ALUVA June 2015 Atkins in partnership with Notice WS Atkins International Ltd assumes no responsibility to any other party in respect of or arising out of or in connection with this document and/or its contents. © 2015, All rights reserved ALUVA June 2015 About the project partners Atkins Atkins is one of the world’s leading infrastructure and design companies, with the depth and breadth of technical expertise to respond to the world’s most complex infrastructure and environmental challenges. These include responding to the increasing rate of urbanisation and the urgent transition to a low carbon economy. Atkins works with municipal authorities, national and regional government, development agencies, private sector companies, and other stakeholders to develop and implement strategic plans and investment projects to shape and manage the future growth of cities. With over 17,000 employees worldwide, Atkins is able to bring together its technical knowledge across a wide range of disciplines such as transport, water, energy, design, architecture, climate science, ecology, planning, and economics to help cities and those investing in them to act upon the long term opportunities and challenges of resource use and a changing climate. Our international work spans Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America. Through our ‘Carbon Critical’ initiative Atkins has developed a range of bespoke tools to reduce the carbon emissions associated with major urban infrastructure programmes including a low carbon masterplanning tool to reduce city carbon footprints. International network for traditional building, architecture and urbanism (INTBAU): The International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism, INTBAU, is primarily a network dedicated to the creation of humane and harmonious buildings and places which respect local traditions. The secretariat of the organisation is based in London, United Kingdom, under the Patronage of HRH The Prince of Wales. 24 national Chapters of INTBAU are established as independent, affiliated charities in countries around the world. INTBAU is a worldwide organisation dedicated to the support of traditional building, the maintenance of local character and the creation of better places to live. We are developing an active network of individuals and institutions who design, make, maintain, study or enjoy traditional building, architecture and places. INTBAU’s varied international programme of events brings together network members, practitioners, artisans and students. By education and training in traditional architecture, urbanism and the building crafts, we encourage people to maintain and restore traditional buildings, and to build new buildings and places that contribute to traditional environments and improve the quality of life in cities, towns and villages around the world. INTBAU’s network of nearly 5,000 members and affiliated institutions is a global force for the continuity of tradition in architecture and building and the promotion of traditional urban design. Our network works to develop programmes tailored to local needs on every continent. National chapters have been formed in Afghanistan, Albania, Australia, Canada, Cuba, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, India, Iran, Ireland, Island States (based in Mauritius), Italy, the Netherlands, Nigeria, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Scandinavia, Spain, the UK and the USA. 00 Glossary and abbreviations 9 01 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15 Introduction 19 02 URBAN DIAGNOSTICS & RISK ASSESSMNET Urban Diagnostic & Risk Assessment 27 SWOT 1 32 SWOT 2 33 03 FRAMEWORK AND PROJECTS Risk Assessment 47 Projects 51 Theme 1: Flooding 53 Theme 2: Sanitation 61 Theme 3: Solid waste management 65 Theme 4: Urban design 74 Theme 5: Transportation 84 04 IMPLEMENTATION 93 05 NEXT STEPS 103 06 APPENDICES Appendix A - Future proofing methodology 107 Appendix B - Native flora 111 Appendix C - Aluva training programme 117 Appendix D - Flooding and surface drainage 127 Appendix E - Solid waste background 137 Appendix F - Sewage 151 Appendix G - Screening of future proofing policies 159 CONTENTS 8 | Future Proofing – Aluva Atkins in partnership with Future Proofing – Aluva | 9 Glossary and abbreviations Glossary of Terms Adaptation to climate change: Adjustment in natural Geospatial: A term describing the analysis of data using a or human systems (e.g. cities) in response to actual or geographical base. expected climate hazards or their effects. It moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities of climate Greenhouse gas emissions: Emissions from the burning change. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement and include including anticipatory, autonomous and planned carbon dioxide produced during the consumption of solid, adaptation. liquid, and gas fuels and fas flaring. Blue-green infrastructure services: represent the Green infrastructure: Refers to an interconnected sum of natural and manmade infrastructure covering network of natural and greenhuman-made features, such the hydrological cycle (blue infrastructure), natural as forests, extensive grasslands, wetlands, but in cities also habitat, ecosystems and urban greenspace (green parks, gardens, cemeteries, trees at streets, green walls infrastructure). The approach to blue-green infrastructure and roofs. adopts a systems view in order to identify the links and interconnections between issues in order to avoid Groundwater table: The level of the water located disbenefits and help to maximise win-wins. By taking this beneath the earth’s surface. Often depleted by wells, approach wider range of socioeconomic and quality of life irrigation and poor water management. benefits can be delivered. Informal settlements: Term often used to describe a Capacity to act: There is a wide range of definitions slum or shanty town. Often areas where groups of housing according to the specific context. We define this as a units have been constructed on land that the occupants city’s capacity and willingness to respond positively to have no legal claim to or occupy illegally. They are often environmental risks. This is shaped by the economic unplanned where the housing is not in a compliance with and institutional attributes of a city and its actors, which current planning and building regulations. determine the degree of its capability to respond to risks. Low carbon urban trajectory: An alternative Catalytic financing: The process whereby official development pathway that reduces carbon emissions financing from an agency (often the government) versus a business-as-usual trajectory. encourages further financing (often from the private sector). Mitigation (to climate change): An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the anthropogenic forcing of the Climate hazards: Refers to the risks posed by natural climate system. It includes strategies to reduce greenhouse climatic processes and are often exacerbated by climate gas sources and emissions and enhancing greenhouse change. For example: flooding, cyclones and landslides. gas sinks. Climate change: The United Nations Framework Natural resources: Naturally occurring resources used by Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate humans. Natural resources can include, amongst others, change as ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly air, water, wood, and fossil fuels. or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to Peri-urban: Land that is immediately adjoining an natural climate variability observed over comparable time urban area. periods’. Resilience: The ability of a social or ecological system Compact city: A high density urban settlement with to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic mixed land uses and access to an efficient public transports structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self- system. The efficient urban layout encourages walking and organisation and the capacity to adapt to stress cycling, low energy consumption and reduced pollution. and change. Ecosystem services: The benefits people receive from ecosystems including products like clean drinking water and processes such as the decomposition of wastes. Atkins in partnership with 10 | Future Proofing – Aluva Risk: There are a wide range of definitions of risk Urbanisation: Is the physical growth of urban areas as a depending on the context reflecting the very different result of rural migration and even suburban concentration approaches to risk management taken in different into cities. Often linked with modernisation, development approaches to risk management taken in different fields. and industrialisation. In the context of this report, we refer to risk broadly as the potential that the ‘activities’ of cities which drive carbon Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect: The increased emission and pressure on natural resources and ‘events’ in temperature of the urban air compared to its rural the form of climate hazards and external pressures on the surroundings. The difference is particularly stark at night. resources used by cities will have an undesirable impact. Urban sprawl: The outwards spreading of a city through The Global South: A generic term generally used the expansion of low-density development that increases to describe countries with a medium or low Human car usage. Development Index score, which is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, standards of living, Vulnerability: A variety of definitions exist