ALUVA June 2015
Atkins in partnership with Notice WS Atkins International Ltd assumes no responsibility to any other party in respect of or arising out of or in connection with this document and/or its contents. © 2015, All rights reserved ALUVA June 2015
About the project partners
Atkins Atkins is one of the world’s leading infrastructure and design companies, with the depth and breadth of technical expertise to respond to the world’s most complex infrastructure and environmental challenges. These include responding to the increasing rate of urbanisation and the urgent transition to a low carbon economy. Atkins works with municipal authorities, national and regional government, development agencies, private sector companies, and other stakeholders to develop and implement strategic plans and investment projects to shape and manage the future growth of cities. With over 17,000 employees worldwide, Atkins is able to bring together its technical knowledge across a wide range of disciplines such as transport, water, energy, design, architecture, climate science, ecology, planning, and economics to help cities and those investing in them to act upon the long term opportunities and challenges of resource use and a changing climate. Our international work spans Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America. Through our ‘Carbon Critical’ initiative Atkins has developed a range of bespoke tools to reduce the carbon emissions associated with major urban infrastructure programmes including a low carbon masterplanning tool to reduce city carbon footprints.
International network for traditional building, architecture and urbanism (INTBAU): The International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism, INTBAU, is primarily a network dedicated to the creation of humane and harmonious buildings and places which respect local traditions. The secretariat of the organisation is based in London, United Kingdom, under the Patronage of HRH The Prince of Wales. 24 national Chapters of INTBAU are established as independent, affiliated charities in countries around the world.
INTBAU is a worldwide organisation dedicated to the support of traditional building, the maintenance of local character and the creation of better places to live. We are developing an active network of individuals and institutions who design, make, maintain, study or enjoy traditional building, architecture and places.
INTBAU’s varied international programme of events brings together network members, practitioners, artisans and students. By education and training in traditional architecture, urbanism and the building crafts, we encourage people to maintain and restore traditional buildings, and to build new buildings and places that contribute to traditional environments and improve the quality of life in cities, towns and villages around the world.
INTBAU’s network of nearly 5,000 members and affiliated institutions is a global force for the continuity of tradition in architecture and building and the promotion of traditional urban design. Our network works to develop programmes tailored to local needs on every continent. National chapters have been formed in Afghanistan, Albania, Australia, Canada, Cuba, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, India, Iran, Ireland, Island States (based in Mauritius), Italy, the Netherlands, Nigeria, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Scandinavia, Spain, the UK and the USA.
00
Glossary and abbreviations 9
01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15 Introduction 19
02 URBAN DIAGNOSTICS & RISK ASSESSMNET Urban Diagnostic & Risk Assessment 27 SWOT 1 32 SWOT 2 33
03 FRAMEWORK AND PROJECTS Risk Assessment 47 Projects 51 Theme 1: Flooding 53 Theme 2: Sanitation 61 Theme 3: Solid waste management 65 Theme 4: Urban design 74 Theme 5: Transportation 84
04 IMPLEMENTATION 93
05 NEXT STEPS 103
06 APPENDICES Appendix A - Future proofing methodology 107 Appendix B - Native flora 111 Appendix C - Aluva training programme 117 Appendix D - Flooding and surface drainage 127 Appendix E - Solid waste background 137 Appendix F - Sewage 151 Appendix G - Screening of future proofing policies 159
CONTENTS 8 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Atkins in partnership with Future Proofing – Aluva | 9
Glossary and abbreviations
Glossary of Terms Adaptation to climate change: Adjustment in natural Geospatial: A term describing the analysis of data using a or human systems (e.g. cities) in response to actual or geographical base. expected climate hazards or their effects. It moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities of climate Greenhouse gas emissions: Emissions from the burning change. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement and include including anticipatory, autonomous and planned carbon dioxide produced during the consumption of solid, adaptation. liquid, and gas fuels and fas flaring.
Blue-green infrastructure services: represent the Green infrastructure: Refers to an interconnected sum of natural and manmade infrastructure covering network of natural and greenhuman-made features, such the hydrological cycle (blue infrastructure), natural as forests, extensive grasslands, wetlands, but in cities also habitat, ecosystems and urban greenspace (green parks, gardens, cemeteries, trees at streets, green walls infrastructure). The approach to blue-green infrastructure and roofs. adopts a systems view in order to identify the links and interconnections between issues in order to avoid Groundwater table: The level of the water located disbenefits and help to maximise win-wins. By taking this beneath the earth’s surface. Often depleted by wells, approach wider range of socioeconomic and quality of life irrigation and poor water management. benefits can be delivered. Informal settlements: Term often used to describe a Capacity to act: There is a wide range of definitions slum or shanty town. Often areas where groups of housing according to the specific context. We define this as a units have been constructed on land that the occupants city’s capacity and willingness to respond positively to have no legal claim to or occupy illegally. They are often environmental risks. This is shaped by the economic unplanned where the housing is not in a compliance with and institutional attributes of a city and its actors, which current planning and building regulations. determine the degree of its capability to respond to risks. Low carbon urban trajectory: An alternative Catalytic financing: The process whereby official development pathway that reduces carbon emissions financing from an agency (often the government) versus a business-as-usual trajectory. encourages further financing (often from the private sector). Mitigation (to climate change): An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the anthropogenic forcing of the Climate hazards: Refers to the risks posed by natural climate system. It includes strategies to reduce greenhouse climatic processes and are often exacerbated by climate gas sources and emissions and enhancing greenhouse change. For example: flooding, cyclones and landslides. gas sinks.
Climate change: The United Nations Framework Natural resources: Naturally occurring resources used by Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate humans. Natural resources can include, amongst others, change as ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly air, water, wood, and fossil fuels. or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to Peri-urban: Land that is immediately adjoining an natural climate variability observed over comparable time urban area. periods’. Resilience: The ability of a social or ecological system Compact city: A high density urban settlement with to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic mixed land uses and access to an efficient public transports structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self- system. The efficient urban layout encourages walking and organisation and the capacity to adapt to stress cycling, low energy consumption and reduced pollution. and change.
Ecosystem services: The benefits people receive from ecosystems including products like clean drinking water and processes such as the decomposition of wastes.
Atkins in partnership with 10 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Risk: There are a wide range of definitions of risk Urbanisation: Is the physical growth of urban areas as a depending on the context reflecting the very different result of rural migration and even suburban concentration approaches to risk management taken in different into cities. Often linked with modernisation, development approaches to risk management taken in different fields. and industrialisation. In the context of this report, we refer to risk broadly as the potential that the ‘activities’ of cities which drive carbon Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect: The increased emission and pressure on natural resources and ‘events’ in temperature of the urban air compared to its rural the form of climate hazards and external pressures on the surroundings. The difference is particularly stark at night. resources used by cities will have an undesirable impact. Urban sprawl: The outwards spreading of a city through The Global South: A generic term generally used the expansion of low-density development that increases to describe countries with a medium or low Human car usage. Development Index score, which is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, standards of living, Vulnerability: A variety of definitions exist according and quality of life for countries worldwide. to the specific context. In the context of this report we define vulnerability as the degree to which a city ‘Triple-Win’ solutions: In the context of this report, and its inhabitants are susceptible to and are likely to policies and programmes that deliver multiple be detrimentally impacted by the stresses and shocks environmental benefits by (1) reducing carbon emissions associated with climate change, resource scarcities, and energy use; (2) responding to climate hazards; and (3) and damage to vital ecosystems. The United Nations reducing pressures on regional support systems such as International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines water and food systems and natural habitat. vulnerability as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to Urban: Used as a collective term to fit with the different the damaging effects of a hazard. The Intergovernmental country specific definitions of cities and towns. Panel on Climate Change defines vulnerability to climate change as the degree to which a system is susceptible Urban catchment: Area surrounding a city that supplies to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate water, food, and other ecosystems services. change, including climate variability and extremes.
Urban densification: Is a term used to describe the ‘Win-win’ solutions: In the context of this report, policies number of people living within an urbanised area. Often and programmes they deliver multiple environmental measured in the number of people in a given area. benefits by contribution to two of the three out of the Concept closely linked to urban sustainability in theories following objectives: (1) reducing carbon emissions and such as New Urbanism, Transit-oriented development and energy use; (2) responding to climate hazards; and (3) smart growth. reducing pressures on regional support systems such as water and food systems and natural habitat.
Atkins in partnership with Future Proofing – Aluva | 11
Atkins in partnership with 12 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 13 01
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 15
Executive Summary
Aluva is typical of peri-urban municipalities Responding to key priorities and risks in India and elsewhere, which despite their identified, a blue-green infrastructure small population size relative to the wider framework was developed as an approach metropolitan area, will gradually share which would enable Aluva to address similar development pressures as larger the priority climate and resource risks cities such as climate risks, population (especially water pollution) by reducing growth and infrastructure bottlenecks. the vulnerability of Aluva’s population, infrastructure and urban form. A town of around 25,000 residents, Aluva is located within the Kochi Metropolitan It is essentially about demonstrating how area of 2.3 million residents and has to manage the interconnected set of gradually become a key transportation challenges relating to water resources hub ,servicing over a quarter of a management (surface and ground water), million inhabitants in the surrounding including the water supply, water quality, municipality. The introduction of Kochi sanitation, solid waste management, Metro has triggered a series of speculative flooding and conservation of natural developments and rising land values, ecosystems in the context of the urban gradually forcing out current residents development trajectory of the city and its through gentrification and risks losing changing climate. its identity. Aluva is undergoing dramatic changes in Climate change is a reality and its impacts its urban fabric. Ensuring the sustainability have already manifested in Aluva through of its environmentally sensitive and recent flooding events. The probability that heritage areas is crucial. Reducing the these events will get worse in the future vulnerability of the societal values residents is high and Aluva is required to adapt and hold, linked with the identity of a place, identify and put measures in place that is not mutually exclusive of the risks and protect those vulnerable to the risks. opportunities for inclusive growth or those associated with climate risks. Critical services such as solid waste management and waste water treatment This framework elaborates on the strategy are inadequate and not only have an laid out by the Aluva Town Master Plan impact on existing natural resources 2031, providing a further layer of detail within the town’s boundaries, but to the over the proposed interventions and regional resources network, in particular, identifies and prioritises those solutions to the Periyar River. Current issues are that will enable the implementation of only expected to be exacerbated by future the Master Plan while addressing in an population growth and development. integrated way environmental, social and economic objectives. Addressing current and future issues in an integrated manner can deliver social, economic and environmental benefits in the short and long term. Building on The Future Proofing Cities approach, the study aims to maximise benefits and to build momentum for action through the identification of solutions with multiple environmental benefits (‘triple wins’). 16 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 17 01
AtkinsINTRODUCTION in partnership with 18 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing Indian Cities – Executive Summary | 19
Introduction
Background Purpose of the plan Aluva Municipality in partnership with The purpose of the plan is to provide Atkins International Ltd (Atkins) and a mechanism for building the city’s the International Network for Traditional current and future resilience, as well as Building, Architecture & Urbanism the capacity to act among communities, (INTBAU) supported by the British High institutions and government. The aim is Commission are leading an initiative/ to foster collaboration between sectors project to support Aluva Municipality to and communities, in order to arrive at prepare a Future Proofing framework plan an integrated approach and to generate for Aluva. momentum for early action around the priority issues identified. The project builds upon the Memorandum of Understanding between Aluva The project defines a future proofing Municipality and Atkins supported by the framework plan to link with local plans for British High Commission which coincided the town. Then outlines and catalyses a with HRH Prince of Wales’ visit to Aluva in series of priority projects to reduce energy November 2013. intensity and address both infrastructure bottlenecks and climate risks which can Combining local city knowledge and improve liveability of the city as well as international expertise the project build momentum and support for taking establishes a framework to guide the further action. The completion of the growth of the city on an integrated way to project intends to help: respond to the challenges of urbanisation and climate risks and the impact on Maximise the opportunities to existing and future communities. The make Aluva a better place to live by project aims to directly help to enhance improving quality of life for all resilience to risks and define a series of Address identified climate integrated proposals and complement risks, including multiple risks to work done to develop the Master Plan for generate ‘win-win’ and ‘triple win’ Aluva Town 2031. environmental benefits Identify key interventions that help preserve the heritage of the town and retain social values at the core of future change Mobilise action, target specific vulnerabilities and deliver change on the ground that will benefit a wide range of stakeholders Provide a framework plan to guide integrated action to address future needs which can complement the Master Plan 2031 and help Aluva make the case for securing additional resources to address the identified challenges. 20 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Why Aluva Meeting infrastructure needs Aluva is already lagging behind in While a lot of focus has been placed on terms of infrastructure provision. larger cities to address impacts of climatic Critical services such as solid waste risks, population growth and infrastructure management and waste water treatment bottlenecks, little attention has been given are inadequate and not only have an to smaller urban centres and particularly impact on existing natural resources those within bigger urban conurbations within the town’s boundaries but these that are destined eventually to absorb extend to the regional resources network much the urban core’s pressures. Aluva through for example the Periyar River. is typical of peri-urban municipalities in Current deficits are only expected to be India and elsewhere, which despite their exacerbated by future population growth small population size relative to the wider and development. metropolitan area will gradually share similar development pressures as city centres. Tackling climate risks Climate change is a reality and its Addressing development pressure impacts have already manifested in Aluva, through recent flooding events. Change is rapidly taking place in Aluva, a The probability that these events will get town of around 25,000 population located worse in the future is high and Aluva is within the Kochi Metropolitan area of required to adapt and identify and put 2.3mn residents. The introduction of Kochi measures in place that protect those Metro has triggered a series of speculative vulnerable to the risks. developments that are gradually altering the social profile of the town and its urban fabric. In addition, it is expected that transient population (commuters) and traffic will increase as Aluva already serves as the commercial centre for surrounding municipalities. Without adequate planning measures, the town risks both losing its identity and heritage, forcing out current residents through gentrification and importantly missing out on the opportunity to provide efficiencies such as reduction in carbon emissions. Future Proofing – Aluva | 21
Future Proofing Cities climate risks e.g. flooding, extreme Building a profile - or urban diagnostic- approach and its benefits heat events of these key risks and potential benefits, in conjunction with assessing Future proofing is about taking an resource and ecosystem risks within the city and its wider catchment e.g. the vulnerability and capacity of local integrated approach to tackling some of institutions and stakeholders to respond to the city’s deep rooted urban problems, in damage to vital ecosystems due to urban growth them can help to identify implementable conjunction with responding to the risks solutions that can benefit Aluva through: associated, with issues such as climate energy use and carbon emissions change, resource scarcities and damage e.g. from transport, domestic and Building on the existing planning to vital ecosystems. For example, water commercial consumption, industry and processes and the Master Plan for pollution issues are approached solely waste. Aluva 2031, help strengthen its from the perspective of identifying water It considers the growth dynamics of objectives and focus efforts against the engineering solutions, with the potential the city in parallel with the range of challenges of climate change impacts on vulnerable groups, patterns potential risks which may impact its of development, surface drainage and The identification of measures future development. In Aluva, delivering flooding linked to climate change and and interventions which can be environmental benefits (‘triple win’) solid waste poorly understood. implemented and driven forward by can trigger a chain reaction to bringing stakeholders within the town’existing forward economic benefits in the form and potential capacities When urban problems are approached of added value through job creation in this narrow way, solutions can (e.g. employment in recycling and The identification of packages of sometimes be ineffective, opportunities waste management) and cost-effective complementary policies and projects for generating wider benefits are missed, investments in sectors such as buildings in these areas which can generate or significant unintended negative efficiency resulting in actual savings. multiple environmental, social, and consequences can occur. economic benefits, crucial in the Social benefits in terms identifying context of limited financial resources Addressing current and future issues and protecting those most at risk and Laying the ground for a well-managed in an integrated manner in Aluva improving the quality of life for all, and transformation utilising the future can deliver social, economic and expanding on the local social values, proofing approach, which is directly environmental benefits in the short and preserving the local identity and heritage relevant to the GoI 100 Smart longer term. The Future Proofing Cities of Aluva and its connection with Periyar Cities programme, which seeks to approach aims to maximise benefits and River to withstand development and tackle issues in a holistic manner build momentum for action through the environmental pressures. and to establish a model for urban identification of solutions with multiple development which can tackle the environmental benefits (‘triple wins’) by interlinked issues facing India’s cities. looking at three groups of interrelated issues: 22 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Approach to the project The project was undertaken in 3 key stages.
Stage 3: Stage 2: • agreement on Preparation of identifying key Identification • urban diagnostics project portfolio Stage 1: FP framework priorities and key of priority • prioritising projects • implementation Inception and priority drivers projects • building momentum • training component projects • scale up activities
Figure 1 Project Approach
At the inception stage, the partnership held a series of consultations with local stakeholders to identify priorities and key drivers for change. Following inception, the team prepared an analysis of urban diagnostics which provided the context for discussion at the first stakeholder workshop (Stage 2). The aim of the workshop was to engage local stakeholders in sessions discussing key issues in detail and prioritising key projects to be taken forward while considering best practice from elsewhere.
During Stage 3 of the study, the team held a second workshop with local stakeholders where draft proposals were shared and discussed in detail, agreeing the project portfolio based on expert’s inputs, local priorities and capacity to implement these.
This final draft report brings together all activities and findings over the duration of the study. Future Proofing – Aluva | 23
Structure of the report The report is structure in five sections including this introduction and annexes.
Section 1: sets the context for this project
Section 2: provides a summary of diagnostics for Aluva and risk assessment following the Future Proofing Cities approach
Section 3: outlines the overall framework for development in Aluva and contains description of the proposed projects.
Section 4: focusses on delivery and implementation of the framework
Section 5: next steps
Section 6: annexes containing information on the Future Proofing Cities methodology utilised for the purposes of this project Further information on the context of Aluva, and capacity building activities undertaken as part of the study are also included. 24 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 25 02
URBAN DIAGNOSTICS & RISK ASSESSMENT 26 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 27
Urban diagnostics & risk assessment
Introduction In the 1930s the Maharaja of Travancore promoted the modernisation of the Before any proposed interventions are Kodungallor town and introduced a number of heavy developed it is important to understand the industries. However the industrial sector Paravur Prerumbavur local development context and potential Aluva Kothamangalam has gradually fell into decline. The recent impairing factors . This is a critical process closure of the Kathai cotton mills, has Ernakulam to establish a foundation for identifying Kochi Muvattupuzha been one of the key instigators of the solutions that can deliver environmental, Kanayannur Thodupuzha change in the economic profile of Aluva. social and economic benefits. This The historic commercial signifinance, The chapter provides an assessment of urban Aluva to urban centres Federal Bank, has retained its headquarters conditions and the strategic context of Irinjalakuda in the Aluva. Aluva, climatic risks and local capacity Valparai to act in order to enable an integrated The attractiveness of the town and its approach to addressing key issues. location brought tourists and led to the Paravur Prerumbavur construction of holiday homes. It also Aluva Kothamangalam Urban conditions became an educational centre and it
Kochi is the home of a number of important Idukki History and role of Aluva institutions. In February and March, the Aluva owes its ancient origins to its famous Aluva Sivarathri festival is held on position on the bifurcation of the River the Temple of Shiva and the floodplain Periyar as it flows out to the Indian Ocean on the river bank to the north, and 18 km to the west. This important natural brings large numbers of celebrants to the feature will have had a part in the ancient Malayatoor town. Every year a temporary footbridge Bhootharthenkettu establishment of a temple of Shiva at the Kaladi connects the festival site to the town Aluva Thattkad Bird Sanctuary point of the division of the river, and its Nayarambalam centre. Wipin Island strategic position supported a trading Chemmanad Kochi Willingdon town on the hill on the opposite bank. Mattancherry Aluva is one of the townships in the The town has grown over the centuries Kochi-Thrissur priority urban area and to occupy the lower land on both banks Aluva on the tourist map the growth of Kochi has brought Aluva of the river. Part of the Kingdom of into its urban conurbation. Over the last Travancore, a royal palace on the river side decade, Aluva has seen a growth in its was the official royal summer residence. A significance as a major transport hub - the Kothakulangara railway station was built to the east of the Kodungallor existing bus, rail and road facilities have Malayatoor centre built connecting the town to the Paravur Prerumbavur been augmented by the proposal of the Kottuvally main north-south Keralan railway route. Aluva Vazhakulam Kothamangalam metro. In 2016 it will become the final Edappalli As part of railway works, a rail bridge was Ernakulam Muvattupuzha station on the new Kochi Metro, which Kochi Tripunithura constructed, and a road bridge in 1942 Maradu will add to the commercial and residential Arakuzha connected the two banks of the river. Piravam attractiveness of the town, whilst the old Aluva on the religious map market continues to function as one of the Historically, Aluva has been a centre of major wholesale markets of the region. trade and commerce - especially as the Aluva also functions as the single major gateway to Idukki, famous for its spice Figure 2 Key Characteristics source for drinking water to the district production, tea plantation and rubber of Ernakulam, which makes the tram an cultivation. important part of the regional support network. 28 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Socio and economic profile There is a significant trend of the workforce commuting to Ernakulam to With a population of 25,000 remaining at access higher skilled service employment similar levels as during the 1960s Aluva’s and the neighbouring municipalities for demographic profile is dominated by logistics and manufacturing, the growth of young age groups (under 60s). Despite which is influenced by proximity to Kochi the young age profile and high literacy Airport and the port. levels, employment levels have only slightly increased over the past few Aluva’s urban character decades. Currently, only one third of the total population is fully employment Aluva’s identity stems from its cultural, out of which the vast majority are male commercial and religious significance. employees. The Shivrathri Manappuram Temple on the North Bank is one of the most recognisable features of Aluva – and its Economic activities within Aluva are religious significance is believed to have dominated by the services sector, mainly lent to the naming of the town. related to trade and commerce to serve the needs of local residents and the market which is one of the biggest and The River is flanked on the south by the oldest in Kerala state. Apart from a few Aluva Palace which is constructed in the examples of key employers located there traditional style of architecture. The Aluva such as the Federal Bank’s headquarters, Palace constructed in the early 1900s is a other activities include some relatively brick and concrete structure, with a sloped small and scattered industrial activity tile roof. which has experienced decline over the past years. The area of the old market continues to be of commercial significance. It has grown in There is an observed pattern of workforce importance due to its proximity to all the commuting to other municipalities within major modes of transport. Ernakulam district to access higher skilled service employment as Aluva does not The area south of the river has experienced offer similar opportunities. With the an increasing shift from residential to introduction of the metro this trend commercial land uses over time. In terms could either worsen as jobs become more non-service activities, there is cultivated accessible further afield or could provide land scattered within the municipal limits, an incentive for economic development but agricultural production does not with new companies looking to establish appear to be a major local activity. Small offices there. and informal industries are few and are located in the south side of the city. The economy will contribute to be a key driver of urban development. The vast There is a concentration of transport majority of the local workforce is engaged related development along the NH 47 and in non-agricultural activities, while there the rail corridor in the southern half on the is a clear shift from primary sector municipality including trade activities like activities towards services. Existing fish and vegetable markets, warehousing industrial activity is relatively small and and logistics that require good transport scattered and has experienced decline connections. There is limited vacant land over the past years. There is a future for development and is scattered. The focus on IT-related services. ‘Sesom Kadavu’ to the north is the only protected flood plain along the Periyar River in Aluva. Future Proofing – Aluva | 29
PARK
RESIDENTIAL Residential Park North Bank Commercial West Bank Old Town NORTH Station BANK RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
STATION
OLD TOWN
WEST BANK
Residential Park North Bank Commercial West Bank Old Town Figure 2.1 Character Areas Station
Morphology The residential and commercial areas to Natural features & public realm Buildings in Aluva are mainly the south of the river reflect existing and A major portion of Aluva’s open space area contemporary structures. The older part historic settlement patterns and land consists of the Manappuram to the north of Aluva which lies to the south of the uses. Narrow plot widths to the south of the Periyar - the ‘Harithavanam’ project Periyar River (around the core and along of the River Periyar promote more active that promotes its use and conservation has the NH 47) is dense and characterised by frontages and allow higher densities. been proposed. Trees are abundant but continuous row type developments while Continuous building lines define the generally occur within private properties. construction over the last three decades street block. are of a plotted configuration (owing to Planned parks and open spaces are the municipal development rules). In contrast, the plots to the north of the few - one to the North of the River and river contain individual buildings that stand two to the South. in the middle of the site. Their boundary Low density, low rise residential types Aluva’s public realm is composed of walls however, are continuous blank attempt to reflect Kerala’s architectural streets, parks and public buildings. elements albeit with contemporary entities and define the street block. materials. High density, high rise Natural assets like the Periyar River & developments respond to views Live edges are more prevalent in the riverside, slopes and shade trees have and vantages and are otherwise not historic settlements to the south of the been used to create public spaces. respectful of the context in choice of river – such as shop fronts and doors material and design. leading directly on to the street.
Rapid urbanisation and development Development densities are higher in the pressures due to Aluva’s transformation south, with residential on the upper floors into a major transport hub for nearby - enabling people to keep an eye on public towns, the identification of dedicated space. IT zone along NH47 and influx of NRI investments has led to a change in Aluva’s heavily built character, coupled development typology, from low density- with the size of land parcels and the rising low rise to high density-high rise. land costs, makes land acquisition for new developments within the congested core area very challenging. 30 | Future Proofing – Aluva
NH47 Kochi Metro Corridor South Western Rail Corridor Town Roads Exceeding Capacity Town Roads at Capacity Bottlenecks Within Core Areas Critical Junctions with NH Significant Nodes and Destinations Existing Pedestrian Network Between Nodes National Waterway no.3
Figure 2.2 Key transportation nodes Transport
The highly fragmented character of Aluva The Marathandaverma Bridge crosses Internally, streets in Aluva accommodate is also reflected in the transportation the river and is part of the NH47. vehicular traffic, pedestrians, cyclists system. Located at the centre of the The bus stand is in located in the and commercial activity. Established Ernakulam district, Aluva is connected to southern half, to the right of the pedestrian connections, shortcuts and all major cities in the country by air, rail, NH47. minor roads exist in the city core (to the road and sea. Major district roads (MDR) south of the River) – to connect the various such as Aluva-Munnar road, Aluva- The central market area is located in transport hubs, however these are not well Perumbavoor road, Aluva-Paravur road the southern half, to the west of the established. Minimising walking distance and Aluva-Kudungalloor road provides NH47. between major land uses and the transport road connections to other parts of The main railway station is located hubs can help minimise dependency on Ernakulam district. approximately in the centre of the motorised modes of transport. southern half. NH 47 passes through the western Higher development densities in the half of the town and provides a road south helps support public transport. connection to other parts of the state. Public transport routes reflect traffic The town is linked to the National considerations and serve only the Waterway III through the Periyar River. periphery of the city core. A proposal for a major transport hub consisting of the Aluva is a major transport hub metro station and private bus stand can and serves as a trade centre for play an integral part in creating a safe and neighbouring districts. As such a secure pedestrian environment. number of transportation modes are concentrated in the city centre and crossing the city resulting in fragmented quarters. Future Proofing – Aluva | 31
Green infrastructure and public Streetscapes spaces There are few planned and safe pedestrian There is an overall lack of adequate open paths located in the city. Well defined spaces and safe pedestrian paths. A pedestrian links are not only important to major portion of Aluva’s open space area enable efficient movement between places consists of the Manappuram to the north but is also crucial to ensure the safety of of the Periyar, however most of other residents and visitors, particularly women green spaces consist of mainly trees within and girls, through well lit connections and private properties. public spaces. Furthermore, certain areas like the existing river walk is inaccessible to Planned parks and open spaces are all, due to lack of rumps. few – one to the north of the River and two to the south. A few other are Paths are shared between commercial maintained as sports facilities activities and movement while there are no defined or segregated cycling paths Aluva’s public realm is composed across Aluva which provide a further of streets, a few parks and public disincentive to move away from car based buildings. commuting patterns. Natural assets like the Periyar River & riverside, slopes and shade trees have been used to create limited public spaces. Existing river walk on the south is broken by private properties. Development along the river create an inconsistent built edge with the riverfront Planned public spaces are isolated and pedestrian friendly connections between them are absent. Maintenance and management of designated spaces is a challenge – as experienced at the Municipal Park and the dedicated pedestrian path adjacent to the Aluva Palace. 32 | Future Proofing –Indian Aluva Cities – Aluva
Dense residential area SWOT - Zone 1 Hubs and areas of significance located within 10 mins walking distance, albeit through dense The following plans highlight specific strengths, historic residential areas weaknesses opportunities and threats in relation Dense development with clearly defined property to the urban fabric of Aluva. edges makes identification and control easier Strong pedestrian activity born out of necessity and in response to the dense urban fabric Opportunity to enhance pedestrian & cyclist experience Lifestyle change from non-motorised to motorised Bank junction modes of transport Unavailability of vacant land for new development Immediately recognisable landmark or public open spaces Dense built fabric, rising land costs and largely Narrow existing right-of-ways private ownership of land leads to challenges in Reactive approach to physical and social, land acquisition for new development. development and needs.
City core Railway station/ KSRTC bus stand
Immediately recognisable landmarks and functional Loss of identity in areas to the south of the railway nodes station – as new development and focus continues Sustained identity of the historic core – that will be to be concentrated in the CBD strengthened with the Kochi Metro development and Inconsistent visions among private developers the identification of the CBD Retention and maintenance of historic buildings Transport hub and connectivity through multiple absent - due to rising land cost within the core modes – can efficiently transport people through, to Dense built fabric, rising land costs and largely private and from Aluva town ownership of land leads to challenges in land Commercial benefit of active frontage in the historic acquisition for new development city core Narrow existing right-of-ways within the historic core Potential to improve on the built environment and Unavailability of vacant land for new development or quality of public realm, especially to serve an increasing public open spaces within the CBD transient population An unregulated real estate market could lead to Development of new typologies to respond to unique uneven and haphazard development within the CBD challenges and needs – and to showcase sustainable Demand supply mismatch for basic infrastructure development and land use mixes in the light of the needs within the CBD. increased FSI within the delineated CBD Universal signage to aid the increasing incoming Strengths & Opportunities population Bespoke design to add to an areas character and Weaknesses & Threats identity. Future ProofingFuture Indian Proofing Cities – Aluva | 33
SWOT - Zone 2
Commercial node The river
Potential for developing a new commercial centre, as identified The river and ‘devaswom’ land are powerful natural assets in the Aluva Master Plan 2031 The river passes through the municipal boundary Absence of commercial node on the northern side of the river Devaswom land to the north offers potential as a has increased the population pressure on the market situated in designed public open space the city core (southern side of the river) Challenges in land acquisition along the river Inactive edge conditions to the north of the river owing to a predominantly low density, low rise residential development.
River edge Strong pedestrian activity along the river edge Absence of strict development controls designed specifically Frequent connections to the river edge helps ensure for the river edge activity and hence improve safety Management and maintenance of designed public spaces Hubs and areas of significance located within 10 mins Narrow streets in the south, with heavy pedestrian activity walking distance (South Bank) cannot accommodate public transport Utilising religious importance to enhance cultural River edge under threat of uncontrolled development significance. Unregulated real estate market causes uneven development Creation of spaces and mixes that ensure activity at all times pressures of the day Vandalism and abuse of public property The river as a destination as well as a thoroughfare – a Ensuring safety and control for variety of users. network of pedestrian routes connecting functioning parts Use of the river to offset pressure on road corridors
Strengths & Opportunities
Weaknesses & Threats 34 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Infrastructure Surface drainage and flooding The sole risk of tidal flooding to Aluva The city has experienced flooding in recent is not considerably high, undertanding the fact that Aluva is 16-20km inland Topography of Aluva times and there are a number of potential sources of flooding including fluvial and at a mean altitude of 12.3m above Aluva town lies in the midland region with flooding from storm events within the MSL, while the maximum high water its altitude varying from 4m to 40m above Periyar catchment, storm surges leading to level at +0.6m above MSL (1.2m above MSL. The majority of the town has an ingress of water inland from the coast and Chart Datum) elevation between 4m to 20m (MSL) with surface water run-off. mean altitude of as 12.3m above MSL. However, the tides could potentially The maximum altitude is in the north-west contribute to rise in water levels of the The broad analysis of the various flood risk and south east part of Aluva municipality Periyar River which tends to worsen a to Aluva has indicated the following: which is approximately 40m (MSL). flooding event caused by high flows in the river itself or release of water Though the fluvial flood risk to Aluva from upstream dams during heavy has reduced after the construction rainfall events. Moreover, the impact of of various dams in the Periyar river climate change tends to increase this basin, a flash flood like 2013 event can risk in future occur with more devastating impacts Due to inappropriate surface water considering climate change will management in Aluva with existing increase the fluvial flood risk in future surface water network having inadequate capacity and improper maintenance, it is anticipated that this flood risk is considerably high specifically combined with high rainfall events 1 3 Aluva also poses a high risk of inundation in case of a dam breach 2 event of Mullaperiyar dam.
5 26
7 6
24
25 9
8
12 10 13 Elevation in metres
4-5 20-25 23 11 5-10 25-30 20 10-15 30-35 14
15-20 35-40 21
19 15
22 18
16 17
Figure 2.3 Topography of Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 35
Sewerage Solid waste There is no underground drainage (UGD) The present methods of collection are not system in the town. Individual disposal sufficient to handle solid waste in Aluva. The system with septic tank and pit latrine is the current system of collection is centralised sanitation system that is practiced in the (45% of households use a garbage bin town. Presently only 95.98% of the houses and 37% collect within their own have an individual disposal system with compound). There is only one centralised septic tanks or soak pits and about 3.59% solid waste treatment plant functioning of the houses have pit latrine. The remaining at Brahmapuram in Kochi, which treats 0.21% of houses use various other methods waste from all adjacent municipalities of disposal which also include the public including Aluva. convenience system and open spaces. The municipality has provided public toilets A major impact of the current waste in the town located at the bus stand and management system is evident in the railway Station areas. canal network system where major canals are polluted by urban waste. As The sewage treatment plant (STP) at the area has urbanised and the economy Asramam Kadavu was constructed in has developed, irrigation canals are built 2006. During a site visit, it was noted that over and become blocked by solid waste. the treatment components are not being Furthermore, most informal settlements maintained on a regular basis. The Clarifier occur along these canals with the resulting bridge and mixer is not functioning, most waste is dumped in the canal. of the mechanical and electrical equipment is not in working condition. The plant is not properly functioning, so sewage from various parts of the town are discharged into the Periyar River without any treatment. 36 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Development pressures Due to its location, Aluva is fast developing into a satellite town for Kochi. The town PARAKKADAVU occupies a strategic position owing to its PUTHENVELIKKARA connectivity to other major urban centres through rail, road and water. KUNNUKARA
Aluva already serves as a major transport node and commercial centre with a population of some 240,000 people KARUMALLOOR (2001). With the introduction of the new metro line and expected population increase including expansion of the ALUVA MUNICIPALITY Kochi metropolitan area, Aluva would ALANGAD become one of the key urban centres KADUNGALLOOR (tier 2 centre) within the metropolitan area accommodating growth as well as increasing its hub function for public and VARAPUZHA commercial services. ADOOR EDATHALA By 2030 surrounding municipalities and panchayats such as Kandungallur and Chengamanad will also be increasingly KADAMAKKUDY urbanised. Such a development will CHERANALLOOR increase Aluva’s current role and sphere of influence in terms of population as key commercial centre for the wider area.
Current and future trends Figure 2.4 Aluva’s sphere of influence Although population at a district and state level is expected to continue to grow albeit at a slower pace, Aluva has experienced Aluva Municipality 1.2 outmigration over the past few years. Key Ernakulam District factors include lack of affordable housing 1.0 1.1 1.0 as well as the shift of land uses. Underlying 0.8 reasons for this change include speculative 0.6 0.6 development and a shift towards more 0.4 commercial developments as well as 0.2 gradual worsening of urban conditions 0.0 1981-1991 1991-2001 2001-2011 which has pushed residents out of the area -0.2 in search for better quality of life. -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 Lack of an integrated plan to guide development has allowed market -0.8 -0.7 considerations to be at the centre of -1.0 change in Aluva, resulting in unplanned Figure 2.4 Population CAGR (%) Future Proofing – Aluva | 37
growth. This has been exacerbated by the Aluva Town Master Plan 2031 An area within a walking distance of inability to enforce existing regulations. The recently produced Master Plan for 500m around the proposed metro With the implementation of a number Aluva addresses key development and station shall be delineated as a priority of strategic projects including the Kochi infrastructure bottlenecks and provides area (CBD) – it constitutes 4.12% of Metro, the pace of change in Aluva will comprehensive list of interventions. The the total town area inevitably be faster and without the recently developed Aluva Town Master Realignment of commercial land-use introduction of appropriate measures it Plan 2031, sets out key development goals within the CBD, with the concept of will aggravate the current issues. for Aluva. The plan highlights the need to: transit oriented development – with the Aluva metro station and the private According to the 2031 Aluva Town Master To develop Aluva as an easily accessible bus stand Plan, the population of the municipality is regional level service centre in the Transit oriented development in the expected to reach approximately 35,000 district with adequate infrastructure by 2031 from 22,400 in 2011 reversing proposed metro rail terminal area To develop the town as a regional the current declining population trends. Special projects for the beautification centre of trade and commerce of the river by facilitating new commercial Even if Aluva’s population reaches its peak, developments Tourism facilities at the Manappuram existing capacity issues will not allow the area by utilising the existing potential population to grow further to a potential To sustain and develop the role of of the river 45,000 by 2051 (based on expected Aluva as a transit point of vehicular growth rates as set out in the 2031 Aluva traffic Reconstruction of the Aluva market. Town Master Plan), the city will experience To conserve the environmentally Road widening and junction increasing commuting patterns. important areas improvement on priority basis
Currently, Aluva’s transportation hub and To ensure the social welfare and Pedestrian facilities and safety commercial centre serves a population security of society. enhancements of around 240,000 people. Assuming The plan clearly defines key areas of a population increase in line with intervention to facilitate future growth, Aluva Town 2031 – proposed uses current growth rates for the district, the without compromising existing uses While these proposed land uses and population of the catchment area could and puts an emphasis on capturing guidelines for development provide a reach 270,000 by 2031. Increasing reliance and maximising benefits from current basis for future growth, they do not set to the Kochi Metro and consequently and committed projects in Aluva. out in detail proposals for implementation rapidly increasing numbers of commuters These include: which run the risk of being sidelined. The passing through Aluva, would put an scope of this project is to facilitate the additional strain on the currently busy city Re-densification of less populated next steps towards the delivery of the plan centre. areas – especially in the southern half and provide an independent assessment of the town of risks which can help prioritise those Intensive residential development in solutions that can deliver ‘triple win’ the northern portion of the town benefits in light of climate risks. 38 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Figure 2.6 Aluva 2031 Master Plan - Proposed land uses Future Proofing – Aluva | 39
Risk assessment This underlines the importance for An analysis was prepared reviewing measures proposed for the development key risks related to climate change and of Aluva to follow integrated approach to the drivers behind energy intensity and combating potential impacts and long term greenhouse gas emissions in Aluva. climatic challenges posed. In the absence of a local or state level climate risk assessment, the scorecards In the short to medium term, there are a below are informed by a review of the number of areas where interventions are report ‘Climate Change and India: A needed not only to address infrastructure 4x4 Assessment, A sectoral and regional gaps but to also to build resilience to long analysis for 2030s’ prepared by the term climatic risks. There are currently Ministry of Environment and Forests which issues with surface drainage, wastewater shows regional variations within India run off to the river and waste blocking and recent work undertaken by Atkins in water canals, particularly evident in areas other Indian cities, such as in Madurai and along the river and water channels where Bangalore. The assessment of risks was slum areas and lower income communities supplemented by analysis undertaken by are located. the team and through discussions with Aluva Municipality officers. Addressing these challenges would be the first step towards ensuring resilience Key climatic risks to Aluva against climate change in Aluva, and Table 2.1 below provides a summary above all, making sure that vulnerable of key interconnected risks that Aluva parts of the city and communities are faces as a result of climate variability. The carefully considered. The climate impacts potential impacts on particular sectors and affecting water resources and agriculture their intensity (high, medium and low) is outside of the city could also have a highlighted and the table shows that there significant impact on the economy and are multiple climate risks facing sectors. livelihoods within Aluva.
Table 2.1 Summary scorecard of climate risks and impacts in Aluva
Natural resources Water Social: Human Infrastructure: Agriculture Built ecosystems & resources health & well Utilities & livestock form biodiversity & flooding being & transportation Temperature trends (+1.8C) Variability in monsoon rainfall Extreme precipitation events
Sea level rise
High intensity Medium intensity Low intensity 40 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Table 2.2 Initial scorecard of energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions and opportunities for mitigation
Key sectors driving energy use and Scale Key risks greenhouse gas emissions in Aluva Risk: Motorisation & increasing congestion Trends:
Transport Reduction in non-motorised modes over time (as a share of traffic). Public transport does not use efficient/low emission vehicles Increasing freight traffic on NH47 Issues of air pollution experienced along major thoroughfares Poor energy performance of buildings and dependence on fossil fuels for power. High embodied energy in construction materials Reliance on fossil fuels for energy – take up of renewable energy opportunities is at an early Buildings stage. Loss of traditional and climate responsive design approaches Lack of planned approach to development and expansion missing opportunities to reduce carbon intensity. Aluva’s waste is goes to landfill outside of the municipality Waste collection does not take place across the whole of Aluva systematically leading to fly tipping and dumping Waste management There is some separation of materials for future recycling which takes place on an informal basis but no options for local recycling of materials. Opportunity in terms of reusing and recycling biomass locally.
Government is a big power user – however, the government building stock Municipal services is inefficient. Models of retrofit are not yet demonstrated/proven locally to demonstrate the opportunity.
Climate change mitigation – energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions Increased energy intensity and carbon footprint pose a separate set of risks for Aluva and it would be important to shape future development in ways which moves towards decoupling growth from increasing energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions.
Table 2.2 summarises the key sectors and risks. Several opportunities allow for environmentally responsive solutions to be adopted. Measures employed to address motorisation and inefficient use of materials and energy within buildings can ensure the liveability of Aluva and mitigate against long term climatic risks. Future Proofing – Aluva | 41
FPC Risk assessment Local governance municipality forms part of the Greater Risks from climate change are likely to grow The capacity of Aluva to respond to the Kochi metropolitan area and forms a part over time and may risk locking themselves environmental risks to its growth and of Kochi District. into energy and carbon intensive patterns of prosperity will be shaped by the strength urban development. This does not only pose of its governance and planning structures, Capacity available within the Corporation srisks to Aluva , but also to regional support and its ability to access, mobilise, and has not kept pace with the additional systems to which Aluva is connected to, structure financing to respond to identified demands of the locality, there are gaps particulary through the Periyar River. risks. This section provides a short in the provision and management of Figure 2.7 below provides a snapshot of overview of the main challenges shaping surface water drainage and waste water current and future risks in Aluva. the capacity of the city to respond to the networks and local services and solid identified risks. waste management is handled outside Aluva might have risks to the regional of the municipality. The municipality support systems which could endanger Aluva Muncipality is the key organisation has identified a need to scale its internal their ability to deliver basic services and that manages and/or coordinates most staffing and technical capabilities to affordable food to their residents. of the municipal level services. The match the plans and programmes.
Figure 2.7 FPC Risk assessment
2050 High risk 2015
Low risk Energy and Energy and Flood risk Risk to Risk to Risk to Risk to health carbon emissions carbon emissions water resources food security natural habitat & well-being buildings transport 42 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Aluva wishes to implement including its Once approved, the land use allocation base through a series of reforms at local engineering department, programme and and plot demarcations are done by levels, and by making the case for funding project management capacities and the the DTCP. The DTCP is tasked with from a range of other sources including introduction of enhanced services for solid implementing the masterplan. Once the international agencies and the private waste and capacities able to support the location of basic infrastructure like roads sector. process of regeneration and economic and land classification is in place, it then development. A lack of funding has also becomes the corporation’s responsibility In order to access such funds or previously prevented progress being made. to provide infrastructure amenities as supplement resources by way of external sewerage, drainage, street lighting etc. borrowing, the city will need to strengthen Lack of coordination between state its finance and budgeting capabilities and and local level bodies responsible for Fragmentation of responsibilities for to make progress in revenue collection the funding, provision and expansion management of water supply and and local contributions towards service of infrastructure has contributed distribution, groundwater and surface provision. to inadequate provision. Whilst the water drainage between the Department governance structures within Aluva and of Water Resources, Kerala Water Planning Greater Kochi are not as fractured as Authority, Public Works Department and The coordination between the formulation some of India’s larger cities, there are Aluva Municipality have represented a of plans to support urban development still a range of agencies involved in the barrier to take up of best practice. and sector plans for infrastructure is weak, planning, regulation, management, leading to gaps. Whilst there are formal funding and delivery of infrastructure and Mechanisms to support multi-stakeholder mechanisms in place to develop land use urban development and a relative lack of consultation and coordination to support strategies for the long term growth of coordination between them on complex long term planning and tackle the the city, the plans focus on identifying technical issues. development needs of the city are not future opportunities for land development formalised. However meetings between and the zoning of land and are not The Department of Town And Country relevant stakeholders including the formulated to fully respond to the full Planning (DTCP) with Aluva Municipality community do take place. range of development needs of the city is the statutory body responsible for in terms of socio-economic development, preparation and implementation of the Finance infrastructure needs, environmental Ddevelopment plans, enforcement of The municipality is dependent on external protection and safeguards. For example, the building regulations and to ensure resources for implementation of its capital there are no policies in place to adequately that no unauthorised developments programmes. Rates of collection for local safeguard areas at risk from flooding take place. The DTCP is also the agency taxes and levies are low. There is a need or water bodies from development. which is responsible for coordinating plan to find new solutions to mobilise funding Guidelines and mechanisms to promote approval, masterplan implementation to address the challenges facing Aluva. sustainable models of city development and financial assistance through central There is a growing realisation among have been identified by stakeholders in the and state sponsored schemes to support urban managers on the need to innovate, city as a gap. implementation. The Greater Cochin especially in the context of declining Development Authority oversees the state and central government’s financial planning and implementation of strategic support to ULBs, to sustain investments infrastructure programmes including and to carry on their functions. Aluva has transport and infrastructure upgrades and the opportunity to enhance its resource housing. Future Proofing – Aluva | 43
Market driven development Figure 2.8 Summary of key issues has been at the centre of change in Aluva resulting in unplanned growth and obscuring important Increased transport heritage areas and sensitive environmental areas infrastructure Increased bottlenecks in seen as both a risk to carbon emission increase through traffic but also as an waste water opportunity to rationalise and manage and solid waste intra and inter movement management playing a key role in the degradation of the quality of urban fabric and resultant pollution of the Periyar River.
Climate change impacts manifestation through increased probability of Limited provision of flooding good quality public spaces, including green spaces, and links between them that can ensure their safe and secure utilisation and also contribute towards solutions to address issues such as surface water drainage. 44 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 45 03
FRAMEWORK & PROJECTS 46 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 47
Framework for future proofing
Purpose of the framework Blue Green and urban design Aluva is undergoing dramatic changes framework in its urban fabric and ensuring the The Aluva Master Plan 2031 has set sustainability of the environmentally out a vision for the future in a series of One of the most pressing issues sensitive and heritage areas is crucial. plans and proposals as the town evolves highlighted by the findings of the urban Reducing the vulnerability of social values into a major centre within the Kochi diagnostics and risk assessment as well as residents hold linked with the identity of a Metropolitan area. Building on the Master during consultation with local stakeholders place is not mutually exclusive of the risks Plan, this framework elaborates the was the relationship of the town with the and opportunities for inclusive growth strategy providing a further layer of detail Periyar River and its interdependencies or those associated with climatic risks . on proposed interventions and identifies with other sectors with the town. Its A great example is given by the Periyar and prioritises those solutions that will importance as a vital water source and a River as a significant local symbol and a enable the implementation of the Master significant symbol for the local community public space for all, water source as well as Plan while addressing in an integrated but also the resultant pollution from within source of flooding. way environmental, social and economic the urban fabric constituted addressing objectives. pollution at cause a key priority. Delivering The following map provides an indication a sustainable long term solution that of all possible and proposed solutions Based on the Future Proofing diagnostic ensures resilience and adaptability requires under 5 key themes: of Aluva’s urban type, conditions integrated approach employing action on including infrastructure and capacity to multiple fronts. Flooding and surface drainage act presented earlier in the report, this chapter brings together proposals that can A blue green infrastructure framework Sanitation maximise the impact and tackle the most was developed as an approach which Solid Waste Management urgent priorities that can build resilience. would enable Aluva to address the priority Urban Design climate and resource risks (especially water pollution) by reducing the vulnerability Transport of Aluva’s population, infrastructure and urban form. It is essentially about demonstrating how to manage the interconnected set of challenges relating to water resources management (surface and ground water), water supply, water quality, sanitation, solid waste management, flooding and conservation of natural ecosystems in the context of urban development trajectory of the city and its changing climate. 48 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Figure 3.1 Aluva Interventions (themes)
Theme 1: Flooding and surface drainage
Theme 2: Sanitation
Theme 3: Solid Waste Management (Covers entire town)
Theme 4: Urban Design
Theme 5: Transportation Future Proofing – Aluva | 49
Urban design Key design principles Legibility: Part of Aluva’s charm lies Identity: An understanding of the in its informal street network, varied Due to its inherent nature, it is important predominant traditional typologies functional and cultural spaces and to define in relative the objectives of an is necessary to maintain the local buildings and a series of significant urban design vision for Aluva that would distinctiveness of Aluva while adapting landmarks. New development that strengthen its focal points and natural to recent developments and social and maintains the character of the town can features. economic change. add to its distinctiveness and reinforce its character. The urban design objectives for Aluva Continuity and Enclosure: Public space are to ensure that Aluva remains a in the dense urban fabric of Aluva will Adaptability: Aluva’s historic desirable place to live and work for all require clear definition and enclosure of significance as a commercial centre and its inhabitants and visitors; to maintain, public and private spaces. Traditional transport hub will be reinforced by the manage and improve the existing typologies can be used and developed new Metro terminus. This will result in character and cultural significance of to define the relationships between changes driven by new socio economic Aluva; to use an understanding of what the fronts of buildings and the street. pressures. The town will have to adapt makes Aluva an attractive and desirable Such developments could enhance the to these new conditions but should do place to manage and control future attractiveness of retail premises. so according to a plan that responds change; to improve the performance positively to new opportunities while and design of the urban infrastructure, Quality of Public Realm: Outdoor maintaining its attractive character. public spaces and utilities; to improve spaces in Aluva are actively used the sustainability of the existing fabric of both for everyday enjoyment and Diversity: There is an established the town and ensure the sustainability of formal occasions. Some have become pattern of mixed uses in the centre and new development. prominent places but to maintain and this can be the basis for an intensification enhance their success they would benefit of activity and a controlled increase in from an improvement in their surface density as transport improvements put treatment, landscape, lighting and other more pressure on the town. Functions features as well as the establishment of must be compatible and, combined with an effective management regime. sympathetic design can maintain the character of the place and contribute to Ease of Movement: Well-designed its success. streets encourage use and make movement across the town and to specific focal points a safe and pleasant experience. Aluva’s urban form provides a number of good informal connections but lacks permeability. A policy for opening up and improving connections and good street design can create a safe, vibrant and attractive environment through which to move. 50 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Figure 3.2 Example of Urban Desigb analysis undertaken in Aluva to inform project proposals. Future Proofing – Aluva | 51
Projects
Framework themes The remainder of this chapter describes the key themes of the framework and the individual projects that collectively address the risks and priorities that were identified during the study.
Project key – future proofing projects for Aluva Theme 1: Flooding and surface drainage Page 01 Drainage network maintenance review 53 02 Fluvial, tidal and pluvial flood hazard model for Periyar River fluvial system 54 03 Feasibility, optioneering and detailed design into fluvial flood defences 55 04 Surface water management plan 56 05 Fluvial flood defence scheme 58 06 Improving surface water drainage network 59 Theme 2: Sanitation 01 Under Ground Drainage (UGD) 61 02 Rehabilitation of Existing Sewage Treatment Plant 62 03 Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) 63 04 Community Toilets 64 Theme 3: Solid waste management 01 Formalise Waste Collection and Segregation 65 02 Waste Treatment Infrastructure 67 03 Improve Governance and Stakeholder Engagement 69 Theme 4: Urban design 01 Redesign of the Community Centre 74 02 Town Centre interventions 76 03 North Bank Park - Capuring the pootential of the river and its issues 81 Theme 5: Transportation 01 Traffic regulation and parking management 84 02 Street corridor improvements for vehicular and pedestrian traffic 85 03 Intergration corridor improvements of multimodal public transportation system 87 52 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 53
Theme 1 Flooding and Surface Drainage
Project 01: Drainage network maintenance review
Outcome
Independent review of existing maintenance regime Network improvements identified Structures at high risk of blockage identified
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Hold workshops with £10-15k More effective use of available maintenance Municipality officers better understanding municipality planners funds of how to effectively prioritise system Site visits to understand Quick improvement in system performance maintenance network risks and priority Reduced flood risk Foul water system providers contribute to areas system maintenance Better understanding of maintenance Produce annual requirements in municipality Training of local residents in importance of maintenance and not blocking channels and culverts Improved understanding of network risks development plan Identification of high risk hot-spots to target for maintenance expenditure Identification of improvements to structures to improve safety during maintenance Reduced blockages by targeted maintenance Reduce flood risk by reducing blockages to culverts and drainage ditches
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Built over areas and channels Convert existing infrastructure to Short-term Understanding full interaction allow easier and safer maintenance between different parts of the Launch public awareness campaign system, and the relevant importance Surface water management plan of different parts of the system in controlling flood risk Improving surface water drainage network Waste dumped in the channels Understanding future risks to Informal use of channels by local Aluva from climate change and residents development 54 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 1 Flooding and surface drainage
Project 02: Fluvial, tidal and pluvial flood hazard model for Periyar River fluvial system
Outcome
Integrated model demonstrating sources of flood risk, identifying high risk areas, and flood mechanisms connecting sources and receptors Understanding of how different sources of flooding interact and affect each other Plan to address holistic flood risk Understanding of hazard generated by different flood risk sources
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Obtain topographic data £10k Understanding of flood mechanisms Committee to develop wider plan to on channel hydrology Better flood risk mitigation solutions consider impact from and to upstream/ Develop hydrological developed downstream areas £5k survey model of inflows Improve understanding of extent and Multi-team input from Municipality £20-25k Understand interaction magnitude of existing risk hydraulic between fluvial and tidal modelling Allows assessment of engineered solutions events Increase robustness of engineering solutions Could also include £5k joint developed drainage network if desired probability Provides understanding of fluvial and tidal (additional cost) assessment interaction at Aluva Analysis of fluvial and tidal Allows prioritisation of flood defences to joint probability £5k map production prioritise risk reduction at key locations Production of flood hazard Understanding of how flood risk in Aluva is mapping affected by upstream and downstream issues Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Availability and quality of historic Topographic data Short-term data to improve confidence in the Hydrometric data for calibration model outputs Feasibility, optioneering and detailed Funding design study into fluvial flood defences Surface water management plan Fluvial flood defence scheme Improving surface water drainage network Understanding future risks to Aluva from climate change and development
Case Study: Flood Hazard Flood hazard mapping supporting an action plan to reduce flood risk to key flood risk areas (red). The colour scheme shows the depth of water, with shallow water dark blue, and deeper water orange and yellow. This model also allows identification of flood routes, and the interaction between flood risk from different sources. Future Proofing – Aluva | 55
Theme 1 Flooding and surface drainage
Project 03: Feasibility, optioneering and detailed design study into fluvial flood defences
Outcome
The optimum flood defence solution to mitigate against fluvial and tidal flood risk. Detailed design drawings and costing of the selected scheme to allow the scheme to be tendered.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Uses hydraulic model £100-180k Design produced to allow flood defence Municipality officers will need guide the Assesses variety of flood scheme to be procured selection of a scheme and approve the final defence schemes to protect Most cost effective flood defence scheme proposal Aluva from flooding for Aluva Local stakeholders will need to be consulted Environmental Impact Considers whole system on the proposed schemes to understand their concerns and preferences Assessment of schemes Produces programme of works and scheme Site investigation design drawings and indicative costs Geotechnical appraisal Aluva future proofed against flood risk Stakeholder engagement Proposes flood defence scheme Produce design drawings for final scheme Generate documentation required for scheme tender
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Coordination with other municipalities Surface water management plan Short-term Obtaining funding for scheme from Fluvial flood defence scheme stakeholders (if desired) construction Environmental impacts may affect Improving surface water drainage scheme viability network Dense development can result in little land available for construction of defences. Finding a comprehensive solution to the flooding problem, whilst minimising the visual impact of the works, can be a challenge. Detailed co-ordination with a number of key stakeholders can be required to establish a solution acceptable to all parties
Case Study: Flood Hazard This is part of a plan taken from the Leeds Flood Alleviation Study in the UK. The Leeds Project Appraisal Report assessed the need for flood risk management measures, and provide an outline design of preferred options at locations identified as needing formal defences in Leeds. The preferred scheme covered a nineteen kilometre reach of the River Aire and involves raising the standard of flood protection from as low as 1 in 2 years (50% annual chance) to 1 in 200 years (0.5% annual chance) with allowances for climate change. The scheme benefited over 3750 residential properties and almost 700 non-residential properties. 56 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 1 Flooding and surface drainage
Project 04: Surface water management plan
Details are given under the Treatment plants for STP (projects 02 & 03 of Sanitation) which provide combined solutions for both sewage and surface water.
Outcome
A plan to improve how surface water is managed across Aluva Defines the flood consequences for those at risk Identifies potential actions to manage the consequences Defines the current flood risk management service Defines areas where improvements in the current flood risk management service can be implemented
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Identify surface water £40-80k Understand surface water flood risk sources Municipality officers from flood risk sources and and mechanisms different teams mechanisms Strategy to manage surface water flood risk Develop and model new Fully planned surface water drainage surface water drainage network developed system including modelling Understanding of surface water and fluvial of primary trunk network system interactions Develop plan to manage Improved water quality surface water flood risk Coordinated approach to managing risks Produce surface water from different sources management plan report Greater understanding and cooperation between municipality teams
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Coordination between different Topographic data Short-term departments Evidence of historic flood risk locations Funding proposed solutions and extents Understanding future risks to Aluva Information on flood mechanisms (eg where flooding caused by blockage of pipes) Understanding future risks to Aluva from climate change and development Feasibility, optioneering and detailed design study into fluvial flood defences Surface water management plan Fluvial flood defence scheme Improving surface water drainage network Future Proofing – Aluva | 57
Project 04: Surface water management plan (contd.)
Approach to develop surface water management plans. Flood risk models are proposed for development as part of Task number 2.
Surface Water Management Plan development
Partnership building between all stakeholders - local authorities, water companies, Stakeholder highways agencies, internal drainage boards Engagement
Collate and map information on existing aasets (underground and overground) Information e.g. type, location, size and capacity Exchange
Assessment and Utilisation of information gathered, flood risk models (pluvial, fluvial, hydraulic) and flood Risk and local knowledge to identify and prioritise areas at risk from surface water flooding Prioritisation
Solutions to include, for example, asset management plans, SUDS, catchment, flood Solution routing etc. Identification
ASSET RESILIENCE SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY PLANNING AND CIVIL PROTECTION PLAN
Case Study: Prestatyn Prestatyn has a history of flooding. Most recently it was affected in June and July 2007 and June 2008. Many residential properties and commercial properties were flooded right across the town. Flooding was caused by a variety of contributing factors including very heavy rainfall, blocked drains and gullies, hydraulic overload of the drainage system, and debris in the watercourse and ditches. The client wanted to develop a flood risk management plan in order to reduce the consequences of flooding.
The Prestatyn Pilot Study presented an opportunity to apply a risk management approach to a specific coastal location with flooding issues originating from a range of sources; coastal, fluvial and pluvial. A model was built to understand how these sources interacted with each, and what solutions were required to manage the complex flood risk. This allowed the most cost-effective solutions to be identified to resolve the problems identified. Prestatyn has complex defence and drainage systems with different bodies managing different parts of the system and for this reason it was important to work closely with stakeholders in Prestatyn. As a result a strong partnership working between relevant professional partners was developed and the needs of Prestatyn in terms of flood risk management were prioritised over the needs of the individual stakeholders. 58 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 1 Flooding and surface drainage
Project 05: Fluvial flood defence scheme
Outcome
Protection from fluvial flood risk to desired standard of protection
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Procurement of contractors £100k-20m Increased investment for development as Municipality officers Construction of flood lower flood risk Stakeholder contributions to funding defence system as Improved transport resilience Central government funding identified at feasibility Urban regeneration Local community engagement stage Improved amenity value of riverside Handover of flood defence Enhanced business and transport resilience Increased property prices
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
The Periyar River passing through the Feasibility study Medium to long term centre of Aluva is partially edged with Surface water management plan existing embankments along its north (right) and south (left) banks. The north bank has the existing embankment along the commercial plaza and the south bank has an embankment length for approximately 1km. These embankments can be refurbished to beautify the banks and create walkways, in line with the Master Plan proposals, potentially along the lines of the case study below.
Case Study: Sabarmati riverfront development project - Reclaim and beautify The Sabarmati Riverfront Development in Ahmedabad city, supposed to be designed on the lines of the Thames in London or Seine in Paris, was projected as a pioneering project in riverfront development.
The riverfront on either side of the Sabarmati for 10.4kms was proposed to be developed,
Embankments along Sabarmati River banks reclaiming about 185 ha of land by constructing embankments and roads, laying water supply lines and trunk sewers, building pumping stations, and developing gardens and promenades.
Activities hosted on this reclaimed land were recreational and commercial activities in restaurants, shops, waterfront settlements, gardens, walkways, amusement parks, golf course, water sports etc. Some part of it was utilised for public purpose, such as roads.
Landscaping of Sabarmati Riverfront Future Proofing – Aluva | 59
Theme 1 Flooding and surface drainage
Project 06: Improving surface water drainage network
Outcome
Updated surface water drainage network, including sustainable and pipe based system components
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Procurement of contractors £150k-40m Reduced flood risk from surface water Municipality officers Increasing size of existing Improved transport resilience Developers (buy-in and funding) network pipes and Lower maintenance costs through improved Developers responsible for on-going channels system design maintenance Including attenuation on Improved river water quality existing network New green space New areas formally drained Locations with enhanced amenity value to surface water network Increased biodiversity Increased property prices Increased business resilience Improved health from increased water quality
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Implementing sustainable drainage Feasibility study Medium to long term systems (SuDS) could be challenging Understanding of infiltration capacity due to space constraints for infiltration solutions Funding Ongoing maintenance of drainage system Developing an integrated system of SuDS and traditional solutions
Quantity
Quality Amenity & biodiversity
Figure 3.2 Principles of SuDS 60 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 06: Improving surface water drainage network
Case Study: Examples of SuDS
Detention Basin Green Roofs Water Butts
It is always a best practice to adopt source control methods and to manage the surface water runoff at or very near to its source.
Techniques like Green roofs, Permeable Pavements, Rainwater Harvesting, Detention Basins, and urban wetlands can prove to be very beneficial for a pre-developed or urban town like Aluva.
These techniques not only help in reducing surface flooding risk but will also increase the aesthetic value of the site. SuDS should be designed to integrate with the local landscape Urban Wetlands and architecture. These techniques have been depicted in the photographs above.
Figure 3.3 Water quality benefits of SUDS Future Proofing – Aluva | 61
Theme 2 Sanitation
Project 01: Under ground drainage (UGD)
Outcome
Development of sewer network in the Aluva town for collection of sewage from every household/property and convey through the sewer networks and sewage pumping stations. This system would be phased over time and compliment proposals for surface water drainage – there is an option for separating wastewater from sewage or to rely on the use of septic tanks in some area (there is a need for additional investigation). Further feasibility to determine the optimum size of sewers to be established considering the flow. Number of sewage pumping stations need to minimised to avoid operational costs.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Site works like Topo survey Cost Reducing unhygienic condition within Aluva Capital funding needs to be sourced from of all the roads including depends town. national/international programmes. future development area. on the size, Improving the groundwater quality Employment and training for Aluva length and Zoning of the town Improving the health of the residents Municipality or private entity on operation material of Selection of pipe material and maintenance sewer and Reducing in pollution level of the Periyar Funding for the land acquisition and Hydraulic design of sewer number of River construction of new UGD network network the pumping Minimising risk and impact to regional -Site selection for pumping station support systems stations as per sewage required. network zoning Subject to Site investigations to detailed determine the ground feasibility condition and design. Designing and constructing the UGD network and pumping station maintenance of UGD networks
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Funding arrangements Topo survey Long term with Phased plan Approvals from different authorities Land availability/acquisition for pumping stations 62 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 2 Sanitation
Project 02: Rehabilitation of existing sewage treatment plant
Outcome
Full functioning Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at Asramam Kadavu. The structural stability of the components and the condition of electromechanical equipment need to be investigated to identify the required rehabilitation works. Requirements of any additional treatment units to be assessed to meet the part of future demand. The treatment plant need to be regularly operated and maintained in future so that the objective of meeting the minimum requirement of effluent quality to discharge to the River Periyar is met.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Existing STP is conventional Cost Strengthening the condition of civil, Employment and training by Aluva type depends mechanical & electrical treatment units Municipality or private entity on operation Site investigation on the Achieving the designed capacity of STP and maintenance of STP units identified to determine the Improvement in the quality of effluent Capital funding needs to be sourced from rehabilitation works at rehabilitation national/international programmes Reducing in pollution level of the Periyar existing STP works. River Condition assessment Minimising risk and impact to regional of the structural and support systems mechanical, electrical components Identifying the rehabilitation works to restore the designed capacity of STP and to achieve designed quality of effluent
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Collection of sewage and diverting Details of the existing STP Immediate to Short term to the existing STP to achieve Site investigations to assess the designed flow condition and performance of the Regular and proper operation and treatment units maintenance of STP units Confusion in Authorities Achieving the desired effluent quality responsibilities. Future Proofing – Aluva | 63
Theme 2 Sanitation
Project 03: Construction of sewage treatment plant (STP)
Outcome
Referring to the Master plan report, the need for four new sewage treatment plants is identified. This needs to be analysed with respect to the suitable design parameters, population projection and sewage collection zones. This proposals links with Project one and it is envisaged that a phased approach will be taken.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
There are various Cost per mld Reducing pollution level of the Periyar River Capital funding needs to be sourced from treatment techniques varies from Improvement in quality of life. national/international programmes. to treat the sewage Rs. 50 lakh Minimise risk and impact to regional Employment and training by Aluva water. The conventional, to 100 lakh support systems Municipality or private entity on operation decentralised and package depends and maintenance of STP units. treatment techniques on the Funding for the land acquisition and may be adopted to treat treatment construction of new STPs the sewage. The suitable technique technology need to be selected agreed with the Aluva by Aluva municipality considering Municipality. the availability of land, capital and operation maintenance costs. Selection of treatment technique, based on the Aluva municipality requirements, land availability, funding arrangements, operation and maintenance costs. Site selection for STP as per the sewage network zoning Locating outfall arrangements Site investigations to determine the ground condition Designing and constructing the treatment components
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Funding arrangements Topo survey Long term with the phased plan Land availability/acquisition for STPs Sewage quality details Regular and proper operation and Preferred treatment technique maintenance of STP units Achieving the desired effluent quality 64 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 2 Sanitation
Project 04: Community toilets
Outcome
Provision of community toilets at key areas and nearer to slum.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Providing the community Cost to Affordable for all the people Municipality/Government funded toilets block at the key build the Providing Hygiene environment International funded with NGO’s areas and in the slum community No epidemic outbreaks involvement. block depends As a part of CR from private companies on the local Reducing the pollution of Periyar river scheduled during the storm events rates provided by the Municipality. There is also available of modular toilets in the market, which are cheaper than the conventional toilets
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
To identify the funding arrangements Identifying the required location. Immediate to Short term – can be O&M should be done regularly Populations present in the location implemented at very less time, if land is Availability of land and objection available and approvals are in place raised by the community people (if any) Proper disposal of sewage
Case Study: Eram Scientific With its flagship public toilet infrastructure called eToilets, Eram is partnering with several Municipal corporations and city Administrations spread over 18 States in India. Kerala is the first state in India to install electronic public toilets. This patent pending product e-toilet have automated from entry to sewage treatment, and operates on sensor based technology. These technologies make the e-toilets conserve power and water, keep them clean and hygienic all the time and provide the performance status of the units on web based interface. This unique feature of the e-toilets provide more transparency and accountability towards the public infrastructure developed by the local Government bodies under the three tier system of Governance, which empower people democracy at the grassroots. The convergence of electronics, web and mobile technologies make the toilets a next generation public sanitation infrastructure. Other examples include 306 schools in Nellore to be equipped with 361 eToiletsas part of the CSR initiatives of Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) in the wake of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan. Future Proofing – Aluva | 65
Theme 3 Solid Waste management
Project 01: Formalise waste collection and segregation
Outcome
Formalising and integrating the role of the informal sector into Aluva Municipality’s waste strategy. Introducing source segregation in households and commercial establishments. Encouraging Community Based Organisations to form operational partnerships with private waste collectors: Identifying roles in waste management Maintain dialogue and interaction Maintaining employment
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Description of component ~$100k USD Reduced wild dumping of waste and Introduction of Private Public Partnership Formalising the Informal annually improved sanitation (PPP) into waste collection effort Waste Collection Services Provides an increased level of service and Letting of a concession to the private sector engages community and private sector to undertake waste collection services. Improves sanitation and flood and surface Leveraging the Swachh Bharat clean city water management ability. mission programme Formal employment for waste pickers with Support from NGOs, community groups, adequate wages and health and safety waste picker organisations training Employment and training by Aluva Involvement of waste picker organisations Municipality or private entity to provide support and supervision Funding for PPE, collection carts, training Better working conditions for waste sorters and wages More efficient segregation of recyclables Higher quality materials which can be sold to recycling contractors Can assist in achieving higher recycling rates
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Short-term / Ongoing Non-biodegradable waste is left on Provide adequate training and the streets as litter support systems No formal recycling in place Convert existing infrastructure Lack of health and safety systems in Launch public awareness campaign place for collecting and sorting waste by informal sector (waste pickers)
Process
Convert existing infrastructure Provide health and safety training; Launch public awareness campaigns; Pay adequate wages; and Educate children in schools; and Provide formalised support via Two compartment collectionc Provide information tools to existing community groups carts; and community groups Sorting facility that meets safe and healthy guidelines. Formalise the Informal Sector Public Engagement 66 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 01: Formalise waste collection and segregation
Case Study 1: Segregated Waste Stream Collection in Pune, India
Segregated Waste Stream Collection in Pune, India Example educational pamphlet
Images courtesy of The World Bank and SWaCH Images courtesy of SWaCH, ‘Resources’
Case Study: Developing and Integrated Waste Management System (Kampala, Uganda) In Kampala, Uganda the development of an integrated waste system was prompted by the lack of formalisation in the waste sector. Much of the waste was disposed informally by dumping, burning or burying. Only 55% of the city’s solid waste was officially collected and transported to the city’s landfill by the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). Several standalone Community Based Organisations (CBO) existed offering financial incentives to informal settlements for the collection of recyclable materials, however, the KCCA were not aware of many of these organisations. The KCCA developed a new Kampala City Integrated Waste Management System to improve the collection, transportation and treatment of the city’s waste and incorporate the informal sector (predominately the landfill pickers and CBOs) as part of an integrated approach across the waste management value chain.
Image courtesy of Waste Pickers Alliance Uganda. As a result of the Integrated Waste Management System, a strategy was developed to identify, inform and consult stakeholders; clear objectives and measurable targets for education and knowledge sharing were created; activities were undertaken to educate waste pickers; a new contract was developed to ensure that new landfill operators would formally integrate registered waste pickers; and CBOs were encouraged to form partnerships with the KCCA in order make the System more integrated.
Case Study: Case Study: CEMPRE (Brazil) In Brazil, 800,000 waste pickers collect and sort 18% of the recycled waste in the country. In 1992, a group of companies created the Compromissa Empresarial para Reciclagem (CEMPRE) translated to Brazilian Recycling Commitment, which is a non-profit organisation funded by consumer goods corporations, who have partnered to promote recycling and provide safe conditions for waste pickers in Brazil.
CEMPRE trains waste pickers, also known as ‘catadores’, through pictures and videos on how to build a business in waste picking and recycling while following health and safety guidelines. The organisation also removes the middle man from the selling transaction in order to allow waste pickers to deal directly with reprocessors and brokers and keep the entire value of the material
they collect and sell. Image courtesy of CEMPRE Future Proofing – Aluva | 67
Theme 3 Solid Waste management
Project 02: Install waste treatment infrastructure
Outcome
Waste data collection to improve understanding of key waste generators, waste types being produced and how and who is managing it. Undertake data gap analysis and feasibility assessment: Example educational pamphlet Collate data on software Liaison between CBOs and private sector
Developing basic recycling infrastructure. Construction of a simple recycling facility at the landfill/ extension of a transfer station to enable informal sector to recycle safely: Determine level of investment and secure funding (IFI, grant, PPP or direct by Corporation) Identify land/site Engage with informal sector and CBOs
Development of Anaerobic Digestion facility for managing organic waste: Determine whether plant should co-digest waste and sewage sludge – size appropriately Identify land/ site Develop mechanism for implementing source segregation of organic waste (through waste collection) Develop mechanism for developing AD facility (PPP, funding, grants or direct by Corporation) and identify opportunities/ impacts of CDM Develop the facility and secure end markets are available – for electricity and for digestate on agricultural land
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Waste Data Baseline Research > $250k Improves sanitation and flood and Basic waste software to update, store, track and USD surface water management ability review data Understand the capacity needed for the Funding for waste software, design/construction/ waste infrastructure operation of the treatment facilities Enable targeted implementation of Implementation of periodic auditing system of IWMP and community awareness and waste management in the City education Development of simple waste software to update, store, track, review waste data – could incorporate some element of GIS to enable spatial planning for waste infrastructure and best identify needs Can be developed by a consultant with ongoing monitoring and review undertaken in house by Corporation staff Needs to link directly with policy/ strategy formulation and infrastructure needs
Material Recovery Facility $500k to $1 Provides an increased level of service Opportunity for private sector to collaborate (MRF) million USD and engages community and private with informal sector sector Would enable wide spread source segregation to Formalise the sorting process be implemented Employ informal waste pickers Collaboration with recycling facilities to secure Secure markets to sell the recovered markets outputs Provide a safe and regulated environment for waste sorting Recover and sell recyclable material (e.g. plastics, paper, glass, metals) 68 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 02: Install waste treatment infrastructure
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) $0.5 to $6 Reduced wild dumping of waste and Potential for private funding to support the facility million USD improved sanitation Corporation in finding the capital for a Suggested Can generate renewable energy as service fee. service gate well as producing usable fertilizer for Concession supported by a service fee payable fee: $15 to agriculture by the Corporation. 20 USD per Reduces methane production in the The service fee needs to be set at an affordable tonne landfill level Diverts organic waste from landfill Partnership with waste water treatment facility Enable targeted implementation of to treat sludge integrated waste management plan and community awareness and education Improves energy resilience and use of biofuels – possible to co-digest with sewage sludge
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Brahmapuram facility has waste Initial data gathering on waste Waste Data Baseline Research: being dumped on the road, arisings and composition Short-term/Ongoing uncontrolled fires and pollution of Secure markets for recyclates and Material Recovery Facility (MRF): surrounding water bodies. land/area for the treatment facilities Shot-term Waste No alternatives to disposing waste Obtain funding for treatment Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Facility: other than the Brahmapuram waste infrastructures Long-term facility Formalise collection process so that No means of treating and disposing waste is sorted and transported to of non-biodegradable waste. the appropriate facility A dump site exists adjacent to Aluva town but it is currently not functioning
Process
Obtain funding Obtain waste generation and Implement an MRF to sort and composition data; recover recyclable waste; and Undergo periodic data auditing; and Evaluate infrastructure capacity to Construct an AD facility to handle Generate short and long-term treat waste; biodegradable waste. recovery and reduction targets. Secure markets to sell recovered waste; and Identify other sources of income (e.g. gate fees). Gather baseline waste data Install waste treatment facilities
Case Study: Manual Sorting / Digestion Facilities
Manual sorting facility Various types of Anaerobic Digestion facilities
Image courtesy of J. Fielder, ‘Perspectives on Waste Management in Brasil’. Image courtesy of Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management, ‘Anaerobic Digestion’. Future Proofing – Aluva | 69
Theme 3 Solid Waste management
Project 03: Improve governance and stakeholder engagement
Outcome
Development of an integrated waste management plan (IWMP) for the City Identify key goals and outcomes for the plan Collate, review existing data, policies, current practices and undertake gap analysis Link existing views and objectives together to provide a clear way forward
Engage with other departments within the Corporation and wider stakeholders Strengthening social capital and governance to improve sanitation and solid waste management across the city. Increased governance and awareness of solid waste management activities. Engagement with community at various levels.
Community awareness and education especially in slum areas to provide a forum for educating the public on key problem areas to improve awareness and participation Identify key stakeholders/ communities Prioritise campaigns and align with IWMP Target schools and community groups
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Integrated Waste ~ $500k Delivery of a waste management system Enable targeted implementation of IWMP and Management Plan USD and by helping to identify key goals and community awareness and education. ongoing outcomes for waste management Enables identification of goals and objectives for maintenance Link existing views and objectives the City costs regarding waste management Facilitates spatial planning of waste Engage with others within the management infrastructure and long-term Municipality and stakeholders to help with sanitation improvements and Facilitates delivery of common vision increased / improved sustainability Formalise a clear and integrated approach linking waste initiatives and policies to infrastructure Can be developed by a consultant with ongoing monitoring and review undertaken in house by Corporation staff. Agreement across all departments within the Corporation
Public Awareness $25k to Leverage existing local community Focus on two specific issues/ subjects each year Programmes $100k USD groups such as source segregation, the 3Rs, resource annually efficiency, etc. Close liaison and integration with CBOs and schools will help to ensure targeted audiences Target key communities and groups Incentivisation methods 70 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 03: Improve governance and stakeholder engagement
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Partnering support through TBC A well developed waste management Having identified the core modules of the CBP international co-operation facility can benefit from processing for Aluva, the modules will be delivered by senior partnership with Basildon waste from the airport and the port managers, heads of services of Basildon Council, Council. generating revenue & employment for who are practitioners in these areas backed by Aluva decades of experience. Where needed Basildon The key component of the Capacity building and institutional Council will also use the services of external SWMP is public consultation strengthening: specialist consultants and manage them. and their “buy in / support” Basildon Council is not a waste to the scheme. This is Programme: management operator or technology another area of focus for provider but the SWMP modules will the co-operation and various Pre start phase for each module, covering 10 help Aluva develop its plans for solid methods of engagement, Days waste management in important areas data collection, interpretation Logistics areas like understating and developing and consensus building will a waste management policy for Admin be discussed. today and the future, management Development of workshop material of a contractor, contractor selection, Basildon will also bring Development of SLA and other agreements/ appraisal and contract management in communication expert contracts identifying revenue generation modules, partners who have extensive employment generation and working experience of developing with NGOs, planning aspects to covered Modules: waste management when developing a waste management communication campaigns in Intelligence gathering, consultation and action facility Countries such as Egypt and planning (15 days) including workshop. Azerbaijan. Mentoring, work shadowing Review and feed back
Delivery Phases Phase 1 - 15 days Intelligence gathering Identifying issues, barriers and opportunities Culture and current practises Workshop attended by 10 – 15 key operative and strategic staff 10 x 1-1 interviews with external partners and customers developing an action plan
Phase 2 – 20 days over 6 months. Mentoring via Skype/ email & telephone support, review visits Job shadowing
Phase 3 – 5 days Review and feed back after 6 months, reviewing action plan, remedial action etc. The training modules, phases are flexible and depending on Aluva’s need and speed the modules could be scaled up or down. Hence flexibility is built in the modules to accommodate the needs of Aluva. Future Proofing – Aluva | 71
Project 03: Improve governance and stakeholder engagement
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Low public and stakeholder Assign roles and responsibilities Governance and stakeholder engagement (including the to ensure involvement of all engagement: Long-term / Ongoing Municipality, commercial tenants, stakeholders Public awareness campaigns: residents, teachers, NGOs and Allocation of existing public funds to Short-term / Ongoing private sector businesses) waste management Lack of education on best practices Identify gaps between baseline data in waste management and future goals Lack of regulations related to waste Collate and review existing data, management policies and practices Little enforcement of existing Educational pamphlets to distribute regulations in schools and communities Lack of government resources that are trained on waste related issues Low funds to improve waste management collection and infrastructure
Process
Public and Private sector engagement Identify key goals outcomes; Training teachers to teach students Collate existing data, policies, and and families; practices; Engage with other government Local committees and residential Build capacity and provide support departments and municipalities; associations; and to the Municipality; Communicate policies and Public hoardings in transport system Identify gaps between baseline data regulations; and and Aluva market. and future goals. Increase private sector participation recycling schemes and infrastructure.
Integrated waste management plan Public awareness
Case Study: MoU co-operation between Aluva Municipality with Basildon Council: Focus on Basildon Council Currently processes 77,000 tonnes of waste very year Manages 20 waste contractors including specialists to value of £ 4-5 M a year It responsible for 1 waste management facility in the borough, although 5-6 other private operators exist and operate from the Borough Fully handles waste collection and employs almost 100 staff including senior management team This experience and expertise is ripe and could be shared with Aluva for its sustainability, employment creation and revenue generation goals.
Case Study: Working with Organisations to Develop Waste Handling Systems (New Delhi, India) In the New Delhi, people earn a living as waste pickers, buyers, small and large waste traders and workers in waste facilities, such as reprocessors. Many of these people have few rights and operate in uncertain and poor working conditions. Chintan is an environmental research and action group who began collaborating with New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and other agencies across the Delhi region to help set up solid-waste handling systems that result in better working environments. The organisations developed a Solid Waste Programme which would be capable of handling the city’s 10,000 tonnes of waste a day. The Programme included: Formalising doorstep waste collection services by working with the informal sector to improve their waste management systems, e.g. by developing legal contracts; and Educating people on the meaning of e-waste and its storage, transportation and disposal (particularly important given India imports e-waste from the US, Malaysia and other countries for disposal). 72 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 03: Improve governance and stakeholder engagement
Case Study: Implementing legislation in cities and nationally (Philippines) Urbanisation and increased populations have increased waste produced in the Philippines with most being disposed of at informal open dumpsites; despite the introduction of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). In recent years, the government has begun to increase the implementation of the Act with the creation of a Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB) for each city in the Philippines. The boards monitor the private and NGO waste sectors (to ensure compliance), recommend measures to prevent pollution, provide advice on improving collection and disposal, e.g. procurement such as franchises or Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts and create 10 year Solid Waste Management Plans for their cities. Nationally, the government has provided facilities to the SWMBs, established an MRF, provided facilities to compost biodegradable waste and to recycle non- biodegradable waste, implemented household waste segregation (collected using collection vehicles, tricycles and pedicabs) and constructed a sanitary landfill.
Case Study: Integrated Solid Waste Management Project, The Government of Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Economic Development/ Tamiz Shahar
In 2010, the Government of Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Economic Development received assistance for the World Bank to develop all aspects of waste management in the Greater Baku area. A Project Management Unit was created that retained the remit to support the reform of the Greater Baku solid waste collection and disposal operations into an effective and sustainable system in the fields of improving environmental conditions at the existing wasted disposal sites, building-up operational, management and communication capabilities, rollout of collective services, data collection and planning.
The government created Tamiz Shahar as the institution to coordinate and develop solid waste management in Greater Baku and Spanish engineering consultancy firm Eptisa to assist Tamiz Shahar to improve its communications with the general public, users of waste management services, other public sector institutions and business interests involved in management of solid wastes, Eptisa appointed EnviroComms to design and Implement a Communication and Social Inclusion Program across seven interlinked components:
Design of a communication and social inclusion program (CSIP); Training and capacity building for implementation and adjustment of the CSIP; Implementation of the CSIP; Social impact assessment (SIA) Preparation of a resettlement action plan (RAP) Development of RAP monitoring procedures Preparation and disclosure of RAP monitoring reports Future Proofing – Aluva | 73
Project 03: Improve Governance and Stakeholder Engagement
Case Study: Integrated Solid Waste Management Project, The Government of Azerbaijan’s Ministry of Economic Development/ Tamiz Shahar
In order to accelerate Albania’s aim of joining the EU, the country is undertaking a number of key social improvements projects. One of these is focused upon the transition of waste management to EU standards and directives. With German development bank support (KfW), the region of Korça in the south east of the country has created a coalition between five municipalities, forming a joint stock company; Korça Region Waste Management (KRWM) with responsibility for the implementation of improvements initially focused upon the construction of a new sanitary landfill and three waste transfer stations but the longer terms aim of introducing recycling, composting and other advanced systems of treatment.
EnviroComms were appointed as key specialist experts to develop the company’s marketing strategy at a corporate level and also develop public outreach strategies that would support the municipalities in gaining public support for the aims of the projects. The projects included the following integrated components.
Establishment of the company’s vision, mission and character Development of the brand of the company Develop public communication toolkits Undertake public engagement in support of landfill and waste transfer station construction Provide overarching support and guidance on all public outreach and participatory planning functions 74 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 4 Urban Design
Project 01: Redesign of the community centre
Outcome
The community building, while an attractive design in a local style, seems to be little-used. It sits within its own enclosure and could be extended to create a building with more facilities that would allow it serve more community functions
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Obtain a measured survey TBC Increased facilities to allow the centre to Representative of municipality to establish of the building, its grounds serve more community functions, to the brief and the urban space. benefit of residents and visitors Architect to prepare initial design proposals. Assess the condition of the Exemplar use of local architectural style, to Cost estimator or quantity surveyor to existing building increase appreciation of what makes Aluva provide budget costs Identify future uses an attractive and desirable place to reside (display and assembly) and visit Prepare sample layouts for different uses Identify requirements for administrative and storage space (office, store) Prepare a design for modifications to the existing structure to improve its functionality Prepare an appropriate design on the south side recognising that this is the point of approach and should have a similar sensibility to local traditions as the north side Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Establishing a long term function A measured survey of the building, This has been identified as a priority and management regime for the its grounds, and the urban space project for immediate action improved building A condition assessment of the existing building Establish functional brief for enhanced building use Future Proofing – Aluva | 75
Project 01: Redesign of the community centre
A Existing building
B Extension
C Existing tree
D Repaved area
E Beautification of river edge
Case Study: community centre construction, Rose Town, Jamaica The Prince’s Foundation for Building Community has been involved in initiatives in Rose Town, Jamaica, since 2008. Since the initial workshop, the community library has been renovated, a community centre has been constructed, and houses have begun to be renovated. Local young people were trained in the construction skills needed to carry out most of this work.
Case Study: Conservation and adaptive reuse of the Armenian church and monastery in Nicosia, Cyprus
The architectural compound comprises three school buildings, the premises of the Armenian Prelacy, an important historical mansion, courtyards, and open air areas, all fenced by a boundary wall. Using traditional materials and techniques and appropriate landscaping methods, the ancillary buildings and courtyard area were rebuilt and refurbished for appropriate use by the local community. The project won a 2015 Europa Nostra Award for its efforts to develop and rebuild community. 76 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 4 Urban Design
Project 02: Town centre interventions
Outcome
A programme of targeted urban interventions would be focused on key locations and corridors within the town centre along with supporting measures to enhance the role of the market and the benefits of increased footfall brought by the arrival of the metro and enhanced public transport connectivity. The thriving and prosperous community is the heart of all towns and for Aluva also. The current market, if developed in the right way could become hive of commercial activities of the town and potentially in the region. The other positives for the development of market are Aluva’s location, proximity to the airport, port, metro rail, NH corridor and the river.
These proposals would be focused on the following: Public realm proposals and enabling development to improve connectivity and interchange by pedestrians around the transport hubs. Streetscape schemes and improvements increasing priority for pedestrians and catering for cyclists and increased public transport movements. Rehabilitation/renovation of the old market and extension of the market area beneath the fly-over Supporting measures to improve the management and economic opportunities linked to the market. Additional planning policies/local byelaws to accompany the Aluva Town Plan and Building Regulations to guide development so it responds to the historical context and urban morphology while optimising the benefits of enabling development linked with improvements to Aluva’s transport hubs.
Description of Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component
Bus stand: The large urban space around Maximisation of potential of the city Maintaining community (transient & the private bus stand will also be a major core and Transit Oriented Development permanent) input Increases likelihood of exit point for the Metro. Public ownership established by the Metro station and the achieving a high quality scheme. of this site should be used to enable private bus stand. Projects in the City core require coordination supporting development to establish a good Pedestrian safety and comfort and between the Aluva Municipality, Road & quality and commercially successful urban establishing clear linkages. Transport Office, the Highways authority space. Frequent high quality public open spaces and KMRL to inform and influence the Railway station: A connection between that reflect the needs of the setting projects – and collaborate as a development the railway station, the private bus stand team. Good transport connections will improve and now the Metro is compromised by footfall and commercial viability. Projects pertaining to the Railway station the lack of an entrance on the Western and its components fall within the purview The market areas and zones with high side. The Western side is currently used as of the South Western Railways. a goods yard and this in turn brings heavy footfall can be exploited for economic Partnering with heritage consultancies can vehicles into a predominantly residential development benefit and revenue maximise resources and skills on projects area and educational uses near this station. generation. within the old market area. The long term relocation of the goods Better pedestrian connectivity will ensure yard would help to solve this problem but movement across multiple modes of A joint venture between public and private would require the cooperation of the South transport envisaged in the city centre and sectors to ensure timely completion of a Western Railways. the waterway. quality project and also, its maintenance in the long run. Area under flyover: The new market and Opportunity to incorporate barrier free old market area and consequently the old design in the rehabilitation projects. Maintenance - involvement of private sector town are severed by the combination of the ensures quality is maintained to protect their Ensuring an active public realm to improve flyover and the new Metro viaduct. The investment and their reputation. pedestrian safety. significant area of land below the viaduct The partnership with Basildon Council will would benefit from some, probably trading, be used to develop the opportunity to use to re-create the link. The land below improve and enhance the market. these structures is in ownership and control of the National Highways Authority and any active use would require their agreement and cooperation. Future Proofing – Aluva | 77
Project 02: Town centre interventions (contd.)
Description of sub component (contd.)
Old market area: The old town is an important historic area, with surviving old buildings and an intricate and attractive series of public spaces. This is under constant threat from damaging change. A mapped assessment of important buildings, spaces, and features such as shrines and trees, would be the first step in the adoption of some control to avoid the loss of the valuable heritage and enable adaptive re-use of existing structures which are redundant/in storage use. Development control in city core: The town centre is predominantly low rise buildings with small clusters of tall buildings in particular areas. There is a potential of rising land values, owing to commercial growth in this area and the flexibility of existing building regulations is likely to lead to construction of more high-rise buildings by landowners and developers for financial benefits. If this were to happen, the character of the centre would change significantly. The municipality could reach a decision on whether the loss of existing character is desirable, and the controls which may be introduced to maintain it or limit the changes in certain areas. This could include additional local byelaws or a special designations and supporting design guidelines which could be adopted through the Aluva Town Plan. Economic development support to enhance the role of the market through international knowledge sharing: through the MoU between Basildon Council and Aluva partnership working would help Aluva’s team understand the importance and the role of the market in the community and how it could contribute to the prosperity of the local community, identifying clusters, revenue generation by managing it fairly, setting process and systems to manage the traders, waste management (anaerobic), employment & training opportunities creation, exploring private sector partnership/ sponsorship and finally wider promotional activities which could bring new and passing trade to Aluva’s market.
The aim is to help Aluva to think commercially how it could develop the local economy, a prosperous community and also generate revenue for itself. The development of the market is another step towards a sustainable organisation.
Markets provide an excellent opportunity to promote local entrepreneurship and provide a platform for budding new companies. Basildon is currently working in partnership with other Councils in the UK and France to explore a new role for markets and entrepreneur and business generators and would be sharing the experience and outcomes of this work.
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Shared vision among the number of Pedestrian and vehicular volume Economic development coordinating agencies. studies for areas of intervention opportunities: short term (1-2 years) Long term maintenance Documentation of ownership and Phased approach to implementation Dense urban fabric with very jurisdiction of streetscape improvements short - little room for infrastructure Vision document for identified medium term (up to 5 years) augmentation CBD from the department of Town Public awareness Planning Reluctance among the agencies to Data on economic benefit of existing streamline the existing bus stand goods yard at the railway station. Ensuring activity throughout the day Air/water/noise pollution data or for pedestrian safety mapping Resistance by landowners and Documentation of existing buildings developers, in case the policies and development deviations. challenge their financial benefits An integrated approach to design and implementation with several stakeholders 78 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 02: Town centre interventions (contd.)
Market regeneration and integration with immediate context – Vegetable, fruit, fish and meat market, market plaza, river front walk
Maintain and improve the existing market facility Provide warehousing facilities within the identified Market Zone Create a high quality public open space along the river Utilise the river for its recreation and transportation potential Increase pedestrian priority zones Ensure safe connectivity across the service roads Provide direct access from the market to the Uliyannur Bridge
Transformation of neglected spaces under the flyover – Street market and parking facilities
Provide segregated parking for private and commercial vehicles Exploit the commercial potential of the area under the flyover To provide a safe, quick and comfortable pedestrian link between the market and the private bus stand Ensure safe connectivity across the service roads
Metro station – Metro station entry, ublic space, commercial edge, parking structure and passenger drop off
To provide safe and comfortable crossing points (at-grade) between the metro and private bus stand Creation of an active edge through commercial uses Promote park & ride options through the provision of parking facilities and safe drop off points To create an informal public open space that is active throughout the day To establish pedestrian priority by narrowing vehicular roads with reduced vehicular speeds To provide high quality public amenities and services Provide opportunities for high density residential and commercial based on traditional typologies close to terminal Future Proofing – Aluva | 79
Project 02: Town centre interventions (contd.)
Reordering the Private bus stand – Bus stand, commercial edge, public plaza and civic facilities
Resolve congestion issues by rezoning the bus stand To provide a public transportation system that connects the various modes of transport To provide safe and comfortable crossing points (at-grade) between the metro and private bus stand Creation of an active edge through commercial uses To provide high quality public amenities and services Provide opportunities for high density mixed use typologies close to terminal
Exemplar traditional low-rise-high-density typology – Residential cluster that is considerate to the topography
Incentives to develop areas as TOD Propose a mix of compatible uses that allow people to live and work close to terminals To utilise the natural topography to accommodate increased built up area Encourage the provision of public spaces within mixed use developments Encourage public-private partnership with the development of the built environment Draw attention to natural topography by visually incorporating it into design
Mosque square redevelopment and mixed-use cluster – Mosque square, mixed-use and residential cluster
Enhance setting for small public spaces for architecturally significant structures Develop new public open spaces adjoining religious and cultural centres Encourage social and commercial infrastructure so as to serve as an effective node Develop public amenities that support a commuting population Propose shared use paths for pedestrian and vehicular traffic with lowered vehicular speeds Promote traditional medium density residential typologies to ensure surveillance and activity during most of the day
Activating built edges - mixed use typologies and shared use paths
Incentivise the development of a commercial front. Promote commercial development on ground and raising residential typologies to upper levels. Promote the creation of a public front and private backyard. Shared use path pedestrian and vehicular traffic with lowered vehicular speeds. 80 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 02: Town centre interventions (contd.)
Case Study: Rehabilitation of the Tabriz Bazaar, Tabriz, Iran
The Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex covers 27 hectares with over 5.5 kilometres of covered bazaars. Three different protection areas have been established (a nominated area, a buffer zone, and a landscape zone), subject to special regulations incorporated into the planning instruments. The management framework is based on the participation of the ‘bazaaris’, together with municipal authorities and ICHTO’s Tabriz Bazaar Base.
Since 2000, numerous complexes within the bazaar have been rehabilitated with the participation of the owners and tenants. Infrastructure has been improved and public facilities have been built. The Tabriz Bazaar is a unique example of urban conservation and a development project in which heritage plays a catalyst role in rejuvenating the tangible and intangible memory of the historic city of Tabriz.
Case Study: Rehabilitation of the Old City in Shibam, Yemen
Working for the local community, architects GTZ Technical Office led this development project with the aim of developing Shibam’s economic, social, and administrative base to ensure the vitality and continuity of the city within its new regional context.
The programme had two main components: first, technical assistance; and secondly, financial assistance, allowing owners and residents of the historic city to restore, upgrade, and maintain their buildings. The other task of the project has been the revitalisation of the local economy. To date, about 100 owners have renovated their houses. The rehabilitation of Shibam’s Old City won an Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2007. Future Proofing – Aluva | 81
Theme 4 Urban Design
Project 03: North Bank Park - capturing the potential of the River and its assets. Outcome
Series of proposals to enhance the greenspace provision on the north bank of the Periyar River including the provision of a new public park, cricket pitch and measures to improve drainage and resilience to flood risk along with improvements to natural habitat and biodiversity.
Outcome: Aluva’s enhanced position on the religious, tourist, recreation and cultural circuits; within the larger context.
The park to the north of the Temple of Shiva is well used for the festival and includes some formal areas of park as well as an informal cricket ground. Along this entire area, drainage from the land to the west into the river could be controlled and improved. The area can be enhanced in terms of the program and the environment through different initiatives like levelling of the ground, planting trees for shade etc.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
Mapping of ownership and TBC Protection and enrichment of natural assets Requires coordination between the Aluva development departures and biodiversity. Municipality, Public Works Department and along the river front. Benefits to Aluva’s resident population Forestry Department to develop a shared Development of action as an area of recreation, learning and agenda. plan for acquiring, conservation. Design competitions can yield promising developing and linking Draws attention to the North bank beyond proposals and innovative solutions. areas under consideration. the temple. Partnering with local design consultancies Mapping of existing and Potential to serve as a pilot/ showcase a can maximise resources and skills. native flora. design response to existing development Public participation is a key element and Mapping of flooding challenges along the river. ensures high quality control on development and drainage patterns to Potential for income generation. through a sense of ownership. protect flood plains. Pedestrian link to the temple from the Project funding can be through Joint Design brief for extension highway. venture partnerships with local Developers and re-design for the and CSR Increased significance on the tourism map identified area. of Kerala. A joint venture between public and private Preparation of design sectors to ensure timely completion of a Improved pedestrian safety through guidelines for built quality project and also, its maintenance in conscious design and appropriate lighting. structure within the the long run. identified area. Maintenance - involvement of private sector Design brief for an ensures quality is maintained to protect their appropriate design and investment and their reputation. scheme for architectural structures. Preparation of sample layouts and planting plan. Detailed design proposals and costings. Procurement plan and terms of reference for implementation. 82 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 03: North Bank Park (contd.) Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Long term maintenance and Survey of open area north of river to 3 to 5 years management. establish ownership and jurisdiction Public awareness. Accurate flood mapping data Demand for developable land could Pedestrian volume studies prove a deterrent in the creation of a Accurate vegetation and habitat public space survey of the area Shared vision among the number of Design brief coordinating agencies Detailed design proposals and Ensuring safety across a spectrum costings of users Procurement plan and terms of reference for implementation
A Temple
B Temple Grounds
C Fair Grounds
D Cricket Pitch
E Wilderness park Future Proofing – Aluva | 83
Project 03: North Bank Park (contd.)
Case Study 01: Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad
Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad (http://www.sabarmatiriverfront.com/project-objectives)
This project aims to provide Ahmedabad with a meaningful waterfront environment along the banks of the Sabarmati River and to redefine Ahmedabad’s identity around the river. The project looks to reconnect the city with the river and positively transform the neglected aspects of the riverfront. The project objectives are:
Environmental improvement: reduction in erosion and flood to safeguard the city; sewage diversion to clean the river; water retention and recharge. Social infrastructure: rehabilitation and resettlement of riverbed dwellers and activities; creation of parks and public spaces; provision of socio-cultural amenities for the city. Sustainable development: generation of resources, revitalisation of neighbourhoods. 84 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Theme 5 Transportation
Project 01: Traffic regulation and parking management
Outcome
This project would be implemented in a phased manner in parallel with align seamlessly with the town centre urban design interventions included in Theme 4 Project 3. The proposals will give priority to pedestrian and cyclists and improve the accessibility and interchange opportunities between the metro, bus stands and railway station. This would link with the existing station access study in progress. The initial phases would also focus on the connectivity underneath NH47 and the old and new market areas and improving the safety, environment and user experience for visitors to this important gateway area. An approach to parking management would be developed.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
The traffic circulation include reviewing the existing An area based Improvement Municipality officers circulation pattern within the focus area of Aluva with package to of traffic flow Collaboration with Kochi Metro respect to the following: be developed conditions Development Corporation Movement of Private Vehicles into a Detailed Ease of pedestrian Co-operation with National Project Movement of KSTRTC Buses and its access to the KSTRC movement Highways Authority of India for Report (DPR) Bus Station Decrease in junctions and crossings of the including the Movement of Private Buses and its access to the Private Bus accidents NH47 and area beneath transport and Stand. the fly over urban design Improvement of air Also access with respect to Metro Station once it’s proposals. quality Capital funding needs to be operational. These would Opportunities to sourced from national/international Pedestrian and cycle movements and facilities such as city be costed extend the market programmes bike scheme, parking and seating/waiting areas. following and rehabilitate the Could be potential to source transport Current modal transfers among Rail , KSRTC and Private old market area climate finance to support public modelling/ Bus Passengers lead to increased transport and non motorised feasibility and economic activity modes. This may need to be Parking Management is to review the existing parking concept design accessed in conjunction with other scenario and identifying ways to regulate the parking and for public schemes on the Greater Cochin also use a revenue generation source realm works Development Authority area To restructure parking scenario in the focus area, so as Land development opportunities to take back the roadway carriage way for Traffic and to close to the bus stand and stations reduce congestion resulting from irregular or unstructured could be used to fund other parking. Also need to review the Parking Facilities improvements recommended in the Traffic and Transportation Plan in Master Plan for Aluva Town for parking restructuring. Private sector/crowd funding from local businesses and retailers Identify Existing Parking Demand in the Core Area of Aluva and with special focus at the following area : Major commercial areas Near office Spaces Near KSTRC Bus Station Near Private Bus Stand. Near Railway Station Metro Station once it’s operational.
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Support from National highways Feasibility modelling and concept Short –medium term authority design study to detail the proposals Phasing for initial phases to link in and funding approach to inform a with Metro opening Detailed Project Report (DPR) Future Proofing – Aluva | 85
Theme 5 Transportation
Project 02: Street corridor improvements for vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic Outcome
Keep roadway infrastructure in line with the future development plans identified in the Master Plan for the CBD area This project would be implemented in a phased manner in parallel with align seamlessly with the town centre urban design interventions included in Theme 4 Project 3 and Theme 5 Project 1. The proposals will focus on the key street corridors within Aluva including the routes currently at or exceeding Capacity. Proposals would address the retail frontage and uses along these corridors and be aligned with proposals for retention of trees and extending tree cover to enhance shading and pedestrian comfort. At 12 key junctions there would be public realm and junction improvements to ease pedestrian movement and safety through provision of crossings and pavement provision/build outs and at some junctions reconfiguration of vehicle priorities and traffic control. The proposals would need to take account for proposals for a Aluva bypass which would divert traffic away from the town centre area.
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
The roadway infrastructure improvements in the focus An area based Improvement Municipality officers roadway network in the Aluva Municipality would include package to of traffic flow Collaboration with Kochi Metro the following: be developed conditions Development Corporation into a Detailed Roadway Network Improvements Ease of Collaboration with by-pass proposals Project Junction Improvements pedestrian being considered by DTCP and Greater Report (DPR) movement and Redesign Cochin Development Authority including the connectivity to Co-operation with National Highways Control Type transport and and within the urban design Authority of India for junctions and Pedestrian Facilities town centre proposals. crossings of the NH47 and area Decrease in Provision of Sidewalks These would beneath the fly over accidents Crossing at Junctions be costed Capital funding needs to be Improvement of Crossing at Mid-Block locations following sourced from national/international transport air quality programmes Review the existing roadway network with respect to its modelling/ Improved capacity and current operating conditions and to evaluate Could be potential to source climate feasibility and environmental the proposed Roadway Network Plan identified in Traffic finance to support public transport concept design quality and user and Transportation Plan of Master Plan of Aluva Town. The and non motorised modes. This may for public experience Roadway Network Plan identifies the roadway improvement need to be accessed in conjunction realm works. schemes, Junction Improvement proposal and pedestrian Increased with other schemes on the Greater facilities and these improvements need to be evaluated with economic activity Cochin Development Authority area respect to future planned requirements of Aluva CBD within existing Land development opportunities close retail areas to the bus stand’s and stations could be used to fund other improvements Private sector/crowd funding from local businesses and retailers 86 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Project 02: Street corridor improvements for vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic (contd.)
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
Engagement with funding and Feasibility modelling and concept Medium Term delivery agencies to reach and agreed design study to detail the proposals scheme and funding approach to inform a Detailed Project Report (DPR) Future traffic trips generated based on the future demographics factors and its distribution with respect to modes used to make the trips like Walk, Private Vehicle and Public transport
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS EXISITNG
Population Existing Structure
Employement Existing Operational Conditions
Density
Trip Generation
Identify roadway and junction improvements required to operate at Level of Service ‘C’ conditions as per IRC
Identify future infrastructure requirements
Cross check against Master Plan and its proposal
Evaluate additional requirements and changes to the proposal
FINAL PROPOSAL Future Proofing – Aluva | 87
Theme 5 Transportation
Project 03: Integration of multimodal public transportation
Outcome
Outcome: additional services will strengthen usage of public transportation further and lead to enhanced economic opportunities within Aluva. A further shift towards non-motorised and public transport modes will lead to air quality improvements and reduced energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions.
Following the implementation of Transport Projects 2 & 3 there are longer term proposals to provide additional public transport connections to Aluva which will provide higher frequency more convenient access to a range of destinations within the Greater Cochin Metropolitan Area. These include:
Additional connectivity to the Airport and by Metro/ South West Railways Additional and enhanced bus services connectivity outlying communities to the Metro The introduction of ferry services on the Periyar River as part of the Greater Cochin Backwaters network being taken forward at Metropolitan level The introduction of these services may be accompanied by minor modification/extension of interchange facilities and future demand would be factored into Projects 1&2
Description of Estimated Impacts Delivery mechanisms sub component cost
The connectivity to the Airport from Aluva in line with These Improved Greater Cochin Development the Master Plan goal to sustain and develop Aluva as proposals connectivity and Authority transit point of vehicular traffic would be journey frequency South west railways driven by and comfort The connectivity to the Airport from the Aluva can be Kochi Metro Development Greater achieved through Bus services, Ferry services and through Increased footfall Authority South West Railway (SWR) Kochi Metro and commercial Authority KSRTC and private bus operators However, getting the approval from Railway Board for activity in Aluva and other providing a SWR station and connectivity to the Airport Better use Urban local would be difficult of existing bodies at the infrastructure Provision of Bus services from Terminal Station of Kochi Metropolitan Metro in Aluva to Airport of Route Length 12 Kms would level and Opportunity ensure through connectivity to the passengers bound to budgeted for promoting Airport by Metro and also increase ridership and reduces accordingly intelligent transport number of vehicles on NH 544. The Transfer from Metro systems (real time to Bus can be of either regular transfer or seamless information) transfer. Regular Transfer: Passengers will go out of metro station to access the Airport connector Bus service. Seamless Transfer: Passengers access the Airport Connector bus services after getting off the train and get on the bus waiting near to the train Platform
Challenges Data gaps Timeframe
It is unclear on the exact phasing and Aluva to track progress with relevant Long Term funding strategy bodies driving these proposals 88 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 89
Assessment of projects Table 3.1 below provides a high level assessment of the projects according to their efficacy to address key risks and opportunities
2
emissions from transport. emissions from + Enhanced PT use + walking and cycling + Reduced congestion safety road + Improved + Air quality benefits Natural ecosystems & biodiversity Social and cultural benefits: including heritage & social values human health & well being Economic and livelihood benefits Building Resilience pluvial Reduced Flood risk from flooding and sea level rise to water supply infrastructure protect Reduced surface water run off + Reduced flood risk quality improvements + Water Reduced energy intensity and CO
Drainage network maintenance review
Fluvial, tidal and pluvial flood hazard model for Periyar River fluvial system Feasibility, optioneering and detailed design into fluvial flood defences
Surface water management plan
Fluvial flood defence scheme
Improving surface water drainage network
Waste water treatment plans
Under Ground Drainage (UGD)
Rehabilitation of Existing Sewage Treatment Plant
Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Community toilets
Solid Waste Management - 1
Solid Waste Management - 2
Solid Waste Management - 3
Urban Design Community Centre
Urban Design Park
Urban Design Town Centre
Traffic circulation and parking management
Infrastructure improvements for vehicular and pedestrian traffic
Multimodal public transportation system
TABLE 3.1 How the projects address climate and energy risks 90 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Phasing of projects Phasing of projects implementation is important to ensure that there is logical sequence to delivery, help prioritise interventions and match funding and deliver maximum benefits both in terms of early engagement of local stakeholders with ‘early wins’ but also safeguard longevity of solutions.
Immediate term (6-12 months Short Term (1-5 years) Medium term (5-10 years) Long term (10-20 years)
Drainage network maintenance review
Fluvial, tidal and pluvial flood hazard model for Periyar River fluvial system
Feasibility, optioneering and detailed design into fluvial flood defences
Surface water management plan
Fluvial flood defence scheme
Improving surface water drainage network
Waste water treatment plans
Under Ground Drainage (UGD)
Rehabilitation of Existing Sewage Treatment Plant
Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Community toilets
Solid Waste Management - 1
Solid Waste Management - 2
Solid Waste Management - 3
Urban Design Community Centre
Urban Design Park
Urban Design Town Centre
Traffic circulation and parking management
Infrastructure improvements for vehicular and pedestrian traffic
Multimodal public transportation system
TABLE 3.2 Phasing of projects Future Proofing – Aluva | 91
IMPLEMENTATION 92 | Future Proofing – Aluva 04 Future Proofing – Aluva | 93
Implementation
Introduction The partnership would provide a platform for Aluva Municipal Municipality (MMC) to The process of developing a Future facilitate more effective cross agency co- Proofing Framework and Action Plan ordination with state level bodies. for Aluva has galvanized and brought together stakeholders to address A target oriented work plan could be the problems of the town. To enable jointly developed spanning the different implementation of the action plan organisations. proposals for improved governance, finance and planning have been made to Proposal 2: Action Plan Co-ordinator support the co-ordination, management and delivery of projects. These cross- Aluva Municipality would be the cutting proposals underpin all of the secretariat for the Future Aluva Town preceding projects. Partnership and a Programme Manager/ Co-ordinator would be appointed. This Governance could be an existing Member of Staff to begin with but could grow to become To assist and co-ordinate the delivery of a dedicated role. Alternatively a local the action plan proposals are made for business may be willing to second or the formation of a “Future Aluva Town allocate a member of staff on a full/ Partnership” and building the capacity of part time basis to undertake this role. Aluva Municipality so that it can extend The co-ordinator would link between and enhance the services it offers and individual departments, and help with positive quality of life benefits for the communications and linking with community. community stakeholders and State level bodies. Proposal 1: “Future Aluva Town Partnership” Institutional strengthening We propose that an enhanced stakeholder to support the delivery of the forum is formalised to provide a forum to plan. coordinate and collectively oversee and There is a need for Aluva Municipality to implement the Action Plan proposals. This enhance its capacity to enhance service would work in parallel with the existing delivery and management capacities over institutional structures of the Municipality time particularly to support enhanced but provide opportunity for a wider group water, drainage and sanitation fucntions of people including local businesses, civil and projects, to formalise solid waste society, and community organisations management and to co-ordinate planned and others to contribute to and own projects to maximise the quality of life and the plan and help steer and deliver its economic development benefits which implementation. they can bring. 94 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Proposal 3: There is a need to Proposed Areas of Support In addition to this the module will provide develop a plan to develop existing tools for community engagement in capabilities and establish future Though managing a town consists order to ensure the participation of the resourcing needs. of multiple aspects, Basildon Council whole community in the development Consultancy Team (BCCT) have identified of a sustainability future plan for the city. As an early win a partnership and the following areas as priority based on Tried and tested community development mentoring is proposed which builds on interviews during Aluva’s visit to Basildon strategies and tools will be developed the Letter of Intent signed between Aluva in Feb 2015 and through discussions with with Aluva by experienced community Municipality and Basildon Council which the British High Commission and Atkins, engagement specialists. would help to build leadership and senior namely management capacity. There will a strong emphasis on leadership A leadership & senior management style and techniques, inclusivity and Proposal 4: MoU and co-operation capacity building managing change. The other topics which could covered are financial management, partnership with Basildon Council Market development & management project sustainability, customer leading to local economic development service, public consultation, managing Basildon, being one of the 1st generation (Refer to Theme 5 Project 3). expectations of public or other topics smart city; post war new town has Solid waste management planning which are seen as local priorities. gathered immense practical experience (Refer to Theme 3, Project 3). in developing a town, the infrastructure, The modules are aimed to be simple and public services and above all nurturing a The above three areas are proposed practical to help Aluva to take relevant community for prosperity. to form the core areas of the capacity building programme for Aluva steps towards being a lean, cost effective, efficient and proactive organisation. The Having implemented corporate Municipality delivered by team of experts leadership modules will play a key role mechanisms in the council and in their respective areas from Basildon in coordinating all the above mentioned engaging closely with the private sector Council. benefits. in development of the borough has accumulated expertise, capacity and Leadership and senior management technology in the process. capacity building and community Funding engagement In order to implement the Future Proofing It recognises and honours the need put Action Plan for Aluva, stakeholders will need forth by Aluva Municipality and has A city can’t be smart if the senior to develop a funding business plan which agreed to extend co-operation in sharing management and leadership style is not links the sources of funding and support expertise on implementing the visions and smart. This module will focus on hand necessary to enable the projects and objectives of Aluva. Formally, a letter of holding and supporting Aluva Municipality opportunities identified within the plan. intent has been exchanged between both to achieve its smart city goals. Aluva the organisations at the recent Smart city Municipality has expressed a keen interest The level and type of support and funding conference in Delhi, May 2015. to subscribe this, as they clearly realise the and support needed to deliver the plan need and gaps within their organisation. is indicated within the project proposals The above letter of intent is a positive in Section 2 wherever possible. A range development making this programme a This capacity building programme will of costs is identified for each project success as the relationship and rapport deliver simple and practical topics like role to provide an indication of the funding has been established between both the of local authority, project management, needed. organisations prior to commencement of process mapping, SWOT, agile the programme. organisation, use of IT productivity tools. Future Proofing – Aluva | 95
More detailed cost estimates for particular Voluntary support and grant funding could projects and actions would need to be help to support the following projects: defined for capital programmes after the Theme 1: Flooding and surface drainage: 1 technical feasibility and concept design options are developed. Theme 2: Sanitation: 2 & 4 Theme 3: Solid waste Management: 1 & 3 It will be necessary to blend and combine a range of different sources of financial and Theme 4: Urban Design: 1, 2 & 3 non-financial support. Funders have specific Theme 5: Transportation: N/A. eligibility criteria for commitment and investment which means that only projects which meet their criteria will be fundable. Developing capability to access and secure funding Outlined below are the types of support and funding sources relevant to the action In order to access funds the city plan projects: stakeholders are likely to require external support to assist in preparing applications Voluntary support to access funds.
Many of the projects can be supported Project preparation assistance and through mobilising volunteers and capacity building community organisations to develop and implement projects. This will be most While there are a number of early win effective where there is a direct and visible actions, many of the 20 projects require relationship between the action and the further project preparation activities benefits. Examples include proposed parks to develop plans further and assess and community building improvements. options for implementation. There are a number of existing sector specific Grant funding initiatives in Aluva on Sanitation and solid waste management some Project Grant funding is also an option to support Reports have been completed but were the development and administration of not available during the preparation of projects and their implementation where the plan. It is understood some of these financial support is required capacities plans are not up to date and may not already existing within Aluva and the take an integrated view of the needs or wider community. the solutions. This could run the risk of maladapted infrastructure solutions being Initiatives such as the recently introduced implemented or opportunities to combine requirement for businesses to dedicate 1% investment with poverty and climate risk of profits to corporate social responsibility reduction to be missed. (CSR) initiatives is an opportunity for the city to involve businesses with interests Co-funding from State and national funds in Aluva to jointly support projects. The (e.g. as part of AMRUT, Smart Cities and Federal Bank is already playing a role to State Action Plan for Climate Change) as support initiatives in Aluva and there is well as International Financial Institutions/ potential for others to contribute. donors can also support projects 96 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Knowledge management Developing a consolidated project co- ordination and monitoring capability in Aluva Municipality is a priority for the city and is important to assist implementation of a number of action plan projects. The Municipality has very limited in house human and financial resources to develop, manage and implement projects and programmes (refer to Proposal 2 above).
At present it is not possible for Aluva Municipality to easily procure local colleges and universities to contribute to their projects. Establishment of a Future Aluva partnership body could enable services to be procured from academic, voluntary sector bodies and the private sector more easily.
As part of the formulation of the Kerala State Climate Change Action Plan further actions to improve knowledge management, data and studies relating to climate risks and impacts are proposed. Aluva Municipality, the Department of Town and Country Planning (DTCP) should make use of data to review and monitor climate risks.
Kerala Water Resources Department and Public Works Department have expertise in water resources management and flood risk modelling. Their expertise could be called upon to contribute to the analysis of these risks within the Periyar catchment. Some external support may also be required to undertake and combine with locally available resources.
Combining external advisory and technical assistance would enable the gap to be bridged between academic, government, private and civil society sectors. The benefit would be improved Future Proofing Indian Cities – Aluva | 97 98 | Future Proofing – Aluva
evidence based decision making and A mechanism for pooling the revenues from Theme 1: Flooding and surface drainage: coordination of programmes and projects municipal services and charges (e.g. for 5 & 6 to strengthen delivery and effectiveness water services and solid waste management Theme 2: Sanitation: 1 & 3 of implementation. It would enable and other services) as well as a local business improvements to infrastructure planning, cess to contribute towards town centre Theme 3: Solid waste Management: 2 integration and the investibility and improvements could be explored. Theme 4: Urban Design: 1, 2 & 3 delivery of projects. In turn the poverty reduction and climate risk reduction In the future this could be extended Theme 5: Transportation: 1, 2 & 3. benefits could be enhanced as a result. to include parking charges and land Accessing additional state, national and conversion charges to support the delivery international funding sources to take Project Preparation, capacity building and of new transport infrastructure for forward projects is likely to be needed. To knowledge management support could be example. be cost effective it may be necessary to used to deliver the following projects: aggregate projects in Aluva with other Aluva could develop pooled funding planned projects across Kochi District or Theme 1: Flooding and surface drainage: vehicles linked to public private elsewhere in Kerala. 1,2,3,4 partnerships to enable area based land development. The key opportunities are Theme 2: Sanitation: 1,2 & 3 Sources of possible funding which have linked to the bus stand areas which are to been identified include: Theme 3 Solid waste Management: 1 & 2 be improved where land is publicly owned and in connection with Aluva Metro Theme 4: Urban Design: 1 & 3 AMRUT Station. Theme 5: Transportation: 1, 2 & 3. Asian Development Bank – Kerala Local charging mechanisms could be used Sustainable Urban Development to deliver the following projects: Programme Potential funding sources include: Funding linked to other National ADB - Cities Development Initiative Theme 1: Flooding and surface drainage: Missions Asia 1,2,3,4 Private sector finance could be attracted ADB-DFID-Rockefeller Urban Climate Theme 2: Sanitation: 1 for projects which include a land Resilience Partnership Theme 3: Solid waste Management: 1 development component and solid waste USAID Global resilience Partnership management projects. Theme 4: Urban Design: 3 Theme 5: Transportation: 1, 2 & 3. Capital programmes which include Local charges components which are non revenue The state tends to pay for expenditure on Possible finance sources which could generating such as social and environmental infrastructure provisions through individual support revenue and non revenue raising actions which may be necessary to maximise departments linked to particular sector projects the poverty reduction and climate risk improvements. This sometimes does reduction benefits. not take into consideration the overlap Funding to support revenue of department functions and links with generating capital programmes They may even be required to make programmes of other agencies which may The following projects require significant investment in hard infrastructure effective be necessary to implement an integrated capital investment some of which may not in achieving its intended outcomes. approach. be possible to recoup directly. Funding could be sourced from international donors and/or funds linked to International Climate Funds (ICF) or other green finance mechanisms. Future Proofing – Aluva | 99
Revolving credit and guarantee So that an integrated approach can be Proposal 2: Green planning standards mechanisms operated by a number of continued in the future the following and building design codes international development institutions may policy proposals and reforms could be also be available and be provided in return made and incorporated into Town and New development should be planned as for delivery of enhanced socioeconomic city development plans in Aluva and part of a whole community approach and and climate change related benefits. elsewhere covering the whole of the area provided with adequate infrastructure Examples include the Multi Finance Facility of juristiction. and with a goal to optimise energy and projects of the ADB. These do not currently environmental performance. The Kerala operate within Kerala but have worked Protection policies: zoning designations State Building regulations does not successfully in other States. and safeguarding areas for areas to be provide sufficient guidance to developers protected from development or which or set quantifiable performance standards. Planning can only be developed if particular DTCP and other relevant State Bodies criteria are met (e.g. flood risk areas should consider preparing and issuing Improvements to planning and regulatory and greenspace/ecological areas). new guidance which should be adopted reform would benefit the implementation State wide. of some of the Action plan proposals and Site level proposals: for land and provide an effective basis to scale the facilities relating to new blue-green The guidelines and proposals should be lessons learned in Aluva to other localities. infrastructure required to address the existing and future needs. developed which cover the following topics: The speed of growth and lack of staff Plans would need to be informed and to enforce planning regulations often supported by detailed evidence based Location criteria to guide the location means that the independent decisions technical assessments. of development including sensitivity to of landowners drive development rather The formulation of such plans would local context. than the long term interests of the city and need to involve a core team that includes its citizens. The number of qualified staff Water resources and supply. Municipality representatives, DTCP. which the Municipality and DTCP has is External support to pilot and embed the Water efficiency measures including relatively small compared with other cities approach could be beneficial. rainwater harvesting. of its size. The resources the city has to follow up on development opportunities Sewerage and waste water collection are also limited and the penalties for non- Delivery Issues and disposal. compliance are an insufficient deterrent. Storm water drainage. There would also need to be close Building performance and energy Two main proposals are identified to help engagement with other agencies for efficiency (linked to national building assist the implementation of the approach: particular components and policies. rating system accreditation). Support to develop and strengthen Proposal 1: Formalising Green capacities while the plans are Guidance on use of appropriate Blue infrastructure planning for developed at a practical level is likely to materials implementing the Blue Green be needed. Microgeneration of renewable energy Infrastructure Framework A participatory process to inform including solar water heating and and shape the plans should be photovoltaics. Linking all of the projects identified is implemented to ensure the proposals Solid waste collection and a network of enhanced blue (water) align with the needs of different management. and green (natural) infrastructure. At communities. Transport strategy including public present topics relating to the provision of transport and non motorised modes. transport, infrastructure and environmental management proposals are developed in isolation with synergies missed. 100 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Eco-neighbourhood design guideline features to provide resilience to future climate change risks - shaded streets, resilient infrastructure and buildings. Provision of urban greenspace. Mixed use approach with local employment opportunities and community facilities. Urban design guidance to accommodate public transport routes and standards for street network planning and block size to promote walkability. Design code and plot development guidelines mix and density of land uses underpinned by level of infrastructure available and services. Wider range of development and procurement options. Resident and community engagement including long term community management model. Delivery Preparation of the policy, standards and codes would be best accomplished through a number of pilots rather than as general guidance.
This would build capacity for extending the approach. The plans could be led by DTCP with Municipalities such as Aluva who are experiencing development pressures. To enhance institutional capacity and collective enforcement there would be stakeholder engagement during the preparation of guidance. Future Proofing – Aluva | 101 05
NEXT STEPS 102 | Future Proofing Indian Cities – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 103
Next steps
Following your final comments on the Framework and those of other key stakeholders the report we will be finalising and sharing the report at an official launch event in September 2015. 104 | Future Proofing Indian Cities – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 105 06
APPENDICES 106 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 107
Appendix A: Future Proofing Aluva methodology
Introduction Future Proofing Cities manage one or more environmental approach risks and how this relates to the Building on the approach developed by current (and potential future) risks 1 Atkins for Future Proofing Cities in order The five stage – multicriteria – approach facing Aluva to tackle the risks to future growth and that was developed as part of the Atkins leveraging the learning and experience Future Proofing Cities to identifying 2. Identifying vulnerabilities addressed gained from previous pilots in Tamil Nadu and prioritising policies and projects for and economic development benefits and Karnataka, the project has delivered a future proofing was used as that basis mechanism built on stakeholder consensus for developing an integrated approach 3. Identifying the capacity required for that can enable capacity building to for responding to risks in Aluva. The five implementation understand and act upon short term stages included: urban and long term climate change 4. Assessing impact and cost effectivess through a series of processes and tools. 1. Identifying solutions relevant to Aluva The opportunities and solutions explored and how a proposed project can 5. Assembling project and policy portfolio have also benefit from the perspective of traditional urbanism and building techniques brought by INTBAU which URBAN DIAGNOSTIC have informed the framework and projects identified. RISK: URBAN TYPE VULNERABILITY CAPACITY TO ACT
Level of poverty and Economy inequality Governance Strength of basic infrastructure and services Planning Urban form Finance and delivery
IDENTIFICATION & APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
1. RISKS 2. ABILITY TO TARGET 3. CAPACITY VULNERABILITIES AND REQUIRED TO ADDRESSED CATALYSE ECONOMIC IMPLEMENT SOLUTIONS GROWTH Carbon emissions and Urban poor Affordability (up-front energy use Basic service delivery and lifecycle costs) Climate change hazard risks Jobs, capital stock, Strength and legitimacy Resource use and growth, competitiveness of governance required ecosystems (water, food, land Planning capacity use/agriculture, materials, required natural habitat) Deliverability
4. IMPACT & COST EFFECTIVENESS
5. ASSEMBLE POLICY PORTFOLIO Policy complementarity and conflicts Balance of transformational, transition, and
1. Future Proofing Cities (2012), Atkins in partnership with DFID resilience measures and UCL Sequencing 108 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Future proofing Aluva - key Training and capacity building activities Targeted capacity building, training and mentoring support activities were delivered Activity 1 provided an integrated analysis to help enable the Municipality to take of Aluva’s development pathway was the next steps towards implementation. prepared and used to explore scenarios for The support was delivered by counterpart Aluva’s future development. experts from INTBAU and Atkins team. In addition opportunities were sought Activity 2 brought all relevant stakeholders to extend this element to include an together, engaging participants in the international study tour to London where cross-sector reframing of Aluva’s future representatives from Aluva Municipality together, ensuring that the Framework is participating at the INTBAU international ‘owned’ by those who will be responsible conference on the value of heritage within for the implementation. Stakeholder the urban fabric and visited a number of engagement also initiated skills implemented projects around the capital development and awareness of key issues, of relevance to Aluva, guided by Atkins. such as future-proofing and traditional The site visit allowed for the identifying of building techniques. The outcome was potential solutions for Aluva and provided a commitment to take forward the examples on potential implementation framework helping to forge a partnership and delivery mechanisms among stakeholders. An intensive two-day, hands-on training Activities, 3, 4 and 5 focused on the workshop for key Aluva stakeholders was creation of a Future-proofing strategy led by INTBAU India and coincided with and urban design framework which the workshop organised to present and was specific to the unique context and discuss the proposed framework. The heritage of Aluva and set out the actions session included that equip the town to manage urban growth and create a liveable and low Training on more detailed aspects carbon environment for its citizens. Cross of sustainable urban planning sector commitment to the implementation and development to stakeholder of strategy was forged at a second participants stakeholder workshop. This stage also included a capacity building/training More detailed support and mentoring component to support technical staff at activities relating to technical issues Aluva Municipality in taking forward the (e.g mapping) plans. Additional support to help take forward pilot projects. The result of the support would be increased ability and confidence of Aluva technical staff to take the next steps towards implementation. Future Proofing – Aluva | 109
Lessons 1. Stakeholder engagement and dialogues are crucial to explore the urban diagnostic and develop solutions that are well suited for the local context.
2. A flexible approach is needed to adjust the process and focus of the project to maximise the impact of engagement.
3. Using local actors and language is important to help create an active dialogue.
4. Providing support to local stakeholders in the form of training and capacity building helps to improve understanding of the problem and ensures delivery of long term solutions.
5. Future proofing concepts can bring a new frame of reference to inform planning.
6. Blue-green infrastructure is a useful focus to prioritise critical system links and identify issues should be addressed.
7. Heritage and preservation of the local urban character at times of change are crucial to safeguard social values.
8. Establishing partnerships and processes for co-ordination is a useful way to bridge between strategy and implementation.
9. Using plans to make the case for funding and mobilising local resources represents a key measure of success for cities. 110 | Future Proofing – Aluva
APPENDIX B Future Proofing – Aluva | 111
Appendix B: Native flora 112 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 113 114 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 115
APPENDIX C 116 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 117
Appendix C: Aluva training program
Future proofing Framework : Aluva Training Program at Kochi, May-2015
INTBAU
Aluva Future Proofing – Training Program (20th-21st May, 2015)
As part of Aluva Future Proofing Project, a Training Program was planned by INTBAU India for the Aluva Municipality for training in the area of - Urban Regeneration -Sustainable City Development -Mapping of a city’s structure, heritage and landscape.
Training Program included the following workshop sessions A)Lecture Presentations B)Site Reconnaisance, Photography and Discussions to develop possible quick win projects for Aluva’s revitalization C)Mapping
A) Lecture Presentations
A) Lecture Presentations with interactive discussions were carried out by the presenters and feedback on possibilities prevalent within the urban framework of Aluva were discussed. Discussions were carried out on the priority accorded to urban areas in the current timeframe, the concepts of Inclusive, Equitable and Sustainable cities and the design concepts which could be utilized to achieve them. Tangible Priority projects were identified in consultation with all stakeholders including the municipal counselors, engineers and the ATKINS – INTBAU team 118 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Lectures on Sustainable City Development included Indian Systems for rating large developments, for e.g. the GRIHA LD system. These look at the issues of density, water and energy consumption, sustainable transport to better define sustainable exemplers at a city scale
B) Site Reconnaissance, photography and discussions… …with locals were carried out in the two priority project areas which have been deemed as quick – win possibilities. These are:
B1) Periyar Riverside Promenade and heritage trail. B2) The Church quarter
Based on the above discussions, design possibilities for revitalization were discussed in these two areas. These possibilities were developed by documenting developmental priorities, drawing up plans, sections and sketches. These have been compiled in the slides mentioned below and helps create a design brief for the team which shall ultimately take up detail designwork for the same.
B1) Periyar Riverside Promenade and heritage trail.
-Opportunities for Riverside Recreation which shall also emphasize the Blue Green network and shall bring back the cultural, social and environmental importance of the river and the riverside. This needs the development and extension of a promenade along the river, with a range of interest viewpoints / activity / recreation.
Project Components: Development of Various points along the trail including the Aluva Cultural Centre, the Krishna Temple, the Public Park and the Aluva Palace Future Proofing – Aluva | 119
B1) Periyar Riverside Promenade and heritage trail.
Development of the Aluva Cultura Centre and its use for city scale programs and cultural functions. (Cultural Centre) (Possible Amphi) (River )
B1) Periyar Riverside Promenade and heritage trail.
Sprucing up the Public park and developing it as a open space as part of the trail continuum. A place from where a large part of the entire trail along the river can be viewed. The park also includes a traffic park for children.
B1) Periyar Riverside Promenade and heritage trail.
The Aluva Palace is a heritage campus and also includes a State guest house for visitors, Halls and lawns which are given out for private functions. The Palace grounds could have more public accessibility and could provide points of rest and viewpoints along the trail. There already exists a viewing pavilion. 120 | Future Proofing – Aluva
B1) Periyar Riverside Promenade and heritage trail. Other Points -Opening different access into the Shiv Rathri festival grounds an addition of a bridge across the periyar which is already proposed. A pontoon bridge is placed during the festival currently. Pedestrian bridge could be developed as a celebration of the theme. Bridges can be used to generate an identity for Aluva. It could be developed as a bridge which fold and allows passing of ships since this is a navigable waterway. This helps generate interest in the river design in Kerala. -Development of the Promenade on the other side, i.e. the side of the temple with its existing green spaces -Provision of Houseboats, which help enjoy the coolness of the river in the monsoon -Develop the concept of controlled points / nodes along the path developed for visitor’s / walkers facilities / kiosks et al.
B2) The Church Quarter The Church Quarter Site was used for Training, Process and Mapping and used as a potential for developing design possibilities for Revitalization.
C) Mapping Lectures and a hands-on city mapping session was held on the later part of the first day and the first part of the second day . The objective of the hands-on training sessions was to create an understanding in the workshop attendees of appropriate urban mapping and documentation of the urban pattern, heritage structures and landscape. Based on the principle of “understanding – documenting – revitalization”, in this sequence, the session created a base for further detailed documentation to be taken up in Aluva in due course”.
B2, C) Training, Process and Mapping
Samples of fieldwork to map urban character
Identifiers
Open space configurations
Building type and typologies Future Proofing – Aluva | 121
B2, C) Training, Process and Mapping
Samples of fieldwork to map urban character
Network and structure system of area
Street sections and elevations
Grade levels and adjuncts
Significant vegetation B2, C) Training, Process and Mapping
Samples of fieldwork to map urban character
Network and structure system of area
Street sections and elevations
Grade levels and adjuncts
Significant vegetation
B2) Urban Identifiers and Potential
The Church is situated on a hill approximately 5 metres above the main road (flyover, bus terminus and metro line) grade. The mapping helped to locate and appreciate the identity defining urban components: whether buildings, adjuncts or unbuilt spaces. This was crucial in assessing potential, issues and formulating the proposal.
Church Steps
Column Square
Shrine 122 | Future Proofing – Aluva
B2) Urban Identifiers and Potential
Church Façade
Sacred Column
B2) Urban Identifiers and Potential
Square at wholesale market
Street steps up to church
B2 )Urban Identifiers and Potential
Street edge conditions and potential for augmentation of the public realm
Quiet neighbourhoods and back streets can be pubic spaces
Texture and materials for street Future Proofing – Aluva | 123
B2)Major Issues Transformation of public spaces like square to wholesale, causing catchment of heavy traffic transit and conversion to parking
B2) Major Issues Vehicular transit in front of church space and back roads used as vehicular thoroughfare
B2) Church Quarter: Proposal The potential of realizing barrier free and safe urban space is exploited by improvement and utilisation of edges as immediate measure.
In the mid-term, enhancement of the texture to create a pedestrian-centric environment.
In long-term, re-routing of heavy traffic and wholesale to reclaim public spaces and reduce probability of accidents and improving safety for seniors, children and pedestrians
REDESIGN OF THE CHURCH BOUNDARY WALL
Can make spaces seem larger without dividing them
Will induce visual transparency
Will reduce the propensity to generate negative space within the property 124 | Future Proofing – Aluva
B2) Church Quarter: Proposal
INTRODUCE PEDESTRIAN- CENTRIC ROAD TEXTURE
Will reduce traffic speed within the intervention area
Will allow introduction of visually consistent urban adjuncts such as lighting, street furniture – soft interventions
Can be realised with any local available material combined with PCC Sub-base: brick, granite etc.
Various paving types to delineate urban identities: existing (yellow), green (place- markers) and orange (approach)
B2) Church Quarter: Proposal
Full-pedestrianisation of the Church Quarter
Re-routing of traffic from conflict zones
Major interventions in streetscape / parking and street furniture and adjucts
Zone for traffic re-routing (Red) Zone of pedestrianisation (Yellow) Future Proofing – Aluva | 125
APPENDIX D 126 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 127
Appendix D: Flooding and surface drainage
Sources of data Due to the lack of availability of any data relating to historical flooding, mathematical modelling studies for Periyar River, tidal inundation extents in Aluva, flood inundation mapping, or dam breach studies, this technical note qualitatively assesses the flood risk to Aluva. The report is only able to utilise qualitative information obtained from stakeholders during a workshop (November 2014) and the literature freely available on internet.The technical note is also based on information obtained from the Master Plan document developed by the Aluva Municipality. 128 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Analysis of development The Aluva town master plan, provides the Ha is proposed to encourage a healthy geographical arrangement of various land environment. To curb the encroachment Introduction uses within the town, such as, residential, of water bodies, it is proposed to provide commercial, public & semi-public, a green strip of 5m width along the sides Location industrial, transportation, parks open of River Periyar. spaces, etc. Among the proposed major developments, the Kochi metro rail station Aluva (formerly Alwaye), is a suburb is anticipated to play a vital role in not only of Kochi in the north-western part of developing the transportation network Ernakulum district of Kerala, India. The but also in improving the other land use Periyar River passes through the center of zones. Adding 0.94 Ha of open space and Aluva. park area to the already existing 25.43
Kasaragod 1. Mangalapuzha seminary 2. Guru Mandiam Puducherry Kannur 3. Desam Kadavu 4. Mana Wayanad 3 5. Manappuram 1 6. Ganapathy Temple Kozhikode 7. St. Ans Church 8. Kadathukaduvu 2 Malappuram 4 9. Palace 10. Library Palakkad 5 11. OomanKuzhi Thadam 26 12. Municipal office Tamil Nadu Thrissur 13. Madrassa 7 6 14. Aasan colony 24 15. Treasury Ernakulam 1. Mangalapuzha seminary 25 16. Snehalayam 9 2. Guru Mandiam Idukki 17. Madhava Puram 18.3. Desam Nazareth Kadavu Kottayam 8 19.4. Mana Thrikkunnath Alappuzha 20.5. Manappuram Taluk Hospital 6. Ganapathy Temple Pattanamtitta 10 12 21. Sastha13 Temple 22.7. St. Putinchode Ans Church 23.8. Kadathukaduvu Market Kollam 23 9. Palace 11 24. Priyadarsini 10. Library 20 25. Canal Thiruvananthapuram 14 26.11. ThandikkalOomanKuzhi Thadam 12. Municipal office 21 13. Madrassa
19 14. Aasan colony 15 15. Treasury 16. Snehalayam 22 18 Kodungallor 17. Madhava Puram 16 18. Nazareth 17 Paravur Prerumbavur 19. Thrikkunnath Kothamangalam 20. Taluk Hospital Aluva 21. Sastha Temple Ernakulam 22. Putinchode Kochi Muvattupuzha 23. Market Kanayannur Thodupuzha 24. Priyadarsini 25. Canal 26. Thandikkal Future Proofing – Aluva | 129
Topology Aluva town lies in the midland region with its altitude varying from 4metres to 40metres above MSL. The majority of the town has an elevation between 4metres – 20metres (MSL) with mean altitude of as 12.3m above MSL. The maximum altitude is in north-west and south east part of Aluva municipality which is approximately 40metres (MSL).
1 3
2
5 26
7 6
24
25 9
8
12 10 13 Elevation in metres
4-5 20-25 23 11 5-10 25-30 20 10-15 30-35 14
15-20 35-40 21
19 15
22 18
16 17 130 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Outline Assessment of from the Idamalayar hydro-electric flood risk generation dam. It is reported that the Idamalayar dam was 97 per cent full at History of flooding 167.78 metres out of an actual capacity level of 169 metres. The identification of past flooding events can often indicate areas that are During this flood event, the Periyar River vulnerable to flooding and thus areas that is reported to have flooded basements have the potential to flood in the future. and parking lots of many apartment The most recent flood reported in Aluva is buildings situated on waterfront properties for an event in August 2013. Atkins were at Aluva which builders and residents unable to obtain hydrometric data for had not expected. According to builders, the flood event, however some relevant projects were conceived after taking into information was obtained from newspaper consideration the highest water level articles found online2. Gap: hydrometric in the river over the last 10-20 years. data from river and coastal gauge The National Builders anticipated that should be obtained. The newspaper the mean sea level should be taken as articles reported that the major cause of a yardstick while executing projects flooding in Aluva was due to the opening in the area which will help to prevent of gate-shutters of Bhutathankettu dam, such flooding incidents in future. The located approximately 50kilometres sandbanks of Periyar River in Aluva, where upstream from Aluva. It is reported that thousands of people come to perform 13 of its shutters had to be opened to let the ‘Balitharpanam’ ritual were flooded out excess water as rains intensified in and the famous Shiva temple was almost the catchment areas. Water that passes submerged (see photograph below). through Bhutathankettu dam originates
Photograph 1 : The Shiva Temple lay submerged as the Periyar breached its banks in August 2013 (Source : The Hindu)
2. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/life-turns-nightmare-as-periyar-swells/article4986132.ece Future Proofing – Aluva | 131
Outline Assessment of flood There is evidence that the rainfall pattern risk to Aluva in India is changing and that this may be associated with climate change. The Flooding from Rivers frequency and magnitude of high rainfall events is increasing while the number of Flooding from rivers (fluvial flooding) rainy days are decreasing. This indicates occurs following exceedance of the rainfall intensity is increasing. Moreover, flow capacity of river channels, leading the time of monsoon onset and the gap to overtopping of the river banks and between rainfall events is becoming inundation of the surrounding land. irregular. According to projections of Climate change is expected to increase the changes in temperature and rainfall risk of fluvial flooding in the future. in the Indian subcontinent, based on Global Climate Model, “The increase in The Periyar River passes through the center annual mean precipitation is projected of Aluva municipality. It is considered as to be 7 - 10per cent by 2080s. Winter the second longest river of Kerala and precipitation may decrease by 5 - 25per lifeline of central Kerala being a perennial cent. An increase of 10 - 15per cent is river. It originates from the Sivagiri peaks projected in area average monsoon rainfall”. (1830 MSL) in Tamil Nadu with a total This indicates the importance of taking length of about 244 kilometres and action now to decrease the current and catchment area of 5398 kilometres2. future risks that Aluva faces. Gap: more The mean annual flow is estimated to be detailed assessment of current and 11607 mm3 and the average rainfall in the future rainfall and flood risk at Aluva is basin is considered as 4870mm.3 required.
During the site visit to Aluva by Atkins The August 2013 event in Aluva, was staff (November 2014), the Engineer of reported to be caused due to intense rain the Aluva Waste Water Plant reported that and the lack of dam capacity to store water flooding had been a recurring issue since due to prolonged period of rainfall. This the 1980’s, however, after construction caused flooding in the low lying flood of dams along Periyar River, flooding has plains along the banks of Periyar River. become less frequent. He also reported Although it appears the fluvial flood risk to that in 1961 an extreme flood event even Aluva has reduced since the construction submerged the Aluva railway bridge. of dams in the river basin, the 2013 event River hydrology is mainly affected by indicates that the impact of extreme events dams through changes in the frequency, is still significant, and that the operation magnitude and timing of flows, ultimately of the dams affects flood risk in Aluva. creating a hydrological system differing Consequently it is important how the dams significantly from the pre-impoundment are operated, and how future changes to natural flow system. A technical paper rainfall through climate change will affect on “Hydrological changes associated with flood risk in Aluva. Gap: assessment of the dams in Periyar River Basin, Kerala”4 water supply and demand needed to describes the effects of construction of ensure water security and fee in to 14 dams in Periyar river basin on river dam operation review. Gap: review hydrology. This paper concludes that of current dam operation to ensure the net runoff of Periyar River is reduced operation is robust and optimised. by 41 per cent mainly because of the impoundment of dams. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/A-flood-lesson-for-realty-sector/articleshow/21664877.cms 3. http://sandrp.in/wtrsect/Water_Sector_Options_India_in_Changing_Climate_0312.pdf 4. http://cafetinnova.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/02020307.pdf 132 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Tidal flooding It also reports that sea-level rise will impact several areas on the country’s east coast. At Aluva, the Periyar River bifurcates into Three most vulnerable coastal areas two branches, both of them ultimately studied for inundation due to sea-level rise discharge into Arabian Sea via Cochin were Paradip, Nagapatinam and Kochi. Estuary. Aluva is located approximately The study showed if the sea-level rises 16-20 kilometres inland from the Arabian by one metre, it will inundate up to 169 Sea. The tidal levels at Cochin as per Naval square kilometres around Kochi. Hydrographic Chart No. 2004 have been tabulated below: During the site visit to Aluva by Atkins staff (November 2014), the Assistant Engineer of Drinking Water Plant reported that the water level rise during spring high tide is approximately 0.9metres at an inlet to the plant. The contribution of tides to 2013 flood event is not known. It is envisaged that the risk of tidal flooding (only) to Aluva is not considerably MHHWL +1.20m high understanding the fact that Aluva MHHWL +0.80m is 16-20kilometres inland and at a mean altitude of 12.3metres above MSL, MSL +0.60m while the maximum high water level is +0.6metres above MSL (1.2metres above MHHWL +0.60m Chart Datum).
MHHWL +0.30m Tides could potentially contribute to higher water levels in the Periyar River, which could affect flood extents. Since,there is no information available Tidal Level at Cochin on the joint probability of fluvial and Naval Hydrograhic Chart No. 2004 tidal events to assess the impact of extreme flooding event in Aluva and *Above levels are with respect to Cochin Port’s Chart Datum, which is approximately the level of lowest also no information is available on the astronomical tide. contribution of tides or tidal inundation during cyclone or storm events, this The “Water Sector Options for India in a flood risk requires further consideration. Changing Climate report” (March,2012)5, Gap: More information on the joint indicated that sea levels have risen by probability of fluvial and tidal flood 1.06-1.75 millimetres per year in the past events is needed. Moreover, the impact century, based on 40 years of records. of climate change tends to increase this Overall, sea level in India has been risk in future. Gap: the impact of climate increasing by 1.3 millimetres per year, change on water levels at Aluva which is consistent with IPCC projections should be assessed. and is anticipated to continue to rise; cyclones will intensify, while the number of cyclones decline.
5. http://sandrp.in/wtrsect/Water_Sector_Options_India_in_Changing_Climate_0312.pdf Future Proofing – Aluva | 133
Flooding from surface water According to the Master Plan document damage to other existing structures. Gap: (Aluva Municipality), there is no proper a surface water management plan Flooding from rivers drainage network in the town. The should be produced to understand the insufficient cross-sectional area, slope and sources of surface water flood risk, Surface water flooding can occur if the also improper maintenance of the existing the mechanisms by which flooding amount of precipitation in an area exceeds drains often lead to stagnation of water happens, and solutions to mitigate the the evaporation rate and infiltration resulting in unpleasant environmental risk. capacity of the soil. Urbanisation also conditions (see photographs below). increases surface runoff, by creating more Gap: an assessment of the current Due to inappropriate surface water impervious surfaces such as pavements drainage network maintenance plan management in Aluva with the existing and buildings that do not allow should be undertaken. Also, it has been surface water network having inadequate percolation of the water down through observed that certain parts of the town capacity and improper maintenance as the soil, instead forcing the water directly such as under flyover, in front of KSRTC discussed above, it is anticipated that this into streams, or storm water runoff bus stand and Railway station experience flood risk is high and has a tendency to drains, thereby contributing to flash flood water logging. The inadequate storage increase in future. events. Gap: planning policy should capacity of the drainage system in Aluva, be reviewed and updated to require is also one of the reasons contributing the uptake of sustainable drainage to surface water flooding, as during systems, and encourage the use of heavy rains the excess rainfall overflows flood resilient designs. the drains, flooding roads and causing Photograph 2 : Photographs depicting dumping of garbage into the drains and their improper maintenance. 134 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Groundwater flood risk and considered to be about 50 to 60 years. Project. Idukki dam is also not one of the quality Thus the dam has already exceeded its safest dams, however, taken individually, normal lifetime by 40 to 50 years. The the probability of a dam failure is very high Little information could be found on dam has been under-designed because at in case of Mullaperiyar and low in case groundwater levels and quality in the time of its construction cement was of Idukki .The real threat will arise, if the the vicinity of Aluva. Gap: data on not available and hence neither a masonry Mullaperiyar dam gives way at the peak groundwater levels and groundwater dam in cement mortar nor a concrete of a heavy monsoon. Though Idukki7 dam quality. dam with cement mortar could be built to may have the capacity to hold the entire ensure better safety standards and even storage at Mullaperiyar, a dam failure the seismic potential was under estimated. during monsoon would present a different Flood risk from dam breach scenario. The waters would bring down There is a residual risk of dam breach The Mullaperiyar dam has a direct bearing much soil and floating debris which can to Aluva from upstream dams with on the safety of the dams of the Idukki clog spillways and exert considerable stress high probability of Mullaperiyar dam on the dams downstream. failure (see figure below). A dam breach report by the Director of Centre of Environmental studies6 (GITAM University, Vishakhapatnam) of Mullaperiyar dam reports that the dam is likely to collapse for several reasons including deterioration of construction materials, frequent earthquakes, emerging extreme floods due to global warming and climate change impact. The report states that in the event of failure of the dam, hundreds and thousands of people in several villages and lakhs of people in major towns and urban settlements are likely to be drowned under varying flood depths with predicted flood depths of more than 38ft for various towns including Aluva. The dam break model was run by assuming that the disaster will occur during a rainy season when all the tributaries of Periyar and the dams over them will be completely full and this additional flood due to Mullaperiyar dam break will cause the flood havoc. The study does not provide any information on the travel time to Aluva. Understanding the travel time of flood waters from a dam breach to Aluva will allow an evacuation plan to be produced. Gap: understanding of travel times and evacuation plan. The Mullaperiyar dam is more than 100 years old whereas the useful life of a well- designed and well-built dam is generally
6. http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/ 7. http://www.expert-eyes.org/mulla1.html files/dam_break_analysis_of_mullaperiyar_dam_prof._shivaji_ rao_2014.pdf Future Proofing – Aluva | 135
APPENDIX E 136 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 137
Appendix E: Solid waste-background
Defining waste Waste hierarchy crucial to improving resource management The internationally recognised waste and minimising environmental impact. Waste is defined in Article hierarchy, shown in figure below, is a Therefore, the strategy for waste 2, paragraph 2 of the Basel widely adopted benchmark for assessing management in Aluva should aim to drive Convention as “substances or the environmental performance of waste up the hierarchy by seeking to objects which are disposed of or are different waste management options prevent, reuse, recycle and recover waste intended to be disposed of or are with different waste practices prioritised as far as possible and consider disposal required to be disposed of by the into the most and least environmentally only when no other alternative is available. provisions of national law.” favourable alternatives. It is important The most common form of waste is to understand the hierarchy of waste Each material within a mixed waste stream municipal solid waste (MSW), and whilst management so different waste options has an inherent resource value which can definitions vary around the world it or opportunities in Aluva can be viewed be retained through the development of typically refers to waste which arises from in the context of their environmental an effective waste management strategy residential, commercial and industrial land preference and level of sustainability. Prior and integrated treatment infrastructure. uses. Characteristically, municipal waste to disposal, it is preferential to first reduce Developing a holistic waste management is a diverse waste stream made up of waste at source, re-use, recycle and then system which adopts the principles of varying, proportions of paper, cardboard, recover energy from waste. Effective the waste hierarchy can account for the plastics, metals, glass, organic food and management of material usage and waste variability and value within each of the green waste. The exact quantities of each through following these principles is waste streams available in Aluva. type of waste are typically dependant on the nature of the land use. Its composition can also vary widely according to its source Prevention country, the type of collection method 01 Lowering the amount of waster produced used (e.g. source segregated or mixed recyclables), and the time of year. Many of these wastes require a distinct method Preparing for reuse Using material repeatedly of management and to ensure effective 02 waste management an integrated collection and treatment infrastructure is Recycling required which is capable of dealing with a 03 Using material to make new products variety of wastes. Other Recovery 04 Recovering energy from waste
Disposal 05 Landfill Fig E1 Waste Hierarchy 138 | Future Proofing – Aluva
India’s regulatory framework The Bio-Medical Rules (Management The Batteries (Management and and Handling), 1998 – amended Handling) Rules, 2001 – amended The Ministry of Environment and Forest in 2003: Require that any institution 2010: Apply to manufacturers, (MoEF) is responsible for planning, generating bio-medical waste take the importers, recyclers and others involved executing and regulating programmes necessary steps to ensure the waste does in the handling, purchasing, selling related to the protection and improvement not have an adverse impact to humans and manufacturing of batteries or of the environment in India. Established and their environment. The Rules provide their components. The Rules require legislation which relates to waste requirements on segregation, treatment, manufacturers to set up collection management includes: storage and disposal. systems for the return of used batteries and that used batteries are sent to Environment Protection Act, 1986: The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and registered recyclers. The Rules also place An overarching legislation for the Usage Rules, 1999: Prohibit the use of responsibility on consumers to ensure protection and improving the quality carry bags or containers made of recycled used batteries are returned to appropriate of the environment and preventing plastics. The Rules require that carry bags collection systems and disposed of safely. environmental pollution. The Act and containers be made of virgin plastic in allows for planning and execution of natural shade or white and be made of a The Plastics (Manufacture, Usage and programmes and actions that aim to minimum thickness of 20 microns. Waste Management) Rules, 2011: prevent, control and abate environmental Address the waste management of all pollution and also provides standards Municipal Solid Waste (Management plastics and promotes recycling, recovery for the quality of the environment and and Handling) Rules, 2000: Apply to and adequate disposal. The Rules hold the emission of pollutants from various municipal authorities responsible for municipalities responsible for engaging sources. the collection, segregation, storage, with producers, recycling facilities, transportation, treatment, processing organisations and informal waste pickers. The Hazardous Waste (Management and disposal of municipal solid waste. and Handling) Rules, 1989 – amended The Rules provide compliance criteria The E-Waste Management and 2008: Establish rules on the storage, for setting up and monitoring waste Handling Rules, 2011: Mandate treatment and disposal of hazardous treatment and disposal facilities, improving responsibility on all parties involved in the waste. It prohibits importing hazardous existing landfill sites and identifying future purchase, selling, collection, treatment waste for disposal into the country and landfill sites. and recycling of e-waste for its end the export of hazardous waste to other disposal. This can be done through countries. The Rules provide further collection systems, public awareness and instructions on importing, exporting and maintaining accurate records of their transporting these wastes. operations. The Rules require registration and authorisation for conducting the aforementioned activities. The Rules state that producers of electronics and electrical equipment remove hazardous substances from their products and limit the concentrations of lead, mercury, cadmium and others. Future Proofing – Aluva | 139
Waste generation tonnes of waste may include waste from In order to plan for a waste management commuters and/ or other towns nearby. system, it is important to understand This figure is expected to increase to 32 the potential volume of different waste tonnes of waste per day in 2031 which streams to inform the forward planning of equates to 11,680 tonnes of waste infrastructure requirements and highlight annually, see Table E2. opportunities for improvement. The current waste arisings shown in Table Aluva is home to one of the oldest and E1 provide a comparison of the waste largest markets in the state of Kerala, generated in Aluva, Kochi and India. where people can purchase fish, meat, vegetables, fruit and other groceries. A Currently, 22 tonnes of waste are Modern Fish Market is under construction generated and collected per day in Aluva and will increase the trade and commerce which totals to approximately 8,030 in the town. It is estimated that tonnes of waste per year . This figure approximately 3 tonnes of waste per day results in a higher per capita generation are generated by the Aluva market. rate compared to Kochi and wider India; therefore, it is assumed that the 22
Table E1 Waste generation in Aluva, Kochi and India
Region Year Population Generation Rate Total Waste (kg/capita/day) (tonnes/day) Aluva7 2011 22,428 0.98 22 Kochi8 2005 595,575* 0.67 399 India8 2006 321,623,271* 0.34 109,352 *Urban population
Table E2 Projected waste generation in Aluva and India Region Year Population Generation Rate Total Waste (kg/capita/day) (tonnes/day) Aluva7 2031 31,825 1.0 32 India8 2025 538,055,000* 0.7 376,639
*Urban population
7. ‘Aluva 2031 Masterplan’, 2015. 8. The World Bank, ‘What A Waste’, 2012. 140 | Future Proofing – Aluva
The waste composition of Aluva is In total, 96% of the houses in Aluva not readily available, but the waste have a septic tank since there is no public composition of India and Kochi are shown sewage system in the town3. There is a in Table E3. It is likely that Aluva will have sewage treatment plant near Aluva in a a similar composition to Kochi with more town close to Asramam Kadavu which than half of its municipal solid waste began operations in 2003, however, comprising of organic waste. The ‘other’ the plant is not functioning properly so category is not clear and may or may not sewage from various parts of the town are include waste that has the potential to be discharged into the Periyar River without recovered. any treatment; there is also no drainage system, so the water drains into the Periyar River.
Table E3 Waste composition in India and Kochi Region Year Organic (%) Paper (%) Plastic (%) Glass (%) Metal (%) Other (%)
Kochi8 2005 57 19 23 India8 2004 35 3 2 1 - 59 Note: numbers may not add up due to rounding
8. The World Bank, ‘What A Waste’, 2012.
Future Proofing – Aluva | 141
Waste collection, transfer and There is no means of treating and treatment disposing of non-biodegradable waste3. A Residents and commercial tenants dispose dump site exists adjacent to Aluva town, of their waste outside their homes and owned by the Aluva Municipality, but shops. 106 workers9, mostly women it is currently not functioning. Medical are employed by a private entity who waste from the hospitals is collected collect the waste from each household and disposed of by IMAGE, a private 3 or commercial property using push carts. contractor . These carts are used to transport the waste to a central point where waste is KITCO Ltd. has submitted a proposal for separated between biodegradable and a new Waste to Energy facility with the non-biodegradable waste streams and are capacity to treat 300 tonnes of waste per discarded onto a truck owned by Aluva year in a 10 acre plot near the current Municipality. There are 29 vehicles used Brahmapuram facility. The goal is for the for the collection and transport of the facility to replace the current one and treat waste to the Brahmapuram waste facility3. non-biodegradable waste while individual households treat biodegradable waste. Aluva Municipality pays the Brahmapuram In addition, there is another proposal waste facility by the tonnage to treat by Tako-Consult, who is representing biodegradable waste. The facility, which ÖKOTEC-Anlagenbau GmbH, for a is owned by a private entity, is used by waste treatment facility in Aluva that will adjacent local bodies of Kochi Corporation combine material sorting, recycling and for waste disposal. There are no alternative energy recovery from organic waste. Both sites to dispose of the waste in case of any facilities aim towards the same long- issues. The Brahmapuram facility has had term vision of providing Aluva and the some challenges in the past with waste surrounding areas with resource efficiency, being dumped on the road, uncontrolled energy recovery and reduction in waste fires and pollution of surrounding water disposal. bodies.
9. WIEGO, ‘Waste Pickers in India’ 142 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Informal sector Resource merchants - purchase the Since 100% of the biodegradable materials which are recovered by waste is collected and transported to others; Brahmapuram for disposal, it is assumed Recyclers - convert the recovered that the non-biodegradable waste is waste materials into valuable materials left in Aluva for informal sorting and and raw materials for consumption in collection by waste pickers, also known as industrial sectors. ‘rag pickers’. Non-biodegradable waste is often left on the streets as litter or Due to the size and importance of outside residences and commercial shops the informal sector in India, various if collection times are missed. It is also organisations have been created to assumed that non-biodegradable waste provide support to this sector. A few mainly constitutes of recyclable materials, well-known organisations are The such as plastic, glass and metal that can be Alliance of Indian Wastepickers (AIW), recovered from the waste stream and sold Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat to reprocessors. (KKPKP) and Solid Waste Collection and Handling (SWaCH), which were created to support activities that integrate waste The informal sector is an important part pickers into the formal sector, ensure of a waste management system as it waste pickers are paid sufficient wages provides jobs and a source of income for and wear proper protective equipment. people who otherwise may find it difficult The Government of India has also taken to obtain work, whilst also contributing steps into the recognition of the informal to the recovery and recycling of materials. sector in the Plastics (Manufacture, Usage The size of the informal waste sector in and Waste Management) Rules 2011 by India is not readily available but various placing responsibility on municipalities studies have provided estimates of various to coordinate waste management cities, with the majority of the waste responsibilities with formal and informal pickers being women and children. Some sectors. examples include: 30,000 in Agmedabad city, 100,000 in Gujarat and 100,000 in Delhi and 6,000 in Pune.
Broadly speaking the informal sector can be divided into:
Cart pushers - collect waste for a fee from properties using specially built hand-pulled carts Scavengers - collect reusable and recyclable waste around the city, both on the landfills and throughout the streets for selling to resource merchants or directly to recycling facilities Future Proofing – Aluva | 143
Waste collection options Formalise waste collection and Formalising the informal sector is a means One of the main collection initiatives segregation for strengthening the economic base of which could be adopted in Aluva is the There is an opportunity in Aluva to the state by recovering taxes from the roll out of separate source segregation formalise separation and collection of economic activities undertaken. Changing or commingled recycling collections for biodegradable and non-biodegradable the waste collection method to include households and commercial premises. waste done by waste collectors and recycling and appropriate processing Since residential and commercial waste pickers. The waste streams infrastructure presents an opportunity to waste is currently being separated into would be separated by households and bring in informal workers in an official biodegradable and non-biodegradable commercial tenants and placed into capacity and builds upon the informal waste streams, there is an opportunity two distinct stacks outside their homes sectors’ strengths in recycling and recovery. for changing the current system of waste and shops. Existing push carts could be Integrating the informal sector in waste collection to one which includes a more converted to contain two compartments, management can also bring opportunities extensive formal recycling collection or waste collectors can be assigned to to document waste generation and service and stores organic waste separately collect specific waste streams so that composition by residents and commercial for treatment in a suitable infrastructure, biodegradable waste is transported establishments, and that information can e.g. AD or composting facilities. The separately to non-biodegradable waste. help develop strategies to manage waste following are two common recycling Biodegradable waste would be transferred in the future. collections practiced in many communities to a central biogas facility, while the around the world: non-biodegradable waste would be It should be noted that adoption of any transported to a sorting facility for further form of widespread recycling service Segregated recycling: a system that segregation into the various recyclable would have to work hand in hand with requires recyclable materials to be materials, such as plastic, glass and a community engagement programme separated at source, which increases metal, in order to be sold to reprocessors. and be implemented with the appropriate the quality and, thus, the economic Collection vehicles would also need to infrastructure and capacity to ensure the value through improved cleanliness have two compartments to maintain the outputs are effectively managed and end and reduced contamination. The wastes separately or certain vehicles could at the correct destination. Changing the downside is that collecting multiple be assigned to pick up only a specific state of the collection system may initially material streams requires collection stream and transport it to its treatment require incentive schemes and awareness vehicles with several compartments or site. campaigns to help increase the rate of a number of vehicle collections, which uptake and motivate individuals and can increase collection costs. Informal waste pickers, would be waste pickers to become involved in waste management. Commingled recycling: a system of employed by either the Aluva Municipality collecting mixed recyclables without or a private entity, which would the need for specialist vehicles i.e. manage wages and provide training on an existing fleet can be used. This proper health and safety measures for minimises collection costs as well as handling and sorting waste. It would be potentially increasing community beneficial to involve current waste picker uptake since it requires less material organisations, such as SWaCH or KKPKP, sorting by waste generators. The who can provide support, supervision downside is that a higher level of and training manuals to educate waste separation and post processing of the pickers and communities on proper collected materials is necessary which waste management activities. This would may also require higher operating result in better work conditions for waste costs. sorters, a more efficient segregation of recyclables and a material that is cleaner and higher quality which can be sold to recycling contractors. 144 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Waste treatment options Composting: a biological process Mechanical biological treatment There are a number of treatment options in which micro-organisms convert (MBT): designed to separate a mixed available which could enhance the solid biodegradable organic matter into a general waste stream into several waste management system in Aluva and stabilised residue known as compost. components to maximise the potential the surrounding areas. These may be Windrow-based composting is suitable for recycling and recovery. Facilities implemented singly or in combination in for green waste and is carried out are generally comprised of a variety order to recover the valuable materials that either in the open air or in ‘windrow of different technologies and can be are not currently captured in the waste sheds’. In-vessel composting (IVC) is tailored to serve a range of uses. This stream. usually in enclosed halls and has a may include combinations of a MRF, an greater level of process control. anaerobic digester and a composting Before implementing changes to the Anaerobic digestion (AD): facility. A common aspect of all MBT current waste management system, the uses micro-organisms to process plants is that waste is sorted into its first step is to engage the community, biodegradable waste into a biogas and different fractions using mechanical gain feedback on any proposals and a nutrient rich digestate. The biogas means resulting in segregated ensure that residents will participate in the resulting from the process contains recyclables, an organic fraction which schemes proposed. Ultimately, achieving a high proportion of methane which undergoes further processing, and a a high level of community engagement is is suitable for energy recovery and proportion of rejected materials. one of the main factors in ensuring that the residual digestate can be used as Waste to energy (WtE): waste is any developed infrastructure will succeed. an effective fertiliser. An anaerobic placed into a furnace and combusted digester helps mitigate the emissions at high temperatures to recover energy It is also necessary to develop a of methane which would otherwise from steam and sometimes heat. comprehensive and integrated waste occur as landfill gas when food waste Incineration can reduce most wastes to management strategy to obtain is disposed of in landfill. 85% of their original volume and can comprehensive and accurate data on the Material recovery facilities have strong benefits for clinical and current state and system of solid waste (MRF): sort and separate mixed hazardous wastes where the toxins management. This includes updated waste or recyclables into individual and pathogens can be destroyed by waste tonnage data, a detailed waste materials using a series of manual the high temperatures. characterisation study and analysis to and automatic sorting processes prior Advanced thermal treatment assess viability of a number of waste to their dispatch to re-processors. (ATT): thermal WtE process which management scenarios. Accurate data is They are normally operated as part uses heat to break down waste. Most critical in order to set up a robust baseline of waste systems which incorporate technologies use thermal degradation that represents the current situation for recycling collections. A clean MRF is of materials involving limited or no Aluva and can be used to develop a waste designed to process source separated oxygen. Gases can be combined with management strategy over the coming dry recyclables whilst a dirty MRF is engines which generate electricity years and into the long term future. designed to process mixed waste. more efficiently than steam turbines. Clean MRFs usually result in a reject Whilst there are several different There are different treatments which rate of 3 to 10% of the total input variations and hybrids, the most can be used to extract benefits from the whilst dirty MRFs reject around 85 to common technologies are generally municipal waste stream and maximise 95% due to the contamination of the recognised as Pyrolysis, Gasification resource value. Some of the most common recyclable material within the domestic and Plasma. treatment methods are described below: waste stream. Future Proofing – Aluva | 145
Materials recycling Facility (MRF) Anaerobic digestion (AD) facility It is recommended to implement one The segregation of non-biodegradable Currently, the 2031 Aluva plan proposes centralised Anaerobic Digestion facility, waste and employment of workers to the installation of biogas plants in the which receives biodegradable waste from manually sort and separate recyclables can Aluva market and in each household with households, commercial units and the be coupled with the installation of a basic a subsidy from the Aluva Municipality. Aluva market. By treating biodegradable recycling infrastructure or a MRF, which Although this is considered to be a step waste, Aluva can recover energy and would formalise the sorting process, in the right direction towards resource discontinue its use of the Brahmapuram employ informal waste pickers and provide recovery, a recommended approach is facility enabling funds to be reallocated to a safer and regulated environment for to implement one centralised Anaerobic improving local waste collection, recycling material sorting. It is important to secure Digestion facility, which receives and treatment. It is recommended for the markets for these materials so that the biodegradable waste from households, facility to be installed in a strategic location revenue from selling them to reprocessors commercial units and the Aluva market. By (e.g. next to a waste water treatment can be used to fund workers’ wages and treating biodegradable waste, Aluva can plant for the use of sludge), developed by the facility’s maintenance. Any residual recover energy and discontinue its use of a private entity and supported by a service/ waste that cannot be recovered would be the Brahmapuram facility enabling funds gate fee payable by the Municipality with disposed of in a nearby landfill. to be reallocated to improving local waste the opportunity to offset the fee with the collection, recycling and treatment. revenue of electricity, digestate and carbon Sorters would be provided with protective credits, whose end markets will need to be gear (e.g. gloves, hair net, face mask), The current waste arisings in Aluva are secured. adequate wages and training. This facility approximately 8,000 tonnes of waste could also receive waste from adjacent per year with the possibility of reaching The development of an AD plant can towns or industries in order to increase an estimated 12,000 annually in 2031. also provide an opportunity to become capacity and funds and costs associated Using an estimated composition of 50% involved in The Clean Development with this type of facility can be offset biodegradable waste, it can be assumed Mechanism (CDM). This is one of the with revenue from recyclates and private that Aluva would need an AD plant with ‘flexible mechanisms’ created by the investor funds. Integration of waste from the capacity to treat 4,000 to 6,000 United Nations Framework Convention industries would to undergo an initial tonnes of waste annually. The AD plant on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to help assessment to classify the waste and could be located in a strategic location countries achieve emissions reductions set ensure it can be processed in the MRF that is easily accessible by the collection out under the Kyoto Protocol, which is a along with the municipal solid waste. vehicles; possible locations include near voluntary international treaty for achieving As an example, hazardous waste from the proposed waste water treatment plant a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions chemical plants and construction facilities or the current surface water treatment and the impact of climate change. The can pose health and safety risks to the plant. The proximity of these sites can CDM aims to promote a reduction in material sorters in the MRF and would provide an opportunity to mix the greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable need to be treated in a specialised facility resulting sludge with the biodegradable development of developing nations by prior to safe disposal. waste in the AD plant. AD plants vary in allowing Annex 1 countries (industrialised cost depending on various parameters, nations) to purchase Certified Emissions including land area, process efficiency, Reductions (CERs), also known as carbon technology type, input materials and credits, originating from projects in non- revenue from outputs. Annex 1 countries (mostly developing nations) to offset their own emissions. CERs are a form of currency for trading in carbon and can be bought or sold; one CER is equivalent to the successful reduction of one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). 146 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Waste data baseline research Governance and stakeholder Public awareness programmes There are a number of treatment options engagement Awareness programmes should be For the development of the treatment targeted at all wards and pilot projects facilities, detailed data gathering is can be initiated in the Aluva Market or essential in order to understand the Integrated waste management plan with a few households to work out the process and mechanism for bringing volume and composition of waste that will The Aluva Municipality plays a key role the change. The Aluva Municipality be treated and recovered. The waste data in improving waste management and should engage with all stakeholders will need to undergo periodic auditing, priority needs to be placed on developing and assign roles and responsibilities, so so a simple waste software programme an integrated waste management plan that everyone is involved in the waste should be implemented to update, store, for Aluva. This will help identify key goals management plan. In addition, existing track and review the data. This should and outcomes for waste management; local community groups can be leveraged be an ongoing process that links directly collate and review existing data, in order to spread the word and work with policy/ strategy formulation and policies, current practices and identify with women and their families. Referring infrastructure development. The baseline gaps between baseline data and future to the top of the waste hierarchy; data will help Aluva understand the goals; link existing views and objectives ‘prevention’ further opportunities exist to capacity of the infrastructure, secure together to provide a clear way forward; educate residents in how they generate markets to sell the recovered outputs and and engage with other departments waste. A waste minimisation campaign obtain the funds needed to construct and within the Municipality and with wider could be implemented since the most maintain the facilities in the future. stakeholders. The plan could be developed environmentally beneficial and cost by a consultant with ongoing monitoring effective way of managing waste is to and review undertaken in house by the reduce the initial problem. This type of government staff. The plan will also be a campaign may include initiatives which long term and ongoing priority but will encourage a change in procurement be important in facilitating the delivery of goods, consumption and disposal of an effective and sustainable waste habits so that waste is segregated into management system in Aluva. appropriate streams and littering is kept at a minimum. The initial stage of any waste The awareness programme should also management system starts with the waste leverage the national campaign by the generator. A crucial part of any waste Government of India called Swachh management system includes engaging Bharat Abhiyan ‘Clean India Mission’, and educating individuals on the impact which aims to clean the streets, roads that their waste has on the environment. and infrastructure of the country. The Members of the public need to be campaign has gained a lot of support from encouraged to develop an ownership government employees, schools, colleges for their community and embrace issues, and celebrities. Some of the many aims of such as waste management, in order for the programme focuses on improvements schemes to be effectively delivered. in solid waste management, sanitary conditions and health education, which are aligned with the waste management improvements objectives in Aluva. Future Proofing – Aluva | 147
Existing local community groups can Community contributions of roughly also be leveraged in order to spread the 20% can be sourced and the remaining word and work with women and their funds can be obtained from external families. As an example, Kudumbashree stakeholders. As areas begin to adopt was launched by the Kerala government best practices, costs can be reduced and in 1998 and has a large community reallocated elsewhere. base covering more than half of the Kerala households. Its mission is to end Awareness campaign should focus on the poverty and improve the lives’ of women following areas: and their families in the area, which is directly linked with improving waste Segregation at source (biodegradable management and creating safe working and non-biodegradable waste); conditions for individuals making a living Behaviour change; from sorting and selling waste. Hazards of ineffective management of It is important that continued and waste (e.g. littering, pollution); persistent efforts are made to ensure that Awareness regarding the 3Rs of waste the level of engagement is sustained. This (reduce, reuse and recycle); and is particularly the case when a system Obtaining an economic value from is undertaking any form of change, as waste (e.g. selling recyclables to is presently occurring in Aluva, with an reprocessors). attempt to shift away from disposal to one with a greater level of recycling and recovery. Public awareness campaigns Major activities in public awareness could should be coordinated and phased to include: coincide with the roll-out of a new waste management system. Local committees responsible for specific areas of waste management In order to be effective, the measures (e.g. sorting, collection, waste pickers) outlined will require further education which are supervised by the Aluva of residents and increased engagement Municipality to review the progress of all stakeholders, including the and effectiveness of the system; Municipality, commercial tenants, Formation of residential welfare residents, teachers, NGOs and private associations that can communicate sector businesses. It will be essential to information to the community; increase government enforcement to ensure new systems and regulations Hoardings and displays in the public are being followed and resources are transport system and the Aluva Market allocated efficiently. to educate residents, tenants and commuters on waste management Initiatives can be funded by involving practices; various stakeholders into the waste Training school teachers to teach management system and existing public students good waste management funds need to be allocated to waste practices (e.g. no littering, segregated management and spent efficiently. waste streams), who in turn can teach their families at home. 148 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Table E4 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities in waste management
Stakeholders Role
Practice source reduction and source segregation Cooperate with civic bodies in identification of sites for waste Public management facilities and their operation Pay for waste management Maintain waste management as a priority Provide infrastructural inputs and services Implement legislation and punish violators Compliment public and private participation Municipality / Politicians Enlist informal sector participation Maintain an up to date database Set environmental regulations and standards, monitor, enforce Provide adequate resource allocation Define spaces for waste management facilities City planners Integrate the environment in developmental planning Take the lead in forming ward committees and community participation groups NGO’s and people institutions Try and involve unemployed youths Organise / Sponsor public awareness campaigns Influence behavioural change in solid waste management Inform the youth of the hazards posed by inadequate waste Teachers / academia management practices Carry out relevant research and development Volunteer with public awareness campaigns Senior citizens Facilitate collection of waste Children / students Segregate waste into appropriate streams Ensure that waste is properly discarded (e.g. no littering) Vendors /Shop owners Ensure waste is placed outside the shop during collection times. Follow best practices for storing, collecting, treating and disposing of Hospitals bio-medical wastes Sponsor public awareness campaigns and collection schemes
Private entities / waste sector / Share the knowledge and ensure best practices are followed industries Coordinate efforts with other sectors and companies Incorporate environmental considerations into business Future Proofing – Aluva | 149
Recommendations 3. Improve governance and stakeholder engagement by integrating the The proposed Metro Rail project will community to the waste management increase Aluva’s development and attract system, increasing government commuters to the area. The population enforcement, identifying roles and in Aluva is expected to increase by responsibilities for each stakeholder 50% in the coming years, thus also and increasing public awareness in increasing the solid waste generation in order to gradually begin behaviour the area. A potential exists to improve change in waste management. waste management and, thus, improve sanitation and cleanliness and provide A vast array of potential options are environmental benefits through energy available and the next step is to develop production and better management of an integrated waste management waste. plan, which will require gathering detailed data on waste generation and The following are the recommended composition in Aluva; defining short actions which can be implemented and long term objectives to improving to improve Aluva’s current waste waste management; integrating external management system. stakeholders that can provide funds and training; and planning a way forward for 1. Establish segregation of biodegradable Aluva’s future needs. and non-biodegradable waste in households and the formal collection of the two streams and formalise the informal sector by integrating it into the collection and segregation of recyclable materials, training waste pickers on safe waste management practices and providing them with a facility to sort through waste;
2. Install a centralised Materials Recycling Facility to sort and recycling waste and a centralised Anaerobic Digestion facility to treat the biodegradable waste, generate energy and move away from disposal; and 150 | Future Proofing – Aluva
APPENDIX F Future Proofing – Aluva | 151
Appendix F: Sewage
Quantity of sewage Sewage Treatment plant Considering 200 lpcd as water supply and Augmentation of existing sewage sewage generated as 80% of the total treatment plant water supply, below table is developed As the treatment plant was recently to illustrate the quantity of sewage built in year 2006, it is proposed to be generated for the projected population. used to reduce the load on the new STPs. However, the structural stability of Sewer networks the components and the condition of At present there is no sewer network in electromechanical equipment need to the town. It is proposed to collect sewage be investigated to identify the required from every household/property and convey rehabilitation works. Requirements of any through the sewer networks and sewage additional treatment units to be assessed pumping stations. The optimum size of to meet the part of future demand. The sewers to be established considering the treatment plant need to be regularly flow. Number of sewage pumping stations operated and maintained in future so that need to minimised to avoid operational the objective of meeting the minimum costs. requirement of effluent quality to discharge to the River Periyar is met.
Table F1 Estimated quantity of sewage for Aluva
Year Projected population Net water supply Total sewage (mid) generated (mid) 2021 29,940 6.0 4.8 2031 34,944 7.0 5.6 2041 40,480 8.0 6.5 2051 44,800 9.0 7.2 152 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Conventional treatment system ConventionalFigure treatment 24. Overview plant includes of Sewage below Treatment units and operationalProcess process.
Wastewater Source Preliminary Treatment Preliminary Treatment
Secondary Clarifier Aeration
Disinfection Tertiary Treatment Preliminary Treatment
Figure F1 Conventional treatment plant
Preliminary treatment OR OR Screening: Bar racks and screens to remove the floating, Aerobic biological attached growth Anaerobic stabilization of organic suspended solids process sludge Grit Removal Grit chamber to Trickling filter / Rotating biological Anaerobic digester to convert remove the inorganic suspended contactor to convert colloidal, organic matter into methane solids dissolved and residual suspended and carbon dioxide and organic organic matter into settleable relatively stable residue Primary Sedimentation: Primary biofloc and stable inorganics sedimentation tanks to remove Tertiary treatment organic and inorganic suspended Modification to the secondary solids treatment process to remove Anaerobic biological growth processes Secondary treatment phosphorus and nitrogen Anaerobic filter / reactor, fluid Chlorination for disinfecting the Aerobic biological suspended bed submerged media / upflow effluent growth process anaerobic sludge blanket reactor Activated sludge process units / anaerobic rotating biological / waste stabilisation ponds / contactor to convert organic Aerated lagoons, to convert matter into methane and carbon colloidal, dissolved and dioxide and organic relatively residual suspended organic stable residue matter into settleable biofloc and stable inorganics Future Proofing – Aluva | 153
Table F2 Assessment of technology options for sewage treatment plant
1. Criteria ASP UASB+ASP SBR MBBR MBR WSP
Performance in Terms of Quality of Treated Sewage Potential of Meeting the +++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++ RAPs TSS, BOD, and COD Discharge Standards Potential of Total / Faecal +++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Coliform Removal Potential of DO in Effluent +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Potential for Low ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Initial/Immediate Oxygen Demand Potential for Nitrogen + + ++++ ++ ++ + Removal (Nitrification- Denitrification)
Potential for Phosphorous + + ++++ ++ ++ + Removal Performance Reliability ++++ ++ ++ +++ ++++ ++ Impact of Effluent Discharge Potential of No Adverse ++ ++ +++ +++ ++++ +++ Impact on Land Potential of No Adverse +++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ +++ Impact on Surface Waters Potential of No Adverse +++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ ++ Impact on Ground Waters Potential for Economically Viable Resource Generation Manure / Soil Conditioner Fuel Economically Viable Electricity Generation/Energy Recovery Food 154 | Future Proofing – Aluva
1. Criteria ASP UASB+ASP SBR MBBR MBR WSP
Impact of STP Potential of No Adverse ++ + +++ +++ +++ ++ Impacts on Health of STP Staff/Locals Potential of No Adverse +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ++++ Impacts on Surrounding Building/Properties Potential of Low Energy ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++++ Requirement Potential of Low Land +++ ++ +++ +++ ++++ + Requirement Potential of Low Capital ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++++ Cost Potential of Low ++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ Recurring Cost Potential of Low ++ ++ ++ ++ + +++ Reinvestment Cost
Potential of Low Level of +++ ++ +++ + + ++++ Skill in Operation Potential of Low Level of +++ ++++ +++ ++ + ++++ Skill in Maintenance Track Record ++++ +++ +++ + + ++ Typical Capacity Range, All flows All flows All flows Smaller Smaller All flows MLD + : Low; ++ : Medium; +++ : High; ++++ : Very High
ASP: Activated Sludge Process UASB: Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket WSP: Waste Stabilisation Pond MBBR: Moving Bed Biological Reactor EA: Extended Aeration SBR: Sequential Batch Reactor MBR: Membrane Bio Reactor Future Proofing – Aluva | 155
Decentralized sewage treatment The system operates without mechanical approach is an effective, efficient and system means and sewage flows by gravity affordable wastewater treatment solution Decentralized Wastewater Treatment through the different components of for not only small and medium sized Systems (DEWATS) is rather a technical the system. up to 1,000 cubic metre of enterprises but also for the un-served approach than merely a technology domestic and non-toxic industrial sewage (rural and urban) households in developing package. Generically, DEWATS are locally can be treated by this system. DEWATS countries. For instance, DEWATS can organized and people-driven systems that applications are based on the principle of operate in individual households, at the typically consist of a settler, anaerobic low-maintenance since most important neighbourhood level and even in small baffled septic tank, filter bed of gravel, parts of the system work without electrical and big factories not connected to sewage sand, plantation-beds and a pond as energy inputs and cannot be switched off lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal shown in below figure. The open pond intentionally. waste. The recycled water is used for or the polishing tank stores the remedied irrigation or for growing plants and is water and keeps it available for re-use. DEWATS applications provide state-of- absolutely safe for human use. In certain the-art-technology at affordable prices urban areas the processed water is taken because all of the materials used for for use as flush- water in toilets. construction are locally available. DEWATS
Gas Biogas Manholes Inflow Inflow Outflow Outflow Scum Scum Settling particles Sedimentation
Sludge Primary sludge Inoculation of wastewater with active sludge Separation chamber Polishing Multi-Baffled Septic Tank with Upflows Baffled Septic Tank
Gas Manhole
Inflow Outflow Scum Charging of sludge Outflow Sludge
Sedimentation tank Filter units Multi-Baffled Septic Filter Reactor with Upflows Planted Filters with Cross-Flows of Water
Figure F2 DEWATS main components 156 | Future Proofing – Aluva
Package treatment system and decrease the BOD in the effluent, There are various manufacturers who sedimentation of bio mass in tube settler, provide package treatment plants filtration and activated carbon filtration with wide range of packaged sewage of sewage through Pressure Sand Filters treatment plant that are used for treating and Activated Carbon Filters and finally sewage generated by large colonies, chlorination of sewage for disinfection. hotels, hospitals and institutions/ commercial buildings and others. The The treated effluent water can be further entire package unit is skid mounted polished through Tertiary treatment with and can be installed near to the sewage Filtration plant, Activated Carbon Filter receiving underground tank. After and Softeners to produce clean, clear treatment, the treated water can be and hardness free water for reuse in the reused for gardening or can be disposed industries for Cooling Tower make up or of. The packaged Sewage treatment gardening purpose plant uses all the treatments of aerobic system. It includes Aeration by air diffuser to increase the dissolved oxygen
Retention time : 6-8 hours
SEWAGE TREATED WATER
P Sedimentation tank
Return sludge
Retention time : 12 - 16 hours Nitrified liquor
SEWAGE Nitrifier TREATED WATER Oxic tank
Mixer P Sedimentation tank
Return sludge
Figure F3 Typical package treatment components Future Proofing – Aluva | 157
APPENDIX G 158 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 159
Screening of future proofing policies
IONS AN ISS D EN EM ER N G O Y B U R S A 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 E C 41 42 43 44 45 46 48
49 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
8 17 18 19 R S 20 21 22 23 ES K 9 O IS U R 10 11 12 50 51 52 67 R E C T 53 E A 13 14 15 16 68 96 100 A M I 27 28 56 57 58 N L D C
59 74 75 76 77 78 E
C
79 80 81 85 90 91 97 O 3 4 5 6 S
98 99 101 102 Y S
73 24 25 26 47 92 T
7 69 70 71 E
54 55 82 83 M
72 88 89 93 R I
84 86 87 S
K 94 95 S
As a screening process the project team, considered the 39 driving and parking management and calming portfolio of future proofing policies which were potentially measures (demand reduction in certain central areas) relevant to Aluva. A list of 100 policies was considered for 44 high quality walking and cycling infrastructure inclusion in the Aluva Framework and action plan which address Carbon emissions and climate risk and resource 45 intelligent transport systems and ecosystem risks. These policies are listed below. The 50 use of local and resource efficient materials figure above highlights which risks each policy addresses; in building construction (heritage related) e.g. many polices address multiple environmental risks. procurement modalities 71 sustainable urban drainage schemes Key stakeholders/governance - committees 73 building latrines 76 improved provision, management and maintenance Policies from FPC of water and sanitation systems (including waste water 13 policies to support low carbon, resource efficient, treatment plants) and climate resilient innovation and deployment 77 climate resilient/water efficient landscaping 16 land management policies and property rights 79 watershed reforestation/restoration 17 mixed use zoning 80 waste collection and solid waste management 18 Mass transite orientated development plans 81 city/neighbourhood recycling/composting/green 19 pedestrian and bike orientated development plans exchange schemes 21 increased density incentive/standards (also 82 coastal and fluvial defences (hard infrastructure) heritage) 83 riverbank stabilisation 24 restricted development on vulnerable land 84 flood resilience or resistant infrastructure design 28 greenspace zoning 85 reforestation in flood buffer areas 30 park and ride 86 emergency evaluations plans/disaster response 33 metro and urban rail services 97 tree planting programmes/reforestation 34 improvements in public transportation information 98 measures to avoid deforestation in catchment 160 | Future Proofing – Aluva Future Proofing – Aluva | 161 For more information please contact: Roger Savage Tel: +44 (0) 2071212000 Email: [email protected]
Registered office: Atkins, Woodcote Grove, Ashley Road, Epsom Surrey KT18 5BW United Kingdom Enquiries: Tel: +44 (0)1372 72 6140 Fax: +44 (0)1372 74 0055 Email: [email protected] www.atkinsglobal.com
www.atkinsglobal.com
The Atkins logo, ‘Carbon Critical Design’ and the strapline ‘Plan Design Enable’ are trademarks of Atkins Ltd.
© Atkins Ltd except where stated otherwise.