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Reviving Higher Education in India,” Brookings India Research Paper No Copyright © 2019 Brookings Institution India Center No. 6, Second Floor, Dr Jose P Rizal Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021 Recommended citation: Ravi, Shamika; Gupta, Neelanjana & Nagaraj, Puneeth: “Reviving Higher Education in India,” Brookings India Research Paper No. 112019-01 ISBN 978-81-941963-4-1 The Brookings Institution India Center serves as a platform for cutting-edge, independent, policy-relevant research and analysis on the opportunities and challenges facing India and the world. The Center is based in New Delhi, and registered as a company limited by shares and not for profi t, under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956. Established in 2013, the Center is the third and newest overseas center of the Washington, D.C.-based Brookings Institution. Our work is centered on the Brookings motto of “Quality. Independence. Impact.” All content reflects the individual views of the author(s). Brookings India does not hold an institutional view on any subject. Designed by Mukesh Rawat Acronyms AICTE All India Council for Technical Education AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences AISHE All India Survey on Higher Education CSIR Council of Scientifi c and Industrial Research CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DEC District Education Council DNEP16 Draft National Education Policy 2016 DNEP19 Draft National Education Policy 2019 GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrolment Ratio GERD Gross Expenditure on Research and Development GNP Gross National Product HECI Higher Education Commission of India HEFA Higher Education Funding Agency HEGC Higher Education Grants Council HEI Higher Education Institution ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research IIM Indian Institute of Management IISc Indian Institute of Science IIT Indian Institute of Technology IoE Institution of Eminence ISB Indian School of Business ICSSR Indian Council of Social Science Research MCI Medical Council of India MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council NBA National Board of Accreditation NCHER National Commission for Higher Education and Research NEP National Education Policy NHERA National Higher Education Regulatory Authority of India OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development R&D Research and Development RUSA Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan SHEC State Higher Education Councils STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics UGC University Grants Commission UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank many people for their contributions to this study. We thank Dr. Garima Malik for her extensive comments and suggestions on the original draft. In addition, we would like to thank Prof. Ashok Misra, Dr. Braj Bihari Kumar, Prof. M. R. Rao, Mr. R. Subrahmanyam and Mr. Sudhir Mankad for their valuable insights. We would also like to thank Zehra Kazmi and Rohan Laik for editing this report, and Aditi Sundan and Mukesh Rawat for their work on designing the report. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings India publication are solely those of its authors, and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its other scholars. Brookings India does not hold an institutional view on any subject. Table of Contents List of Tables & List of Figures .........................................................................................................07 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................08 CHAPTER 01: Capacity: Enrolment, Employment and Quality .............................10 1.1 Growth of the higher education sector in India ................................................................................................... 11 1.2 GER: International comparison .................................................................................................................................12 1.3 Enrolment .........................................................................................................................................................................14 1.4 Graduation and Employment .....................................................................................................................................17 1.5 Quality of institutions ..................................................................................................................................................19 1.6 Faculty ...............................................................................................................................................................................21 1.7 Summary of recommendations ...............................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 02: Governance and Accountability .........................................................27 2.1 The affi liating model and the demand for autonomy .......................................................................................28 2.2 The meaning and effect of autonomy ....................................................................................................................30 2.3 Cluster universities ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.4 Accountability in HEIs ................................................................................................................................................34 2.5 Summary of recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 03: Funding: Effi ciency, Transparency and Affordability ...................38 3.1 Expenditure on higher education............................................................................................................................39 3.2 Government spending on higher education ........................................................................................................40 3.3 Institution-level funding ............................................................................................................................................44 3.4 Funding private institutions .....................................................................................................................................46 3.5 Summary of recommendations ...............................................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 04: Research and Innovation ..................................................................... 51 4.1 The research landscape .............................................................................................................................................. 52 4.2 Research capacity ........................................................................................................................................................ 53 4.3 Funding ............................................................................................................................................................................62 4.4 Summary of recommendations ...............................................................................................................................66 CHAPTER 05: Regulatory System ................................................................................67 5.1 Blueprint of the regulatory structure of Indian higher education ................................................................68 5.2 Key regulatory issues ..................................................................................................................................................69 5.3 Review of recent committee recommendations and draft policies ..............................................................71 5.4 Summary of recommendations ...............................................................................................................................76 References ...............................................................................................................................................77 Reviving Higher Education in India List of Tables Table 1 Higher Education Expansion in India Table 2 Top 10 Most Popular Programmes Table 3 Growth in PhD Enrolments Table 4 Pass Percentages of Top 10 Most Popular Programmes Table 5 Affi liated Colleges per Affi liating University Table 6 Cluster Universities Table 7 Government Spending on Higher Education Table 8 Government Expenditure on Higher Education, Share of GNP (1990-2004) Table 9 Government Expenditure on Higher Education, Share of GDP (2008-2015) Table 10 Government Expenditure on Technical and University Education Table 11 Budget Allocation towards Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Table 12 Government Expenditure on Scholarships Table 13 Cost of Pursuing Engineering and Technical Education Table 14 Top 10 Most Popular PhD Disciplines Table 15 Journals Indexed in Web of Science and Scopus Table 16 Journals and Articles Published, by Subject Category Table 17 Number of Research Publications for Select Institutions (2004-2019) Table 18 SCImago Journal & Country Rank Table 19 Expenditure on R&D by Cooperative Research Associations List of Figures Figure 1 Gross
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