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Groundwater Resources of the Livingston and Lower Shields River Valley Areas, Park County, Montana

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Groundwater Resources of the Livingston and Lower Shields River Valley Areas, Park County, Montana GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE LIVINGSTON AND LOWER SHIELDS RIVER VALLEY AREAS, PARK COUNTY, MONTANA Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 680 John Olson, Shawn Kuzara, and Elizabeth Meredith 2016 CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Location .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Methods ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Watershed issues.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Land and Water Use ............................................................................................................................... 6 Population Growth and Rural Residential Development ........................................................................6 Energy Development .................................................................................................................................... 9 Hydrologic influences ................................................................................................................................... 10 Topography ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Climate ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Drainage ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Geologic Setting............................................................................................................................................ 14 Hydrogeologic Units ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Quaternary Unconsolidated Aquifers ..................................................................................................... 14 Gravel underlying pediment surfaces ..................................................................................................... 16 Bedrock Aquifers above the Colorado Group ......................................................................................... 16 Colorado Group ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Ellis Group .............................................................................................................................................. 17 Groundwater Flow ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Aquifer Flow Properties .......................................................................................................................... 18 Groundwater Flow in Bedrock Units ...................................................................................................... 20 Groundwater Flow in the Alluvial Aquifers ............................................................................................. 20 iii Groundwater Quality .................................................................................................................................... 20 Common Ion Water Geochemistry ......................................................................................................... 20 Nitrate Concentrations ........................................................................................................................... 20 Groundwater Recharge ................................................................................................................................ 21 Quantification of Recharge to Alluvial Aquifers ...................................................................................... 22 Groundwater Level Fluctuation Method .......................................................................................... 22 Groundwater Flux Method ............................................................................................................... 24 Quantification of Recharge to Bedrock Aquifers .................................................................................... 25 Stream Baseflow Method ................................................................................................................. 25 Chloride Tracer Method.................................................................................................................... 26 Identifying Sources and Age of Recharge ............................................................................................... 28 Stable Isotopes ................................................................................................................................. 28 Tritium .............................................................................................................................................. 29 Sodium percentages ......................................................................................................................... 31 Aquifer Vulnerability ............................................................................................................................... 32 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Recommendations........................................................................................................................................ 35 References .................................................................................................................................................... 36 Appendix A. Well Inventory .......................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix B. Stream Inventory ...................................................................................................................... 45 Appendix C. Water Quality ........................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix D. Nitrate Concentrations ............................................................................................................. 55 Appendix E. Isotope Results ......................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix F. Aquifer Tests ............................................................................................................................. 65 iv FIGURES Figure 1. The project location includes the Shields River watershed and smaller watersheds around Livingston ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Locations of watersheds in the project area. .......................................................................................4 Figure 3. Groundwater field inventory and water-quality sample locations ......................................................5 Figure 4. Land cover in the project area .............................................................................................................7 Figure 5. The distribution of wells drilled between 1994 and 2004 in the project area.....................................8 Figure 6. Potential coalbed-methane development (by depth) in the Eagle sandstone west of Livingston. ......9 Figure 7. Ground-surface elevation in the project area. ...................................................................................11 Figure 8. The distribution of average annual precipitation from rain and snow ..............................................12 Figure 9. Mountain precipitation and average annual Shields River flow rate indicate the area experienced a drought beginning in 1998.................................................................................................................13 Figure 10. Location of the groundwater contamination plume from the Burlington Northern Shop Complex in Livingston .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 11. Piper plot showing water chemistry in the Yellowstone River alluvial aquifer and Yellowstone irrigation water ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 12. Piper plot showing bedrock groundwater chemistry. ......................................................................22 Figure 13. Recharge calculation by water level fluctuation in well 12953. ......................................................23
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