provided • Support schools, educati on insti tuti ons by nati onal and internati onal in preparing and introducing, curriculum sectoral experts on renewable energy applicati ons and preparati on of book. • Awareness creati on among the citi zens on the need and benefi t of new and A paper or subject will be introduced in school renewable energy systems and also on level where basic background of renewable wider disseminati on of opportuniti es energy technology and need of same will be for diff usion of renewable energy taught. The ZEDA will help in preparing the in infrastructure and other socio- study material or book on renewable energy economic sectors through all feasible applicati ons. routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic 7. Market Transformati on of media, State Nodal Agencies, Village Renewable Energy applicati ons panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. through policy measures -

The objecti ve of awareness creati on amongst The renewable energy technology the sectors, present and future end users implementati on in the state level is sti ll in about the benefi t and necessity of using very pilot scale and to promote and make renewable energy technology is a pathway of the technology marketable and viable in the achieving the solar mission target. Apart from state, following acti ons to be undertaken – that awareness creati on among the citi zens in

100 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram • Modifi cati on of existi ng power Solar Water Heati ng Market Transformati on policy parti cularly power generati on and Strengthening Initi ati on: India Country to investment friendly policy for Programme. Capital grant and soft loan will be promoti on of solar thermal and other available for implementati on of the scheme renewable energy applicati on in PPP, where minimum installed capacity of solar IPP mode and other opti ons. Inclusion water heati ng system should be 2500 Sq. m. of climate change and CDM aspects in The State Government can take advantage of the State Power Policy. this programme wherein adequate fi nancial resources are available. The acti viti es planned • Development of fi scal instrument to for this acti on are- promote renewable energy systems and preparati on of operati on plan for i. Amendment of building bye-law power trading. considering state demographic profi le for mandatory use of An incenti ve programme will be worked out solar water heati ng systems in for renewable energy implementati on for all commercial buildings and in mainly solar photovoltaic and thermal, hydro private houses with considerable and biomass technology opti ons. large area. ii. Declarati on of amendment of • Declarati on of tariff policy for solar building bye-laws and awareness and other renewable power purchase of public through noti fi cati on or and incorporati on of zero transmission adverti sements. /wheeling charges for transmission of renewable power to the grid. iii. Enforcement of incenti ves / rebate on property tax for use of • Modifi cati on of building bye- law solar water heaters in buildings. according to state profi le for mandati ng use of solar water heater and iv. Designing of simplifi ed renewable energy systems for lighti ng compliance procedures for state in the common or open space of govt. and local bodies. and commercial establishments. v. Commencement of check testi ng through independent agency In line with the objecti ve of nati onal solar and publicati on of results. mission the state govt. will promote and mandate use of solar energy based water vi. Market transformati on in favor of heati ng and/or lighti ng by amendment of solar water heati ng equipment’s building bye-laws suitable to state conditi on. and appliances. Apart from the JNNSM, the State could vii. Awareness campaign to educate take benefi t of other Mission schemes of consumers and regulators – The GoI. For instance the Ministry of New and awareness creati on amongst the Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt. of India, is consumers and encouragement implementi ng a United Nati ons Development of potenti al consumers’ to Programme (UNDP/Global Environment implement the law can be taken Facility (GEF) assisted Project on Global through awareness campaigns

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 101 and workshops. As a requirement 2004 therefore, the enforcement of amended of the awareness campaign the building bye-laws according to state scenario preparati on of training material is a feasible, ease of implementati on. in the form of User Guide and distributi on to the consumers. • Create demand for renewable The training programmes may energy services through pilot scale be conducted for the regulators demonstrati on projects in state to implement the policy in the government and public sector state and achieve the objecti ve establishments of Nati onal solar mission. i. Develop guidelines for renewable The enforcement of building bye – laws is energy applicati ons in govt. and already implemented in few states of India and public sector establishments is a part of Nati onal solar mission. Moreover, the state has mandated SWH usage during

102 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter-11 Energy Effi ciency

11.1. Introducti on 3. Judicious use of energy and thereby energy conservati on Climate change is recognized both as threat and challenge. Climate has a signifi cant The accumulated evidence depicts that, the role in the economic development of India. power inequaliti es aff ect environmental Even though energy is a basic infrastructure outcomes in a range in any country where for economic development of a country; poor people and other disadvantaged groups yet, around 1.5 billion people worldwide disproporti onately suff er due to the eff ects lack electricity1. The forecast based on the of environmental degradati on. The energy recent analysis in around 100 countries2 sector is of course, a major contributor of confi rms that, the greater the equity in GHG emissions with 1100.06 million tonnes power distributi on, bett er the environmental of CO2e emission in 2007 by Indian energy outcomes, including bett er access to water, sector. Hence, addressing climate change is less land degradati on and fewer deaths due a key considerati on in energy policy while to indoor and outdoor air polluti on and dirty ensuring diversity of energy supply and water. The current patt ern of conversion and providing aff ordable energy opti ons. The uti lizati on of energy cannot be sustained and Nati onal Acti on Plan for Climate Change the opti ons to address this issue are – (NAPCC) emphasises the need of large scale investment of resources in infrastructure, 1. Energy effi ciency through technological technology and access to energy, towards innovati on and process modifi cati on att ainment of India’s development goal which to reduce energy intensity and also seeks eradicati on of poverty and improved increased generati on capacity thereby standard of living. The climate change acti on abati ng the requirement of fossil fuel plan for energy sector is developed in line with the Nati onal Climate Change Acti on 2. Effi cient generati on of electrical energy Plan. through Combined cycle, super-criti cal technology, IGCC, etc. The energy effi ciency acti on plan is developed

1Source: Human Development Report, 2011 published by UNDP 2Source: Human Development Report, 2011 published by UNDP

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 103 in the approach of adaptati on measures Table 11.1: Demand Mix which will help to cope-up with climate Restricted Peak Demand5 100 change eff ects and also the miti gati on MW measures to portray the pathway of reducing Restricted Off Peak Demand 50 MW the carbon emission intensity and achieving Electricity Consumpti on Patt ern the sustainable development. Domesti c Consumers 68% 11.2. Key Facts about the Energy Commercial 13.65% Sector Public Lighti ng 4.95% Despite having a rich potenti al in hydro, Agriculture 0.001% Mizoram is not having its own power Public Water Works 28.14% generati on worth menti oning3 and facing LT Industrial 2.40% a serious power shortage and fi nancial Bulk Supply (HT) 12.02% constraints as the majority of power Till now Mizoram is not exposed to any requirement is procured from other states large industrial acti viti es as a result the HT at an average rate of Rs. 6.33 /unit including industrial electricity consumpti on is observed wheeling charges whereas the state as nil. Majority of electricity demand is of LT government sold power to the public at an consumers as high as 94% of total electricity average subsidised rate of Rs. 1.75/ unit4. consumed out of which 68% is consumed by Electrical Energy Requirement and Peak the domesti c sector only. Load Demand are important elements of the grid management. The electrical energy The power demand of the state is met through demand represents the producti ve element own generati on from small hydel, diesel and which goes into the capital buildings of the thermal power stati ons owned by the Power state while peak demand is the operati onal & Electricity Department and through import parameter for uti lizati on of electrical energy. from other NE Grid. The installed capacity However, the energy requirement of various of 52.77 MW6 of power generati on in the consumers is diff erent for diff erent season, state is majorly Hydro based which results in ti me, place and process and energy peak around 13.48 million units during 2009 -10 demand changes accordingly. and remaining 3.3 million units from Heavy Fuel Oil based power plant in Bairabi. Owing to high generati on cost, diesel, HFO and thermal power plants are kept as standby for emergency requirements. The state’s own generati on is insuffi cient to meet the peak demand. The hydro power potenti al of the state is esti mated at 2425 MW, out of which only about 1.5% is presently harnessed.

3Per capita electricity consumpti on of Mizoram as 185 kWh is very low compared to the nati onal average of 566 kWh (World Bank Data for 2008). 4Source: Zoram Energy Development Agency, August 2009 5Source: Annual Report on Energy Conservati on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 6Ref: Tariff Order of 2010-11 by Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission for Manipur & Mizoram.

104 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 11.2: Power Sector in Mizoram

Year Energy Energy Generati on (in Million Units) Consumpti on (in Million Units) Hydel Thermal Diesel Total 2004-05 125.65 5.92 0.59 0.07 6.58 2005-06 134.51 8.66 2.43 0.38 11.47 2006-07 151.22 11.14 3.05 0.03 14.22 2007-087 179.44 16.30 2.59 0.03 18.92 2008-09 169.86 8.2 - 2.6 10.8 2009-108 190.70 13.48 - 4.0 17.48

At present only 8% of the total energy demand almost same with 99.5% of the households of the State is met through own generati on using electricity and remaining 0.5% are and the remaining 92% is imported mainly using gas and other sources10. from Central Sector (NEEPCO, NHPC) and TSECL. The daily peak shortage at normal Considering the present power crisis, the state conditi on accounts for about 34% to 40%. government with a view of catering the ever Around 20% of Mizo villages are sti ll un- increasing power demand due to populati on electrifi ed and have no access to electricity as growth, urbanizati on and to kick start the per the defi niti on of Electrifi ed Village from industrial development; has begun to explore Government of India9. Lower electrifi cati on the possibility of enhancing the power in the village level is the result of diffi cult generati on by focusing on exploitati on and terrain, unevenly dispersed populati on and installati on of state’s hydro power potenti al high incidence of rural poverty. and also decided to encourage reducti on of energy demand through energy conservati on The conventi onal primary sources of energy measures. In spite of the fact, that generati on in Mizoram are fuel-wood and chips, capacity additi on is highly essenti al for the petroleum products and electricity. Mizoram socio economic growth of the state, the point has been depending mainly on electricity also crucial for addressing that increasing of imported from Central sector generati on/ large hydro11 or coal based power plant will other states through grid lines. Electricity contribute to GHG emission. is the predominant energy source for rural 12 lighti ng reported by 86% of the households An esti mated 38.9% of the total power and remaining households are dependent available for Mizoram is lost through on kerosene, gas and other sources as well Aggregated Technical and Commercial (AT&C) as the urban lighti ng energy scenario is also during 2008-09. The losses are extremely

7Ref: Economic Survey of Mizoram -2008-09 8Ref: Annual Report of Energy Consumpti on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram. 9Ref: NEDFI Databank 10Ref: Nati onal Sample Survey 61st Round, 2004-05 by Nati onal Sample Survey Organizati on, Govt. of India April 2007. 11Review of Greenhouse gas emission from creati on of hydro power reservoirs in India, Background paper: Strategies for Low carbon growth, World Bank 2008 12Ref: Tariff Order for 2010-11 by JERC for Manipur and Mizoram

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 105 higher when compared with all India average power to all the villages. and much higher than the average T & D losses d. Lack of funds for further enhancing of other developed nati ons. It is esti mated of power generati on capacity, that, loss may be in tune of 50% but due to rehabilitati on and modernisati on inexistence of 100% metering facility, actual of transmission and distributi on loss could not be esti mated. The losses are infrastructure due to factors like inadequate T&D facility, lack of proper distributi on planning, defecti ve e. High AT&C losses, lack of metering metering, unmetered supply and pilferage. f. Unscheduled and prolonged outages

Modernisati on and renovati on of exiti ng Table 11.3: T & D Loss electricity network and additi on of Year T & D Losses Percentage transmission and distributi on network in the in Million Losses state to reduce the degree of losses and meet units13 the demand-supply gap is an immediate 2004-2005 79.4 39% acti on. The stability of power sector in the 2005-2006 76.47 36% state is confronted by the factors like: 2006-2007 82.32 35% a. Lower installed capacity in respect of 2007-2008 92.48 34% 14 existi ng demand 2009-2010 33.06% b. Peak demand shortage and energy Energy conservati on can be a vital tool for demand shortage reducing the current demand but it is sti ll at c. Lack of proper transmission and infancy owing to lack of infrastructure. The distributi on infrastructure both for sectors however has considerable scope of evacuati on of power from upcoming energy saving. power projects and also distributi ng

13Source: Economic Survey of Mizoram, 2008-09 14Source: Annual Report 2009-10 by Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram

106 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ENERGY CONSUMPTION SUMMARY

The annual energy consumpti on in 2009-1015 across diff erent demand sectors is as below -

Figure 11.1

ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL

According to the energy study conducted by the Nati onal Producti vity Council (NPC), there is remarkable opportunity in energy saving. The study summary is as below-

Table 11.4

Sector Sectoral Energy Projected Sectoral Energy Emission Reducti on Consumpti on Saving Potenti al Potenti al (tCO2e)17 (MU) (MU)16 Agriculture Nil NA NA Commercial sector 9.42 1.8 1620 Municipaliti es 39.26 8.38 7542 Domesti c Sector 115.91 23.18 20862 Industries 1.68 0.12 108 Total 166.3 33.5 30,150

15Source: Annual Report of 2009-10 by Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram 16Source: Annual Report of Energy Conservati on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 17 Emission factor is considered as 0.90 tCO2e/ MWh from Central Electricity Authority: CO2 Baseline Database, Ver. -6.0

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 107 11.3. Concerns Due to Climate will severely impact the cooling process of Change thermal power project. Power stati on other than hydro project that bank on availability of Outlook towards linking climate change water for its operati on (for cooling and also and energy sector are usually centred on as heat transfer fl uid) may have to shut down miti gati on eff ort because the current fossil if water level or availability gets too low. fuel based energy generati on method is Higher ambient temperatures may aff ect the a major contributor to climate change. effi ciency and capacity rati ngs of fossil-fuel- Developing opti ons of low carbon growth powered combusti on turbines. In additi on, and reducing carbon footprint are important electricity transmission losses may increase acti viti es towards limiti ng the degree of due to higher ambient temperatures. future climate change. On demand side, regions that will face Energy and water sector are closely and warmer temperature and lower precipitati on dynamically linked. All human devised level will result in increase of electricity energy system have water footprint to one demand because of higher use of electric degree or others including non-consumpti ve gadget resulti ng to knock on eff ect on energy transfer of river fl ow in case of hydro power consumpti on and will thereby enhance the or consumpti ve use of water in thermal plant pressure on electricity distributi on network and bio fuel plantati on. The envisaged climate through increased seasonal demand. change could impact diff erent components of the electricity sector as outlined below: Impact of extreme events due to climate change on energy sector can damage The projected impact of the variati on in economic and social infrastructure because precipitati on level due to climate change will of the fact that centralised power plants severely impact the hydropower generati on tend to serve large catchment of populati on which in turn will change the energy supply and are also sensiti ve to climate change. scenario at the state level where hydro- generati on has a lion’s share. Also the The envisaged climate change could impact lower availability of water and enhanced diff erent components of the electricity sector temperature level resulti ng from heat waves as outlined in below.

Possible Climate Change Impacts on the Energy Sector Climate Change Indicators Impacts on Energy Sector Hydrological Variability (Greater Seasonal and • Variability in Hydropower generati on year to year variability in precipitati on, more • Variability in water availability for frequent and prolonged extreme events like Thermal Generati on drought or heavy rainfall) • Threat of damage to infrastructure from extreme events Increased Temperature • Impacts Hydropower generati on in summer months • Increased requirements of water for cooling in Thermal generati on • Increased need of energy in household sector for cooling

108 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Assessing the vulnerability of energy supply savings opti ons. to climati c events and longer term climate  Framework for Energy Effi cient change needs to be formulated with tailor Economic Development (FEEED), made. A strategic approach is therefore or developing fi scal instruments to required to be framed up to ensure that promote energy effi ciency. ti mely and eff ecti ve adaptati on measures are taken, ensuring coherence across diff erent The implementati on plan of NMEEE seeks for sectors and governance to reduce the upscale of the eff orts to create the market sectors vulnerability to the impact of climate for energy effi ciency, which is esti mated to change. be about Rs. 74,000 crore. The mission would create conducive regulatory and policy regime 11.4. Key Prioriti es to address climate to foster innovati ve and sustainable business change concerns models for unlocking this market. As a result Several miti gati on initi ati ves are of implementi ng NMEEE, it is esti mated that, conceptualized under Nati onal Mission for by the end of fi ve years, about 23 million Enhanced Energy Effi ciency (NMEEE) with tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) of fuel will be Bureau of Energy Effi ciency (BEE) and Energy saved, capacity additi on of over 19,000 MW Effi ciency Services Limited (EESL) to address avoided, and emissions of carbon dioxide will climate change concerns and att ain energy be reduced by 98.55 million tonnes annually. security of the nati on. NMEEE has strategized The state of Mizoram has already started the following initi ati ves, in additi on to the initi ati on for addressing the climate change policies and programmes for energy effi ciency issues, with a focus on reduce of energy being implemented by BEE: demand through energy conservati on and  Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), a effi ciency improvement measures. Aft er market-based mechanism to make detailed deliberati on in the working groups; improvements in terms of energy key acti on points are confi gured in line with effi ciency at energy-intensive the Nati onal Mission on Enhanced Energy large industries and faciliti es. A Effi ciency and new initi ati vesof Tax incenti ves, more cost-eff ecti ve approach by Energy effi ciency fi nancing and fi scal certi fi cati on of energy savings that incenti ves under the mission. Since saving could be traded. of biomass through introducti on of cleaner and low carbonfuel opti on does not comes  Market Transformati on for Energy under direct preview of the Nati onal Mission Effi ciency (MTEE) by accelerati ng of Energy Effi ciency but is highly essenti al the shift to energy-effi cient from low carbon inclusive growth and black appliances in designated sectors carbon initi ati ves point of view and hence through innovati ve measures included as a part of the acti on plan under that make the products more medium prioriti sati on. Effi cient cooking aff ordable. practi ce in rural areas and conservati on of  Energy Effi ciency Financing forest wood- Around 70% of rural Mizoram Platf orm (EEFP), a mechanism to are using fi rewood and chips as cooking fuel fi nance DSM programmes in all which leads to black carbon emission (Black sectors by capturing future energy carbon has detrimental eff ect on climate

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 109 due to warming of atmosphere and reducing Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), Energy albedo when deposited on snow and ice), Audit fi rms and Energy Manager & Auditors forest degradati on (lowering sequestrati on and supporti ng in terms of technology potenti al), indoor air polluti on, drudgery of development and creati ng manufacturing woman and children. Only 29% of the rural base but, sti ll the country is lagging behind to populati on in the state are using LPG..In provide technical support in terms of proper above context and on recommendati onof and adequate installati on, maintenance, the technical committ ee it is proposed to repair of energy effi cient devices due to reduce fuel wood consumpti on and facilitate insuffi cient or technical competency and switching to LPG. The steps considered are – energy effi cient devices at aff ordable price due to less market penetrati on. The state of i. Policy acti on for accelerati ngand Mizoram being located in north–east of India enhancing penetrati on of clean cooking where almost no energy effi cient device practi ce in rural areas. manufacturer has set up is facing serious problem in achieving the Govt. of India’s ii. Introducti on of effi cient cooking objecti ve. Therefore, Govt. of Mizoram has practi ce through use of gas (LPG) based planned to take up following acti viti es – cooking and replacing fi re wood usage. • Supporti ng state level entrepreneurs iii. No cost LPG cylinder connecti on to rural to become ESCO. households for cooking usage. The commercial sector itself is consuming iv. Increase of subsidy amount for LPG around 13.65%18 of total energy consumpti on cylinders to promote LPG usage for in the state. Introducti on of energy intensive domesti c cooking. technologies in commercial buildings e.g. The high priority acti ons are - primarily air conditi oning, more intensive indoor and outdoor lighti ng drives the rapid 1. Awareness creati on and manpower growth in the commercial sector. The additi on development to enhance the energy of these energy intensive technologies in effi ciency measures existi ng buildings undoubtedly contributes to greater producti vity of the people working The Govt. of India (GoI) with BEE has in those buildings but, as studies show, started several promoti onal programmes these energy intensive applicati ons are not and schemes for promote energy effi ciency integrated opti mally in buildings and are more through awareness generati on, training oft en than not, operated ineffi ciently as well. programmes on project implementati on, Energy conservati on in such buildings can be pilot demonstrati on projects, infrastructure achieved through well- known interventi ons, development for undertaking energy which are cost eff ecti ve as well. However, effi ciency measures, etc. The BEE is conducti ng the implementati on of these interventi ons various training programmes, empaneling is not achieved ti ll date due to insti tuti onal,

18Source: Annual Report of Energy Conservati on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram

110 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram procedural, process barriers, parti cularly, the diff usion of energy effi ciency measures inability of building managers to assess and in infrastructure and other socio- economic sectors through all feasible guarantee the energy savings due to these routes, viz. awareness campaign interventi ons. To address this insti tuti onal and workshop, print and electronic barrier, following the NMEEE, the Govt. of media, State Nodal Agencies, Village Mizoram has planned to insti tuti onalizing Panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. energy effi ciency services and promoti ng energy effi ciency delivery mechanisms, such The objecti ve of awareness creati on amongst as the development of a market for Energy the various energy consumer sectors, present Service Companies (ESCOs), which address and future end users about the benefi t and the risks perceived by building owners. necessity of using energy effi cient technology and energy conservati on requirement is a The SDA of Mizoram will support the pathway of achieving the NMEEE target. entrepreneurs to become ESCO in order to Apart from this, awareness creati on among implement energy effi ciency projects within the citi zens in the state on energy effi ciency the state at aff ordable price. This will also applicati ons - benefi t of energy effi cient – assist in awareness generati on amongst the star rated devices, durability, and applicati on public. of energy effi cient devices in infrastructure projects is a key element for promoti on. • Curriculum development for Complying with the NMEEE, acti on plan is to producti on, engineering, installati on be done through following sub acti viti es: and maintenance acti viti es of energy effi cient devices with ITIs and other i. Identi fi cati on of agencies for technical insti tuti ons in the state. undertaking Training Need Analysis Study for the department, The introducti on of training course in all preparati on of manual and carrying ITI’s and other technical insti tuti ons will be out pilot workshop on awareness benefi cial for successful implementati on and generati on. operati on of the energy effi ciency projects. ii. Undertake training programmes, i. Development of course structure awareness workshops. and study material iii. Adverti sements in print and ii. Training of the teaching staff s electronic media. to undertake these courses on installati on, operati on, • Support schools, educati on insti tuti ons maintenance and repair of energy in preparing and introducing, curriculum on energy effi ciency effi cient devices. The training measures and preparati on of book. programme to teachers will also include special training by nati onal A paper or subject will be introduced and internati onal sectoral experts. in school level where overview, need of energy effi ciency technology and energy • Awareness creati on among the citi zens on the need of energy effi ciency conservati on measures will be taught. The measures, use of star rated devices SDA will help in preparing the study material in everyday life as also for wider or book on energy effi ciency applicati ons. disseminati on of opportuniti es for

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 111 2. Market Transformati on of Energy new and upcoming buildings. The following Effi ciency applicati ons through policy sub-acti viti es will be undertaken – measures - i. Preparati on of ECBC code according The energy effi ciency project implementati on to state profi le for mandati ng in the state level is sti ll in very pilot scale. building design as per the code To promote and make the technology and to build green buildings. marketable and viable in the state, following ii. Declarati on or enactment of acti ons to be undertaken – new ECBC code for the state and awareness of public through • Development of fi scal instrument to noti fi cati on or adverti sements. promote energy effi cient systems iii. Enforcement of incenti ves /rebate An incenti ve programme may be worked for establishing green buildings. out for promoti ng energy effi ciency implementati on through reducing the Govt. iv. Designing of simplifi ed compliance tax on energy effi cient devices, providing procedures for the state and local energy effi cient devices at low or no cost bodies. and/or rebate on energy conservati on in v. Commencement of check testi ng commercial sector or small industries. Apart through independent agency and from these the state govt. may support the publicati on of results. manufacturer/ distributor for establishing their set up to either manufacture / assemble vi. Awareness campaign to educate or distribute energy effi cient devices in terms builder, promoter, architects of providing land at low or no cost, tax rebate and regulators – The awareness for initi al years, fast clearance or permission creati on amongst the builder, in setti ng up, providing network to scale up promoter, architects and the business, etc. encouragement of potenti al promoters’ to implement the law • Enactment of ECBC according to state can be taken through awareness profi le for mandati ng building design campaigns and workshops. As a in line with ECBC and to build green requirement of the awareness building. campaign the preparati on of training material in the form of User The Energy Conservati on Act, 2001 empowers Guide and distributi on to builder, the Government to prescribe the ECBC promoter, architects. The training (Energy Conservati on Building Code) for programmes may be conducted effi cient use of energy and its conservati on for the regulators to implement in buildings or building complexes. The ECBC the policy in the state and achieve sets minimum energy performance standards the objecti ve of NMEEE. for design and constructi on of non-residenti al buildings. The state govt. will re-draft the ECBC • Create demand for energy effi ciency considering the state socio-economic profi le acti viti es through pilot scale retrofi t and demographic conditi on. The revised projects in state government and ECBC code will be enacted in the state for all public sector establishments.

112 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram There is a clear and urgent need for promoti on green-house gas emission reducti on. 1000 and wide spread adopti on of energy unit of energy saving through these processes 20 effi cient practi ces which would contribute will result in 0.90 tCO2e of green-house in energy savings in end use like - lighti ng, gas emission reducti on. Complying with the cooling, venti lati on, etc. The state govt. has energy effi ciency mission, the acti on plan is undertaken energy saving potenti al study in planned through following acti viti es – few govt. buildings. Realizing the potenti al of energy effi ciency improvement in the govt., • Assessment of T & D infrastructure public sector and commercial buildings, Govt. and development of acti on plan for of Mizoram is planning to implement pilot improvement of T & D network and scale retrofi t projects through implementi ng setti ng target for AT&C loss reducti on. energy conservati on measures. The sub-acti viti es which will be undertaken i. Develop guidelines for energy for assessing the scope of AT&C losses effi ciency projects in the govt. and reducti on are- public sector establishments i. Undertake detailed reconnaissance ii. Identi fi cati on of Agencies for taking study for assessment of present up pilot acti vity. T&D infrastructure, AT&C loss measurement, identi fi cati on iii. Undertaking sectoral and scoping of loss areas and suggest on study of the possibility of energy improvement. effi ciency across above menti oned areas and barrier of taking up the ii. Prepare an investment plan for energy effi ciency initi ati ves. improvement of T&D network in the state. 3. Up-gradati on of transmission and distributi on network for iii. Development of an operati onal minimizati on of energy losses plan for targeted reducti on losses due to pilferage and outdated The Aggregated Technical and Commercial systems. (AT&C) losses in Mizoram is very high in comparison with all India level with esti mated • Up-gradati on of HT & LT lines 38.9%19 of the total power available for and replacement of Distributi on Mizoram. Reducti on of T&D losses is prime Transformers with star rated focus of the energy sector as reducti on of transformers. energy losses is actually reducti on of energy i. Up-gradati on of HT & LT lines to generati on and address energy security. reduce losses. Use of energy effi cient technology and total monitoring of power generati on, transmission ii. All old distributi on transformers and distributi on system will lead to energy of capacity up to 200 kVA and conservati on and thus directly contribute in

19Source: Annual Report of Energy Conservati on Measures in Mizoram for 2009-10 by State Designated Agency, Mizoram 20Source: Central Electricity Authority: CO2 Baseline Database, Ver. -6.0

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 113 transformers of above 250 kVA ii. Identi fi cati on of Agencies for will be replaced with star rated taking up franchisee. transformers. iii. Allocate the distributi on systems • Reducti on of AT & C losses by 100% on franchisee mode to the consumer metering of the consumers identi fi ed agencies. with a connected load of 20 kW and above and introducti on on-line remote 4. Penetrati on of energy effi cient monitoring. devices in domesti c and public uti lity systems facilitated by i. 100% consumer metering through fi nancial, supply chain and market SCADA system will be introduced incenti ves for consumers with a connected load of 20 kW and above. • Introducing energy effi cient lighti ng in domesti c sector by supply and ii. Introducti on of metering installati on of CFLs lights and arrangement for on-line remote replacement of incandescent lamps in monitoring right from grid sub- 1.5 Lakhs domesti c consumer stati on to the consumer- end. Majority of the power consumpti on in • Introducing franchisee model the state is consumed by domesti c sector in distributi on system to reduce with 68% of total energy consumpti on and commercial losses & bett er most of the energy consumed is for lighti ng management of the distributi on requirement only. Under the Bachat Lamp system. Yojana (BLY) scheme of Govt. of India, good quality & long-life CFLs to be distributed to The objecti ve of introducing franchisee the grid-connected residenti al households of model is to deploy eff ecti ve and effi cient the state in exchange of an incandescent lamp management system for the sector towards (ICL) and INR 15. Therefore, the State Govt. achieving higher billing and collecti on has planned to implement energy effi ciency effi ciency. In pursuance of the Provision 7 to measures in 1.5 Lakhs domesti c households Secti on 14 of the Indian Electricity Act -2003, through replacement of incandescent lamps incorporati on of Revenue Based Distributi on with CFLs which will reduce anti cipated Franchisee will help in improving technical, energy and peak demand of the state and also operati onal and commercial effi ciencies. the demonstrati on initi ati ve will encourage The aim of this initi ati ve is to design and the consumers to incorporate the similar implement an insti tuti onal arrangement for acti viti es in future. Each household will get 4 ensuring sustainability of electricity supply, nos. of CFLs on replacement of Incandescent qualitati ve transformati on of the electricity lamps. The SDA, Mizoram will provide data distributi on system and facilitati on of superior base of households in the project area, assist social and economic outcomes by appointi ng in the selecti on of Project Sample Group franchisees in these areas. (PSG), Project Sample Buff er Group (PSBG), i. Develop guidelines for franchisee and Project Cross-check Group (PCCG) as model in power distributi on required in the scheme. The SDA will also system. provide informati on available with it for

114 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram smooth implementati on of BLY in the state. gas emission reducti on in each pole will be achieved through this measure. i. Identi fi cati on of domesti c households for pilot demonstrati on i. Undertaking IGEA project ii. Identi fi cati on of implementi ng ii. Strengthening of technology agency supplier and manufacturer iii. Process of receiving Financial database at SDA level through assistance identi fi cati on and empanelment of technology partners in the state iv. Taking up pilot implementati on of for recent and future projects. 90W energy effi cient LED in 5500 electric poles and replacement of iii. Implementati on of pilot energy existi ng 250W HPSV lamps. effi ciency measures in 1.5 Lakhs domesti c households through 5. Unlocking the energy effi ciency replacement of incandescent acti vity in IGEA mode lamps with 4 Nos. of CFLs. The objecti ve of the pilot initi ati ve in demand • Deployment of energy effi cient lighti ng side management for energy effi ciency is to in public systems by replacing existi ng demonstrate the possibility and benefi t of 250W of HPSV lamps with 90W LED energy effi ciency through implementati on street lights in 5500 no. of electric of energy effi ciency measures. Such acti on poles. will enhance the capacity of the state nodal agency to undertake similar initi ati ve in the Around 5% of the energy consumed by the future and also promote taking up such state is for public lighti ng though more than acti vity amongst the sector. Compliance of 137 villages are sti ll un-electrifi ed. According the acti on plan is planned through following to the energy audit study carried out by acti viti es: Nati onal Producti vity Council under the BEE program, it is esti mated that around 8.4 • Implementati on of energy effi ciency million units can be saved in municipality measures through demonstrati on projects in 7 Nos. government buildings acti viti es only which is around 7560 tCO2e of green- house gas emission reducti on. in Mizoram under IGEA mode where Further, it is esti mated that, around 3.21 energy audit is already carried out by MU of electricity is consumed annually for the Nodal Department. public lighti ng purpose and thus contributi ng The state designated agency as a part of in green- house gas emission by 2900 tCO e 2 Nati onal Mission on Enhanced Energy annually. The SDA, Mizoram has planned Effi ciency with support from BEE, has to reduce electricity consumpti on in public conducted energy audit to identi fy the energy lighti ng by replacing Conventi onal 250 W effi ciency improvement opportuniti es and High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) Street thereby reducing energy consumpti on of major lights with90W LED based street lighti ng Government and public sector buildings in system in 5500 Nos. of electric poles. Mizoram. To reduce the energy consumpti on Therefore, annually 0.6 tCO e of green-house 2 in such buildings, implementati on of pilot

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 115 Energy Effi ciency measures will be carried The state govt. with a target of achieving the out in 7 buildings. Implementati on of energy objecti ve of NMEEE in the state level and effi ciency measures will result in energy reduce the energy consumpti on found the consumpti on reducti on and thereby green- necessity of having bett er support system house gas emission reducti on. Considering in the state nodal agency with adequate the state is falling under North-East-West- human resource. The following sub-acti viti es North East (NEWNE) grid, the emission is planned to achieve the above objecti ve – reducti on of 0.9 tCO e will be achieved by 2 i. Support power sector offi cials saving 1 MWh of electricity. in preparati on for nati onal The sub-acti viti es that are planned to be accreditati on exams of BEE for undertaken to achieve the aforesaid objecti ve energy effi ciency acti vity. is – ii. Up gradati on of the Nodal offi cer i. Identi fi cati on of Energy Auditors of SDA to provide adequate human for Investment Grade Energy resources and authority for taking Audits in the state necessary acti ons towards energy effi ciency measures. ii. DPR Preparati on iii. Recruitment and retaining of Energy iii. Sourcing of Fund Auditor and Energy Manager to iv. Project Implementati on support the Nodal Offi cer (for 3 years period) of SDA in achieving 6. Insti tuti onal development energy effi ciency in the state. and strengthening of Energy iv. Upgrading the offi ce infrastructure. departments for Energy Effi ciency promoti on • Empanelment of Energy Auditors, Energy Services Companies (ESCO) for The State of Mizoram is facing a formidable taking up energy effi ciency acti viti es challenge in reform of power sector in terms in the state. of functi onal reorganizati on and insti tuti onal development of the departments to achieve • Training of the working group members effi cient functi oning and implementati on of and their representati ve from diff erent energy conservati on, promoti on of energy departments and organizati ons on effi cient systems, promoti on of renewable sector specifi c climate change issue energy applicati ons, improved transmission and enhance the knowledge about and distributi on network. The opti on the policy measures. includes – i. Capacity building of the state • Restructure and functi onal re- designated agencies, existi ng staff organizati on including enhancing of the energy departments to the human resources of the energy operati onalize energy conservati on departments including SDA to achieve act in the state and to enhance effi cient functi oning, promoti on and the knowledge about the policy implement energy effi ciency acti vity and procedure to implement the in the state. policy.

116 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram ii. Training of the members of iv. Risk Assessment of hydro power the working group or their infrastructure in climate change representati ve of diff erent situati ons including extreme events. departments and organizati ons on sector specifi c climate change v. Projecti on and risk assessment of issue. All of these have a direct energy demand. and indirect bearing on the carbon vi. Conducti ng detailed feasibility study and emission of the sector. identi fy viable hydro power project 7. Increase Hydro power generati on by vii. Promoti ng micro hydro projects supporti ng private or public investors in setti ng up projects and undertake viii. Awareness programmes and demonstrati on project capacity building of nodal agency on technological and regulatory aspect Around 56% of the state power generati on is hydro based whereas remaining part is ix. Creati ng conducive scenario for through fossil fuel based, a more carbon investment in pilot micro hydro intensive power generati on opti on. To projects the extent the use of stand-alone or grid interacti ve renewable based power • Promoti on & facilitati on of hydro generati on opti on will be promoted and the power project implementati on by extent of greenhouse gas emission both direct providing adequate support from the and fugiti ve emission due to use of fossil fuel state government in terms of clearance, for the purpose of power generati on will land acquisiti on, power transmission reduce substanti ally. network development.

• Detailed reconnaissance study on i. Declarati on of tariff policy for hydro water availability and hydrology power data evaluati on for identi fi cati on of new hydro projects and demarcati on ii. Facilitati ng private and public sector of hydro power sites with specifi c parti cipati on in hydro power generati on capacity mapping. by selecti on of investors, land clearance and acquisiti on, other support acti viti es To identi fy the hydro power potenti al through Single window clearance following acti ons will be undertaken - process i. Identi fi cati on of agency for study iii. Establishment of evacuati on corridor and strengthening of transmission & ii. Study on water availability for energy distributi on network for 6 no. of new generati on in the state for demarcati on hydro power projects in next 3 years of hydro potenti al map. • Declarati on of water policy and iii. Risk Assessment of hydro power sources mandate of siltati on and polluti on in anti cipated climate change situati ons control in water bodies of hydro power (variable rainfall, temperature, extreme projects. events)

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 117 The state will prioriti ze the control of siltati on focus of the state government since long as and polluti on in water bodies of existi ng the investment is low and easy constructi on. and upcoming hydro projects by taking Therefore, the state government has necessary steps and mandate it through planned to undertake implementati on of water policy. In order to promote this acti vity pilot projects through state and central the state government will undertake two government funding which are- demonstrati on projects in existi ng hydro projects. i. Setti ng up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Tuinching river which is located in • Demonstrati on of hydro project in north of Champai District. already identi fi ed project sites - ii. Setti ng up of 100 kW micro hydel Grid interacti ve micro hydro projects in the project in Tuiriza River which is located catchment area of perennial streams is prime in Aizwal district.

118 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter-12 Water

12.1. Introducti on of precipitati on over space and ti me.

Water is the prime natural resource and Climate change is likely to impart indispensible component for sustenance of formidable challenge to the water sector all forms of life in the earth. Precipitati on and the adversity may increase due (including snowfall) is the source of all to the locati on of the state in fragile water on the earth. Part of this precipitati on ecosystem. The impact of climate change received in an area enhances the ground on water sector is likely to be due to errati c water storage, a part is lost as evapo- precipitati on creati ng variability in river transpirati on and the remaining porti on fl ow and increased frequency/ intensity of appears as surface water. Not only the extremes events including fl ood. Increased sustenance of life the availability of desired frequency and severity of fl oods may aff ect quality and quanti ty of water is the prime groundwater quality in alluvial aquifers. factor for economic prosperity, enhancing Similarly increased rainfall intensity may the quality of life and contributi ng to the lead to higher runoff and possibly reduced food security of the nati on. The assured recharge. supply of irrigati on water (irrigati on is the major consumer of water resources The other consequence of climate change contributi ng to 83% of the total water envisaged is increased evapo-transpirati on consumpti on) is the primary functi on of infl uencing groundwater recharge and food grain producti on and contributes change in rainfall patt ern resulti ng in lower towards nati onal food security. agricultural producti vity. Determining the degree of aforesaid impact will however Although the total amount of fresh water require research at basin level but available at present is enough to meet the considering water as a fi nite source and current requirement of the state but the current scenario of scarcity of water at availability of desired quality and quanti ty nati onal level (the per capita availability of water may get strained in some places of water for the country as a whole has under projected impact of climate changes, decreased from 5,177 cubic metres per increase in populati on, lifestyle, economic year (m3/year) in 1951 to 1,654 m3/year stability, land use patt ern, agricultural in 2007 to as low as about 1,140 m3/yr in producti on, urbanisati on and migrati on of 2050) it becomes essenti al to strategise for populati on followed by uneven distributi on water conservati on, adaptati on of bett er

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 119 management practi ces with emphasise on that the key prioriti es proposed under opti mal uti lisati on and arti fi cial recharging. Nati onal Water mission are consistent with the state plan. Nati onal Water mission established under Nati onal Acti on plan on Climate Change is The key prioriti es are therefore strategized designed to ensure conservati on of water, considering the nati onal plan and state minimizing wastage and ensuring its more policies towards meeti ng up the overall equitable distributi on both across and objecti ve of the Climate Change Acti on within States through integrated water Plan. resources management. Promoti on of integrated basin level water resources 12.2. Key Facts about the Sector management (Basin Level management Mizoram unlike others areas of the country strategies are planned to be reconsidered has experienced the weather variability. to deal with variability in rainfall and water Although air temperature is usually felt as fl ows), increasing water use effi ciency by the fi rst variable in assessment of climate 20%, focussing att enti on to vulnerable areas change, it is important to consider other including over exploited areas and water factors like rainfall and transpirati on. conservati on are few designed initi ati ve under the programme. The mission will also Rainfall seek to opti mise the effi ciency of existi ng irrigati on system including rehabilitati on of The patt ern of Rainfall has shown a gradual system that has been run down and also decrease during 1986-1990, followed by to expand irrigati on, where feasible with gradual increase from 1990-1995.When special eff ort to increase storage capacity. analysed on an average monthly basis the Initi ati ves to reduce fresh water use in trend of rainfall shows a gradual increase urban areas are also planned under the from January ti ll it reaches the peak mission. Since water is a state subject the maximum during July – August and then plans and programmes under the mission to conti nues to decrease sharply by the end of be executed falls under the preview of the the year. state government. It is therefore important

Figure 12.1: Rainfall Patt ern

120 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram FIGURE 26 TRENDS OF AVERAGE RAINFALL

Figure 12.2: Average Rainfall during last 10 years

Ground Water folded in a series of anti clines and synclines. Ground water occurs under confi ned and The ground water is the dynamic resource unconfi ned conditi ons in sandstones, which is replenished each year. The Annual sandy shales, etc. In the northern and Replenishable Ground Water Resource is north western part of the State, the relief contributed by two major sources – rainfall is much subdued. Mizoram is an abode of and other sources that include canal seepage springs. These springs are widely uti lized by return fl ow from irrigati on, seepage from people for domesti c needs. Recent study water bodies and arti fi cial recharge due to suggests that there is good scope of tapping water conservati on structures. Geologically, ground water in the riverbeds with sumps the state is underlain by sedimentary rocks connected to infi ltrati on galleries. of Terti ary age, which have been ti ghtly

Table 12.1: Ground Water Potenti al

Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource 0.04 BCM

Net Annual Ground Water Availability 0.04 BCM Annual Ground Water Draft 0.0004 BCM Stage of Ground Water Development 0.90% Arti fi cial Recharge to Ground Water (AR) Feasible AR structures: 500 check dams, 1000 weirs, 1000 gabion structures, 300 roof top harvesti ng, 200 development of springs.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 121 State Annual Replenishable Ground water Resource Natural Net Annual Discharge Ground Monsoon Season Non-monsoon Total during Water Recharge Recharge Recharge Recharge non- Availability monsoon from from other from from other season rainfall source rainfall sources Mizoram 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.004 0.04

State Annual Ground Water Draft Projected Ground Stage of Irrigati on Domesti c Total Demand for Water Ground Water and Domesti c Availability Development (%) industrial and for future uses Industrial irrigati on Mizoram 0.00 0.0004 0.0004uses 0.0008 0.04 0.90

Surface Water Koldoyne (Chhimtuipui) which originates in Myanmar, is an important river in the Surface water resources in the state south Mizoram. It has four tributaries and comprises of the 1395 km of rivers and the river is in patches.) The Western part is cannels (The most important and useful drained by Karnaphuli (Khawthlangtuipui) rivers in the state are the Tlawng (also and its tributaries. and 0.02 lakhs hectare known as Dhaleswari or Katakhal), Tut of tanks lakes and ponds. The state lack (Gutur), Tuirial (Sonai) and Tuivawl which reservoir, fl ood plain lakes &Derelict water fl ow through the northnorthernern territterritoryory andand and Barkish water reservoir. eveventuallyentually joijoinn ririverver BaBarakrak in Cachar.Cachar. TheThe

12211222 StateStStatate ActionAcActitioonn PlanPllaan onon ClimateClilimmaatete Change:Chahanngge:e: MizoramMizizororamam 12.3. Key Issues Change in Evapo-transpirati on

Change in Precipitati on Studies revealed a projected increase in the level of evapo-transpirati on in 2030 Studies revealed an annual increase in the scenario. Increment of evapo-transpirati on level of precipitati on (barring some small might lower water yield in the region. pocket). An increase in precipitati on will Enhanced level of evapo-transpirati on might result in increase in water yield. Increase increases soil moisture stress or enhances in precipitati on may also lead to climate the chances of drought conditi ons. extremes like fl ood leading to loss of agricultural crops and even lives.

Figure 12.3: Percentage Change in Precipiti on

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 123 12.4. Adaptati on Pathways in Water 12.5. Key Prioriti es Sector • Climate change impact assessment The impact of climate change on the of present status of water resources freshwater system and their management like river, wetland, streams and lakes (management includes conservati on and opti mum uti lisati on) are mainly due The climate change projects possible impacts to the projected rise in temperature, like fl ood, higher evapo- transpirati on, increased level of precipitati on and lower water yield which may lead to severe evapotranspirati on, lower water yield, consequence of climate extreme event like land use patt ern. Adequate availability of fl ood or even scarcity of fresh water. It is water is the prerequisite for sustainable therefore essenti al to carry out assessment socio economic development. There are of current availability of water from ground perceived confl icts towards availability, and surface water bodies and asses the usage, distributi on, allocati on of water possible impact of climate change on the both sectorally and inter-sectorally. The availability of water to suffi ce the demand anti cipated impacts of climate change will in the projected scenario. The study is exacerbate the challenges and further hereby proposed to establish gauging imperil poverty reducti on eff orts. stati on in all the major rivers and tributaries

Table 12.2 Issues Impact Pathways Higher Precipitati on and Climate change extremes Improvising Disaster management Evapo transpirati on like fl ood, impact on technique, capacity building of agricultural producti on the communiti es Higher variability in Landslide, aff ecti ng Diversifi cati on of culti vars, monsoon systemati c crop planning improved soil-water management practi ces,

Exacerbated fl ash fl oods Variability in water fl ow Identi fi cati on and development/ and landslides in upland regimes may also aff ect promoti on of water-resistant areas hydropower producti on, varieti es and their yield of major crops and transport Reducti on water quality Water-logging, uneven Integrated water resource due to heavy siltati on hydrology and diseases management; Payment for downstream and pest incidence eco-system services or lost bio- diversity, requisite compensati on mechanism and green cover in buff er areas of the mines and sustainable mine closure plan

124 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram for collecti on of hydrological data for water situati on with wash away of the top soil. resource planning and management. It is therefore essenti al to undertake special programmes for forest plantati on • Finalisati on of plan for conservati on to increase the run off infi ltrati on rati o in and preservati on of water resources identi fi ed regions.

Considering water scarcity it is essenti al As a part of the above plan a collaborati on that appropriate water conservati on should be sought with the forest department technique be planned to provide for aff orestati on at source and in the adequate and equitable supply of water catchment area of the plant. to the communiti es. The Plan proposes constructi on of check dams, counter • Capacity building of Water Resources trenches recharge pit and sub surface dykes department/ Mizoram PHED for the purpose of conservati on of water. for integrated water resources management • Formulati on of State Water policy As outlined in the Nati onal water mission, The state of Mizoram is not having water promoti on of integrated water resources use policy. The water use policy is required management will get an additi onal focus to promote judicious and equitable as an eff ecti ve response to climate change. management of water resource in the context Integrated water resource management of climate change. Water stress is already leads to conservati on of water, minimising high, improved management is criti cal to waste and ensuring equitable distributi on ensure sustainable development. Water of water for various applicati on. resources management aff ects almost all aspects of the economy, in parti cular health, Capacity building is proposed to make food producti on and security; domesti c operati onal integrated water resources water supply and sanitati on; energy and management practi ces across diff erent industry; and environmental sustainability. river basins in the state. If addressed inadequately, management of water resources will jeopardize progress on • Expansion of hydrometric network poverty reducti on targets and sustainable and establishment of micro weather development in all economic, social and stati on for regular monitoring environmental dimensions. Hence, such Presently there is no such hydrometric policy initi ati ve will address and involve the stati on run by the state . However the practi ti oners and policymakers of water hydrometric data pertaining to water resources management, sectoral decision- resources becomes important as variati ons makers as well as those who shape policy in availability are caused due to climate regarding climate change change. This will provide a bett er assessment • Catchment and command area of water availability and extreme events and treatment through reverine informati on for eff ecti ve water resource aff orestati on planning. As planned weather stati on will be installed at all divisions and subdivisions Heavy precipitati on may lead to fl ood of the state to obtain meteorological

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 125 informati on. Under this initi ati ve, selected • Promoti ng zero energy water locati ons will be identi fi ed and hydrometric purifi cati on for domesti c water stati ons installed to expand the network. supply This network will process raw data received from its own and other sources to provide Access to safe drinking water is now for analysis by diff erent users. regarded as a universal right and millennium development goal. However few of the • Community tank management for remote areas in the state face lack of supply combati ng water borne diseases of safe drinking water. Climate change might also bring about adverse impact on In water scarce areas, there is a potenti al for the availability of drinking water. In light of climate change to make water availability the above context it is proposed to set up even more acute. There is high possibility zero energy water purifi cati on for domesti c of pathogen loading in the water available water supply to provide safe drinking water during the water scare scenario leading to the communiti es. to emergence of water borne diseases. In order to reduce the impact of water • Renovati on and development of borne diseases it is highly essenti al that traditi onal water harvesti ng system fresh water source be maintained properly. with scienti fi c interventi on in district There should be proper identi fi cati on of level areas for new creati on as well as renovati on and protecti on of water bodies. Ground Groundwater is the major source of water recharge opti ons to take care of both freshwater that caters to the demand of domesti c and agriculture opti ons in the ever growing domesti c, agricultural and region. industrial sectors of the country. Rapid

126 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram urbanizati on and land use patt ern has development in many parts of the country resulted in reducing natural infi ltrati on / has resulted in depleti on of ground water recharge of aquifers. This has lead to levels and availability of the resource. The various problems related to quanti ty and pristi ne ground water quality too became quality and issues like the decline in water its victi m. Though, for the State as a whole levels, depleti on of groundwater resource the availability of ground water resources and quality deteriorati on. There is thus appears quite comfortable but localised an imperati ve need for augmenti ng the areas have shown the deleterious eff ects of valuable ground water resource. Arti fi cial excessive ground water development. recharge and roof top rainwater harvesti ng is one such method that can revive this Capacity building is thus planned for precious resource. communiti es on adaptati on opti ons required for integrated demand side as It is therefore proposed to undertake well as supply side strategies during climate renovati on and development of traditi onal stressed conditi on. water harvesti ng system to facilitate water harvesti ng. • Impact assessment study of climate change on aquati c ecosystem • Capacity building of communiti es on adaptati on opti ons required for The climate change might impact the integrated demand side as well as aquati c ecosystem , it is therefore essenti al supply side strategies during climate to determine the possible impact and stressed conditi on degree of impact. The study is also planned to focus on esti mati ng the adaptati on path The speedy and uncontrolled usage of way for reducing the impact and restorati on ground water has also created many of the aquati c eco system. problems. The intensive ground water

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 127 128 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 13 Strategic Knowledge Mission

13.1. Introducti on formulati ng the proposals for vulnerability assessment and measures for adaptati on Mission on Strategic Knowledge for climate and miti gati on, this approach demands the Change is framed under the Nati onal development of strategic knowledge not only Acti on Plan on Climate Change to bridge for monitoring and assessment of vulnerability up, assimilate and upgrade informati on and but also for assessment of alternati ves knowledge available on climate variability becoming available in respect of technology and vulnerability with an objecti ve to forecast systems and for promoti on of decentralized as well as appraise for strategic development capacity for management of development, towards low carbon inclusive growth. adaptati on and miti gati on. Thus, the state mission on strategic knowledge for climate Reducti on and miti gati on of the impact of change would be required to plan for feeding disasters depend on the coping capacity of into the peoples plan processes for the the vulnerable populati on; poverty makes development, adaptati on and miti gati on way for hazards becoming disasters. Climati c measures to be formulated in an integrated changes are expected to severely impact way. those who are mostly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Climate 13.2. The mission objecti ve variability can fundamentally drive processes of impoverishment through direct and indirect • To monitor climate variability and make routes: (1) Direct: Severe or repeated climate climate change projecti ons for the shocks can push vulnerable households into a state. persistent poverty trap when their individual coping responses involve divestment of • To build GHG inventory and identi fy the producti ve assets such as land or livestock, dominant GHG/CO2 emitti ng sectors, (2) Indirect: Climate uncertainty causes industries, districts, municipaliti es in inability to anti cipate when climati c extremes order to enable selecti on of miti gati on will occur, which acts as a disincenti ve to opportuniti es. investment, innovati on, and development interventi ons. The main aim of the State • To model and plan for the climate mission on strategic knowledge is not only sensiti ve sectors and regions, assess limited to the reducti on of green house the impacts of climate change, analyze gases (GHGs) but include building the coping the vulnerability of regions/districts, capacity of the vulnerable populati on to sectors and populati on groups and include the challenge of innovati on capacity evaluate the traditi onal adaptati on and building for sustainable development among coping practi ces to climate variability the vulnerable populati on groups. While and extremes.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 129 • To integrate the processes of assessment accumulated experience and wisdom must of vulnerability, knowledge and data be uti lized and made a part of the strategic of natural resources, insti tuti ons and knowledge that the state of Mizoram needs capaciti es with the bott om up approach to create in order to deal with climate to enable the planning of adaptati on change. While undertaking acti ons for the and miti gati on projects for the benefi t building of coping capacity of the people the of climate sensiti ve sectors, regions and formal knowledge producing sector would populati on groups. also be gaining if the acti viti es and linkages developed are also conscious of the use value • To enable government including its of local knowledge. The formal knowledge policymaking bodies in the policy- producing sector will have the chance to formulati on functi on. pursue the collecti on of ground truth and practi ce triangulati on. In the implementati on • To inform and assist the development of the state acti on plan the people as a whole agencies to evolve suitable management would not be passive agents and be bett er of adaptati on and miti gati on involved in the acti ons under planning for measures. adaptati on and miti gati on. • To empower and upgrade the capabiliti es Constraints in respect of generati on of of people to take appropriate steps strategic knowledge are: at their own level for the reducti on of risk. • Insuffi cient observati onal and • To strengthen regional cooperati on scienti fi c informati on data base. through the establishment of • Weak and fragmented mechanisms for exchanging informati on knowledgebase for impact with regions sharing the borders and assessment and selecti on of ecology of the state. technology choices. As the acti ons required to be taken for climate • Knowledge gaps in respect of change induced disaster risk reducti on would the impacts of climate change in need to be undertaken in collaborati on with diff erent sectors of economy. the people and their own state of knowledge and capabiliti es must also be upgraded. • Absence of a system of technology The state mission on strategic knowledge watch. should not be interpreted just as limited to the generati on of knowledge. It should • Lack of insti tuti onal mechanisms for also include the challenge of building of the collati ng, synthesizing and delivering coping capacity of the people of the state as knowledge products for decision a whole. Steps are required to be planned making. and taken for the development of their own anti cipatory and response capacity in all parts • Lacking in organized multi disciplinary of the state at all levels. research capabiliti es

Further, it is also necessary to realize that the Approach and Strategies to address the gap formal knowledge producing sector would areas benefi t from the local knowledge available to the people in respect of the management Some level of relevant competencies seem to of natural resources and the reducti on of already exist in the Government departments, climate change induced disaster risks. The State level public sector organizati ons, advantage that they possess on account of research insti tuti ons, university and

130 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram colleges, local self government insti tuti ons, 7) Use extramural research system to mass organizati ons and trade unions. While undertake the widening of acti viti es of drawing this mission document some of knowledge generati on and delivery. these competencies have been mobilized in a preliminary way. There are also some 8) Create new knowledge insti tuti ons by S&T based non-governmental organizati ons leveraging and supplementi ng existi ng working on climate change which can be strengths as far as possible when mobilized to document and assimilate the needed. local knowledge available with the people. It is also recognized that planning would need 9) Develop and provide knowledge and to be consciously undertaken at all the levels informati on services and products for for the upgrading of competencies in respect use at specifi c and diff erent levels, for of all the identi fi ed tasks and challenges. example, develop internal knowledge alert system, risk assessment reports, The proposed approach for addressing the regular reports on base line informati on knowledge gaps and mobilizati on of strategic and indicators, policy briefs, discussion knowledge in the areas related to climate papers on scenarios and choices, etc. change are as follows: For the realizati on of the above described approach to mobilizati on of strategic 1) Strengthen and prioriti ze ongoing and knowledge including the implementati on of planned programmes in respect of the mission it is proposed that the mission developing adaptati on and miti gati on offi ce should be built as an organizati on acti viti es. which is designed to promote sharing of data and knowledge, ensuring the fl ow of 2) Increase the spati al and temporal resources to all the linked organizati on for coverage and resoluti on of regional climate change risk management acti viti es, impact of climate change in the state. pro-acti vely designing programmes and 3) Develop the state level capacity in acti viti es to partner with and assist the linked distributed form but networked organizati ons in the management of resources through the acti viti es and programmes and risk and enabling the insti tuti ons and identi fi ed as a part of the mission. agencies, irrespecti ve of the level at which they work, to assimilate, develop, use and 4) Widen the scope and acti viti es of act on the new knowledge and informati on knowledge generati on for observati on, becoming available to the mission offi ce monitoring, assessment and acti ons through the knowledge networks. relati ng to the management of climate changed induced risk. A legislati on to establish a new authority with the representati ves of all the diff erent 5) Use existi ng delivery structures stakeholders / agencies as members of for knowledge disseminati on and the council governing its acti viti es can be applicati on. brought out. The S&T department should be vested with the necessary executi ve powers 6) Create knowledge networks with to operati onalise and develop the state level selected core knowledge generati ng acti on plan on climate change. The Mission and applying insti tuti ons as nodes Offi ce of the state mission on strategic that are linked and involved in the knowledge for climate change would be development of acti viti es through a under this authority and be responsible wide range of knowledge partners. for the design and implementati on of this mission as well.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 131 Acti viti es and programmes development of benchmarked baseline data which would be available to all As state mission on strategic knowledge for departments and organizati ons; climate change sees its objecti ves to be arising out of the aim of need to build the human and e) studies are required to be formulated knowledge, organizati onal and insti tuti onal, and implemented in a collaborati ve evidence-based policy implementati on, manner in the state level research conti nuous learning and pro-acti ve designing insti tuti ons for the conduct of research capaciti es for vulnerability assessment and on basic phenomena, measurements risk reducti on, it is proposed that in the state of key climate and biogeochemical as a part of the ti me bound (short, medium variables including changes in eco- and long term) programmes and conti nuing systems and land use change & acti viti es the followings are to be included in land cover change, and the possible the state mission on strategic knowledge of feedbacks on climate change, climate climate change: science with region specifi c modeling, eff ects of climate change on diff erent a) Acti viti es aimed at mapping of the types of ecosystems; knowledge base and data resources relevant to climate change for the f) programmes are required to be initi ated mobilizati on of state specifi c strategic for the assessment of vulnerability of knowledge are required to be most sensiti ve populati ons / occupati on implemented, and identi fi cati on of the groups and areas in the state of Mizoram insti tuti onal support to be provided for to climate change; the formati on of state wide knowledge g) state specifi c exercises are required network and networking of the state to be formulated for an assessment level insti tuti ons. of various technological scenarios and b) Acti viti es aimed at the identi fi cati on alternati ves for meeti ng the objecti ves of the knowledge gaps that need to be of sustainable development; fi lled at the state level are required to h) Studies aimed at design of the be undertaken with regard to the areas improvements and changes in of climate change impacts on important the policies, strategies, plans and socio-economic sectors like agriculture, programmes of development of the health, natural resources, eco-system, state are required to be undertaken; health, biodiversity, etc i) Acti viti es and programmes are required c) Acti viti es aimed at the generati on to be initi ated with the objecti ve to and development of knowledge acti vely gain from and contribute to base needed for the development of the acti viti es being planned under the foresight, assessment and decision nati onal acti on plan on climate change making acti vity with a view to undertake (NAPCC) for sustaining the eastern and the improvement in and elaborati on of North-Eastern Himalayas eco-system sustainable development pathways in and development of the north-eastern the light of responsible climate change region as a whole; related acti ons j) Initi ati ves are required to be formulated d) Interventi ons aimed at bringing for the strengthening of the state level about a signifi cant improvement acti viti es for disaster risk reducti on in the observati ons of key climate with a view to leverage the plans and biogeochemical variables and under development at the nati onal

132 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram level for internati onal cooperati on with at the various levels including Bangladesh and Southeast Asia; establishment of a nodal insti tuti on k) Acti viti es are required to be identi fi ed n) Programmes and acti viti es are required and undertaken for ensuring that to be undertaken for strengthening the practi cal knowledge gaps in respect knowledge infrastructure and research of risk management are also bridged base capable of undertaking climate in collaborati on with the experti se changed related research, observati onal, and knowledge available with the monitoring and assessment acti viti es, vulnerable groups; creati ng dedicated centers for the generati on and applicati on of relevant l) Acti viti es and programmes are required robust knowledge, encouraging the to be implemented for enabling parti cipati on of the individuals working the people to plan and undertake in the state level organizati ons in the decentralized acti ons for coping with knowledge networks that are now the vulnerabiliti es of their own area of under formati on at the nati onal level; reach o) Schemes to be formulated and initi ated m) Acti viti es and programmes are required for the building of the state- level human to be developed for the creati on of capacity through a climate change insti tuti onal and knowledge capacity research and fellowship programme aaimedimed aatt ccapacityapacity bbuildinguilding iintervennterventi oonsns

StateStStaatte ActionAAcctitionon PlanPlalan onon ClimateClilimmaatete Change:Chahangnge:e: MizoramMizizoorramam 13313133 134 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 14 Analysis and Synthesis

14.1. Introducti on new challenge, the focus of this CAP will be on generati ng awareness and building This chapter outlines the findings from capacity. This will be done across all levels the analysis and synthesis of the previous of the Government of Mizoram and external chapters. The analysis in each sector stakeholders involved in diff erent sectors. provided a set of key prioriti es. Certain cross This strong drive towards building capacity cutti ng areas were also identi fied. These will result in empowering people and were synthesized to arrive at findings, which organizati ons to be able to address, manage describe what the CAP will achieve. The case and respond to climate change concerns. is made for new insti tuti onal arrangements. This insti tuti onal framework has been Acti on implemented across the economy: described. The independent monitoring Given the all-pervading nature of climate and evaluati on required to ensure eff ecti ve change, acti on will be taken across the state implementati on is then described. Finally, the economy. The inter-connectedness of issues chapter concludes with the financial budget pertaining to climate change necessitates this for the Climate Change Acti on Plan (CAP). approach. Selecti ng and initi ati ng work only 14.2. Findings in some of the sectors will undermine the eff ecti veness in an overall sense. Therefore, Changes in policies, organizati ons and progress will be made across all the identi fied practi ces: sectors in a parallel and simultaneous manner. Analyzing the key prioriti es revealed that climate change orientati on needs to be Climate-intrinsic sectors disti nguished: provided at policy, organizati onal and practi ce levels in diff erent sectors. Policies need to Broadly, diff erent sectors can be classified as integrate climate change considerati ons. At climate-intrinsic and climate add-on sectors. the organizati onal level, awareness, skills Climate-intrinsic are sectors that are so and capacity has to be built. heavily associated with climate change that every acti on within these sectors have a Awareness generati on and capacity strong bearing or relati on to climate change. building a focus: These include forest, water, agriculture and Energy. Climate add-on sectors are those Considering that climate change is a relati vely sectors wherein the climate dimension is

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 135 additi onal, e.g. health and urban. While the ensuring livelihoods especially amongst rural key prioriti es across all these sectors will be populati ons and indigenous communiti es. met, Government of Mizoram will recognize The climate change adaptati on so planned that every acti vity parti cularly any new will aim at integrated management of policies, organizati ons and initi ati ves - in the biodiversity, thus immensely facilitati ng the climate-intrinsic sectors will have a strong poverty reducti on and food security planning associati on with climate change. in the state.

Integrated perspecti ve imperati ve: Building climate resilience:

To be eff ecti ve in implementi ng initi ati ves The diff erent adaptati on initi ati ves being pertaining to the key prioriti es, it is important planned will ensure bett er preparedness to to have an integrated outlook and not work climate-induced changes, including extreme in isolati on. This will be required to ensure events. For a climate sensiti ve state such as maximum return to the eff orts being made. Mizoram, climate change adaptati on is an integral part of sustainable development. Low Carbon economic development: 14.3. Financial budgets The various miti gati on initi ati ves being planned across the Missions will ensure Each working group put together a budget that Mizoram proceeds on a low carbon for the initi ati ves proposed to meet the development path. key prioriti es in each sector. There are a number of ongoing initi ati ves, which are also Biodiversity in addressing livelihoods: relevant to climate change; these budgets have also been included in determining the The key adopti ve strategy being envisaged overall budget for the CAP. The additi onal in the climate change acti on plan will resources required in each sector has also facilitate conservati on of biodiversity been esti mated and resources for these will including restorati on and rehabilitati on be sourced from the GoI or external funding which will help vulnerable people, mostly agencies. The following table provides the the tribal communiti es and economically rough budget esti mate for the first CAP. most backward strata, to cope with climate change. Biodiversity plays a central role in

Table 14.1: Budget for SAPCC S. No. Parti culars Approx. Amount (Rs. in Crore) 1 Sustainable Agriculture Mission 420.627 2 Sustainable Himalayan Mission 131.200 3 Green India Mission 283.600 4 Sustainable Habitat Mission 1314.600 5 Mission on Health 301.500 6 Mission on Solar & Renewable Energy 158.175 7 Mission on Energy Effi ciency 581.815 8 Mission on Water 469.740 9 Strategic Knowledge Mission 14.000

136 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Table 14.2: Mizoram Climate Change Acti on Plan – Monitoring & Evaluati on Framework

Areas Key Impacts Targets to Key Programs to Frequency Feedback to Monitor Monitor Evaluate Loop Sustainable Biodiversity Biodiversity Protecti on of Land 3-5 Years Adjust Himalayan Land Use Plan Status from Soil Erosion budgets Mission Water Quality Land Biodiversity & Modify Degradati on Conservati on programs Program Wetland Conservati on Programs Sustainable Water Stress Water Collecti on Urban Planning 3-5 Adjust Habitat Waste Traffi c Waste budgets Mission Management Waste Management & Modify GHG Management Green highways programs Emissions GHG gas Constructi on form the reducti on Sector Sustainable Changes in Increase in yield Integrated 3 Years Adjust Agriculture yields for key in watershed watershed budgets Mission crops development development & Modify Frequency of program areas program programs crop failures Adopti ons Perennials Yields in of improved plantati on Program aquaculture varieti es Skilled animal Fish Catch Targets for breeding programs rates adjusted Livestock Early warning for eff ort improvement system for diseases Animal Targets for fi sh weight and catch per year Output Green India Changes in Reforestati on Forest Enrichment 3-5 Years If program Mission the Forest rates Plantati on do not Cover Reducti on of Programs meet Improvement Forests Fire Management targets in the Forest ANR Coverage Programs modify stocks Areas Capacity Building allocati on GHG Removal Enrichment Programs of budgets from Forests Plantati on rates Mission Energy Installati on of Biogas Promoti on 3 Years Adjust on Solar & Security Solar Plants Program programs Renewable Installati on Wind and Solar Budgets Energy of Improved Programs Chullas and Biogas Mission Emission of Reduce Awareness creati on 3 Years Adjust on Energy CO2 Transmission & Capacity Building programs Effi ciency Emission & Distributi on State level Budgets Intensity Losses entrepreneurs to become ESCO

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 137 Mission on Frequency Accuracy of Water supply 3 years Modify Water of rainfall fl ood forecasti ng connecti on program in diff erent Water use Program according seasons effi ciency rates Soil erosion to No of harvesti ng Checkup program evaluati on strategies Water structure constructed Mission on Incidence of Vector Borne Vector borne 3 years Modify Health Vector Borne Disease impacts diseases programs program diseases relati ve to Water borne according Incidence of baseline diseases program to Water Borne Water borne Heat wave impacts evaluati on Diseases disease impacts program Frequency of relati ve to Heat Waves baseline

138 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 15 Implementati on Arrangement

The implementati on of the climate change coordinati ng roleon climate change issues. acti on plan has been accorded highest This Committ eewill formulate a Nodal priority from the Prime Minister’s offi ce at Agency which willbe a single-window contact the nati onal level as well as Honourable for dealing withthe Government of India Chief Minister’s offi ce at the state level. The (GoI) and otherexternal funding agencies state climate change acti on plan has laid in issues pertainingto climate change. out the insti tuti onal and policy structure, However, the Agency’srole will include and including specifi c policy proposals or planning involve all sectors andall departments. It is processes, that a state can use to develop envisaged that thisAgency will functi on in and implement a climate change adaptati on an independentand autonomous manner strategy dovetailing with the state’s own so that it canexecute its various roles, planning and budgeti ng strategy. Additi onal responsibiliti esand duti es in a smooth, quick resource over and above the business as usual and eff ecti ve manner. This will be headed by have to come from centre, developmental a senior offi cer having adequate exposure aid from bi-lateral and multi -lateral sources. to technical, managerial and administrati ve issues relati ng to climate change. The Agency In initi ati ng the preparati on of the will be equipped withappropriate quality ClimateChange Acti on Plan, the Government manpower, resourcesand infrastructure that ofMizoram had consti tuted a committ ee are commensurate with the requirements and (name of the committ ee and GO when it was challengesfaced. The Agency’s functi oning consti tuted) thatdelegated the responsibility style willbe collaborati ve and inclusive notonly of Climate ChangeActi on Plan preparati on within Departments of theGovernment but to subcommitt eesfrom line departments to also with the diff erentexternal stakeholders. bring greater focus on diff erent sectoral issues and opti ons. These deliberati ons revealed The structure should not be heavy. It should that implementati on also requiresstrong be headed by senior offi cer and should have inter-sectoral and inter-departmental an offi cer having experience in adaptati on coordinati on. (NRM issues) and an offi cer on miti gati on (on energy issues) and one offi cer for M&E and To meet this need, a State Level Committ ee one for fi nance and accounts (check with Dr on Climate Change will be put in place Zara) and support staff . during the fi rst year of implementati on. This will have anadvisory, supervisory and The steps should be to develop annual acti on

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 139 plan based on the climate change acti on plan if funded want to see what are the sectorally in consultati on with respecti ve outcomes) departments. The primary focus shall be the • Impact(s) of interest key prioriti es identi fi ed during the climate • Time constraints change acti on plan in each sector. • Cost 15.1 Implementi ng the priority • Data requirements/availability Acti on • Internal staff experti se For each priority this should be the process of implementati on: The agency/state can either conduct the evaluati on itself or hire consultants. • Defi ne program objecti ve and Regardless of who conducts the analysis, scale (relati ve magnitude or the agency should understand the methods comprehensiveness): and assumpti ons used in the analyses as they dramati cally aff ect the results of the • Set a ti me frame for roll out, delivery, analyses. and reporti ng results 15.3 Communicate the Results • Set a spati al boundary: any locati on or state-wide or area specifi c Climate policies and programs require broad public and politi cal support to be eff ecti ve. • Defi ne a baseline and data collecti on Successful programs eventually require requirements an outreach strategy to engage the target audience to take acti ons that will lead to the • Establish a budget in context of broader projected adapati on and miti gati on targets. policy objecti ves Any outreach campaign requires a well • Identi fy evaluati on and reporti ng designed multi -step strategy, whose approaches components typically include the following • Select who (department/agency) will (although not always in this exact order): run the program • Establish a Team – Involve the team in 15.2 Measuring the results of the each step of the development process. acti ons taken • Try to get people on your team from The tools and approaches available for both environmental and educati on evaluati ng the impacts of climate change backgrounds (e.g., technical staff from priority acti ons range from basic screening your department and outreach staff methods to sophisti cated dynamic simulati on from the public relati ons department). models. In selecti ng the most appropriate Involving external stakeholders on tools or method, states can consider many your team as well can add valuable factors, including: perspecti ves. • Purpose of analysis: (who is the user), • Identi fy Goals – Identi fy a cohesive set whether they are willing to fund or of realisti c goals that serve the overall

140 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram objecti ves of your outreach campaign • Develop Outreach Materials (e.g. and functi on as achievable milestones. newslett er, website, etc.) – Demonstrate The goal of an outreach campaign to your intended audience how the typically falls within one of the following content of the material meets their three categories: needs.

• Raising awareness about the issue, • Remember to ensure that the materials idea, or program (e.g., increasing include messages that will resonate with understanding of the benefi ts of the your audience’s current viewpoints, not ENERGY STAR brand, publicizing a new necessarily what would resonate for green power purchase program). you (you’re the expert already).

• Educati ng your audience about the 15.4 Establish att enti on and review impacts of their decisions (e.g., providing of the apex decision makers a climate calculator to understand their emissions profi les). The council should be convened twice in a year and to be headed by the chief minister • Working with a multi –stakeholder and meeti ngs to be held every quarter to be team can oft en allow for leveraging of headed by the chief secretary to take stock of resources. the progress of implementati on.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 141 142 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Chapter - 16 Conclusions

The CAP is strategized and planned to implicati ons for the state, Government of lead Mizoram to move towards a carbon- Mizoram will adopt a dual approach, i.e. top- conscious, climate resilient development down approach through the downscaling of path. The following are the key conclusions global models as well as a bott om-up approach of this Climate Change Acti on Plan: through collecti ng empirical evidences of climate change at grassroots level. 16.1. Significance of climate change 16.4. Awareness and capacity- The nature, scale and magnitude of the building climate change impacts are likely to be high on the State due to its positi oning in Awareness and capacity building to face this a fragile ecosystem. In additi on, Climate new challenge will be the primary focus; this Change impacts on neighboring states and will be undertaken across diff erent sectors across neighboring countries can magnify and the state economy as a whole. the migrati ons to the Mizoram. Therefore, Mizoram will be a focus of both nati onal 16.5. Overall approach and internati onal att enti on in the context of climate change. A multi disciplinary, integrated and co- ordinated convergence approach is required 16.2. Addressing both adaptati on and and will be adopted in implementi ng this miti gati on Climate Change Acti on Plan. Government of Mizoram will adopt a proacti ve, preventi ve The state Climate Change Acti on Plan will and preparedness- oriented approach rather address both miti gati on and adaptati on than a reacti ve approach. issues in a holisti c manner by implementi ng all the acti viti es in the acti on plan. It has Diff erent sectors have diff erent key prioriti es been recognized that adaptati on is of much to be addressed through diff erent initi ati ves greater significance. over diff erent ti meframe. Each sector will implement its initi ati ves relevant to their 16.3. Informati on on climate change key prioriti es within themselves and in close implicati ons integrati on with diff erent departments and stakeholders involved. In terms of assessing the climate change

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 143 During this Climate Change Acti on Plan encouraged to contribute towards resolving implementati on, Government of Mizoram climate change problems in a structured will demonstrate, promote and encourage way. diff erent initi ati ves through policy changes and implementati on acti ons as a response to 16.8. Dynamic document climate change. Approaches to responding climate change 16.6. Involve stakeholders are fast changing based on the numerous researches being done across the world. Government of Mizoram will involve Given this situati on, this 5-year Climate stakeholders, parti cularly community, Change Acti on Plan is seen as a dynamic in a more proacti ve way in the Climate document rather than a fixed in ti me or Change Acti on Plan implementati on. This stati c one. The key prioriti es provide the involvement will relate to (i) promoti ng much guidance and directi on that Government of greater climate change awareness within Mizoram wishes to take. Keeping these key community, (ii) identi fying problemati c issues prioriti es, flexibility will have to be exercised relevant to climate change, (iii) support in in implementi ng the proposed initi ati ves monitoring of climate-induced problems and so that these are in line with the latest and (iv) ensuring greater accountability to the uptodate developments in this fast-changing people on climate change issues. Stakeholder discipline. involvement will be an eff ecti ve tool with stakeholders, who play an important part 16.9. Integrate climate change in new in bringing out the soluti ons. If stakeholder initi ati ves involvement as described here is not initi ated, then stakeholders are bound to look at This Climate Change Acti on Plan was prepared Government of Mizoram as an adversary and taking into account the current development not as a partner. acti viti es and the need to integrate climate change considerati ons in those proposed set 16.7. Going beyond environmental & of acti vity. Since new development acti viti es climate change professionals would arise in each of these sector, utmost care would be taken to ensure that climate From the range of issues / concerns, it is change considerati ons are integrated with quite clear that even though climate change these as well. is an environmental challenge, the response requires non- environmental professionals. 16.10. Monitoring of CAP Resolving climate change issues cannot be done in isolati on by the environmental or Climate change is relevant to most sectors climate change fraternity alone. The issues/ and departments within the Government problems are so fundamental and deep of Mizoram. As acti viti es across all sectors in the sectoral context that the respecti ve and departments are identi fied and planned sector professionals have to address these through state planning processes, the problems. Policy-makers, economists, monitoring and evaluati on of this CAP will planners, engineers, scienti sts, development be done in close co-ordinati on with the program specialists and others have to be monitoring of the state planning acti viti es.

144 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Over a period of 1-2 years, the process of levels as well as those of the external monitoring the CAP will be streamlined stakeholders will be considerably with the monitoring of acti viti es under the higher. Once built, this capacity state planning framework with half yearly should be collecti vely and gainfully monitoring of priority acti ons in respecti ve used in a consultati ve, parti cipatory sector. Those would be compiled and reported and inclusive manner in determining to the highest levels of Government. the focus areas of att enti on in the next version of the Climate Change 16.11. Budget Acti on Plan.

Any esti mati on for implementati on of Climate • With regard to the Sector working Change Acti on Plan will only be a rough group as initi ated for the first esti mate. However the budget for climate Climate Change Acti on Plan, a similar change response acti ons has been esti mated group should be created within to be Rs. 3675.257 Crore for a 5-year period the Government of Mizoram to between 2012 and 2017. This esti mate prepare subsequent CAPs as well. includes both existi ng / already earmarked The ownership and commitment resources and additi onal resources required of the Government of Mizoram in to shift Mizoram towards carbon-conscious, implementi ng this Climate Change climate-resilient development path. Parts of Acti on Plan gets a substanti ve boost the Acti on Plan can be implemented with the if there is an acti ve involvement and available resources of the departments and engagement of the Government of additi onal funds may have to be provided Mizoram staff in preparing these for certain acti viti es. As the implementati on plans. A similar multi -sector and proceeds, the picture will be clearer. integrated approach should therefore be adopted for future Climate Change 16.12. Recommendati ons for future Acti on Plan preparati ons. CAPs • While all sectors were directly or From the experience of preparing this indirectly covered in preparing the Climate Change Acti on Plan, the following are CAP Climate Change Acti on Plan, the recommendati ons for preparing future there were some departments of the Climate Change Acti on Plan in the state: Government of Mizoram that were not proacti ve, e.g. Educati on, Disaster • Following the implementati on of Management departments. In the this first Climate Change Acti on next version of the Climate Change Plan, awareness and knowledge on Acti on Plan, those Departments that climate change issues / concerns were not directly engaged should be would have developed across the encouraged for involvement so that state. Therefore, the overall capacity new perspecti ves and approaches of both Government staff across all emerge.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 145 146 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram MINUTES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROGRAMME ON MIZORAM CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN

Date : 20th October, 2011; Venue : Aijal Club, City Centre, Aizawl, Mizoram Members Present : 43 Nos. (Att ached as annexure)

The meeti ng started at 10:00 a.m. with a warm welcome address given by Dr. Vanlalzara, Principal Scienti fi c Offi cer, Directorate of Science & Technology, Mizoram. He then presented a brief overview of the workshop through power point presentati on whereby he menti oned that in line with the Nati onal Plan on Climate Change released on June 30, 2008, the Mizoram Council of Climate Change was consti tuted on 17th June 2010 under the Chairmanship of the Hon’ble Chief Minister and that the Executi ve Council was also created under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. He apprised the members that the initi ati ve for preparati on of State Acti on Plan on Climate Change in Mizoram is executed by the Department of Science & Technology with fi nancial support from MoEF-GIZ partnership programme and that CTRAN Consulti ng, based in Bhubhaneshwar, Orissa is the knowledge partner.

The inaugural address was given by Shri Lalkhama, IAS (Rtd.) and Vice Chairman, State Planning Board. In his speech, he menti oned that the modern day scienti sts and intellectuals should be more concerned about the infl uence on climate by humans, and the manner how the land and its resources are used or misused. Under the New Land Use Policy adopted by the State Government, it is intended to keep a large percentage of the state land area under rain forests, and progressively reduce areas under jhum culti vati on which is now around 2 lakhs acres annually. He anti cipated that the consultati on workshop will help in adopti ng suitable acti on plan to preserve the natural rhythm of life in the natural environment of cycles of oxygen and other chemical elements in this mysterious universe.

Aft er this, Dr. Vanlalzara extended his appreciati on and grati tude to the members att ending the workshop who spare their valuable ti me to share their views and experiences for the success of the workshop. The technical session of the workshop was divided into three main subjects viz.

Technical Session-1 : Agriculture & Allied, Forestry; Technical Session-2 : Energy, Health; Technical Session-3 : Strategic Knowledge Mission, Water, Urban. The Coordinators for each Technical Sessions were:

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 147 Technical Session-1 : Mr. T.V. Fambawl, Secretary, Agriculture Department Technical Session-2 : Er. Dunglena, Engineer-in-Chief (Rtd.) Technical Session-3 : Er. Valbuanga, Project Director, SIPMIU

The views and feedback shared by the members in the various technical sessions/ subjects are as below:

1) Sector-Sustainable Agriculture :- i) No data on allocati on of human work force in diff erent agriculture & allied acti viti es based on their demand and availability of workforce and also willingness. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) ii) Type and systems of agriculture practi ces and their compati bility with each other acti viti es. (Mr. Arulrajan, IFS, E&F Department) iii) Inclusion of more research works in development of traditi onal indigenous rice varieti es e.g. Phulbuh which have been found to acclimati zed climate change by retaining benefi cial genes and enhancing the yield, if possible. Promoti on of fodder for animals through agro-forestry models is also suggested. (Mr. Lalduhthlana, ACF, E&F Department) iv) Rice genotype (local species) should be propagated and uti lized for eff ecti ve culti vati on. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). v) Concentrate on paddy and orange only (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vi) Social history claims that aft er 20 years of NLUP and MIP, people fi nd it diffi cult to abandon jhum. So, instead of the current 1-2 years cycle, 7-10 years cycle system may be introduced with modifi ed traditi onal system. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vii) No more exoti c species. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). viii) Shift ing culti vati on/jhuming is the most primiti ve method of agriculture and therefore should be replaced by sett led agriculture in any forms. While selecti ng the agriculture/utmost care should be taken: it should be in conformity with agro-climati c conditi ons, soil and geomorphic characteristi cs of the area/agricultural land. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). ix) Shift ing culti vati on should not be stopped completely. It has an important place in the culture and way of life of the rural people. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) x) Research on the alternati ve plans should be done before implementati on in place of jhum culti vati on. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society)

148 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram xi) Quite suffi cient, shift ing culti vati on system may not be abandoned, so instead if this system can be improved and scienti fi c input may be incorporated to a culti vated area as a pilot project. (Dr. Lalnundanga, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xii) The proposed strategies of agriculture and allied Departments for Climate Change miti gati on and adaptati on need more specifi c strategies. I feel that area-wise specifi c technologies/models needs to be identi fi ed and adopted for uphill and slopelands which consists of more than 80% of landscape in Mizoram. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) xiii) If the low-lying areas called plains are well irrigated so as to be able to yield double cropping in a year, sustainable agriculture may be achieved, so as to lessen the slash and burn type of culti vati on practi ce elsewhere in the state. (Er. H. Lalsawmliana, Science & Technology) xiv) Emphasis may be put on organic farming. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xv) Control of shift ing culti vati on by converti ng the jhum land for permanent culti vati on. Jhum land can be used for fodder culti vati on, NWFP culti vati on. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xvi) Rainfall predicti ve models should be developed based on the analysis of past climate data in order to adopt alternati ve agricultural practi ces for the sustainable development. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xvii) Agricultural practi ces should be concentrated along the ferti le river valleys and valley plains as the terrain is purely sedimentary and can yield good quanti ti es of water from uplands. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 2) Sector-Sustainable Forestry :- i) Inter-Departmental co-ordinati on is needed. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) ii) Awareness on policy and programme of environmental concern should be given to all people and department because people (all) are part of ecosystem. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) iii) De-reservati on must be revised. If unavoidable EIA should be done and 1-2 riverine areas may be identi fi ed and serve as experiment for at least 10 years. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iv) Educati on and awareness to the public may be conducted with educati onal insti tuti ons. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). v) The forest policy of Mizoram needs certain amendment in regard to riverine forest, village safety forest etc. The good land i.e. arable land may be given for agricultural acti viti es and the unfavourable land may be devoted for forest cover and for development of recreati onal centres. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 149 & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). vi) Miti gati on measures should be more (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) vii) Agroforestry may be added. (Dr. Lalnundanga, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). viii) Incenti ves and support needs to be given for establishment and maintenance of social forestry. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). ix) Bamboo and tree based agro-forestry systems needs to be introduced in degraded lands. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). x) Environment & Forest Department may co-ordinate with agriculture and allied Departments for introducing agro-forestry system in slope-lands. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Member, MIPOGRASS) xi) Serious steps should be taken in preventi ng forest fi res and allied destructi on. No land in our state is totally or permanently a wasteland, they can be regenerated within 5 years or so. Use of LPG may also be in introduced to preserve the forest. (Er. H. Lalsawmliana, Science & Technology) xii) The Government of Mizoram may come up with a kind of legislati on to improve ‘Greenery’ by making it compulsory for every citi zen of the state to ‘plant & nurture’ a tree - in line with Kenya Government. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xiii) Urban Forestry may be promoted & given priority. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xiv) Need for ‘Trees outside forests’ be kept in mind while making developmental projects; quanti fi cati on of TOFs may be undertaken. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xv) Farmers practi cing ‘Homegardens’ may be evaluated for ‘carbon credits’ and incenti ves may be arranged suitably to promote these indigenous home gardens/ agroforestry. (Dr. U.K. Sahoo, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xvi) Livelihood improvement acti vity for forest dependent communiti es. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xvii) Riverine forests (reserve) to be protected as it is rich with bamboo. Bamboos are good plant for carbon sequestrati on. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xviii) Massive aff orestati on programmes should be implemented at higher elevati ons and steeply sloping areas as it checks/prevents soil erosion and also keeps the water-table at higher levels. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xix) Plantati on programmes should be implemented within urbanized areas as they act as carbon sinks. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University).

150 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 3) Sector-Energy:- i) Non-conventi onal energy (biomass gasifi cati on) should be made available to all remote locati ons where power grids are not possible. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) ii) Instead of effi ciency, availability should be ensured. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) iii) Self-reliance is bett er than feeding from outside. (Mr. Arulrajan (IFS), E&F Department) iv) Menti on is made that about 20 villages are not yet electrifi ed. This has to be taken care of to ensure that all those villages are electrifi ed. (Mr. Lalduhthlana, ACF, E&F Department) v) The objecti ve to create power plants in all major rivers should be abandoned. Large projects like Kolodyne may be completed fi rst before small projects. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vi) If all major rivers are converted to HEP it will aff ect rainfall, agriculture etc. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). vii) Distributi on and installati on of effi cient CFL bulbs to BPL families. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). viii) Hydel power plant may be given priority for power generati on. In that, so many small/minor hydel project plant should be minimized, rather one river valley hydel project plant which can meet the energy requirement of the state may be completed so that environment system as a whole may not be disturb. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). ix) Hydro power and solar energy generati on is a must. Mini hydropower plants at many places will have an impact on local ecosystem and many life forms that adds to the rich biodiversity of the state. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) x) More developmental approach needed. (Dr. Lalnundanga,, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University). xi) Energy sector needs to be touched up. There is no write-up on how the proposal will be aff ecti ng the climate change. (Mrs. Lalhmingliani Hmar, EE, P&E Department). xii) Major stress/thrust towards adopti ng renewable energy sources like solar energy/ wind energy etc. (Er. N.L. Jaisi, Assistant Engineer-Investi gati on, PHED) xiii) There has to be a limitati on in setti ng up/constructi on of hydro-electricity project in Mizoram. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Also, Member Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society) (Member, MIPOGRASS) xiv) Producti on and sell of power energy at the cost of forest biodiversity and the aff ected communiti es may not be recommended. (Dr. F. Lalnunmawia, Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University) (Also, Member, Mizoram Post Graduate Science Society)

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 151 xv) Concerned departments should take utmost interest in producing related energy, whether it is electrical energy, heat energy, so and so forth. Public are sti ll ignorant and lack awareness of our burning topic. They need to be made aware. (Er. H. Lalsawmliana, Science & Technology) xvi) Southern and eastern rivers of the state to be used for harnessing hydro-potenti al energy for the enti re state. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xvii) At village level (rural region) solar energy and biogas energy to be encouraged and implemented by the Government. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xviii) Energy and its management as curriculum to be studied at school and college level. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) xix) Solar water heaters should be produced on subsidized rate in order to save energy. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xx) Awareness programmes should be conducted to save energy as energy saved is energy produced. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xxi) As Mizoram is rich in coal reserves to some extent minor thermal power generati on stati ons can be established within the limits of low carbon emissions. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). xxii) Hydel projects should be developed to meet our immediate needs. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 4) Sector-Health:- i) Climate change increases the risk of malaria and to suppress malaria we are relying on DDT. In developed countries, use of DDT has been banned or restricted due to its adverse impacts on environment. Can we incorporate in our plan to conduct research on impacts of DDT applicati ons on natural environment. (Mr. Lalduhthlana, ACF, E&F Department). ii) The whole process of malaria control measure must be revised. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iii) Rural health management system should be developed. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iv) Biotechnology Research Centre may be established. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). v) Regarding health, it is to be noted that Global warming resulted into various diseases like skin cancer, skin diseases and even blindness. Climate change can cause many more and therefore we should take care of all these factors which can add carbon emissions. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management).

152 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram vi) Health seems to be irrelevant to be included in the acti on plan for Climate Change. If at all it is included certain data(s) needs to be changed as pointed out at the discussions relati ng to malaria. (Mrs. Lalhmingliani Hmar, EE, P&E Department). vii) Study and documentati on of diseases caused by water and insect borne vestors at diff erent regions of the state. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) viii) Poverty, malnutriti on due to poverty & extreme climate change. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) ix) Rapid urbanizati on has great eff ect on health rather than climate change which is mostly due to polluti on. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 5) Sector - Sustainable Habitat :- i) Recycling plant of paper and rubber/plasti c should be proposed. (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). ii) Creati on of eco-friendly roads (Plasti c waste & tar). (Mr. Vanramliana, Dept. of Zoology, PUC). iii) Promoti on of solar water heati ng system and lighti ng of buildings should be done by having a separate ECBC which should match with the socio-economic status of the state. Inclusion in the building bye-law is not practi cal seeing the socio-economic status of the populati on. (Mrs. Lalhmingliani Hmar, EE, P&E Department). iv) Planning infrastructure like road, drainage, energy, transportati on, vehicular polluti on, check populati on rise in all the urban areas, rural areas of the state including the city Aizawl. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) 6) Sector – Water :- i) Water resources availability is very much related to how we use our land resources as well as forest resources. Water management should be incorporated with proper planning. (Dr. P. Rinawma, Geography & natural Resources Management, Mizoram University) (Also Professor & Dean, School of earth Sciences and Natural resources Management). ii) As our water resources get more and more depleted then our infrastructure itself will not be able to provide adequate water to the public. Hence we have to go in for large water storage projects where conjuncti ve use of water is possible i.e. power generati on, irrigati on needs and water supply needs. (Er. N.L. Jaisi, Assistant Engineer-Investi gati on, PHED) iii) Meteorological and hydrological data useful for management of water resources of the state. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) iv) Study on the hydrological cycle of diff erent rivers (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) v) Water harvesti ng system to be developed in urban and rural centres. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University)

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 153 vi) Check dams to be constructed which can be used for domesti c, culti vati on, fi shery and allied. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) vii) Proper measures should be taken to explore ground water in additi on to uti lizati on of rainwater and river water. Rain water harvesti ng reservoirs should be made at eah locality. (Dr. Ch. Udaya Bhaskara Rao, Geography and Resource Management, Mizoram University). 7) Sector – Strategic Knowledge Mission :- i) It is highly advisable that a defi nite goal in terms of CO2 emissions, methane emissions, be made in terms of fi gures/numbers. This would serve as a steering force for the smooth executi on of the draft plans. (Dr. John Zothanzama Sailo, Environmental Science Department, Mizoram University) (Member, MIPOGRASS) ii) Knowledge mission to be used for all people. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) iii) Inventory of enti re profi le of GHG of the state to be developed. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University) iv) Technological design to meet the local need. (Dr. Ramachandra Laha, Dept. of Botany, Mizoram University)

Aft er a long day of lively discussion coupled with several presentati ons from diff erent concerned Departments, the meeti ng was ended with a brief wrap up from Dr. Vanlalzara, Principal Scienti fi c Offi cer, Department of Science & Technology. He once again expressed his grati tude to all the members present for their kind presence and contributi on, and at the same ti me invited them for further cooperati on in future towards the success of Climate Change Acti on Plan in Mizoram.

(Dr. VANLALZARA) Principal Scienti fi c Offi cer, Dept. Of Science & Technology

154 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Annexure

LIST OF MEMBERS PRESENT ON MIZORAM CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION WORKSHOP AT AIJAL CLUB, CITY CENTRE, AIZAWL ON 20TH OCT., 2011

Sl.No. NAME DESIGNATION & DEPARTMENT 1. Arulrajan IFS, Dept. of Environment & Forest, Govt. of Mizoram 2. Lalduhthlana ACF (P), Dept. of Dept. of Environment & Forest, Govt. of Mizoram 3. Dr. Ramachandra Laha Head, Dept. of Botany Mizoram University 4. Dr. Udaya Bhaskara Rao Assistant Professor Dept. of Geography & Resource Management, MZU 5. Dr. P. Rinawma Dean, School of Earth Sciences & N.R.M., MZU 6. Dr. U.K. Sahoo Dept. of Forestry Mizoram University 7. Vanramliana Dept. of Zoology, Pachhunga University College 8. Yograj Chhetri Principal Adviser, Planning Department 9. Dr. F. Lalnunmawia Dept. of Forestry, Mizoram University Member, Mizo Post Graduate Science Society (MIPOGRASS) 10. Lalhmingliani Hmar EE, P&E Dept., Govt. of Mizoram 11. N.L. Jaisi AE (I) PHE., Govt. of Mizoram 12. Dunglena Consultant, Engineer-in-Chief (Rtd.) 13. Lalnunsiama Colney Exe. Committ ee Member Mizoram Science Society 14. Dr. R.K. Lallianthanga Project Director, Mizoram Remote Sensing Applicati on Centre (MIRSAC) 15. Edward Lalzuithanga Scienti st, MIRSAC 16. Dr. Ramfangzauva Joint Director Health & Family Welfare Dept. Mizoram 17. K. Lalrammuana Exe. Committ ee Member Mizoram Science Society 18. Samuel Lalmalsawma Exe. Committ ee Member Mizoram Science Society 19. K. Guite Chief Engineer Power Department 20. David C. Zahmuaka Director, ZEDA 21. T. Thangzagin S.E. P&E, Govt. of Mizoram 22. Dr. Thangzadinga VD (VE) AH&Vety Department 23. Saihlira Adviser, Planning Department 24. Dr. H. Saithantluanga Dy. Director (P) Agriculture Department 25. Lalnunmawii IPRO, Directorate of Informati on & Public Relati on 26. Dr. David Sailo Dy. Director AH & Vety 27. C. Lalduhawma Gen. Secretary, Mizoram Science Society 28. Valbuanga Project Director SIPMIU 29. Lalnundanga Dept. of Forestry MZU 30. Dr. A.C. Shukla Associate Professor Horti culture & MAPs Mizoram University 31. Awadhesh Kumar Research Scholar Mizoram University

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 155 32. Dr. John Zothanzama Asst. Professor, MZU & Member, Mizo Post Graduate Sailo Science Society (MIPOGRASS) 33. T.V. Fambawl Secretary, Agriculture, Govt. of Mizoram 34. Vanlalremruati Scienti st, MIRSAC 35. Rosy Lalremruati Scienti st, MIRSAC 36. C. Lalzawngliana Asst. Scienti st, MIRSAC 37. F. Lalramchuana Scienti fi c Offi cer MIRSAC 38. H. Lalsawmliana Scienti fi c Offi cer, Dept. of Science & Technology 39. Lalnuntluangi Senior H.O.Dept. of Science & Technology 40. Lalmuanpuii Sailo Senior H.O. Dept. of Science & Technology 41. L.H. Lalnunpuia Scienti st MIRSAC 42. F. Lalthenlova Dept. of Science & Technology 43. Lalrothanga Director, CCDU PHED

156 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Annexure - 1 Key Prioriti es Agriculture Sl. Key Prioriti es Depart- Budget (Rs. Crore) Source of No. ments/ funding Organi- State Other Total sati on Source Source 1 Development of Land Dept. Of 42.0 42.0 Govt. Of India, (Levelling, bundling, etc) for Agriculture External funding Wetland Rice Culti vati on Agencies (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existi ng Wetland Rice Culti vati on (WRC) 2 Developing data base on Dept. Of 0.25 0.25 Govt. Of genotypes of local crop Agriculture India, Govt. varieti es (mainly rice Of Mizoram varieti es) and identi fi cati on External funding of suitable varieti es for Agencies diff erent agro-climati c zones. 3 Impact assessment of Dept. Of 7.5 7.5 Govt. Of paddy culti vati on through Agriculture India, Govt. agricultural inputs such Of Mizoram, as crop varieti es, kharif External funding crops and promoti on of Agencies rain water harvesti ng and constructi on of eco- friendly mini check dams for irrigati on. 4 Assessment study Dept. Of 0.5 0.5 Govt. Of and demonstrati on Agriculture India, Govt. of Systemati c Rice Of Mizoram Intensifi cati on (SRI) External funding culti vati on and Capacity Agencies building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse eff ects of climate change 5Opti mizati on of jhum Dept. Of 4.93 4.93 Govt. Of India, culti vati on through Agriculture, External funding conservati on of arable Dept. Of Agencies land, water uti lizati on Animal management, parallel Husbandry culti vati on of alternati ve crops and Alternati ve jhum Control to Livelihood

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 157 6 Constructi on of Hill Slope Dept. Of 31.75 31.75 Govt. Of terraces for conservati on Horti culture, India, Govt. of moisture and culti vati on Dept. Of Of Mizoram of food grain, vegetable, Agriculture External funding pulses and oilseed crops Agencies 7. Increasing the area under Dept. Of 72.40 72.40 Govt. Of perennial fruit plantati on Horti culture, India, Govt. crops and low value high Dept. Of Of Mizoram volume crops to help cope Agriculture External funding with uncertain weather Agencies patt erns. 8. Management of climate Dept. Of 148.40 148.40 Govt. Of change impact on Horti culture India, Govt. horti culture and Climate Of Mizoram risk management studies External funding Agencies 9. Improving post harvest Dept. Of 85.92 85.92 Govt. Of India, management such as cold Horti culture, Govt. Mizoram chain for perishable crops Dept. Of External funding and winter culti vati on Agriculture Agencies practi ces 10. Promoti on of organic Dept. Of 3.0 3.0 Govt. Of farming through Horti culture, India, Govt. usage of compost and Dept. Of Of Mizoram vermicompost Agriculture External funding Agencies 11. Adopti on of Integrated Pest Dept. Of 6.925 6.925 Govt. Of Management for improved Horti culture, India, Govt. crop yield, Preparedness to Dept. Of Of Mizoram, tackle emerging scenarios Agriculture external funding of pests and capacity agencies building for stakeholders 12. Research study on livestock Dept. Of 7.597 7.597 Govt. Of disease and establishment Animal India, Govt. of early warning system Husbandry Of Mizoram and Capacity building to External funding Stakeholders Agencies 13. Study of impact of Climate Dept. Of 0.05 0.05 Govt. Of Change on the indigenous Fisheries India, Govt. fauna of aquati c ecosystem Of Mizoram and open waters External funding Agencies 14. Water storage and Dept. Of 1.5 3.75 5.25 Govt. Of providing proper diversion Fisheries India, Govt. channels to the existi ng Of Mizoram ponds for drainage of External funding catchment runoff during Agencies sudden heavy rains

158 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 15. Providing extensive support Dept. Of 0.06 0.45 0.51 Govt. Of and services to fi shermen Fisheries India, Govt. through establishment Of Mizoram of district level training External funding centres Agencies 16. Water bodies conservati on Dept. Of 1.65 0.875 2.525 Govt. Of for fi shery sector and Fisheries India, Govt. establishment of fi shery Of Mizoram units in reservoirs and External funding riverine area Agencies 17. Green the Devastated Dept. Of 1.12 Govt. Of Barren Wasteland for Agriculture India, Govt. Fodder Culti vati on (7000 Of Mizoram, Hectares) External funding Agencies Total 3.21 416.297 420.627

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 159 Himalayan Mission Sl. Key Prioriti es Departments/ Other Total Source of No. Organisati on Source (Rs. funding (Rs. Crore) Crore) 1 Assessment of climate vulnerability Department of 2.1 2.1 Govt. Of and climate change impacts on Forest India, Govt. state biodiversity and forest Of Mizoram, resources External Agencies 2 Undertaking study on valuati on Department of 0.8 0.8 Govt. Of India, of forest resources (Non traded) Forest External Agencies and climate change impacts on the vulnerable ecosystems 3 Ecotourism promoti on for Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India, biodiversity protecti on and Forest, Dept. Govt. Of sustainable livelihood Of Tourism Mizoram 4 Work to establish new systems Department of 1 1 Govt. Of India, to support for public awareness Forest, SPCB Govt. Of building through Establishment of Mizoram Envis Centre 5 Restructuring land use policy for Department of 0.5 0.5 Govt. Of India, jhum culti vati on and habitati on on Forest, Dept. Govt. Of noti fi ed forest lands Of agriculture Mizoram 6 Policy formulati on on Department of 0.5 0.5 Govt. Of India, transportati on subsidy or Forest, Dept. Govt. Of development of low cost Of Transport Mizoram transportati on for primary Forest products of the state 7 Monitoring of carbon stock and Department of 1.3 1.3 Govt. Of India, biodiversity at regular intervals Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 8Protecti on of forests and forest Department 81 81 Govt. Of India, land from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 of Forest and Govt. Of Ha Deptt SMC Mizoram 9 Conservati on and Management of Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India, two major Wetlands Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 10 Inventorying and Conservati on of Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India, Medicinal Plants /Orchid Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 11 Research on Wildlife Populati ons Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India, and Carridors - Mountain Goats, Forest Govt. Of Burmese green Peacock, Malayan Mizoram Bear 12 Biodiversity Assessment Department of 5 5 Govt. Of India, Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 13 Creati on of Biodiversity Park Department of 5 5 Govt. Of India, Forest Govt. Of Mizoram 14 Documentati on and enrichment Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India, of Biodiversity database through Forest Govt. Of Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) Mizoram at the JFMC Level Total 131.2

160 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Green India Mission Sl. Key Prioriti es Depart-ments/ Budget (Rs. Crore) Source of No. Organi-sati on State Other Total funding Source Source 1 Improvement of forest quality Department of 200 200 Govt. Of and density in degraded lands Forest, Dept. Of India, and abandoned jhum lands agriculture External Agencies 2 Improvement the producti vity Department of 2.5 2.5 Govt. Of of Bamboo and promoti on of Forest India, Govt. local value additi on through Of Mizoram establishment of market linkages 3 Undertaking studies on climate Department of 8 8 Govt. Of change impacts on NTFP Forest India, Govt. producti vity and sustainable Of Mizoram harvesti ng practi ces for adaptati on of climate change 4 Capacity building of Department of 0.7 0.7 Govt. Of communiti es/community forest Forest India, Govt. management insti tuti ons for Of Mizoram climate change adaptati on 5Preventi on and control Department of 0.65 0.65 Govt. Of mechanism for forest invasive Forest India, Govt. species and its uti lizati on Mizoram strategies 6 Promoti on of forest based Department of 0.75 0.75 Govt. Of industries Forest, Dept. Of India, Govt. Industries Of Mizoram 7. Formulati on of conservati on Department of 2 2 Govt. Of strategies for Orchids and Forest India, Govt. establishment of market Of Mizoram, linkages for value additi on external agencies 8. Livelihood improvement Department of 36 36 Govt. Of India Acti viti es for forest dependent Forest communiti es 9. Strengthening of Forest Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India Department Forest 10. GIS based Monitoring and Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India Evaluati on of the program Forest 11. Strengthening of Local VSS Department of 10 10 Govt. Of India Forest 12. Publicity /media and Outreach Department of 2 2 Govt. Of India Forest 13. Establishment of Mission Department of 9 9 Govt. Of India Directorate Forest Total 283.6 283.6

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 161 Sustainable Habitat

Sl. Key Prioriti es Depart- Budget (Rs. Crore) Source of No. ments/ funding Organi- State Other Total sati on Source Source 1 Capacity Building and research Dept. of 1.3 1.3 Govt. Of initi ati ves on Climate Change Urban & India, Impacts and Preparedness PA, Power, External 1. Awareness generati on Transport Agencies and capacity building in Dept., PHE climate change impacts and preparedness 2. Capacity building for departments on advance solid waste management 3. Capacity building on Water management and effi cient distributi on of supply and delivery 4. Capacity building on Urban Management 2 Improvement in water usage PHE, Dept. 600.0 600.0 Govt. Of management for urban drainage of Urban & India, to reduce climate change impacts PA Govt. Of 1. Liquid waste management Mizoram, through improved sewage External design for addressing climate Agencies change impacts 2. Developing models of urban storm water fl ows and capaciti es of existi ng drainage system 3 Development of climate friendly Dept. of 701.0 701.0 Govt. Of Waste management systems and Urban & PA, India, improvement of aestheti cs Municipal Govt. Of 1. Developing a climate friendly council Mizoram, waste management system External 2. Landfi ll gas recovery from Agencies closure landfi lls 3. Reducti on of vector borne diseases from unmanaged dumping grounds 4. Improvement of collecti on effi ciency and resource recovery

162 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 4 Reducti on of disaster risk through Dept. of 5.8 5.8 Govt. Of climate change adaptati on Urban & PA India, 1. Formulati on of building Govt. Of guidelines with provision of Mizoram promoti ng traditi onal houses for diff erent agro-climati c zone, fl ood plains and in considerati on of the seismic vulnerability of the state 2. Developing climate- responsible master plans for selected city/towns (CDP) 3. Reformulati on land tenure policy to enable sustainable urban development 5 Energy effi ciency improvement Dept. of 0.15 0.15 Govt. Of and promoti on of renewable Urban & PA India, energy usage in urban sector BEE/ 1. Promoti on of solar water MNRE, heati ng and lighti ng in External buildings through policy Agencies mechanisms 6 Improvement of vehicular Transport 6.0 6.0 Govt. Of polluti on control mechanism for Dept., Dept. India reducti on of GHG emissions of Urban & 1. Improve enforcement to PA control vehicular polluti on 7 Assessment and inventorisati on Dept. of 0.35 0.35 Govt. Of of climate change impact on Urban & PA India urban sector 1. Quanti tati ve assessment of the impact of climate change Total 1314.6 1314.6

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 163 Health

Sl. Key Prioriti es Departments/ Budget Source of funding No. Organisati on (Rs. Crore) 1 Identi fy extrinsic and intrinsic Health dept, 3.5 Govt of Mizoram, drivers of malaria and identi fying Research Govt of India, External immunity interventi on insti tute source of funding from measures towards control of Multi lateral agencies incidence of malaria. 2 Assessment of impact of heat Health dept, 5 Govt of Mizoram, stress on human health and Research Govt of India, External framing adaptati on strategy, insti tute source of funding from identi fi cati on, documentati on Multi lateral agencies and awareness creati on on temperature related morbidity 3 Evidence based assessment Health dept, 3 Govt of Mizoram, of biophysical determinants Research Govt of India, External of malaria and development insti tute, source of funding from of framework for adaptati on Mizoram Multi lateral agencies measures for malaria control. Remote sensing Applicati on Centre 4 Carrying out of Adaptati on Health dept, 10 Govt of Mizoram, Govt study Research of India insti tute 5 Research initi ati ves to identi fy Health dept, 7 Govt of Mizoram, change in patt ern of diseases by Research Govt of India, External region due to climate change/ insti tute source of funding from weather variati on Multi lateral agencies 6 Study and documentati on Health dept 35 Govt of Mizoram, of diseases caused by water Govt of India, External (water borne) and development source of funding from of insti tuti onal mechanism to Multi lateral agencies reduce the incidence/outbreaks of such diseases along with awareness generati on 7. Development of insti tuti onal Health dept 10 Govt of Mizoram, framework and infrastructural Govt of India, External faciliti es for early detecti on of source of funding from vector borne diseases, including Multi lateral agencies managing outbreaks. 8. Establishment of pathological Health dept 15 Govt of Mizoram, laboratory with state of Govt of India, External art technology for diseases source of funding from identi fi cati on Multi lateral agencies

164 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9. Public health system Health dept, 200 Govt of Mizoram, infrastructure development Govt of India, External for extreme climate risk source of funding from management and managing Multi lateral agencies outbreaks of major diseases 10. Capacity building and training for Health dept, 8 Govt of Mizoram, health workers for sensiti sati on NGO Govt of India, External of climate variati on and health source of funding from impacts Multi lateral agencies 11. Research study on malnutriti on Health dept, 5 Govt of Mizoram, of vulnerable group due to food Research Govt of India, External security caused mainly due to insti tute source of funding from climati c variati on Multi lateral agencies Total 301.50

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 165 Solar Mission

Primary Dept: ZEDA & Power & Electricity Dept.

Line Dept.: Minor Irrigati on Dept., JERC, Soil & Water Conservati on Dept., Directorate of School Educati on, Urban Development Dept., PHE, PWD, Revenue Dept., Local Administrati ve Dept.

Sl. Key Prioriti es Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. Crore) 1 Up scaling Renewable Energy Applicati on for meeti ng up decentralized distributed or Off -grid area energy demand 1.1 Maximizing use of stand-alone solar power packs 0.675 Govt. of India and Govt. of 250 Wp for decentralized power generati on of Mizoram, Users, through pilot scale implementati on of 100 systems Funding Agencies under JNNSM scheme. 1.2 Promoti on and facilitate installati on of stand- 64.000 Govt. of India, Govt. of alone off -grid solar power plant with capacity Mizoram, REC, Users, range below 100 kW with targets of 0.80 MW by Funding Agencies 2016-17 and 1.60 MW by 2021-22 1.3 Electrifi cati on of un-electrifi ed villages and 27.000 Govt. of India, Govt. of hamlets by non-conventi onal energy sources and Mizoram, REC, Users, undertake electrifi cati on of 10 villages through Funding Agencies solar and other renewable energy systems to meet the power demand of the remote villages. 2 Unlocking grid interacti ve solar power generati on and supplement the conventi onal grid power under Nati onal Solar Mission 2.1 Undertake a demonstrati on project of install 1 25.000 Govt. of India and Govt. MW grid interacti ve solar power plant at Lengpui, of Mizoram, Pvt. Or Aizwal by 2013 Public Investor, Power Uti liti es, Funding Agencies 2.2 Facilitate in installati on of 2 MW grid connected 40.000 Govt. of India and Govt. solar plant of capacity 100 kW - 2 MW by 2022 of Mizoram, Pvt. Or Public Investor, Power Uti liti es, Funding Agencies 3 Reduce anti cipated energy and peak demand 0.800 Govt. of India, Govt. of through promoti on and implementati on of pilot Mizoram, Pvt. Or Public SWH applicati on by undertaking installati on of Investor, Users, UNDP/ 100 Nos. of 100 LPD systems and 100 Nos. of 200 GEF - GSWH, Funding LPD systems across various demand segments. Agencies

166 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 4 Develop RE systems supply chain through 0.00 Govt. of India, Govt. empanelment of renewable energy technology of Mizoram, Solar manufacturers /distributors with ZEDA and and other Renewable support in development of their set-up in the Energy Technology state. Manufacturer's Associati on, Funding Agencies, 5 Insti tuti onal development and strengthening of ZEDA for promoti on of Renewable Energy applicati ons 5.1 Restructure and functi onal re-organizati on 0.250 Govt. of Mizoram and including increase of human resource strength at Govt. of India ZEDA to achieve effi cient functi oning and increase implementati on of renewable energy projects. 5.2 Training of the working group members and their 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram, representati ve from ZEDA and other concerned Govt. of India, Funding departments and organizati ons on sector specifi c Agencies, climate change issue and enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 6 Awareness creati on and manpower development for enhancement of the renewable energy applicati on 6.1 Supporti ng state level entrepreneurs to become 0.050 Govt. of Mizoram, RESCOs, Channel Partners under JNNSM scheme Govt. of India, Funding and renewable energy device manufacturers, Agencies, distributors, installers, etc. 6.2 Curriculum or technical course development 0.050 Govt. of Mizoram, with ITIs and other technical insti tuti ons in the Govt. of India, Funding state for producti on, engineering, installati on Agencies, Govt. or and maintenance acti viti es of renewable energy Private colleges and systems insti tuti ons 6.3 Awareness creati on among the citi zens on the need 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram, and benefi t of new and renewable energy systems Govt. of India, Funding and also on wider disseminati on of opportuniti es Agencies, NGOs for diff usion of renewable energy in infrastructure and other socio-economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. 6.4 Support schools, educati on insti tuti ons in preparing 0.050 Govt. of Mizoram, and introducing, curriculum on renewable energy Govt. of India, Funding applicati ons and preparati on of book. Agencies, 7 Market Transformati on of Renewable Energy applicati ons through policy measures

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 167 7.1 Modifi cati on of existi ng power policy parti cularly 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, power generati on to investment friendly policy for promoti on of solar thermal and other renewable energy applicati on in PPP, IPP mode and other opti ons. Inclusion of climate change and CDM aspects in the State Power Policy. 7.2 Development of fi scal instrument to promote 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, renewable energy systems and preparati on of operati on plan for power trading. 7.3 Declarati on of tariff policy for solar and other 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, renewable power purchase and incorporati on of zero transmission /wheeling charges for transmission of renewable power to the grid. 7.4 Modifi cati on of building bye- law according to state 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, profi le for mandati ng use of solar water heater and renewable energy systems for lighti ng in the common or open space of govt. and commercial establishments. 7.5 Create demand for renewable energy services 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram, through pilot scale demonstrati on projects in state Govt. of India and government and public sector establishments Funding agencies Total 158.175

168 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Energy Effi ciency Primary Department: SDA and Power & Electricity Dept. Line Department: Directorate of School Educati on, Urban Development Dept., PWD.

Sl. Key Prioriti es Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. in Crore) 1 Awareness creati on and manpower development for enhance the energy effi ciency measures 1.1 Supporti ng state level entrepreneurs to become ESCO. 0.050 Govt. of India and Govt. of Mizoram, Funding Agencies 1.2 Curriculum development for producti on, engineering, 0.200 Govt. of India and installati on and maintenance acti viti es of energy Govt. of Mizoram, Pvt. effi cient devices with ITIs and other technical insti tuti ons Insti tuti ons, Funding in the state. Agencies 1.3 Awareness creati on among the citi zens on the need 0.250 Govt. of India, Govt. of energy effi ciency measures, use of star rated of Mizoram, Funding devices in everyday life as also for wider disseminati on Agencies, NGOs of opportuniti es for diff usion of energy effi ciency measures in infrastructure and other socio-economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. 1.4 Support schools, educati on insti tuti ons in preparing and 0.100 Govt. of India, Govt. introducing, curriculum on energy effi ciency measures of Mizoram, Funding and preparati on of book. Agencies, 2 Market Transformati on of Energy Effi ciency applicati ons through policy measures 2.1 Development of fi scal instrument to promote energy 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, effi cient systems Funding Agencies 2.2 Enactment of ECBC code according to state profi le for 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, mandati ng building design in line with ECBC code and Funding Agencies to build green building. 2.3 Create demand for energy effi ciency acti viti es through 0.100 Govt. of Mizoram and pilot scale retrofi t projects in state government and Govt. of India public sector establishments 3 Up-gradati on of transmission and distributi on network for minimizati on of energy losses 3.1 Assessment of T&D infrastructure and development 0.500 Govt. of Mizoram, of acti on plan for improvement of T & D network and Govt. of India, Funding setti ng target for AT&C loss reducti on. Agencies, Power Uti liti es,

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 169 3.2 Up-gradati on of HT & LT lines and replacement of 45.000 Govt. of Mizoram Distributi on Transformers with star rated transformers. and Govt. of India, Funding Agencies, Power Uti liti es 3.3 Reducti on of AT & C losses by 100% consumer metering 5.000 Govt. of Mizoram, of the consumers with a connected load of 20 kW and Govt. of India, Funding above and introducti on on-line remote monitoring Agencies, Power Uti liti es, 3.4 Introducing franchisee model in distributi on system to 0.250 Govt. of Mizoram, reduce commercial losses & bett er management of the Govt. of India, Funding distributi on system. Agencies, Power Uti liti es, 4 Penetrati on of energy effi cient devices in domesti c and public uti lity systems facilitated by fi nancial, supply chain and market incenti ves 4.1 Introducing energy effi cient lighti ng in domesti c 10.800 Govt. of Mizoram, sector by supply and installati on of CFLs lights and Govt. of India, Funding replacement of incandescent lamps in 1.5 Lakhs Agencies, domesti c consumer. 4.2 Deployment of energy effi cient lighti ng in public systems 13.750 Govt. of Mizoram, by replacing existi ng 250 HPSV lamps with 90W LED Govt. of India, Funding street lights in 5500 no. of electric poles. Agencies, 5 Unlocking the energy effi ciency acti vity in IGEA mode 5.1 Implementati on of energy effi ciency measures through 0.104 Govt. of Mizoram, demonstrati on projects in 7 No. of government Govt. of India, buildings in Mizoram under IGEA mode where energy Funding Agencies, audit is already carried out by the Nodal Department. User Organizati ons 6 Insti tuti onal development and strengthening of Energy departments for Energy Effi ciency promoti on 6.1 Restructure and functi onal re-organizati on including 1.000 Govt. of India and enhancing the human resources of the energy Govt. of Mizoram, departments including SDA to achieve effi cient Funding Agencies functi oning, promoti on and implement energy effi ciency acti vity in the state. 6.2 Empanelment of Energy Auditors, Energy Services 0.000 Govt. of Mizoram, Companies (ESCO) for taking up energy effi ciency acti viti es in the state. 6.3 Training of the working group members and their 0.100 Govt. of India, Govt. representati ve from diff erent departments and of Mizoram, Funding organizati ons on sector specifi c climate change issue and Agencies enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 7 Increase Hydro power generati on by supporti ng private or public investors in setti ng up projects and undertake demonstrati on project

170 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 7.1 Detailed reconnaissance study on water availability 0.300 Govt. of India, Govt. and hydrology data evaluati on for identi fi cati on of new of Mizoram, Funding hydro projects and demarcati on of hydro power sites Agencies with specifi c capacity mapping. 7.2 Promoti on & facilitati on of hydro power project 500.050 Govt. of India, Govt. implementati on by providing adequate support from the of Mizoram, Pvt. state government in terms of clearance, land acquisiti on, Or Public Investor, power transmission network development. Funding Agencies 7.3 Declarati on of water policy and mandate of siltati on 0.500 Govt. of Mizoram and and polluti on control in water bodies of hydro power Govt. of India projects. Two demonstration projects to be undertaken in existing hydro projects. 7.4 Demonstrati on hydro project in already identi fi ed 3.761 Govt. of Mizoram, project sites - Setti ng up of 100 kW micro hydel project Govt. of India, Funding in Tuiching river which is located in north of Champai Agencies, Power District. Setti ng up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Uti liti es, Tuiriza River which is located in Aizwal district. Total 581.815

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 171 Water

Sl. Key Prioriti es Department Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. Crore) 1 Climate change impact assessment Water 2.64 Govt of Mizoram, of present status of water resources Resources Govt of India, External like river, wetland, streams and Dept/ source of funding from lakes Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 2 Finalisati on of plan for conservati on Water 160 Govt of Mizoram, and preservati on of water Resources Govt of India, External resources Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 3 Formulati on of State Water policy Water 0.1 Govt of Mizoram, Resources Govt of India, External Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 4 Catchment and command area Water 22 Govt of Mizoram, treatment through reverine Resources Govt of India, External aff orestati on Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED/forest Department 5 Capacity building of Water Water 10 Govt of Mizoram, Resources department/ Mizoram Resources Govt of India, External PHED for integrated water resources Dept/ source of funding from management Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 6 Expansion of hydrometric network Water 3 Govt of Mizoram, and establishment of micro weather Resources Govt of India, External stati on for regular monitoring Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 7 Community tank management for Water 100 Govt of Mizoram, combati ng water borne diseases Resources Govt of India, External Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 8 Promoti ng zero energy water Water 80 Govt of Mizoram, purifi cati on for domesti c water Resources Govt of India, External supply Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED

172 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 9 Renovati on and development of Water 80 Govt of Mizoram, traditi onal water harvesti ng system Resources Govt of India, External with scienti fi c interventi on in Dept/ source of funding from district level Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED 10 Capacity building of communiti es Water 10 Govt of Mizoram, on adaptati on opti ons required Resources Govt of India, External for integrated demand side as well Dept/ source of funding from as supply side strategies during Mizoram Multi lateral agencies climate stressed conditi on PHED 11 Impact assessment study of climate Water 2 Govt of Mizoram, change on aquati c ecosystem Resources Govt of India, External Dept/ source of funding from Mizoram Multi lateral agencies PHED Total 469.74

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 173 Strategic Knowledge Mission Primary Department: Department of Science & Technology

Sl. Key Prioriti es Budget Source of funding No. (Rs. Crore) 1 Development of Knowledge Management 10.00 Government of India, on Climate Change and facilitati ng its Government of Mizoram operati on for initi al period and External Agencies 2 Capacity Building on Climate Change 3.00 Government of India, • Capacity building of personnel in the Government of Mizoram service department and External Agencies • Exposure visit for capacity building 3 To build GHG inventory and identi fy the 1.00 Government of India, dominant GHG/CO2 emitti ng sectors, Government of Mizoram industries, districts, municipaliti es in and External Agencies order to enable selecti on of miti gati on opportuniti es. Total 14.00

174 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Annexure - 2 Comprehensive list of Acti viti es Considered Agriculture Sl. Acti viti es Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Development of Land H None H S AD PA PS, LT (Levelling, bundling, etc) for DP - Wetland Rice Culti vati on (WRC) on available lands having 0-10% slope and Improvement of Existi ng Wetland Rice Culti vati on (WRC) 2 Developing data base on H Medium H S AD CB - ST genotypes of local crop varieti es (mainly rice varieti es) and identi fi cati on of suitable varieti es for diff erent agro-climati c zones. 3 Impact assessment of H None H S AD RS ST paddy culti vati on through agricultural inputs such as crop variti es, kharif crops and promoti on of rain water harvesti ng and constructi on of eco-friendly mini check dams for irrigati on. 4 Assessment study and H None H S MI RS - CB ST demonstrati on of Systemati c - Rice Intensifi cati on (SRI) culti vati on and Capacity building to train farmers in latest rice cropping techniques specially evolved to counter adverse eff ects of climate change 5Opti mizati on of jhum H None H S MI PA, PS - MT culti vati on through conservati on of arable land, water uti lizati on management, parallel culti vati on of alternati ve crops and Alternati ve jhum Control to Livelihood

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 175 6 Constructi on of Hill Slope H None H S AD , PS LT terraces for conservati on of moisture and culti vati on of foodgrain, vegetable, pulses and oilseed crops 7. Increasing the area under H Medium H S AD PAPS - ST perennial fruit plantati on crops and low value high volume crops to help cope with uncertain weather patt erns. 8. Management of climate H None H S AD RS - ST change impact on horti culture and Climate risk management studies 9. Improving post harvest H None H S AD PS ST management such as cold chain for perishable crops and winter culti vati on practi ces 10. Promoti on of organic farming HLowHSMIPA ST through usage of compost and vermicompost 11. Adopti on of Integrated Pest HLowHSADPAST Management for improved crop yield, Preparedness to tackle emerging scenarios of pests and capacity building for stakeholders 12. Research study on livestock HLow HSADRS ST disease and establishment of early warning system and Capacity building to Stakeholders 13. Study of impact of Climate H None H S AD RS ST Change on the indigenous fauna of aquati c ecosystem and open waters 14. Water storage and providing H Low H S AD RS -, LT proper diversion channels PA -, to the existi ng ponds for PS - drainage of catchment runoff during sudden heavy rains 15. Providing extensive support H None H S AD , CB LT and services to fi shermen through establishment of district level training centres

176 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 16. Water bodies conservati on H None H S AD PA, PS LT for fi shery sector and establishment of fi shery units in reservoirs and riverine area 17. Green the Devastated H Low H S AD PA - ST Barren Wasteland for Fodder Culti vati on (7000 Hectares)

Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Miti gati on, AD – Adaptati on; Scale S – State-wide, A – Parti cular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Acti on, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstrati on Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operati on & Maintenance; Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 177 Himalayan Mission Sl. Acti viti es Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Inventorying and H None H AD S PA/IP LT Conservati on of Medicinal Plants /Orchid 2Protecti on of forests and H None H AD S PA LT forest land from soil erosion in 1,35, 000 Ha 3 Research on Wildlife H None H AD S RS/PA LT Populati ons and Carridors - Mountain Goats, Burmese green Peacock, Malayan Bear 4 Conservati on and H None H AD S RS/IP LT Management of two major Wetlands 5 Biodiversity Assessment H None H AD S RS LT 6 Assessment of climate H Nil H AD S RS ST vulnerability and climate change impacts on state biodiversity and forest resources 7 Monitoring of carbon stock HMHADSROMMT and biodiversity at regular intervals 8 Policy formulati on on H None H AD R PA/IP LT transportati on subsidy or development of low cost transportati on for primary Forest products of the state 9 Documentati on of the H None H AD S RS ST People’s Biodiversity Registers 10 Undertaking study H None H AD S RS ST on valuati on of forest resources (Non traded) and climate change impacts on the vulnerable ecosystems 11 Ecotourism promoti on for H None H AD S IP LT biodiversity protecti on and sustainable livelihood through Pre-investment feasibility study, DPR preparati on, pilot implementati on in 2 regions

178 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 12 Work to establish new L High M AD S IP ST systems to support for public awareness building through Establishment of Envis Centre 13 Documentati on of H None H AD S RS ST Medicinal Plant resources in Tripura 14 Restructuring land use H None H AD S PA ST policy for jhum culti vati on and habitati on on noti fi ed forest lands 15 Consider unique mountain L None M M S PA LT spaces as enti ti es with “Incomparable Values”, in developing strategies for their protecti on 16 Assessing threats to L None M AD S RS/PA LT biodiversity and wildlife 17 Creati on and management M None M AD S IP LT of community and conservati on reserves for economic welfare of local communiti es and conservati on of biodiversity. 18 Capacity building of JFM M None M AD R CB ST committ ees and Panchayati Raj Insti tuti ons to adapt to climate change 19 Assessment and M None M AD S RS LT quanti fi cati on of the changes in the Himalayan eco system att ributable to the climate change as a result of global emissions and human acti viti es in the region and model for future projecti ons 20 Explorati on of linking of M None M AD S CB LT traditi onal and formal knowledge systems through strategic mechanism of formalizati on for mutual benefi t and value for the sustainability of the Himalayan ecosystem

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 179 21 Adapti ve species M None M AD S RS ST identi fi cati on for eff ecti ve plantati on through establishment of Permanent Nursery 22 Sequestering carbon L None M M S IP ST through avenue plantati ons 23 Study on dependence L High M AD S RS ST of ecosystem people on forestry resources. 24 Promoti ng community- L High M AD S PA/IP ST based management through developing mechanisms for incenti ves for protecti on and enhancement of forested lands. 25 Building human and L High L AD S PA/IP LT insti tuti onal capaciti es in the diff erent existi ng / new Insti tuti ons in the Himalayan region. 26 Identi fi cati on of most- L High L AD S RS/PA LT desirable Adaptati on Policies to Improve Regional Sustainability. 27 Creati on of Biodiversity H High H AD S IP LT Park 28 Documentati on and H High H AD S CB LT enrichment of Biodiversity database through Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) at the JFMC Level

180 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Green India Mission Primary Department: Department of Forest

Sl. Acti on Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Improvement of forest H None H S MT Impleme- LT quality and density in ntati on degraded lands and Program abandoned jhum lands 2 Improvement the H None H S AD Capacity LT producti vity of Bamboo Building/ and promoti on of local Impleme- value additi on through ntati on establishment of Program market linkages Impleme- ntati on Program 3 Undertaking studies on H None H S AD/ Research LT climate change impacts MT Study / on NTFP producti vity Implem- and sustainable entati on harvesti ng practi ces for Program adaptati on of climate change 4 Capacity building H None H S AD/ Capacity LT of communiti es/ MT Building community forest management insti tuti ons for climate change adaptati on 5Preventi on and control H None H S MT/ mechanism for forest AD invasive species and its uti lizati on strategies Implementati on LT Program 6 Formulati on of H None H S AD Impleme- LT conservati on strategies ntati on for Orchids and Program establishment of market linkages for value additi on 7 Strengthening of Local H None H S AD Research LT VSS Study

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 181 8 Publicity /media and H None H S MT Implem- LT Outreach entati on Program 9 Strengthening of H None M S AD Capacity LT Forest Department Building 10 GIS based Monitoring H None H S Implem- LT and Evaluati on of the entati on program Program 11 Strengthening local H None H S MT Implem- LT level insti tuti ons about entati on Forest Management Program Climate Change Adaptati on 12 Livelihood H None H S AD Capacity LT improvement Acti viti es Building 13 Establishment of H None H S -MT/ Implem- LT Mission Directorate AD entati on Program 14 Increasing plantati on M None M S AD/ Implem- LT acti viti es on outside MT entati on forest land ( Plantati on Program Acti viti es and Supporti ng natural Regenerati on in 5000 Ha) 15 Enhancing the M High M S AD Research ST Resilience and Ability Study of vulnerable Species / ecosystems to adapt to climate change 16 Enabling adaptati on M High M S AD Research ST of forest dependent Study local communiti es In the face of climati c variability 17 Assessing Fire M None M S AD/ Implem- LT management MT entati on Strategies Program

182 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Sustainable Habitat

Sl. Acti viti es Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Awareness generati on H Nil H AD S CB LT and capacity building in climate change impacts and preparedness 2 Capacity building for H Nil H AD S CB LT departments on advance solid waste management 3 Capacity building on Water H Nil H AD S CB LT management and effi cient distributi on of supply and delivery 4 Capacity building on Urban H Nil H AD S CB LT Management 5 Liquid waste management H Low H AD/ S PA, CB, MT through improved sewage MI OM design for addressing climate change impacts 6 Developing models of urban HLowHADSRSST storm water fl ows and capaciti es of existi ng drainage system 7 Developing a climate friendly H Nil H AD/ A RS, PA LT waste management system MI 8 Landfi ll gas recovery from H Low H MI A RS, IP LT closure landfi lls 9 Reducti on of vector borne H Nil H AD A CB MT diseases from unmanaged dumping grounds 10 Improvement of collecti on H Nil H AD/ AIP, LT effi ciency and segregati on at MI ROM source 11 Formulati on of building H Nil H AD A IP LT guidelines with provision of promoti ng traditi onal houses for diff erent agro-climati c zone, fl ood plains and in considerati on of the seismic vulnerability of the state 12 Developing climate- H Nil H AD A PA MT responsible master plans for selected city/towns (CDP)

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 183 13 Reformulati on land tenure H Nil H AD S PA LT policy to enable sustainable urban development 14 Promoti on of solar water H Low H MI S IP MT heati ng and lighti ng in buildings through policy mechanisms 15 Improve enforcement to HLowHMISPALT control vehicular polluti on through certi fi cati on of PUC 16 Quanti tati ve assessment of H Nil H AD S RS LT the impact of climate change 17 GHG Emissions foot printi ng M Large M AD/ A RS, MT for all urban bodies including MI OM upcoming satellite townships 18 Improvement of Water Use M Large M AD S PS, LT Effi ciency and conservati on OM through leak reducti on, reuse and recycle in Urban Areas 19 Urban poor Mapping to M Large M AD S RS LT Identi fy vulnerable urban populati on 20 Improvement of Pumping M Low M MI A IP MT energy effi ciency in Water supply system 21 Assessment of carbon M Large M AD/ SRSST emissions from the transport MI sector 22 Replacement of more M Large M MI S IP LT polluti ng old vehicles with advance low emission vehicles 23 Piloti ng low carbon highways M Large M AD S IP LT 24 Energy effi cient Street L Low L MI A PS, PA MT Lighti ng

Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Miti gati on, AD – Adaptati on; Scale S – State-wide, A – Parti cular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Acti on, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstrati on Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operati on & Maintenance; Timeframe ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large

184 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Health Sl. Acti viti es Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Identi fy extrinsic and H AD S RS, PS MT intrinsic drivers of malaria and identi fying immunity interventi on measures towards control of incidence of malaria. 2 Assessment of impact of H AD S RS, PS, MT heat stress on human health CB and framing adaptati on strategy, identi fi cati on, documentati on and awareness creati on on temperature related morbidity 3 Evidence based assessment of biophysical determinants of malaria and development of framework for adaptati on measures for malaria control. H AD S RS,CB,IP ST 4 Carrying out of Adaptati on HADS RSMT study 5 Research initi ati ves to HADS RSST identi fy change in patt ern of diseases by region due to climate change/ weather variati on 6 Study and documentati on H AD S RS,CB,IP ST of diseases caused by water (water borne) and development of insti tuti onal mechanism to reduce the incidence/ outbreaks of such diseases along with awareness generati on

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 185 7 Development of H AD S RS, IP MT insti tuti onal framework and infrastructural faciliti es for early detecti on of vector borne diseases, including managing outbreaks. 8 Establishment of H AD S DP, IP ST pathological laboratory with state of art technology for diseases identi fi cati on 9 Public health system H AD S RS, PS LT infrastructure development for extreme climate risk management and managing outbreaks of major diseases 10 Capacity building and HADS CBST training for health workers for sensiti sati on of climate variati on and health impacts 11 Research study on H AD S RS,IP ST malnutriti on of vulnerable group due to food security caused mainly due to climati c variati on 12 Up gradati on of state MADS PAMT health policy through incorporati on of health impact due to climate change 13 Capacity building and M AD S RS,CB ST training of the health sector practi ti oners for psychological or physical trauma due to the impact of extremes climate event 14 Establishment of mobile M AD S DP,IP MT health centre to provide medical faciliti es in far off areas during extreme climati c events

186 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Solar Mission

Sl. Acti on Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Up scaling Renewable Energy Applicati on for meeti ng up decentralized distributed or Off -grid area energy demand 1.1 Maximizing use of stand- H Low H MI S PS, DP MT alone solar power packs of 250 Wp for decentralized power generati on through pilot scale implementati on of 100 systems under JNNSM scheme. 1.2 Promoti on and facilitate H Low H MI S PS, IP LT installati on of stand-alone off -grid solar power plant with capacity range below 100 kW with targets of 0.80 MW by 2016-17 and 1.60 MW by 2021-22 1.3 Electrifi cati on of un- H Low H MI S PS, IP MT electrifi ed villages and hamlets by non-conventi onal energy sources and undertake electrifi cati on of 10 villages through solar and other renewable energy systems to meet the power demand of the remote villages. 2 Unlocking grid interacti ve solar power generati on and supplement the conventi onal grid power under Nati onal Solar Mission 2.1 Undertake a demonstrati on H Low H MI A PS, IP ST project of install 1 MW grid interacti ve solar power plant at Lengpui, Aizwal by 2013

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 187 2.2 Facilitate in installati on of H Low H MI S PS, IP LT 2 MW grid connected solar plant of capacity 100 kW - 2 MW by 2022 3 Reduce anti cipated H Nil H MI S PS, IP ST energy and peak demand through promoti on and implementati on of pilot SWH applicati on by undertaking installati on of 100 Nos. of 100 LPD systems and 100 Nos. of 200 LPD systems across various demand segments. 4 Develop RE systems supply H Nil H AD S RS, PA MT chain through empanelment of renewable energy technology manufacturers / distributors with ZEDA and support in development of their set-up in the state. 5 Insti tuti onal development and strengthening of ZEDA for promoti on of Renewable Energy applicati ons 5.1 Restructure and functi onal H Low H AD S PA, IP ST re-organizati on including increase of human resource strength at ZEDA to achieve effi cient functi oning and increase implementati on of renewable energy projects. 5.2 Training of the working H Nil H AD S CB MT group members and their representati ve from ZEDA and other concerned departments and organizati ons on sector specifi c climate change issue and enhance the knowledge about the policy measures.

188 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 6 Awareness creati on and manpower development for enhancement of the renewable energy applicati on 6.1 Supporti ng state level H Low H AD S PA, CB MT entrepreneurs to become RESCOs, Channel Partners under JNNSM scheme and renewable energy device manufacturers, distributors, installers, etc. 6.2 Curriculum or technical H Nil H AD S CB, MT course development with ITIs and other technical insti tuti ons in the state for producti on, engineering, installati on and maintenance acti viti es of renewable energy systems 6.3 Awareness creati on among H Low H AD S CB MT the citi zens on the need and benefi t of new and renewable energy systems and also on wider disseminati on of opportuniti es for diff usion of renewable energy in infrastructure and other socio-economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. 6.4 Support schools, educati on H Nil H AD S CB ST insti tuti ons in preparing and introducing, curriculum on renewable energy applicati ons and preparati on of book.

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 189 7 Market Transformati on of Renewable Energy applicati ons through policy measures 7.1 Modifi cati on of existi ng H Nil H AD S PA ST power policy parti cularly power generati on to investment friendly policy for promoti on of solar thermal and other renewable energy applicati on in PPP, IPP mode and other opti ons. Inclusion of climate change and CDM aspects in the State Power Policy. 7.2 Development of fi scal HLowHADSPAST instrument to promote renewable energy systems and preparati on of operati on plan for power trading. 7.3 Declarati on of tariff H Nil H AD S PA ST policy for solar and other renewable power purchase and incorporati on of zero transmission /wheeling charges for transmission of renewable power to the grid. 7.4 Modifi cati on of building H Nil H AD S PA ST bye- law according to state profi le for mandati ng use of solar water heater and renewable energy systems for lighti ng in the common or open space of govt. and commercial establishments. 7.5 Create demand for renewable H Low H AD & S PA, DP LT energy services through pilot MI scale demonstrati on projects in state government and public sector establishments

190 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 8 Improved and geographically H Large M AD S RS, PS, MT focused assessment of energy potenti al from solar, biomass, etc. parti cularly solar radiati on to be undertaken 9 Engage with bilateral H Large M MI S RS, PA, LT and multi -lateral fund PS managers for project report preparati on for funding in pilot implementati on project and also undertake CDM acti viti es 10 Installati on and promoti on of M Large M MI S PS, DP MT solar pumps for agriculture practi ce in hilly and remote areas as a demonstrati on project 11 Promoti on of use of L Large L MI S PS, DP MT Community based solar cooker system at schools/ educati on centers

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 191 Energy Effi ciency Primary Department: SDA & Power & Electricity Dept. Line Departments: JERC, Directorate of School Educati on, Urban Development Dept., PHE, PWD. Sl. Acti viti es Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tance raint frame 1 Awareness creati on and manpower development for enhance the energy effi ciency measures 1.1 Supporti ng state level HLowHADSPAMT entrepreneurs to become ESCO. 1.2 Curriculum development H Nil H AD S CB, PA MT for producti on, engineering, installati on and maintenance acti viti es of energy effi cient devices with ITIs and other technical insti tuti ons in the state. 1.3 Awareness creati on among the H Low H AD S PS, CB, MT citi zens on the need of energy PA effi ciency measures, use of star rated devices in everyday life as also for wider disseminati on of opportuniti es for diff usion of energy effi ciency measures in infrastructure and other socio- economic sectors through all feasible routes, viz. awareness campaign and workshop, print and electronic media, State Nodal Agencies, Village panchayats, CBOs, NGOs. 1.4 Support schools, educati on H Nil H AD S PA, CB ST insti tuti ons in preparing and introducing, curriculum on energy effi ciency measures and preparati on of book. 2 Market Transformati on of Energy Effi ciency applicati ons through policy measures 2.1 Development of fi scal HLowHADSPAST instrument to promote energy effi cient systems

192 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 2.2 Enactment of ECBC code H Low H AD & S PA, CB ST according to state profi le for MI mandati ng building design in line with ECBC code and to build green building. 2.3 Create demand for energy H Low H AD & S PA, CB, MT effi ciency acti viti es through MI DP pilot scale retrofi t projects in state government and public sector establishments 3 Up-gradati on of transmission and distributi on network for minimizati on of energy losses 3.1 Assessment of T&D H Low H AD S RS, PS, ST infrastructure and PA development of acti on plan for improvement of T & D network and setti ng target for AT&C loss reducti on. 3.2 Up-gradati on of HT & LT H Low H MI S PS, IP MT lines and replacement of Distributi on Transformers with star rated transformers. 3.3 Reducti on of AT & C losses HLowHMISPA, MT by 100% consumer metering PS, IP, of the consumers with a RO&M connected load of 20 kW and above and introducti on on-line remote monitoring. 3.4 Introducing franchisee model H Low H MI S PS, PA, MT in distributi on system to CB, IP reduce commercial losses & bett er management of the distributi on system. 4 Penetrati on of energy effi cient devices in domesti c and public uti lity systems facilitated by fi nancial, supply chain and market incenti ves. 4.1 Introducing energy effi cient H Low H MI S PS, CB, MT lighti ng in domesti c sector IP by supply and installati on of CFLs lights and replacement of incandescent lamps in 1.5 Lakhs domesti c consumer

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 193 4.2 Deployment of energy effi cient H Low H MI S PS, CB, ST lighti ng in public systems by IP replacing existi ng 250 HPSV lamps with 90W LED street lights in 5500 no. of electric poles. 5 Unlocking the energy effi ciency acti vity in IGEA mode 5.1 Implementati on of energy H Low H MI A PS, CB, ST effi ciency measures through PA, DP demonstrati on projects in 7 No. of government buildings in Mizoram under IGEA mode where energy audit is already carried out by the Nodal Department. 6 Insti tuti onal development and strengthening of Energy departments for Energy Effi ciency promoti on 6.1 Restructure and functi onal H Nil H AD A PA, CB, ST re-organizati on including RO&M enhancing the human resources of the energy departments including SDA to achieve effi cient functi oning, promoti on and implement energy effi ciency acti vity in the state. 6.2 Empanelment of Energy H Nil H AD S PA, CB ST Auditors, Energy Services Companies (ESCO) for taking up energy effi ciency acti viti es in the state. 6.3 Training of the working H Nil H AD A CB MT group members and their representati ve from diff erent departments and organizati ons on sector specifi c climate change issue and enhance the knowledge about the policy measures. 7 Increase Hydro power generati on by supporti ng private or public investors in setti ng up projects and undertake demonstrati on project

194 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 7.1 Detailed reconnaissance study H Low H AD S RS, ST on water availability and hydrology data evaluati on for identi fi cati on of new hydro projects and demarcati on of hydro power sites with specifi c capacity mapping. 7.2 Promoti on & facilitati on H Low H AD S RS, PA MT of hydro power project implementati on by providing adequate support from the state government in terms of clearance, land acquisiti on, power transmission network development. 7.3 Declarati on of water policy H Nil H AD & S RS, PA, ST and mandate of siltati on MI DP and polluti on control in water bodies of hydro power projects. Two demonstrati on projects to be undertaken in existi ng hydro projects. 7.4 Demonstrati on hydro project H Low H MI A PS, IP ST in already identi fi ed project sites - Setti ng up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Tuiching river which is located in north of Champai District. Setti ng up of 100 kW micro hydel project in Tuiriza River which is located in Aizwal district. 8 Life cycle analysis of existi ng H Large M AD A RS, PS, LT hydro power plant and IP implementati on of R&M measures. 9 Survey and investi gati on of M Large M AD A RS, PS MT seven hydro projects namely – Ngengpui, Hnahthial&Piva, Marlui, Tuisalui, Ngengrual III, Tuiphai and Sekulhlui

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 195 10 Deployment of Improved M Low M MI S PS, IP MT chulha in rural households for effi cient energy consumpti on and reduce deforestati on through enabling policy and subsidy framework. 11 Engage with bilateral and H Large M AD & S PA, CB, LT multi -lateral fund managers for MI PS project report preparati on for funding in pilot implementati on project and also undertake CDM acti viti es. 12 Promoti on and implementati on H Large M MI S PA, IP MT of energy effi cient pumps in agriculture and urban sector for drinking water supply through introducti on of comprehensive scheme. 13 Enactment of mandatory use H Large M MI S PA, CB, MT of energy effi cient lights by PS reviewing standards & rules for public lighti ng, bill boards or hoardings for adverti sement, commercial area lighti ng such as shopping malls, shops, etc. 14 Formulati on of Demand Side M Large M AD & S PA, IP LT Management projects in P&E MI Dept. 15 Effi cient cooking practi ce in M Large M AD & S PA, IP, LT rural areas and conservati on MI OM of forest wood

Priority H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type MI - Miti gati on, AD – Adaptati on; Scale S – State-wide, A – Parti cular / Focused Area Nature RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Acti on, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstrati on Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operati on & Maintenance; Time frame ST – Short-term, MT - Medium Term, LT – Long term Constraint Nil, Low, Minimal, Large

196 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Water Sl. Acti on Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Climate change impact High None High AD S RS, PS ST assessment of present status of water resources like river, wetland, streams and lakes 2 Finalisati on of plan High None High AD S RS MT for conservati on and PS, DP, preservati on of water IP resources 3 Formulati on of State High None High AD S PA MT Water policy 4 Catchment and command High None High AD S DP MT area treatment through IP reverine aff orestati on 5 Capacity building High None High AD S CB ST of Water Resources department/ Mizoram PHED for integrated water resources management 6 Expansion of High Minimal High AD S IP ST hydrometric network and establishment of micro weather stati on for regular monitoring 7 Community tank High Minimal High AD S DP ST management for IP combati ng water borne diseases 8 Promoti ng zero energy High Minimal High AD S DP ST water purifi cati on for IP domesti c water supply 9 Renovati on and High Minimal High AD S OM ST development of IP traditi onal water harvesti ng system with scienti fi c interventi on in district level 10 Capacity building High Minimal High AD S CB ST of communiti es on adaptati on opti ons required for integrated demand side as well as supply side strategies during climate stressed conditi on

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 197 11 Impact assessment study High Minimal High AD S RS ST of climate change on aquati c ecosystem 12 Assessment of climate Medium Medium AD S RS ST change impact on food security due to water stress 13 Assessment of Ground Medium Medium AD S RS MT water availability in usage and conservati on plan 14 Mandati ng water Medium Medium AD S PA MT harvesti ng and arti fi cial recharge in water stressed area 15 Enhancement of recharge Medium Medium ADS DP MT of the source and recharge IP zone of deeper ground OM water aquifers 16 Insti tuti onal development High High Medium AD S CB MT of ground water board 17 Capaciti es (Storage) High High Medium AD SDPMT through multi purpose MI IP hydro projects and integrati on of drainage with irrigati on infrastructure 18 Awareness generati on Low Low AD S CB ST of local communiti es on importance of aquati c ecosystem

Priority: H – High, M – Medium, L – Low; Type: MI - Miti gati on, AD – Adaptati on; Scale: S – State-wide, A – Parti cular / Focused Area; Nature: RS - Research Study, PA - Policy Acti on, PS - Pre-investment Study, DP - Demonstrati on Project, IP - Investment Project, CB - Capacity Building, OM - Regular Operati on & Maintenance; Timeframe: ST – Short-term, MT- Medium Term, LT – Long term

198 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram Strategic Knowledge Mission Primary Department: Department of Science & Technology

Sl. Acti on Point Impor- Const- Priority Type Scale Nature Time No. tant raint Frame 1 Knowledge Building on H NIL H AD S PA/CB ST Climate Change 2 To build GHG inventory H NIL H MT S RS ST and identi fy the dominant GHG/CO2 emitti ng sectors, industries, districts, municipaliti es in order to enable selecti on of miti gati on opportuniti es. 3 Development H NIL H AD S RS ST of Knowledge Management on Climate Change and facilitati ng its operati on for initi al period

State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram 199 200 State Action Plan on Climate Change: Mizoram