Influence of Public Enlightenment Programmes of the Federal Road Safety Commission on Commercial Drivers’ Behaviour in Urban Centres in Southwestern, Nigeria
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INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC ENLIGHTENMENT PROGRAMMES OF THE FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY COMMISSION ON COMMERCIAL DRIVERS’ BEHAVIOUR IN URBAN CENTRES IN SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA Muhammed Kazeem Abiodun SUNMOLA UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC ENLIGHTENMENT PROGRAMMES OF THE FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY COMMISSION ON COMMERCIAL DRIVERS’ BEHAVIOUR IN URBAN CENTRES IN SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA BY Muhammed Kazeem Abiodun SUNMOLA B. A (Hon) History (O.O.U), M.A, M.Ed (Ibadan). A thesis in the Department of Adult Education, Submitted to the Faculty of Education, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. June 2014. UNIVERSITY ii OF IBADAN CERTIFICATION I certify that this study was carried out by Muhammed Kazeem Abiodun SUNMOLA (Matric No 83632) of the Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, under my supervision. …………………………………………………………… Supervisor Professor R.A. Aderinoye Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY iii OF IBADAN DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my late father, Alhaji Mustaphar Oluwasegun Sunmola, who died thirty- one years ago. UNIVERSITY iv OF IBADAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I give glory to Almighty God, the Most Beneficent, and the Most Merciful for seeing me through this programme. I thank my benefactor, mentor and supervisor, Professor Rashid Adewale Aderinoye. I must appreciate Dr. Kehinde Oluwaseun Kester for his inputs, suggestions and countless efforts during and after the fieldwork. To the Head of Department of Adult Education, Dr. Omobola Adelore, Professors M. O. Akintayo, Deborah. A. Egunyomi, and other lecturers like Dr. A. Sarumi, K. O. Ojokheta, O. E Olajide, I. A Abiona, A. O Aremu, Chris Omoregie, M.K. Akinsola, P.C Abu and Stella Odiaka, I say thank you. My sincere gratitude also goes to Professor Ademola Ariyo, the current head of the Department of Economics for his fatherly advice. Also, I must say thank you to Professor. Olutayo Adesina of the Department of History, University of Ibadan, and Dr. (Mrs) Adesina of the Department of History and Diplomatic Studies, Osun State University, Osun State for her constructive criticisms. I should not forget meaningful contributions of Dr. Olojede Adesina of the Department of Continuing and Community Development, Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State. I also acknowledge the fatherly support received from Mr. Olatunde Jadesimi, Sesan Rasak Kufuli, Abu-Bakre Gartta and Alhaji Safiriyu Adebanjo Kaseem. To Mrs. Ogunyebi and Mrs. Faloye Oluwakemi, of the Postgraduate School, University of Ibadan, I acknowledge your support. To whom much is given, much is expected; special thanks go to members and officials of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW), Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria (RTEAN), and Association of Luxury Bus Owners of Nigeria (ALBON). Same appreciation goes to officers and men of the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) for their cooperation and understanding. Special gratitude goes to a few of my colleagues like Mrs.Apena, Mr. Ige, Mr Taiwo, Mr. Mabayoje, Mrs. Abiola Omokhabi, and my dearest sisters: Mrs Funke Ogidan and Mrs. Funmi Ojo. I say thank you for your support. On a final note, I thank my immediate family members, my loving wife and beautiful daughters, cousins and uncles, nephews and brothers, who have contributed in one way or the other to the success of this work. You are all wonderful people. To my mother, I say thank you, a million times. I am proud of you. You are indeed a mother. UNIVERSITY v OF IBADAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title page i Cover page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Tables x List of Figures and Charts xi List of Abbreviations xii Abstract xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study 8 1.4 Research Questions 8 1.5 Significance of the Study 9 1.6 Scope of the Study 10 1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 12 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Driver and Road Safety Technology 17 2.1.1 Concept of Road Safety 19 2.1.2 The FRSC Public Enlightenment Programmes 21 2.1.3 The FRSC Mass Media Campaign and Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 25 2.1.4 The FRSC Don‘t Drink and Drive Campaign and Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 26 2.1.5 The FRSC Anti-Speeding Campaign and Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 29 2.1.6 The FRSC Campaign on Safety Belt and Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 31 2.1.7 The FRSC Campaign on Cell Phone and Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 33 2.1.8 The FRSC Motor Park Rally and Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 34 2.2 Road Transport Safety Standardization Scheme (RTSSS) 41 UNIVERSITY vi OF IBADAN 2.2.1 The Federal Road Safety Commission 44 2.2.2 Structure of the FRSC 51 2.2.3 Administration of Special Marshal 54 2.2.4 Functions of Special Marshals 55 2.2.5 Appointments of Patrons and Honourary Special Marshals: 55 2.2.6 Patrol Operations of the Special Marshals 56 2.2.7 Workshops, Conferences and National Submit of the Special Marshals: 56 2.2.8 Road Safety Clubs 57 2.3 FRSC Administration 58 2.3.1 Operations Department (OP) 59 2.3.2 Administration and Human Resources Department (AHR) 59 2.3.3 Policy, Research and Statistics Department (PRS) 60 2.3.4 Motor Vehicle Administration Department (MVA) 60 2.3.5 Training, Standards and Certification Department (TSC) 61 2.3.6 Engineering and Technical Services Department (ETS) 61 2.3.7 Special Marshal and Partnership Department (SMP) 62 2.3.8 Finance and Accounts Department (FA) 62 2.4 FRSC Offices 62 2.4.1 Corps Planning Office (CPO) 62 2.4.2 Corps Legal Advicer (CLA) 63 2.4.3 Corps Intelligence Office (CI) 63 2.4.4 Corps Provost Office (CP) 64 2.4.5 Corps Audit Office (CA) 64 2.4.6 Corps Public Education Office (CPE) 64 2.4.7 Corps Medical and Rescue Services Office (CMRS) 65 2.4.8 Corps Protocol Office (CPO) 65 2.4.9 Corps Secretary‘s Office (CS) 65 2.4.10 Corps Procurement Office (CPO) 66 2.5 FRSC Standard Approaches to Enforcement of Road Safety Regulations 66 2.5.1 FRSC and I.C.T Based Road Safety Initiatives 67 2.5.2 FRSC Affiliations, Collaborations and Associations 70 UNIVERSITY vii OF IBADAN 2.5.3 Road Network and Status of Highways in Nigeria 73 2.5.4 Road Traffic Control Devices (RTCDs) 76 2.5.5 Best Road Safety Practices 82 2.5.6 Empirical Studies 84 2.6 Theoretical Framework 87 2.6.1 Social Cognitive Theory 87 2.6.2 The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) 88 2.6.3 The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) 89 2.6.4 Constructing a Framework for Improved Safety Behaviour among Commercial Drivers in Urban Cities in Southwestern Nigeria 92 2.6.5 Appraisal of literature 93 2.6.6 Hypotheses 94 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design 95 3.2 Population of the Study 95 3.3 Sampling and Sampling Techniques 95 3.4 Instrumentation 97 3.4.1 Drivers perception of FRSC PEP inventory 97 3.4.2 Commercial rivers Bheaioure Inventory 97 3.4.3 Drivers Comliance and Road Traffic Rules and Regulaions Scale 98 3.5 Focus Group Discussions 99 3.6 Key Informant Interview 100 3.6.1 KII Sub-themes 100 3.6.2 Procedure for Data Collection 100 3.6.3 Procedure for research 101 3.6.4 Method of Data Analysis 101 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS 4.1 Discussion of Findings 103 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary 131 5.2 Recommendations 133 5.3 Contributions to Knowledge 135 UNIVERSITY viii OF IBADAN 5.4 Limitations to the Study 136 5.5 Suggestions for Further Research 136 5.6 Conclusion 137 References 138 Appendixes 158 UNIVERSITY ix OF IBADAN LIST OF TABLES Pages Table 1.1 FRSC Approved Motor Parks in Southwestern Nigeria 12 Table 2.1. Total Number of Vehicle Involved in Road Traffic Accident on Geo-Political Basis in 2011 24 Table 2.2. Behaviour Modification by Alcohol Consumption on the Body Performance 28 Table 2.3. FRSC Approved Stopping and Breaking Distance for Vehicle 30 Table 2.4 FRSC Approved Speed Limit for Different Vehicles (km/hr) 31 Table 2.5. The FRSC Approved Fire Extinguishers for Vehicles 38 Table 2.6. Summary of Reported Road Traffic Crashes Trends in Nigeria before 1993 49 Table 2.7. The FRSC Administrative and Organisational Structure 50 Table 2.8. The FRSC Regular Marshal Rank Structure 51 Table 2.9. The FRSC Zonal and Sector Commands. 52 Table 2.10. FRSC Special Marshal Rank Structure 52 Table 2.11. FRSC Road Traffic Offences and Penalties 69 Table 2.12. A Road Safety Model for a Sustainable Road Traffic accident Prevention and Reduction 92 Table 3.1 Population and Sample Size of the Study 96 Table 3.2 FGD Schedule and Guide 99 Table 3.3 Breakdown of Returned Questionnaire 100 Table 4.1 Relative Effect of Independent Variables on Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviours 112 Tabl 4.2 Correlation matrix showing effects of each public enlightenment programmes (FRSC radio and television, FRSC video and films, handbills, billboards and posters, motor park rally and road safety lectures) on Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 117 Table 4.3. Relative Effects of FRSC‘s Language of Instruction, Timing, Adequacy of Content and Delivery Strategies of PEP on Commercial Drivers‘ Behaviour 120 UNIVERSITY x OF IBADAN Table 4.4.