Syreford Mill: The Finds 327

1.31

1.30

. ' ; ' ,, I I I

If

11 lt

0 50mm

1.37 1.38 0- e 9• --~.. I ~

Fig 138 Brooches. Scale 1:1

triple moulded element, below a double one and, on each ent cross-flute with cross-cut borders under a narrower side, a wing with a vertical moulding and ending in a boss. section with three cross-mouldings. Under it only one The lower bow has two groups of three cross-mouldings cross-moulding survives. W L Cox Collection, no 30. and a plain bossed foot-knob. Andoversford Bypass, no 21, 31 Fig 138 Here the bow has a continuous taper to the AN-RN. separately made foot-knob with, between bordering ridges, 30 Fig 138 A fragment only, the upper bow has a promin- three ridges divided by narrow flues which are filled with 328 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire ==z ) I, ( ·- ,_,2 ~ 1 I

10 I I,, ~ 114 ( 1 ( @. ' 118 ) ( 1,7 =r ' \ ' ,_ \20 \ ' F--===? ~ ~~~· (~23 c ( 21 122 s ~-1 ~26

I 24 l-~25 J

o··...• : ...... ·~32 29

0 100 mm

Fig 139 Pottery. Scale 1:4 Syreford Mill: The Finds 329

what seems to be a non-metallic material which has silvered. For discussion, see after Brooch 155. Syreford Mill, beading along it. Syreford Mill, A2, topsoil, SF 61. For SF 65. discussion, see after Kingscote Brooch 141, p 140. 34 Fig 138 All that survives is the rounded top of a plate Strip which may have had ogival sides and which was recessed for enamel or millefiore. There is a loop above the pin. For 32 Fig 138 Iron. The axis bar for the hinged pin is housed discussion, see after Brooch 156. Syreford Mill, C2, SF 63, in the rolled-over head of the bow which is broad at the top top infill of Gully 3. and tapers to a pointed foot. There are traces of vertical mouldings on the bow above the catch-plate. Andoversford 35 Fig 138 As Kingscote Brooch 160. For discussion, see Bypass (Wycomb 69), Box 7, no 1, under Cl cobbling. after Kingscote Brooch 166. Syreford Mill, SF 62, surface find. Iron Strip brooches were probably once very common, but soil conditions and the practice in the past of ignoring Penannulars (For comments on manufacture, see Kingscote ironwork has led to a distorted picture. For instance, iron Brooch 178, p 00) Strip brooches can be divided into two main sub-groups, narrow bows with 'wings' and broad bows without. If the 36 Fig 138 As Kingscote Brooch 179. The brooch was distribution of both types is looked at, no narrow bows forged from rolled or folded sheet. For discussion, see after occur north of Wilts, but there are plenty of broad bows Kingscote Brooch 182. Syreford Mill, B4, scooped surface, from Glos, almost all from one site where the ironwork was SF60. collected for examination. Similar shifts of pattern can be 37 Fig 138 The ring has a rectangular section and is seen elsewhere, but they should largely be meaningless. continuously ribbed on top. Each terminal is probably However, the overall distribution of both sub-groups may turned back along the top of the ring and given a zoo­ reveal the core of the distribution in gross terms. If so, then morphic appearance by having a nick at the opening, a the lands of the Durotriges are the most favoured, but this cross-groove at each end and a shaped chamfer on each side is probably because the hinged pin, and the copper-alloy between suggesting a snout. The pin has a simple wrap­ Strip type, is most frequent there. Dating: Skeleton Green, round; the pin may only be bent rather than being Herts, c 10 BC-AD 20 (Mackreth 1981a, 135, fig 67.11) and incompetently arched. The brooch may have been forged. 30-40 (Mackreth 1981a, 141, fig 66.6); Maiden Castle, pre­ Andoversford Bypass (Wycomb 69), no 12, road trench, conquest (Wheeler 1943, 252, fig 85.35); King Harry Lane below first layer. cemetery, Phase 3, for date, see after Brooch 4 (Stead and Rigby 1989, 318, fig 120.179.2); Halstock, before 50 38 Fig 138 The section of the ring is more rounded and is (Mackreth 1993b, 79, fig 14.18); Gussage All Saints, mid-first continuously ribbe

Syreford Mill By Janet Firth the burial of an 'articulated infant' was uncovered on the gravel surface in the south-east, but had no apparent grave. INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS It was reasonably certain that Grave 1 in A3 contained the burial of SM10, a 7-year-old + child buried in a coffin, with The excavation plan indicated the remains of a maximum of bracelets, for whom only skull bones remained. Grave 2 in 11 individual inhumations and included both adults and A3 was not marked on the plan; one of two adult-sized and children. Since the three closest scatters of bone evident apparently empty graves was in A3. on the plan on the south side of the site might have Two very small auditory ossicles found in the same box represented only one skeleton, the minimum number of containing adult SM11. Strictly speaking, after Kosa (in expected individuals from the plan was 9. Identification of Iscan 1987), these were a typical size for a foetus in utero of most of the partial skeletons was difficult because of a about 26 weeks gestation and not large enough to belong to confusion of labelling and mixing of bones. infant skeleton SM? They comprised one at-term partial infant skeleton now In conclusion, from the cemetery at Syreford Mill, the numbered SM5b and at least three adults. Two sets of human bones extant represented a minimum number of fragmentary leg bones had relevant measurements within eight inhumations, comprising at least four adults (perhaps a male range. Others showed male sexual dimorphic three males and one female) and four children (one child of characteristics. Another smaller group showed female 7 years, one baby of about 7 months and two at-term/ characteristics and included two talus bones with measure­ newborn infants). ments within the female range. Save from photographs, The plough action had dispersed some of the adult precise identification was not possible for all of them, but it inhumations; it had removed the skeletal material above was concluded that the box probably contained the bones of the shoulders and the lower legs of SM3 and reduced others the adult labelled 'male' on the excavation plan, in Grave 3 to mere bone scatters. None of the children had much at C4 (SM3), one similarly said to be female from Grave 5 at remaining skeletal material either. In particular most of the B3 (SMS), and at least one other male. With the aid of the cranial basal bones and immature teeth, from which photographs some of the distinctly male bones were the degree of maturity and viability can be assessed, designated SM3 and the rest, including the female bones, to were missing. Observations on the children were therefore the 'mixed' burial SMS. limited in scope and accuracy. The same situation existed Some of the SMS bones could have come from SM1 in for the adults, except SM11. This was a decapitated male, Grave 1 (and so could the 'at-term' infant), or from any of buried in a grave of only 0.35m depth yet comparatively the four bone scatters. The infant might also be that from well preserved. Grave 2, but another contender came in a box with SM11. The aim of the study was to report an assessment of the Reference to the plan showed that one or other infant extant demographic data from each individual and the ordinary or was unexpected. Since SM5b was certainly neonatal, it variant pathology, in order to contribute to an under­ might have been still in utero and buried with the female standing of the health of the population in the area during part of SMS. There is, however, a small incidence of infants the period. Aspects of burial which are curious, tragic or found interred with males in Cirencester (Philpott 1991, 99). bizarre can sometimes overtake the main aim of the study A partial baby skeleton (SM?), was boxed with SMll. It of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites; this bore the label '1979:17, cutting A3' and on the label inside small sample of fragmentary material certainly had its the bag 'Grave 2 [Cox's] 6/11/72'. It was aged about 7 share of the latter. The following resume is expanded in the months and was presumably found in box A3 of the · unpublished archive summary for each individual or, as in excavated area. According to the plan (Kendall 12:10:78), the case of SMS, a mixed group of bones. 332 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

METHOD OF EXAMINATION SM? was about 7 months of age (degree of development of the root of the unerupted deciduous canine tooth). The skeletal material was examined macroscopically. X­ SM5b (n=1) and SM7 (n=2) were probably in the region of rays were taken of the skull, maxilla and mandible from the 36 weeks in utero (the normal term is 42 weeks). mixed burial SM5 in order to ascertain the nature of a cranial lesion and any congenital dental abnormalities (of tooth roots for example or hidden abscesses). For adults, STATURE measurements of tooth crowns and the length of the few complete or unrepaired adult bones and a greater number Adults. Using bone lengths and regression equations of diameters were recorded. Platymeric and platycnemic devised by Trotter and Gleser (1952 and 1958) for white indices were calculated where possible; as with the possible males, one only could be safely estimated. The more measurements of infant diaphyseal lengths and bone obviously male bone material was incomplete for SM5 and widths, which were disappointingly few. The results are insufficient, although the left tibia produced a height of 1 given in individual summaries. 169.05cm +4.00 (5ft 3 /,!ins) using the regression equation for white males. The male SM11 was 174.03cm+3.94 (5ft 8 5/8ins) tall. SEX Children. The crown-to-heels body length was calculated Adults. Of the four or so adults the identity and sex was after Fazekas and Kosa (in Iscan 1989) using diaphyseal only secure for the decapitated male in Grave 11 (SM11). measurements from as many complete, undamaged bones This relied on the shape of facial features such as the chin as available; the arithmetical mean of these results was and orbital ridges, the pelvic sciatic notches, which were taken. Two children had only one and two measurable less than a right-angle, the length of the talus bone (after bones each and so for neither was the result entirely valid. Gentry Steele 1976), the midshaft circumference and For infant SM5b body length=48.9cm (n=1, right tibia); diameters of the head of the femur, all of which fell into the SM7 48 cm (n=2, R humerus and left occipital lateral). No male range (van Gerven 1972 and Bass 1992, 218). measurements could be taken from the remaining two On the plan the burial in Grave 5 was marked as female. children. Some of the cranial and facial bones could be said to be female, as could the length of the two talus bones (after Gentry Steele 1978). By contrast, among the remaining DENTAL ASPECTS bones, the femur neck diameters and midshaft circumfer­ ence fell within the male range. SM5 is therefore treated as Congenital. The report on the human material from a 'mixed burial' of a minimum of two individuals. Andoversford A40 Bypass has details of the congenital tendencies related to tooth size common to both Children. The sex of two infants, SM? and SM7 was thought assemblages. In addition, SMll had a long and very curved to be female and male respectively, from the shape of the left maxillary third molar root and a very small right sciatic notch after Kosa (in Iscan 1989). This is supported by maxillary lateral incisor. seven quoted researchers and relies on the fact that in foetuses and neonates the notch is shorter and deeper in Acquired. Calculus, caries, periodontal disease and alveolar males and longer and more shallow in females. Only two remodelling. Calculus, which is common in archaeological complete iliac bones were found, one for each infant. The teeth, was found on all the teeth in this sample and was a remaining two children could not be sexed, but bracelets sign of poor dental hygiene. Caries were present in both were found at the foot of the grave of SM10, which might adults with teeth to assess (female part of SM5, and SM11), signify a young girl. four were noted in the former, three in the latter. Most began at the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). SM5 presented a complicated dental picture, and had a range of defects, AGE from very early 'spot' lesions, precursors of caries, which Adults. Molar wear was used where these teeth existed: were found on the occlusal cusps of several molars, to a SM5 was thought to be 25-35 years and SMll 33-45 years, phase 6, very gross cavity (after Hillson 1990), lingually, on after Brothwell (1981,86). the right mandibular first molar. It also had an apparent weakness of the CEJ in many teeth, particularly on the right Children. Normally, the diaphyseal bone lengths and widths mandibular molars and incisors. In addition to the left (including cranial basal bones) are used to calculate body maxillary second premolar the adjacent left first molar had length (Fazekas and Kosa in Iscan 1989). The ages of the been evulsed, in the case of the latter, not long before death infants could be determined from modern development and probably due to advanced caries; periodontal disease charts (ULICH 1984), which used crown-to-heels body was apparent in the alveolar bone adjacent. Calculus, length and gave body weights from these. periodontal disease and alveolar remodelling are discussed SM10 was a child of 7+ years (size of foramen magna and in greater depth below in the Bypass site where there were cranial coronal suture open, thinness of cranial bone, after more examples. At Syreford Mill, SM5 also displayed what Johnston and Whillis 1954, 343). might be an example of occupational toothwear; the lower The Human Remains 333 canines were worn at an angle from the sides as might had an area of erosion across the coronal suture of both the occur if leather thongs were held in the teeth. outer and inner table of the right frontal and temporal bones. The origin was not easy to ascertain. It might have been due to an infective episode of an original head wound. POST-CRANIAL PATHOLOGY Again erosion might have occurred post-deposition (pH7.5, slightly alkaline). Congenital. There was little to note about the pathology of SMll was suspected of having been decapitated. the Syreford Mill skeletal material. The fourth left Whether this was before or after death was not totally clear. metacarpal of the decapitated male SMll had a deformed The body lay prone, the skull was found on the back of the head, which was flattened anteriorally, and an apparent lower legs; the fifth cervical vertebra had distinct cut marks overgrowth of the lower margin of the alveolar process on the right hand side across the transverse process and which presented as a rough ridge. Externally, SMS (the possibly two on the inferior aspect of the vertebral body on female part) had a pronounced protrusion of the occipital the right (Fig 140). The grave appeared to be long enough, lobe of the cerebrum; this was seen also in two A40 Bypass but could the coffin, attested from nails, have been too crania, 54 and SS. short? Acquired: developmental. SMll had an enthesopathy and an Degenerative. The pathology included osteophytic growth exostosis on the antero-lateral surface of the right humerus (osteoarthritis) seen as lipping on the body of the fifth in the area of the deltoid tuberosity. It showed as an area of lumbar vertebra and possibly on the broken fourth, in an pronounced roughening of the surface of the bone over the osteophyte on the superior articulating process of LS, and site of tendon attachments. Enthesopathies tend to be age­ on the proximal end of the right tibia (the patella was related and probably indicate a marked degree of muscular missing), of SMS and on the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae activity throughout (Stirland 1988, 41). There was also a and first sacral vertebra of SMll (the spinal column was much smaller roughened area on the anterior border of the very incomplete). He also had osteophytes on the bones of right radius where the pronator teres muscle was attached. the hands and feet. Another spiky exostosis was seen towards the distal end of the left humerus shaft; this is a circumscribed mass of hyperplastic or neoplastic bone tissue which looks like a Andoversford Bypass By Janet Firth spur of bony outgrowth projecting above the surface of the bone. They are relatively common in archaeological material. INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Platymeria (the degree of antero-posterior flattening in femorae) was sought where possible. Between races this The remains of six adult human inhumations of both sexes varies considerably (Brothwel11981, 89 and Bass 1992, 214). were found during Cox's excavations in 1968-71, in the In the small skeletal sample from both Wycomb sites the immediate vicinity of the previous course of the River Coin. results were available from males and showed flattening All were partial skeletons and were numbered 51 to 56 (a from side to side rather than anterior-posterior, except in and b). Only part of the cranium and lower jaw remained of two instances (index below 84). The significance of this was Sl. 52 had some cranial and post-cranial bones. Although not known. Right femora at Syreford Mill: 81.69 and 99.3; at A40 Bypass: 86.5 and 105; left femora: SM 90.14, other missing; A40: 82.4 and 85.63. Platycnemia (the medio-lateral flattening in tibiae) was tested for. Only male material was available and none showed this tendency but again, there was flattening in the opposite direction (index less than 63) . Right tibiae at Syreford Mill 70.3; at A40 : 90.3 and 77.2; left: SM 72.2 and 68.3, at A40: 77. Metabolic/infective. There was one possible instance in SMS, a roughening of the anterior border of the left tibia shaft and ~ 1111\1111 1111\lll\rllliil\i 1\llll111 1111\llll gross pitting of the posterior surface of the right tibia shaft. 1 1 1 1 1o 10 20 30 4() This might have been caused by post-depositional processes. SYRI'.l'ORD i'IILL However, the anterior shaft of the bone is relatively super­ DECAPITATF~ HALE S.H.ll ficial and not well protected in life by any depth of muscle cover; it can often be a site for chronic leg ulcers and associate periostitis (Loudon 1981; 1982). For a possible secondary infection of a head wound to SMS, see below. Fig 140 Details of decapitated bone, SMll. Cut marks on Traumatic. Two of the adults displayed rather more the 5th cervical vertebra. (Photo: Simon Johnson and Chris dramatic pathology, unless this is post-depositional. SMS Stride) 334 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

marked on the excavation plan, S3 disappeared after its to 60+. One male was 17-2S years (Sl), a female (54), 24-S excavation. However, two upper right leg bones were in the years; two males had a probable age of 2S-3S years (S6a), box marked S6; the larger (recorded here as S6b) might have and S6b might well be of this same age group. S2 had only been from S3. It is less likely to belong to Sl. The digging of one remaining molar, its wear affected by the loss, ante­ the 1860s drainage ditch for the railway had removed the mortem, of the opposing teeth. His general dental state lower half of S4, and possibly its cranium vanished during suggested he was within the S0-60 year old age band at the construction of a modern surface drain. SS was repre­ least, as probably was SS. sented by an upper torso and one toe bone. Such sparse material provided problems in assessing demographic details of age, sex and height, but, surprisingly perhaps, STATURE made a rich contribution to the study of pathology, particu­ For two skeletons there were no bones to use for the larly dental, in archaeological human bone. assessment of stature; most of the remaining bones for the The burials were recorded as shallow, 'uncoffined, others were broken. The regression equations for white extended inhumations lying with heads to the north-east'. males, devised by Trotter and Gleser (19S2; 19S8), could be The males were buried closest to the river, the females used with the length of the left humeri of the male S2 and further to the east. They were not apparently buried with the female S4, the right femur of the male S6b and the left grave-goods, although animal bones (rabbit, sheep, bovine femur and right radius of the male S6a. In the absence of and ?pig) were found accompanying four burials, an iron other long bones, the first metacarpal length for the female nail with one, and pottery sherds with two. Cox proposed a S4 was used in addition, with the regression equation date in the fifth century. calculated by Musgrave and Harneja (1978). The height of three males was: S2, possibly 179cm (Sft lOins); S6a probably 170cm and S6b possibly 172.7cm, both just under METHOD OF EXAMINATION Sft Sins. The female, S4, was probably 1S3.68cm (4ft llins).

X-rays were taken of selected bones where pathology was apparent or suspected, particularly the mandibles and DENTAL ASPECTS maxillae, to aid the assessment of the dental state, with Considering the small sample, the individuals showed a rewarding results. Individual bone summaries and tables wide range of dental problems. can be found in the archive report. The following presents a Congenital. Two congenital traits were found: Sl had summary of the main findings. mandibular tori. These are not uncommon and are thought to be hereditary bony protuberances occurring on the inner SEX surface of the lower jaw and usually, as in this case, restricted to the premolar and molar region (Brothwell The six rema1mng partial skeletons consisted of two 1981, 9S). Sl also had pronounced canine eminences. probable females and four males. Measurements of the The second was congenitally absent teeth (dental diameter of the femur head, the mid-shaft circumference agenesis). There appeared to be a high incidence amongst (with SS-90% reputed accuracy) and bicondylar width, this group, as it occurred in four skeletons (certain in two after Van Gerven (1972) and Bass (1992), were used, and and probable in two). In Sl the right mandibular second transverse and vertical diameters of the humerus head molar was absent, in S4 the right maxillary first premolar. (Bass 1992, 221) and talus lengths after Gentry Steele (1976), X-rays showed that it had not been retained within the where present. alveolar bone in either of these individuals. Although diagnosis was complicated by breakage and/ or remodel­ AGE ling, agenesis was likely in S2 concerning the right mandi­ bular second incisor and the first premolar; in SS the upper In order to assess age the methods used included molar third molars seemed never to have been present. Third toothwear (Sl, S2 SS). In addition, osteophytosis and molars are reported to be the most commonly absent tooth osteoporosis in two adults indicated an age of at least 4S in the permanent dentition (Hillson 1990,269 and van Beek years if not much older. S2 had osteoporosis of the 1983, 127), followed by the second incisors and the first remaining vertebral body and osteophytic lipping and premolars. obliteration of the outer aspect of the frontal suture; In SS, another congenital abnormality was the shape of osteoporosis and osteophytic lipping were evident in the left mandibular first molar, flattened buccal to lingually vertebrae of SS and obliteration of the outer lambdoid and twisted at about 4S degrees from its normal position. suture. In S4 the newly fused epiphysis of the sternal end of the remaining clavicle was indicative of an age of 24-S Size of teeth. In the sample of teeth at the A40 Bypass site the years. For S6a and S6b, particularly, ageing was imprecise majority of media-lateral (MdD) or side-to-side measure­ and based on density of bone and the fact that there was ments were smaller than the modern mean (after van Beek only slight incidence of degenerative pathology. The 1983, table 4). Overall 62% of teeth from the mandibles skeletons were all adult; their ages at death ranged from 17 (lower jaw) of individuals from Syreford Mill, Wycomb and The Human Remains 335

Kingscote have a narrower (MdD) measurement, irrespec­ There is more than one cause of alveolar resorption. The tive of the proposed sex of the individual. By contrast the two older skeletons, 52 and SS, had remodelling of the measurements at right-angles (LID) of mandibular teeth alveolar ridge of the first kind, following tooth loss. This were on average the same as in the modern sample. Both itself can follow evulsion of a tooth after trauma, or the dimensions of the maxillary teeth were similar in size to weakening of the tooth attachments associated with those of the modern sample. periodontitis. Also periodontitis can be associated with both kinds of alveolar resorption. SS demonstrated severe, Developmental. All the teeth from these individuals showed chronic periodontitis to a degree not commonly seen (Glass some wear. Extreme wear in some teeth in the elderly 52 pers comm). was clear, where the right maxillary first premolar root (which had one root instead of two) was all that remained Calculus. Calculus, a sign of poor dental hygiene, is nearly of that tooth. In SS only the root of the left maxillary first universal in earlier populations. It is in the form of a premolar was complicated by a sinus originating from an concretion of calcium salts, and in life frequently includes apical abscess in the alveolar process above it. Dental bacteria and organic deposits. The formation of calculus is problems included the retained right maxillary deciduous also associated with periodontitis. All the skeletons had canine in 54. This was related, no doubt, to the congenital supra-gingival calculus formation on the teeth originally absence of the first permanent premolar which should have but this had disappeared latterly; one, SS had some sub­ descended adjacent, as noted above. gingival calculus. Molar wear was recorded from slight to gross, all age­ related. Where it was very uneven it may been related to PATHOLOGY OF POST-CRANIAL SKELETONS malocclusion. Such attrition is largely accounted for by grit in the flour from mill stones, and the mastication of coarse Congenital. One congenital occurrence was the cystic foods. Sometimes it can be occupational, if material, such as development of the olecranon process of the left ulna in SS, leather thongs, was held in or softened by the teeth. When similar to the cystic distal end of the fibula in Skeleton 1 at assessing attrition it is noticeable that this can be compro­ Kingscote (cf p 27S). The lateral aspect of the radius was mised by the degree of secondary or constant eruption of more sharply angled than usual. teeth, which is itself age-related (Hillson pers comm). Acquired developmental. 52 had an exostosis of the inter­ No hypoplasia was seen on any teeth; this can be an osseous border of the right tibia, which probably fused it to indication of famine or childhood illness which occurred the fibula, now missing. These are quite common in when the enamel was forming. material of all periods, and here may have fused the tibia to Caries, abscesses and tooth loss. Caries were present in three the fibula. out of four individuals who had teeth and were found on Traumatic. The right tibia of 52 had been fractured at the top the occlusal (cutting and grinding) surfaces, except for a of the lower third of the bone; the fibula was missing, but as spot lesion on mesial enamel where the adjacent tooth was is common, was probably fractured as well, from the missing and on a canine root in SS. From a tooth count related but indirect blow. The post-trauma alignment of the excluding congenital absence and those presumed present tibia was very poor, at about 1So/o from normal and the in missing alveolar bone, there was only a 10% ante­ overlap of the two fractured ends must have resulted in mortem tooth loss overall (n=84), exclusively from the two shortening of the leg. A fistula was visible on the surface of older individuals 52 and SS. the bone. This suggested that a splinter of bone at the time Abscesses were present in all but the youngest, Sl. Some of the break may have punctured the skin and introduced of these were only found on X-ray, particularly the elderly infection. Periostitis can be a secondary complication of SS. As mentioned above, she had a sinus from the upper this. Anatomically the tibia is superficial and without much alveolar ridge at the point where the buccal root for the left muscular cover at this point. The X-ray showed a white premolar must have penetrated the sinus above. This was sclerotic area indicative that osteomyelitis (bone infection of probably ex-foliated as a result. The floor of the sinus had a chronic nature) had begun. The X-ray also showed callus been remodelled to provide a channel which assisted formation where healing had begun to take place. drainage of purulent material. X-rays indicated abscesses S6a displayed evidence of Schmorl's nodes in both below the right mandibular second premolar and second thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Schmorl' s nodes are recog­ molar, and apical lesions in the sockets of the second incisor nised as cavities in the bodies of vertebrae and are caused on both sides of the mandible. by damage to the end-plate in young people. Sometimes Alveolar resorption and periodontitis: Two patterns of they are caused by one traumatic episode such as a heavy alveolar resorption were seen in three of these skeletons: 51, lifting task, sometimes by repeated episodes. The signs 52 and SS. The commonest is fairly horizontal in nature and persist into adulthood. relatively smooth, where the intra-dental areas are never as worn as the buccal and lingual ones. A second pattern of Degenerative. The elderly individual 52 also displayed resorption is irregular, and can be seen as small pits in the osteophytic lipping in the body of the one remaining alveolar bone often around the roots of the teeth, but not all cervical vertebra. SS, also elderly, had similar signs in the the teeth in the same individual at the same time. few remaining thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. In addition 336 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire the lumbar bodies had a marked curvature anteriorally and some loss of height. S6a had early signs of osteoarthritic lipping to some of the thoracic and lumbar bodies and possibly an ·osteophyte on one cervical spinous process. Signs of osteoporosis were seen in the cervical vertebral bodies of 52 and SS. Examined 1990, revised and submitted 1994. 15. WYCOMB GAZETTEERS

'After these examinations [1864] had been complete, all the THE SITE (Figs 123-4) excavations were filled up, as it was necessary to restore the land to the tenant for cultivation, but an accurate survey For details of format seep 4f. Site Name is Wycomb has been made of the field, and the positions determined of unless otherwise stated. all the points of interest, and of the foundations, so as to admit of their being re-opened without difficulty.' The following assessment is based on the notes and a plan ANTIQUARIAN EXCAVATIONS (SITE TYPE: AE) published by Lawrence (cf Fig 124): Site No: 11 Date of Recog: Oct 1863 I NGR: SP 028201 C I 1 Foundations about 2ft 4ins thick. Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus 1954.2 I Description: 2 Foundations 2ft 6ins and 2ft thick. Inside measurement Excavations by W L Lawrence uncovered 'large masses of 48ft 6ins x 22ft 6ins. foundations in several parts of the fields, some of them, probably, part of extensive barracks, others those of 3 Foundations, about 1ft 6ins thick and 110ft long; then residences; but the foundations have been as yet only 66ft long at a right-angle. Lawrence (1864a, 86-8); 'At the imperfectly excavated'. I Sources: Lawrence 1863, 627; north-eastern end ... are two masses of building inter­ 1864a, 86-8; 1864c, 302-7; Henig 1993b, nos 105 and 108; sected by a wall of cut masonry 145ft long, running at Alcock 1966, 49; Toynbee 1976, 85-8; Glos SMR 54; O'Neil right angles to the road, and afterwards bound it for a 1952, 17; RCHME 1976, Whittington (2). considerable distance [3]. The mass on the side of the wall [2] consists of a large undivided room, 45ft 6ins long and Site No: 2 I Date of Recog: 1864 I NGR: SP 028201 C I 22ft broad, with other walls [1] and pavements adjacent to Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus 1954.2 I Description: it; and that on the south [not numbered] has the appearance Excavations by Lawrence continued in 1864 with 'a liberal of a regularly built edifice, only a small portion of which, donation from the Society of Antiquaries'. I Sources: about 40ft long, has been excavated. The walls of these Lawrence 1864b, 85-7 with plan, 432-3; Anon 1865, buildings are 2ft 6ins and 2ft thick. The floors are mostly of 299-301; Soc Ant London: Topographical Colls, Brown stone, laid in cement and gravel concrete.' Portfolios, archive notes and plan; Glos SMR 54. 4 Road, stoned. Lawrence (1864a, 86) describes: 'Before Summary of Excavations and Finds, made as a result of the the wheat crop on Wycomb was cut for the late harvest, the campaign of excavation carried out by W L Lawrence, track of a road was distinctly visible in it from a point on the 1863-4: north-eastern side to the centre, where it appeared to turn Lawrence wrote that foundations were discovered over all to the right and left.' parts of the field, without giving specific details. Recorded 5 Foundation 2ft 4ins thick, segment of a circle, about 75ft widths of walls excavated 1863-4 varied between 1ft 6ins long supposed to be part of an amphitheatre. Lawrence and 2ft 6ins, except for wall 9 which was about 3ft 3ins 1864a, 86-8: 'Descending the road from this point [from 1 to thick, with stone courses lOins high. All footings were of 3], and on its western side, is a semi- circular foundation of oolite, with little trace of tile. Floors were 'mostly of stone, strong rough masonry, 75ft long, probably portion of an laid in cement and gravel concrete'. amphitheatre.' 'Traces of fire are visible in every part of the field, with 6 Foundations 2ft and 2ft 4ins thick. Inside measurement stones wholly calcined, and masses of ashes mixed with the 25ftx45ft. mould, and pieces of burnt wood and charcoal among them.' 7 Foundations. Inside measurement 13ft 6ins square. 338 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

8 Foundations. Inside measurement 23ftx45ft 6ins. Lawrence 1864a, 86-8: 'two upright polished slabs converging to a point, standing due east and west, that on 9 Foundations, about 1ft Sins thick. Inside measurement the south side 4ft 6ins long, that on the north 3ft 6ins having 29ft x SOft. Section drawing of wall. been broken; and the width between the two at the broken Buildings 6-9 and 11 were considered by Lawrence (1864a, part is 2ft 6ins. The base of the triangle, of which these 86-8) to be elements in a single arrangement, with pitched stones formed a part, is circular, and of wrought masonry, pavement between the component structures, the whole some solid, some broken; and in all probability a third slab being built over a 2ft layer of black earth containing some was placed horizontally upon the others so as to form a pottery 'probably British'. TheN wall of 6 was described as place of sepulture in Celtic times.' 'heavy'. 'A mass of building, 75ft long and SOft broad, 11 Foundations, 66ft long. (See Nos 6-9 above.) subdivided into six compartments. One of these may have been a passage, the others rooms for habitation, and two are 12 Foundations. triangular, the whole appearing to form part of a semi­ 13 Foundations. Lawrence 1864b, 85-8: 'On the west side circular building, with a wide base on the south, and of this foundation [15 and 16] there are very considerable probably having a court in its centre. It was possibly a remains of others. to which I briefly alluded to [Lawrence barrack. The walls are of strong masonry, of varying 1864a, 86-8] have now been more fully examined, and are thickness; the floors, as far as excavated, planking and marked No 13. They were in a state of great dilapidation, gravel concrete.' totally destroyed in some portions, and with the pavement Lawrence (1864b, 85-8): 'The next point which engaged torn up in others, and in one part blackened by fire, which attention was the mass of foundations, Nos 6 to 9, and appears to have been of the most serious character, from the especially between letters A and B. It was discovered that quantities of calcined stones and charred wood which were the wall at this point was of different structure from those discovered on the spot. abutting upon it, and of much greater solidity, composed of These buildings were probably part, it may have been five layers of stones, placed vertically, and firmly cemented the offices, of a large residential edifice, extending towards together, in thickness a little more than 3ft; in depth, to the west. On the eastern side is a large mass of stone pitch­ within 1ft, of the surface of the ground, 4ft 4ins. The upper ing, terminated by a semicircular line of raised stonework. layer was set nearly upright, and had the appearance of On the south, the buildings evidently extended to what has rough pitching, and it is feared that several similar walls in every appearance of having been a street, marked 24. the field were not examined, owing to the mistake caused The greater portion of the best and figured samian found by this resemblance. The wall at right angles to this, is of in the field was from the vicinity of group No 13, as well as regular masonry, about 2ft thick and 20ins deep, to within a hypocaust, striated and other tiles.' foot from the surface, and was found to rest, in places, upon 14 Two stone troughs and stone drain. large masses of stones and layers of ashes-proving that this also had been erected upon the ruins of a former 15 Foundations, 41ftx41ft inside measure, supposed to be edifice. a temple. (See below, No 16.) Another foundation near this, marked 11, was traced for 16 Foundations, 22ftx27ft. Lawrence (1864a, 86-8) in a considerable distance, and it is evident from the describing 15 and 16: 'the foundations of a large, well-built scantiness of the soil near the spot, and its unproductive­ structure in two divisions, the farther one 41ft square, the ness comparatively with the rest of the field, that nearer 21ft by 27ft. The larger building [15] has a small foundations and pavements exist on the whole of this compartment in it, 8ft by 4ft, on the north side, and in immediate locality. An opening made between foundations its centre a floor of hewn stone, somewhat raised in the 9 and 11 gave pavement and pitching 6ins below the middle, massive, and originally well-worked, but now in a surface, and under this was a layer of at least 2ft of rich very mutilated condition. Pieces of sculptured stone and black earth, full of ashes and pottery, some of it apparently parts of a broken pediment were found in and near it; and of an earlier date than Roman, and other relics. between 500 and 600 coins and a bronze statuette were The soil was also opened in another contiguous spot, discovered within its circuit. In probability it was a temple. and showed a section of a few inches of mould, then The interior of the other room has not yet been excavated.' rubbish 6ins, and black earth of the same character, and Lawrence 1864b, 85-7: 'The smaller room [16] was in two contents as before, 1ft 6ins thick, with a layer of clay of 2ins divisions; the floor is at present of gravel concrete, probably thick place on the gravel of the natural soil, as in some other once with a stone pavement above it, which has been parts of the field. The whole of the space to the north and removed. The entrance of the building was apparently on west of these foundations should be excavated, and it is far the eastern side and fronting the road, which it is imagined from impossible, looking at their shape and form, that they went down the centre of the field, and it is surrounded on are connected with the wall No 5, supposed to be portion of the east, north, and south by a layer of gravel concrete, an Amphitheatre.' intersected by broken foundations on the southern side, 10 Two planks, upright, converging at lower end, with probably division walls, and near this point is a small stone work at other, supposed to be a British Grave. fireplace, [17], in perfect preservation.' Wycomb Gazetteers 339

RCHME 1976, Whittington (2): No 15, measuring 41ft of the subsequent period; a very large quantity of pottery, square internally and best regarded as a Romano-Celtic including plain and figured samian; some very fine fibulae, temple, was built over the remains of a smaller two-cell specimens of the stylus, keys, sacrificing and other knives, structure, No 16; it apparently had a raised cella. Part of a and articles of the toilet etc; a perfect cranium of the Bos pediment was reported and broken columns lay near. longifrons, with the cores in their places; a rude but singular piece of Roman sculpture in stone, 10x7ins-three small 17 Fireplace. figures in deep relief, the central one apparently a person of 18 Foundation. importance, in military toga, between two attendants who seem to be musicians; a very beautiful bronze statuette, of 19 Foundation, 18ft 6ins x 17ft i6ins inside measure. Mars, 3ins high-a small figure with toga, his right arm 20-1 Paving. raised as if addressing an assembly. A small bronze axe found nearby may have been part of the statuette, a small 22-3 Foundations. and very rude votive off~ring, vyith figures of a female in 24 Street. Lawrence 1864b, 85-8: A feature 'which has long dress, and children, possibly ancient British; objects in every appearance of having been a street, and which iron-spearheads, sacrificing and other knives, axes, crossed the field transversely, from west to east, nearly manacles, strigils, keys, part of a saddle, rings, nails, reaching a large foundation, No 28. The street itself is from buckles, and other large and small objects; objects in 8 to lOft wide, composed at its western end of large stones bronze-a pair of compasses, fibulae, styli, rings, armillae, set vertically, further on of smaller stones laid flat. At the torques, pins, and various small ornaments; objects in western end the layer of stone is 6ins thick, then there are glass-beads, and other small articles; parts of a broken Sins of mould, succeeded by gravel concrete 2ft thick, statue, sculptured stones, probably Roman, and others of resting on a layer of black ashes lins thick, a record of various descriptions, with a rounded pebble hammer, former destruction.' po;=;sibly British; large quantities of flints; millstones from Andernack, of which there are some good and nearly 25 Pavement. perfect specimens, and many boar-tusks, horn-cores, and 26 Street. deer-horns.'

27 Foundation, 11ft 6ins square inside measure~ Site No: 3 I Date of Recog: c 1936 I Site Name: Wycomb I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Excavation carried out by 28 Foundation. Lawrence 1864b, 85-8: 'a large foundation. Haunting and Frith in August. Roman pot and coins found, This is of great strength and solidity, composed of massive but no foundations. IA pottery of the Cl or C2 se also stones, and probably was part of some building for defen­ found. I Sources: Frith 1936, 105. sive purposes.' 29 Probable tomb. Lawrence (1864a, 86-8), describes features 12-14, 17-49: 'To the west [of 15, 16], and passing some stone troughs and drains which appear to be part of a GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY UNIT (SITE TYPE: GSU) yard for domestic purposes, is a mass of untraced and unexcavated foundations of considerable length, and with Site No: 4 I Date of Recog: 1993 ongoing I Description: pavements, forges and fireplaces, and they are no doubt Private project by A Marshall surveying area using high parts of larger edifices. A sculptured stone was found in the resolutiop resistivity and magnetometery. Resolution excel­ upper part of this locality; and nearly parallel with it are lent: roads, internal compounds, clusters of buildings and two foundations, one of 17ft 6ins by 15ft 6ins, the other 11ft single buildings visible. I Sources: Correspondence to CAG 6ins square, at present isolated, but probably connected from A Marshal!. with other buildings.' Lawrence (1864b, 85-7): 'I have only further to notice a small oblong hole, No 29, 2ft 6ins long and 1ft 6ins wide, 1ft below the surface, walled all round, except at a portion of the western side, apparently a small INTERPRETATION AND MAPPING UNIT piece of sepulture. A rude fibula, bones and ashes, and (SITE TYPE: IMU) pottery was found in it.' Site No: 5 I Date of Recog: pre-1976 I NGR: SP 028201 I 30 Foundations extending into next field. Lawrence Description: APs show traces of circular ditched enclosures (1864a, 84-6): 'At the southern extremity of the field, and adjacent to Lawrence's feature 5, and, possibly, also S of against the hedge separating it from Black Close, is a large temple. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Whittington (2); CUAP, foundation which extends into it, but which could not be OAP ASB 13, 15-17, ASM 31-6. examined owing to the ground being now planted.' Site No: 6 I Date of Recog: 1994 I NGR: SP 028201 I Objects found during the course of excavations: 'More than Description: RCHME Air Photographic Transcription and 1100 coins, principally Roman, and small brass, extending Analysis, seep 302. I Sources: RCHME Survey, May 1994, from the earlier emperors to Arcadius; and British-Roman F Small. . 340 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

with reference to a list of 'towns where Roman antiquities INDIRECT REFERENCE (SITE TYPE: IR) have been found: Syreford, Glos, near Cheltenham. Coins produced in abundance.' His informant was William Site No: 7 I Date of Recog: c 1705 I Site Name: Wickham I (Bennett), Lord Bishop of Cloyne. I Sources: Lawrence Description: Notes compiled by Abel Wantner for his 1864b, 85-7; Reynolds nd, Antoninus Iter Britanniarum. unpublished 'History of Gloucestershire': 'in the parish of Whittington (north of Andoversford) there is a ground upon the ascent of the hill called Wickham where were MODERN EXCAVATIONS (SITE TYPE: ME) found several large graves (as people were at ploughing in the open field) about four foot asunder, the bottom, sides, Site No: 12 I Date of Recog: 1969 I NGR: SP 0253 1975 C I head, feet and top encompassed with broad stones like a Site Name: A40 Andoversford Bypass I Periods Rep: RB I chest pointing east and west about four foot distance one Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: In advance from the other. And not far from those grounds, or of construction of A40 Andoversford Bypass, excavation sepulchres, there are several barrows thrown up high. And by K Brown of Cheltenham Mus and W Cox. (Site later up and down that field there hath been several Roman extended by B Rawes, 1980). I Sources: Cox archive; Rawes coins found, but of what image or superscription I could 1973b, 12-13; 1980, 11-55; RCHME 1976, Whittington (2); not be correctly informed. Neither were there any bones Glos SMR54. (that I could hear of) found in those graves. But a little below in the same field there may be perfectly seen the Site No: 13 I Date of Recog: 1969-70 I NGR: SP 02531975 C foundations (as it were) of three streets where was formerly I Site Name: Andoversford Bypass I Periods Rep: RB I (as is generally supposed) some eminent town. But this is Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Excava­ only conjectured'. I Sources: Abel Wantner, Bodleian tions by Bernard Rawes I Sources: Rawes 1973b, 12-13; Library, MS Top Glouc C2, f 158; Rawes 1980, 11. 1976, I-VII; 1980, 11-55; RCHME 1976, Whittington (2); Cheltenham Mus Archive and Finds; Henig 1993b, no 107, Site No: 8 I Date of Recog: 1824 I Description: Site pl28. described by Rev T D Fosbrooke in 1824: 'In a field ... called Wycombe or Wiccombe ... coins from Nero to Valens Site No: 14 I Date of Recog: 1970-8 I NGR: SP 0283 2022 I have been collected in such quantities, that if rain has Site Name: Syreford Gravel Pit I Periods Rep: lA, RB, AS I followed the process of harrowing, the country people go Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Excava­ there to collect coins. Remains of black pottery have been tions by W Cox on N edge of settlement (see pp 305-18). I found, and when the corn appears above ground, there is a Sources: Cox archive; Cox 1981; Glos SMR 54. discolouration, which shows there had been a road or street Site No: 15 I Date of Recog: 1991 I NGR: SP 0250 1985 I Site all the way down the middle of the field. A circle also Name: Andoversford Sewage Treatment Works I Periods appears and within this spot excavations were made, and Rep: RB I Description: A combination of watching brief, stones were found, cut and worked into heads as if they trial excavation and salvage excavation by GCC identified had belonged to the frieze of a temple. ln a quarry, not far at least 3 phases of RB activity. Earliest phase was repre­ off, were discovered the bones of a Briton, the boss of a sented by a series of shallow scoops-interpreted as gravel shield six inches in diameter, and the head of a spear 17 ins quarries, backfilled with domestic refuse. Contemporary in the blade, and 9 ins in the socket' I Sources: Fosbrooke with the quarrying was a series of linear gullies generally 1826, 5; Rawes 1980, 13. leading W to the R Coin, and a single burial. The inhum­ Site No: 9 I Date of Recog: 1863 I Description: Lawrence ation (adult) was aligned N-S and was lying on its right side recorded 'the tradition of the country, that this was the site originally in a narrow wooden coffin with an iron nail at of a "burnt Roman town" is fully confirmed [by each corner. Hobnails were found in the area of the excavation]'. I Sources: Lawrence 1863, 627. skeleton's feet. Site No: 10 I Date of Recog: 1864 I Description: Lawrence These features were sealed by a c 0.35m thick dark believed the settlement extent to reach as least as far south brown cultivation soil, of Roman date. The latest phase, as the Andoversford Inn. Fieldnames of Wycomb, Black comprised a spread of stones over an area 16m x Sm. Close and Meadow were significant in his opinion. Although these were only exposed in the NE corner of the Wycomb field 'has from time immemorial, been considered sewage works, they extend into the field to the E, and may to be the site of a Roman town. Coins in large numbers have be the remains of either stone yards or a rough roadway been constantly found in it.' Black Close and Meadow were along the Wn edge of the settlement. I Sources: Hoyle 1992, also believed to contain foundations; 'and from that point 214. on the south of the road leading to Cheltenham are meadows of more that 20 acres in extent, with traces of buildings in them'. I Sources: Lawrence 1864a, 86-8; PLACENAME EVIDENCE (SITE TYPE: PN) RCHME 1976, Whittington (2). Site No: 11 I Date of Recog: pre-1799 I Site Name: Syreford Site No: 16 /Description: Charter and placename evidence I Description: Rev P Reynolds published map of England, would suggest derivation from 'Wickham' -'vicus', suggesting Wycomb Gazetteers 341 the Saxon recognition of a Roman settlement. The earliest of unknown date, was encountered. The trench was charter connected with the area is dated AD 759. I Sources: extended further to the SW, and ascatter of stones observed Grundy 1935, 262; Rawes 1980, 11; Finberg 1961, 36; Gelling near the pathway below the railway line. I Sources: O'Neil 1978 and Saunders 1959, 161-2.

RECORDED STRAY FINDS (SITE TYPE: RSF) RECORDED OBSERVATION (SITE TYPE: RO) Site No: 21 I Date of Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 0277 2017 A I Site No: 17 I Date of Recog: 1863 I NGR: SP 028201 C I Site Name: Old Syreford Gravel Pit I Periods Rep: IA I Description: Lawrence records: 'Before the wheat crop on Description: Early IA sherds recovered from a pit exposed Wycomb was cut for the late harvest, the track of a road was by modern gravel digging. The pit, 6ft wide and 3ft deep, distinctly visible in it from a point on the NE side to the was filled with earth and gravel debris. At a depth of 2ft lay centre, where it appeared to turn to the right and left. No a bed of ashes 2 ins thick. Sherds of EIA date were found external marks of foundations are to be seen in the field, above and below the ash layer. I Sources: O'Neil1952, 16; but when cultivated, the plough continually brings large RCHME 1976, Whittington (2). stones to the surface, and grates against others.' I Sources: Lawrence 1864a, 86. Site No: 22 I Date of Recog: 1947 I NGR: SP 0277 2017 A I Site Name: Old Syreford Gravel Pit I Periods Rep: IA I Site No: 18 I Date of Recog: 19 January 1970 I NGR: SP Description: O'Neil records further finds of EIA pottery 0253 0975 C I Site Name: Andoversford Bypass I Descrip­ associated with the remains of a hearth. /Sources: O'Neil tion: Letter from W Cox to H Bowen reporting his observ­ 1952, 16; RCHME 1976, Whittington (2). ations during construction of the bypass and the removal of hedgelines: 'evidence of a good deal of stonework but the Site No: 23 I Date of Recog: 1964 I NGR: SP 028202 A I Site only evidence of laid stone with what appears a layer of Name: Syreford I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: mortar comes where the main line of our (ditch?), your Cheltenham M us I Description: A compressed RB cinerary road, crosses the hedge. Short of digging, however, there is urn, containing ashes, was found in the old gravel pit at not much positive proof of road or building. The hedge on Syreford. A common type, not precisely dateable. I Sources: the E side running N-S between the site and the ridge and RCHME 1976, Whittington (2); Bunt 1968, 202. furrow field shows the land running it to a layer of clay and Site No: 24 I Date of Recog: pre-1976 I NGR: SP 0277 2017 rather barren.' I Sources: RCHME MS Notes. A I Site Name: Old Syreford Gravel Pit I Periods Rep: IA, Site No: 19 I Date of Recog: 1 May 1970 I NGR: SP 027199 RB I Description: Occupation debris of pre-Roman IA, C I Site Name: Andoversford Bypass I Description: Letter including IA 'A: pottery, black-burnished ware with thin from W Cox to H Bowen: Cox reported 'more skeletons incised decoration and calcite-gritted pottery, has been have been discovered (to be excavated). I have kept a close found in recent disturbance within the area of Old Syreford watch on the fields during ploughing and interesting gravel pit, in the NW corner of Wycomb field. Some .of features have come up-including a building inside the the debris came from a shallow pit immediately beside field not far from our excavations on the east side of the the surviving limits of Roman surface relics. I Sources: road/ ditch and a large flat irregular stone 5ft x 4ft x 5ft in RCHME 1976, Whittington (2). ' the temple area, tipped up by the plough and underneath Site No: 25 I Date of Recog: pre-1976 I NGR: SP 0273 1997 was beaten sand containing near the surface pottery and an A I Periods Rep: IA I Description: 'An iron brooch has been iron brooch. There are other areas of stonework not shown found in the temple area' -info supplied by W Cox to on the photograph. The ploughing seems to be an inch or RCHME I Sources: RCHME 1976, Whittington (2). two deeper this year and is damaging the structures. I was able to examine a large area of the yard near the Stow road Site No: 26 I Date of Recog: pre-1976 I NGR: SP 0270 2003 which was negative apart from a surface hollow with I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Silver coin of Domitian sherds.' I Sources: RCHME MS Notes; RCHME 1976, found by W Cox just N of the railway embankment. I Whittington (2), 126a. Sources: RCHME 1976, Whittington (2); RCHME MS Notes, sketch plan by Cox. Site No: 20 I Date of Recog: 1956 I NGR: SP 0260 1994 linear I Description: Watching brief during the digging of Site No: 27 I Site Name: Wycomb I Periods Rep: IA I Finds water-main trench across the site. Trench dug on S side of Location: Private ownership I Description: Dobunnic coin. and about 5ft from the bottom of the railway embankment: I Sources: S Webb pers comm. 15 ins wide, 3ft-3ft 6 ins deep. No structures or occupation was seen in the field W of the Syreford-Andoversford road. In the next field to the W, a narrow drystone wall, with UNSYSTEMATIC SURFACE COLLECTION UNIT burnt clay adjacent, was discovered 60ft from the hedge, (SITE TYPE: USCU) with more features further to the W, including ditches and rubbish pits. At theW side of the field, a stone-built culvert, Site No: 28 I Date of Recog: 20 April1958 I Finds Location: 342 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Corinium Mus I Description: Collection of pottery frag­ Site No: 38 I Site Name: Andoversford I Periods Rep: RB I ments, recovered by Cmdr Dudley-Smith, from field OS 22, Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Fragment unstratified. I Sources: Corinium Museum. of green millefiori glass of Cl AD, presented by A J De Havilland Bushnell. I Sources: Cheltenham Museum. Site No: 29 I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: private collection I Description: Coins collected by R Box and D J Butler I Sources: RCHME MS Notes. WYCOMB AREA (Fig 126) Site No: 30 I Periods Rep: Prehistoric-Roman I Finds Location: Stroud Mus Ace No 1971.371/0-38213 I Descrip­ ANTIQUARIAN EXCAVATIONS (SITE TYPE AE) tion: Surface collection of finds donated by E J Swain. Includes: clay slingstone (IA), quartzite 'rubber stone' Site No: 1001 I Date of Recog: 1811 I NGR: SO 0312 1487 I spindle whorl, bracelet, copper-alloy finger ring with Site Name: Withington I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: engraved bezel, tinned spoon, brooch, bar of copper alloy, British Mus; Gloucester City Mus I Description: Roman green glass bead, pottery (including samian with stamp, villa discovered under part of the arable common field and colander, castor ware, New Forest ware), nail, iron spike, excavated by Samuel Lysons. Lysons records the destruc­ glass flange I Sources: Stroud Museum. tion of part of the structure, while excavation revealed one wing of a substantial villa, with at least two mosaics, one depicting Oceanus with sea-creatures, and the other of UNRECORDED STRAY FIND (SITE TYPE: USF) Orpheus. Finds include a hoard of over 1200 late C3 and C4 coins, from Valerian to Diocletian, a knife, a small 'lead' Site No: 31 I Site Name: Andoversford I Periods Rep: RB I vessel and unspecified pottery. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus G.l916.141 I Description: Withington (2); Lysons 1817a, 112-25. RB pottery found in a field near Andoversford. I Sources: Site No: 1002 I Date of Recog: 1863 I NGR: SP 011172 I Site RCHME MS Notes. Name: Withington I Periods Rep: RB I Description: A large Site No: 32 I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Gloucester round barrow, Foxcote Tumulus, excavated in 1863 is said City Mus N.521 I Description: Coin of Valens. I Sources: to have yielded over 200 C4 coins, with accounts differing RCHME MS Notes. as to whether they were contained in a jar. Also found, RB potsherds, a piece of iron, and a skeleton, possibly in Site No: 33 I Date of Recog: 1930 I Site Name: Syreford I association. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Withington, 131a; Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Pottery Norwood 1865, 198-9; Bird 1877,335-6. frags, given by Mr C E Key. I Sources: Cheltenham Museum. Site No: 1003 I Date of Recog: 1864 I NGR: SP 053135 I Site Name: Chedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Site No: 34 I Date of Recog: 1931 I Finds Location: Chedworth Roman villa museum I Description: Villa, first Cheltenham Mus I Description: Collection of finds given exposed by James Farrer; later partly built up and roofed by by Mr C Hill: pottery, and lumps of molten glass I Sources: Lord Eldon, now in the care of the National Trust. (All Cheltenham Museum. subsequent excavations, watching briefs etc not catalogued Site No: 35 I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Cheltenham by site in detail). I Sources: RCHME 1976, Chedworth (1); Mus I Description: Votive relief showing a cucullatus Webster 1983, 5-20. and another figure in oolitic limestone. On loan from Site No: 1004 I Date of Recog: 1864-5 I NGR: SP 0611 Whittington Court. (Probably Lawrence site finds from 1329 I Site Name: Chedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Finds excavations 1863-4). I Sources: Henig 1993b, no 106, pl28; Location: Chedworth Roman villa museum I Description: Toynbee 1957, 465-6, no 11, pl LXV.4; 1976, 86-7. Roman temple in Chedworth Woods, E of villa, categorised Site No: 36 I Site Name: Syreford I Periods Rep: IA I Finds as Romano-Celtic type lA by Lewis. Finds from excavations Location: Cheltenham M us I Description: Single decorated include: red deer bones in pit, columns, capitals, moulded reconstructed rim of IA pottery, provenanced to the architrave, sandstone hexagonal slates, opus signinum, Syreford gravel pits. Date and circumstances of discovery coins of mid C2 to C4, and 2 slabs roughly inscribed with not recorded. A second rim probably derives from the armed figures. Undated fragments of human skull were same location. I Sources: Saville 1984b, 151, 158, 169, fig found in the ambulatory. The 'hunter god' relief may be 2.19. from this site. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Chedworth (4); PSAS 6, 1868, 262; JRS 14, 1924, 231; Lewis 1966. Site No: 37 I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Collection of objects, exact provenance Site No: 1005 I Date of Recog: 1868? I NGR: SP 0512 1358 I not given, from Wycomb, includes: brooches, copper-alloy Site Name: Chedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: bracelets, bone bracelet, iron spatula, beads, glass, bone Chedworth Roman villa museum I Description: Roman pins, iron nails, pot, and numerous flints. (Probably part of building, described as 'The Capitol', discovered in Lawrence site finds from excavation 1863-4). I Sources: Chedworth Woods; subsequently destroyed by railway. Cheltenham Museum. Several small rooms were cleared, and in 1869 the structure Wycomb Gazetteers 343

was described as a 'circular temple'. Finds include: coins, enclosure suggested, with only parts of three sides hexagonal tiles, column fragments, shell-headed niche, surviving as well-worn bank and ditch. I Sources: RCHME glass tesserae. A 'hunter god' stone relief may be from this 1976, Compton Abdale (2); RAF, VAP CPEIUK 1846: site rather than from site 1004. I Sources: RCHME 1976, 4067-8. : Chedworth (2); PSAS 6, 1868, 383; JBAA 25, 1869, 222; Fox Site No: 1013 I NGR: SP 076149-084152 I Site Name: 1887, 323; Toynbee 1964, 179. Yanworth I Periods Rep: Undated I Description: Ditches, Site No: 1006 I Date of Recog: 1930; I NGR: SP 06111329 I show as cropmarks, in two sections. A narrow gap, Site Name: Chedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: apparently original, occurs in the SW section. I Sources: Further excavation on the site revealed evidence to suggest RCHME 1976, Yanworth (2), plan; CUAP, OAP AYB 65-6. an extension or annex at the NW angle of the platform of , the temple complex. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Chedworth (4); Baddeley 1930b, 255-64; Lewis 1966; Webster 1983, MODERN EXCAVATIONS (SITE TYPE: ME) 5-20. Site No: 1014 I Date of Recog: 1948 I NGR: SP 0156 2051 I Site No: 1007 I Date of Recog: 1931 I NGR: SP 0495 1610 I Site Name: Whittington I Periods Rep: RB, AS, Med I Finds : Site Name: Compton Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Excavations by tion: Probable settlement suggested by excavation at Bel H O'Neil revealed a bath building of C2 date, whose exist­ Tump, when 15 coins, including one of Allectus, and ence presupposes the presence of house close by. Later , pottery including samian, were discovered. I Sources: alterations occurred whereby the C4 bath building was ' RCHME 1976, Compton Abdale (4); MS Notes C E Key and incorporated into a small corridor house; 3 rooms of which Dr J Liversidge. had tessellated pavements and mosaics. Further extensions Site No: 1008 I Date of Recog: 1931 I NGR: SP 0482 1624 I and alterations were carried out, with occupation con­ • Site Name: Compton Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Finds tinuing into the CS, before falling into gradual decay, with a 'Location: Cheltenham Mus, Chedworth Roman villa squatter's hearth in one of the rooms. Coins from Antoninus museum I Description: Roman villa at Compton Grove, Pius to Theodosius. The medieval village of Whittington ' excavated by C E Key. Third-century coins, samian, pottery later grew up around the ruins. I Sources: RCHME 1976, ' of C3 and C4, panelled wall-plaster, flue tiles, and domestic Whittington (3); Glos SMR 51; H O'Neil1952, 13-87. objects of copper alloy and iron. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Site No: 1015 I NGR: SP 04081285 I Site Name: Chedworth Compton Abdale (1); MS Notes C E Key and Dr J I Periods Rep: Probably RB I Description: RB potsherds, ' Liversidge. and iron gouge, were noted during excavation on and near Site No: 1009 I Date of Recog: 1935-6 I NGR: SP 0138 1803 a round barrow. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Chedworth, 24a; I Site Name: Withington, Foxcote Manor I Periods Rep: IA, Crimes 1958, 133 . . ?Saxon I Description: Excavations near Foxcote Manor Site No: 1016 I Date of Recog: 1962-5 I NGR: SP 048158 I , revealed an IA settlement, cut by possibly late RB pits. Site Name: Withington I Periods Rep: IA, RB I Description: Three irregular pits contained IA pottery including Excavation of Sales Lot Neolithic long barrow yielded one stamped ware; two pits also contained bone combs, IA 'A: sherd from the outer edge and 2 RB tile fragments in perhaps late RB rather than AS as originally reported, and the rubble of the barrow mound. Tile stamped VLA. I human skeletons. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Withington (1); Sources: RCHME 1976, Withington, 131a; O'Neil 1966, 11, Donovan and Dunning 1936,57-70. 28-9. Site No: 1017 I Date of Recog: 1978 I NGR: SP 008 02093 I INTERPRETATION AND MAPPING UNIT Site Name: Whittington, Waltham Field I Periods Rep: RB (SITE TYPE: IMU) I Description: Excavations by W Cox, Aug-Oct 1978, uncovered a building of 2-3 phases of occupation, with Site No: 1010 I NGR: SP 0350 1926 I Site Name: Shipton I tesserae and wall-plaster amongst the finds. I Sources: Cox . Periods Rep: Undated I Description: Double-ditched 1979, 47-50. enclosure, revealed as a cropmark, with S and W sides

. defined by parallel ditches. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Shipton (2). 1 PLACENAME EVIDENCE (SITE TYPE: PN) Site No: 1011 I NGR: SP 0572 2065 I Site Name: Sevenhampton I Periods Rep: Undated I Description: A Site No: 1018 I Site Name: White Way I Periods Rep: RB I square enclosure shows as a cropmark-ditched perimeter Description: A ridgeway route running from Cirencester to with entrance on the E. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Compton Abdale; possibly joins the main Salt Way. I Sevenhampton (1); NMR, OAP SP 052011. Sources: A H Smith 1965, I, 20; Margary 1955, route 55. Site No: 1012 I NGR: SP 0474 1616 I Site Name: Compton Site No: 1019 I Site Name: Portstraet I Description: Ridge Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Probable Roman route from Andoversford towards Seven Springs. Reference 344 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire to 'portstraet' in a Saxon charter. I Sources: Grundy 1935, suggest existence of a farmstead, in Little Compton Park. I 268; Sawyer 1968, charter 1556. Sources: Marshal! 199t 226. Site No: 1028 I Date of Recog: 1990 I NGR: SP 0678 1253 I Site Name: Chedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: A RECORDED OBSERVATION (SITE TYPE: RO) scatter of RB pot, building debris and fragments of gritstone suggest a small farmstead. Earth works which survive at the Site No: 1020 I Date of Recog: 1865 I NGR: SP 0612 1307 I margin of a wood may be associated. I Sources: Marshal! Site Name: Chedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: 1991, 224. Evidence to suggest a RB settlement was noted by James Site No: 1029 I Date of Recog: 1991 I NGR: SP 0670 2105 I Farrer in Chedworth Woods, comprising wall foundations Site Name: Hawling I Periods Rep: RB I Description: and black earth, with RB sherds. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Roman debris covering c O.Sha on hilltop indicates the site Chedworth (5); PSAS 6, 1868, 283. of a small farmstead. I Sources: Marshall1992, 223. Site No: 1021 I Date of Recog: 1947 I NGR: SP 0156 2051 I Site No: 1030 I Date of Recog: Sept 1994 I NGR: SP 038186 Site Name: Whittington I Periods Rep: RB I Description: I Site Name: Shipton Oliffe I Periods Rep: ?IA I Descrip­ Roman remains were noted in a field to the E of Whittington tion: Crouched inhumation burial in shallow scoop grave Court by Mr T K Young. I Sources: Glos SMR 51. discovered during building works. I Sources: Barber Site No: 1022 I Date of Recog: 1976 I NGR: SP 03171923 I 1995. Site Name: Shipton I Periods Rep: RB I Description: RB building indicated by a scatter of worked oolitic blocks, squared sandstone, animal bones and pottery. RB sherds RECORDED STRAY FINDS (SITE TYPE: RSF) and oyster shells scattered 200 yds to theN (SP 0304 1940). Identified by Sgt B Beveridge. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Site No: 1031 I Date of Recog: 1873-81 I NGR: SP 0139 2029 Shipton (1). I Site Name: Whittington, Sandywell Park I Periods Rep: RB? I Description: Two stone coffins, probably Roman, Site No: 1023 I NGR: SP 0492 1630 I Site Name: Compton found 200 yds S of Whittington Court Roman villa (see Site Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Building platform, 1014) during construction of railway 1873-81, when they probably RB, set into the hill. Late C3-C4 pottery and were moved and incorporated into the walls of a drain in fragments of opus signinum found on the platform. I the grounds of Sandywell Park. H O'Neil inspected them in Sources: RCHME 1976, Compton Abdale (3). 1949, and found them to be of solid stone, lined with lead, Site No: 1024 I NGR: SP 05571346 I Site Name: Chedworth one of which had a lid with bones inside. I Sources: I Description: A building, now surviving as a low knolt RCHME 1976, Whittington, 124, 125. was recognised by a spread of debris exposed when under Site No: 1032 I Date of Recog: 1938 I NGR: SP 0526 1746 I plough, 230yds E of Chedworth villa. Interpreted by Site Name: Compton Abdale I Periods Rep: RB? I Descrip­ Webster as a possible gateway. I Sources: RCHME 1976, tion: Cist buriat unaccompanied, discovered 2ft below the Chedworth (3); Webster 1983, 10. surface. Stone-lined, probably Roman. I Sources: RCHME Site No: 1025 I NGR: SP 0620 1330 I Site Name: Chedworth 1976, Compton Abdale (5); Donovan, 1939, 118-19. I Description: Indications of buildings-walls, levelled or Site No: 1033 I NGR: SP 0532 1432 I Site Name: terraced areas. In the whole area the earth is dark, with WithingtoniChedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: surface pottery tile and evidence of burning and metal RB pot collected by A N Irvine. I Sources: RCHME 1976, working. Area bounded on the W by a large ditch running Withington, 131a; Chedworth, 24. down the hill slope. Webster suggests this complex may represent the buildings occupied by the temple servants Site No: 1034 / NGR: SP 0502 1429 I Site Name: and the workshops where the votive objects were made. I WithingtoniChedworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Sources: Webster 1983, 10. RB pot collected by A N Irvine. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Withington, 131a; Chedworth, 24. Site No: 1026 I Date of Recog: 1987 I NGR: SP 0368 1841 I Site Name: Shipton Oliffe I Periods Rep: RB I Description: A complex of buildings discovered during drainage and UNSYSTEMATIC SURFACE COLLECTION UNIT landscaping. The stone buildings are well-preserved (SITE TYPE USCU) and survive to a height of about 1m, sealed by O.Sm of demolition debris. Floors were plain tessellated pavements Site No: 1035 I NGR: SP 0605 1390 to 0615 1395 I Site over hypocausts. Box flue tiles and painted wall-plaster Name: Yanworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Finds, also survived in situ. I Sources: Wills 1988, 106,223. now lost are said to have been scattered over the area Site No: 1027 I Date of Recog: 1990 I NGR: SP 0620 1495 I between two presumed buildings (see Site 1057); and Site Name: Compton Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ include coins (one of Crispus), C4 pot and tile fragments. I tion: Small scatter of RB pottery and quem fragments Sources: RCHME 1976, Yanworth (1); Archaeo/] 78, 1921, Wycomb Gazetteers 345

453; 122, 1965, 178, fig 2.10 'East Chedworth'; Baddeley Roman metal objects were discovered during clearance of 1925a, 77, note 14. Whittington Woods. Traces of 'foundations and pavements' and 2-3 Constantine coins were found nearby. I Sources: Site No: 1036 I Date of Recog: pre-1976 I NGR: SO 999191 RCHME 1976, Whittington, 124b, 125a; Lawrence 1867, 129, I Site Name: Dowdeswell I Periods Rep: RB-Post-med I 396. Finds Location: Gloucester City Mus I Description: Pot found in the N half of Dowdeswell hillfort included Site No: 1046 I Site Name: Whittington I Periods Rep: RB samian, probably C2, colour-coated Oxon mortaria, C4. I Finds Location: Whittington I Description: Lower Medieval and later sherds were found in the S half. I portion 'of a Roman column recovered from a cottage in the Sources: RCHME 1976, Dowdeswell (1). village, removed to Whittington Court. Provenance un­ certain, but probably local. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Site No: 1037 I Date ofRecog: 1976 I NGR: SO 994215 I Site Whittington, 125a, pl 30. Name: Whittington I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Scattered RB sherds have been picked up on arable ground, Site No: 1047 I Site Name: Shipton I Periods Rep: IA I S of Arle Grove. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Whittington, Description: An IA potin (speculum) coin found in the 125a. parish, exact provenance unknown-Mack 21. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Shipton, 101a; Clifford 1961, 133. Site No: 1038 I NGR: SP 075212 C I Site Name: Hazleton I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Private collection. I Description: A silver Dobunnic coin inscribed ANTED was VISIBLE FEATURES (SITE TYPE: VF) found with RB pot, including samian, iron slag and burnt stones, suggesting a probable Roman settlement. I Sources: Site No: 1048 I NGR: SP 0666 1943 I Site Name: Shipton I RCHME 1976, Hazleton (1); Arch Rev 4, 1969, 41. Periods Rep: Undated I Description: 'Salperton Camp' Site No: 1039 I NGR: SP 0329 1493-03371478 I Site Name: (1883) or 'Penhill' (1952), an undated enclosure, has been Withington I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Probable claimed as Roman. The enclosure may have been trapezoidal Roman settlement suggested at Wall-Well, by scatter of in shape, but only the N side remains undisturbed with a debris including hypocaust and other tiles, and pottery. I bank 4ft high above an external ditch. I Sources: RCHME Sources: RCHME 1976, Withington (3). 1976, Shipton (3); Witts 1883,44-5, no 89; Burrow 1924, 132. Site No: 1040 I Date of Recog: pre-1978 I NGR: SP 0080 Site No: 1049 I Date of Recog: 1976 I NGR: SP 0157 2501 I 2093 I Site Name: Whittington, Waltham Field I Periods Site Name: Whittington I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Rep: RB I Description: Discovery of a collection of abraded Terrace-way just west of Site 1014, is on a possible line of sherds in molehills in Waltham Field, in an area 600m NW the Whiteway from Corinium. I Sources: RCHME 1976, of Whittington Court, on a spur of land between two Whittington, 124b. springs. I Sources: Cox 1979, 47-50. Site No: 1050 I Date ofRecog: 1976 I NGR: SO 999191 I Site Site No: 1041 I Date of Recog: 1984 I NGR: SO 031148 I Site Name: Dowdeswell I Periods Rep: IA I Description: Name: Withington I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Univallate hillfort on Dowdeswell Hill, of 14 acres. Corinium Mus, 1984123311-6 I Description: Field-walking Unexcavated. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Dowdeswell (1); finds comprising a C4 coin, pottery, tesserae, glass and tile Witts 1883, no 1. from the site of villa I Sources: Material collected by B and Site No: 1051 I NGR: SP 053167 I Site Name: Compton B Rawes. Abdale I Description: Scarps, possibly remains of 'Celtic' Site No: 1042 I NGR: SP 0515 1430 I Site Name: Withington fields. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Compton Abdale (6). I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Corinium Mus, Site No: 1052 I Date of Recog: 1931 I NGR: SP 0495 1610 I 19841240 I Description: Pottery. I Sources: Material Site Name: Compton Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ collected by B and B Rawes. tion: Probable settlement at Bel Turri.p, suggested by an Site No: 1043 I NGR: SP 052146 I Site Name: Yanworth I irregular heap of large rough limestone blocks, on a narrow Finds Location: Corinium Mus, 19841247 I Description: E-facing spur of ground. Cf Site 1007. I Sources: RCHME Pottery. I Sources: Material collected by B and B Rawes. 1976, Compton Abdale (4). Site No: 1053 I Date of Recog: 1976 I NGR: SP 04821624 I UNRECORDED STRAY FINDS (SITE TYPE: USF) Site Name: Compton Abdale I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ tion: Earthworks of villa at Compton Grove: terraces within Site No: 1044 I Site Name: Whittington I Period Rep: RB I a narrow combe facing SE. Scarps cross the valley, with a Finds Location: British Mus I Description: RB brooch of circular depression between two spring-heads, with enamelled bronze, 1864.12-2. I Sources: RCHME MS possible remains of 'Celtic' fields further up the valley. I Notes. Sources: RCHME 1976, Compton Abdale (1). Site No: 1045 I Date of Recog: c 1865 I Site Name: Site No: 1054 I NGR: SP 0240 1440 to 0275 1447 I Site Whittington I Periods Rep: ?RB I Description: Allegedly Name: Withington I Periods Rep: ?Iron Age I Description: 346 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

A ditch in woodland, of modest size, and resembling other Site No: 1057 I NGR: SP 0665 1384 to SP 0674 1387 I Site ditches in the same woods of medieval origin but may be Name: Yanworth I Description: Disjointed traces of terrace­ earlier. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Withington, 131a. way in Streetfold. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Yanworth, 135a. Site No: 1055 I Date of Recog: 1989 I NGR: SP 0231 1755 I Site No: 1058 I NGR: SP 0605 1390 to 0615 1395 I Site Site Name: Fulford, Withington I Periods Rep: RB (? Med) Name: Yanworth I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Settle­ I Description: Banked linear feature, which appears to be ment in Yanworth Wood, marked by a feature, probably an agger, perhaps with side ditches, and may be a roadway representing a building platform, and by building stones in of Roman or medieval date. I Sources: Marshall 1989b, situ, with a terrace-way extending SW. I Sources: RCHME 210-17. 1976, Yanworth (1), plan p 25. Site No: 1056 I Date of Recog: 1989 I NGR: SP 0450 1460 to 0490 1490 I Site Name: Cassey Compton I Periods Rep: RBIMed I Description: Stretch of sunken way some 500m long, 5m wide and 2m deep running along the valley bottom. I Sources: Marshall1989b, 211. 16. WYCOMB GENERAL DISCUSSION

east (Alien et al1984, figs 6.6 and 6.7). It is suggested Origins and location that some of the smaller penannular gullies (3-9m) Located on good drained gravel, with a water supply excavated at Claydon Pike defined stacking areas for from the headwaters of the Coln, and sheltered by animal fodder (Alien et al 1984, 91). Other features hills, Wycomb shows a long history of settlement visible as cropmarks at Wycomb may belong to the from the prehistoric period onwards. Concentrations same phase of use, in particular some of the linear of Mesolithic and Neolithic flint-work have been boundaries extending out towards the north-west recovered both from excavations and surface collec­ (Fig 127) which may relate to pre-Roman field boun­ tions (Saville 1984a, 69). The Neolithic finds include at daries and droveways. Unfortunately the interpre­ least three greenstone axes, one recovered from tation of these enigmatic features is unresolved. excavations (Rawes 1973a) and two from field­ More tangible evidence for later Iron Age occu­ walking (E J Swain pers comm), with an additional pation was found in the Syreford Mill excavations, four axes known from earlier collections identified as where part of a possible field-system, along with belonging to the Group IX axe factory (Tievebulliagh pits and scoops presumably connected with gravel Hill, County Antrim) (Lucy 1892; Clough and quarrying was revealed. The small quantity of Cummins 1988, 152ff). Aerial photography has identi­ pottery available from the site indicates a later Iron fied a series of at least four circular cropmarks along Age date, although the odd sherd of decorated ware the east side of the River Coln (Fig 127). These may be might indicate traditions reaching back slightly Bronze Age ring-ditches, Iron Age enclosures, for further (Saville 1984b, 169). The existence of pre­ either stock or domestic settlement, or later Roman Roman activity at Wycomb may indicate a precursor burial mounds. The two larger ones are approxi­ to the Raman-Celtic temple. Although few have mately 25-30m diameter; the two smaller examples been examined in detail, many religious sites have 15m and 10m diameter respectively. One of the latter shown continuity of use over a long period. The shows signs of internal pits or post-holes, perhaps Roman temple at Uley, Glos, for example, showed indicating occupation. Of the larger two examples, evidence of earlier Neolithic and Iron Age structures one is partially buried by the disused railway line, (Woodward and Leach 1993). Earlier structures, often whilst the other, to the north-east, appears to have an of timber construction, for example at Danebury, entranceway facing to the east. Wantner (1705) Heathrow and Hayling Island (Woodward 1992, fig mentions the existence of barrows in the same field 18), may have eluded detection in the nineteenth­ as stone streets and foundations, which might be century explorations at Wycomb. Lawrence does note inferred as Wycomb. In the Upper Thames Valley finding 'rude British' pottery below Buildings 6-9 circular enclosures and penannular gullies are a and 11, located north of the temple enclosure, perhaps common element of Iron Age sites, and excavations indicative of pre-Roman occupation. have demonstrated that many surround house sites. Iron Age activity in the immediate area is also The arrangement at Wycomb may be analogous to attested by the recovery of Dobunnic coins, late Iron that at Claydon Pike, Lechlade, Glos, where a third­ Age brooches and part of a La n~ne horse-bit (Darvill century BC settlement set alongside the River Coln 1987). Mrs O'Neil documents early Iron Age finds comprised clusters of round houses within paddocks from the gravel quarries, but the description suggests (Miles and Palmer 1983). A similar situation also these might now be considered of slightly later date. prevailed at Farmoor, Oxon (Lambrick and Robinson A fragment of a possible coin mould was recovered 1979, fig 3). Like the Wycomb example, several of the from the Syreford Mill excavations (Fig 134.6). The Claydon Pike enclosures show an entranceway facing presence of a terra rubra beaker suggests that the site 348 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire may have been of sufficient status to acquire Roman branch road leading off to the north-west at the imports in the later Iron Age, or immediate post­ northerly end of the settlement shows a curious conquest period. Further similar finds however, deviation around the northernmost penannular would be needed to qualify this statement. enclosure, indicating the existence of the latter when The evidence available at present indicates con­ the road was laid. tinuity of occupation into the Roman period. Features In plan the settlement is analogous to a number of excavated in the Andoversford Bypass excavations other rural settlements generally defined as large suggest the presence of timber structures from at least villages. In particular it resembles Chisenbury the Flavian period (Rawes 1980). In extent the Roman Warren, Enford, Wilts where there is a single street, occupation appears to stop just short of the present c 770m long with 80 rectangular platforms either side, line of the bypass. To the west, the settlement is or Fotheringhay, Northants, situated on a gravel bounded by the River Coin (Syreford Brook). Crop­ terrace alongside the River Nene with a single long marks suggest it was broadly confined within the street lined with properties (Taylor 1983, 85££). A areas of the modern fields north and south of the possible closer parallet both functionally and disused railway. It was probably served by the morphologically, is the settlement at Springhead, Whiteway linking it with Cirencester to the south. A Kent, also a religious centre (Burnham and Wacher terrace-way just west of Whittington villa may be 1990, fig 59). a continuation of this route to the north-west of At least two areas of burial have been identified, Wycomb (RCHME 1976, 124). both likely to date to the late Roman period or later; a small cemetery at Syreford Mill gravel pits and some scattered burials near the Bypass excavations. Both Morphology areas appear to be peripheral to the Roman settle­ The occupied area is estimated to cover c 11-12 ha. ment. Other odd burials have also been noted, for Aerial photographs have highlighted a single main example, Lawrence (1864) mentions finding two street running in a north-east to south-west direction possible stone tombs; Fosbrooke (1826) notes the through the settlement (Figs 124, 127). The route can discovery of a burial with a sword and shield, and be traced for 600-700m. Just north of the temple the Wantner (1705) notes the discovery of several stone­ street divides, with one branch heading south, the lined graves and barrows at the base of Wickham Hill. other to the south-west towards the river. It is this road that was encountered in the bypass excavations which, as it approached the river and presumably a Buildings fording point, had become a hollow-way, appearing THE TEMPLE as a ditch on excavation (cf Rawes 1980, figs 3 and 4). The ditch was 7.3m wide and had a regular cobbled The building that stands out from the rest at Wycomb floor which showed no sign of wear from wheeled is the temple, excavated by Lawrence in the nine­ vehicles. It was suggested that it may only have been teenth century. The architectural details are unfortun­ dug in the fourth century (Rawes 1980, 22). Material ately vague although reference is made to columns collected from the cobbled surface dates to the later and the broken parts of a pediment. The temple fourth, or early fifth century, with Midlands shelly structure has been interpreted as representing two ware and late fourth-century coins suggesting that it superimposed phases (Lewis 1966, 18n the first had fallen out of use sometime after this period. being a simple rectangular building with a dividing The original identification of the feature as a ditch wall forming two cells, later replaced by a square (Rawes 1976; 1980) led to the consideration that it building. The original plan does not show any butt may have formed part of possible defensive system, joints to indicate the sequence of building and it is a suggestion that has become perpetuated (eg perhaps just conceivable that the smaller projecting Crickmore 1984, 138), or a boundary. There is no structure on the north side is an elaborate entrance­ evidence that this was its function from either its way into the temple building. However, two small position, or its relationship with other features. In projections and a slight change in alignment on the conclusion, Rawes (1980, 22) did suggest that the east wall may imply the entrance lay on this side. The 'ditch' may have been a ceremonial way leading majority of Romano-Celtic temples are orientated to away from the temple to a crossing of the brook. the east suggesting some possible sacred significance. A number of metalled spur roads show up either The plan suggests a three-sided temenos enclosure side of the two main roads although most of these around the complex, open to the west (RCHME 1976, appear to peter out. Possibly some of these were op 125). If the small rectangular structure is an earlier minor roads or alley ways between properties which discrete shrine it measures 12.5m by 6.4m with a either did not continue far back, or changed from north-south orientation. As such it shows some gravelled surfaces to earthen tracks that without similarity of plan to one of the shrines at South ditches, are less likely to show as cropmarks. A Cadbury (Woodward 1992, 32). Wycomb General Discussion 349

The temple at Wycomb shows many close analogies 'native' pottery, probably pre-Roman. Facing the with that recently excavated at Uley, Glos. The Uley open side of the temple enclosure was another poorly temple, initially a timber Iron Age shrine, was set preserved building complex (structure 13) which, within a three-sided enclosure open to the south­ from the associated calcined stone and charred wood, west. The shrine was replaced in the early second was thought to have burnt down. century by a stone building conforming in plan to a On the eastern side of what appears to be a Romano-Celtic sub-type, with a rectangular cella rectangular building was a large mass of pitched surrounded on three sides by an ambulatory. The stone terminated by a semi-circular line of raised temple is approximately 13m square, with its main stonework. The best samian recovered by Lawrence entrance to the north-east. Internally Uley had a came from this location which was also associated central internal pit and a mortar foundation suggested with hypocaust and other tiles. The function and to be the location of the cult statue. The temple was nature of this building is far from clear although the later extended and aggrandised by a rectangular abundant samian and the heating might suggest a foundation thought to be a portico (Woodward and higher-status establishment. A number of speculative Leach 1993). possibilities could be presented. Could it have been Any evidence for a wooden precursor at Wycomb the priest's house, located as it is adjacent to the is unlikely to have been identified at the time of temple? Or could it be a hostelry for pilgrims or excavation. The Wycomb temple does not have an other users of the temple? Does the presence of a external ambulatory like Uley, nor is it abundantly hypocaust system and apsidal structure indicate a clear where the entranceway was placed. If the bath suite? projecting rectangle was an elaborate entrance like Other buildings outside the enclosure may be that at Uley it is on the same orientation. There are connected with the temple, for example other service many parallels for plans of temples with evidence facilities, or may represent private domestic proper­ of a porch and antechamber which would have ties. There is evidence for rectangular buildings both allowed direct access to or sight of the central cella. In at Uley (Woodward and Leach 1993) and outside the size Wycomb is also comparable to Uley, the main temenos at Sapperton (RCHME 1976, 99). structure measuring approximately 12.5m square. At the northern end of the field, some 150m away Internally Wycomb had a small compartment to the from the temple, is another complex of buildings, also north side, 2.4m by 2.1m, and, in the centre of partially investigated by Lawrence (nos 1-3). A stone the floor, hewn stone raised in the middle, which wall, c 44m long set at right-angles to the road, and probably formed the plinth for a statue. Pieces of then turning to follow it, was described by Lawrence, sculptured stone were found nearby along with a and is evident from the cropmarks which show a bronze statuette and 500-600 coins. The enclosure third side apparently defining a rectangular enclosed around the temple may have been for ceremonial use area. Within this are building foundations suggestive or may be symbolic in that it is separating the sacred of a large relatively complex structure comprising world away from the domestic (Wait 1985, 173). several rooms. The evidence to date would suggest a 'villa' type building set within its own compound alongside the main street. OTHER BUILDINGS The suggested presence of an amphitheatre or To the south of the teinenos enclosure is a small square theatre at Wycomb is based on a suggestion made by detached building (Building 19), approximately 5.5m Lawrence following the excavation of a 'semi-circular square, which may possibly be a small detached foundation of strong rough masonry, 2ft 4ins thick shrine. There are many examples for such structures and about 75 ft long' (23m). The coincidence of the adjacent to temples, eg Sapperton (RCHME 1976, 99), slightly sinuous 'metalled road' and the penannular Brean Down and Lamyatt Beacon (Woodward and enclosure at this point might suggest that Lawrence Leach 1993, 325ff). Alternatively the size and ground may have partly uncovered one of these features. plan would also suit that of a tower granary, like that Alternatively there may have been a roadside wall, at Silchester for example (Boon 1969, 260, Insula which would account for the comparatively slight XVII). build observed by Lawrence. Another possible A number of rectangular buildings with stone explanation might be a wall enclosing a circular foundations were uncovered by Lawrence to the temple or shrine. The association of circular or north of the temenos (structures 6-9). Building 6 octagonal temples and rectangular temples has been measured 7.6 m by 13.7m internally with a small documented both at Nettleton (Wedlake 1982,36££, fig square extension (7); building 8 measured 7m by 20) and Frilford (Hingley 1982,305, fig 5). However, it 13.8m, and building 9, 8.8m by 15m. They were should also be noted that the juxtaposition of temple considered by Lawrence to be a single arrangement and theatre is not unknown, with parallels of temple with a pitched stone surface between the structures. and amphitheatre at Frilford, Oxon (Hingley 1982) Below the buildings was 0.6m of black soil containing and a temple with a theatre at Gosbecks, Essex (Hull 350 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

1958, 258). Several similar arrangements have been To date there is little positive evidence of agri­ observed in Gaul (Burnham 1988, 51). cultural activity at Wycomb, although the existence of some animal husbandry could be inferred from the small extant animal bone assemblages. The animal Specialist functions bone from Syreford Mill appeared to be dominated Several pieces of sculpture and the small bronze by sheep/goat in contrast to that from the Bypass site statuette, recovered from Wycomb have religious which had a higher percentage of cattle. The latter significance. In addition fragments of sculpted stone was mainly recovered from the fills above the from within the temple would suggest that there was 'hollow-way' which might suggest a late Roman/ originally a cult statue housed here. The other sculp­ sub-Roman date. Pigs were also moderately well tures consist of five carved stones crudely worked in represented at the Bypass site. Evidence of some relief, probably by local masons, and represent native butchery was present but not enough to suggest deities. At least one is likely to be a mother goddess, intensive processing of carcasses. A high proportion and two almost identical in design show panels with of sheep I goat bones were noted at the temple sites of a trio of figures indicating the cult of the genii cucullati Uley, Glos and Harlow, Essex (Levitan 1993, 257), witnessed elsewhere in Gloucestershire (Toynbee thought to relate to ritual practices. 1976, 85££; Henig 1993b). The most recent fragment Only a few finds were recovered from the excava­ from the Andoversford Bypass excavations also tions that might be indicative of crop processing, for shows a single large figure with a possible attendant example querns and ovens, or animal husbandry, godlet or animal (Rawes 1976, 111). such as ox goads. Lawrence notes the finding of many The bronze statuette is Mars in martial attire. The boars tusks, horn cores and deer horns. These may be high-quality workmanship suggests that it could directly related to religious activities; antler horns have been imported from Gaul (Toynbee 1976, 87). have been noted at a number of religious sites eg The large quantity of coins from within the temple is Maiden Castle, Woodyates, Brean Down and Lamyatt sufficient in quantity to suggest votive offerings, Beacon (Leech 1986, 271). It has been suggested that rather than chance losses. On the basis of the statuette these could be linked with the worship of a horned it is suggested by Lewis (1966,48) that the temple was god (Leech 1986, 271). The small field system found at dedicated to Mars. The temple of Uley dedicated to Syreford Mill and the cropmark enclosure to the Mercury produced several small statuettes of the god south might also indicate stock management. in addition to the main stone statue (Woodward and The paucity of records and finds makes it difficult Leach 1993). to assess the extent of trade and commerce at A number of other enigmatic features were noted Wycomb. In terms of the pottery recovered, the site by Lawrence from areas adjacent to the temple appears to be receiving the standard repertoire of enclosure which may have had some ritual connec­ types. In the later Iron Age or earlier Roman period, it tion, or may have simply been for more mundane was of sufficient status to attract a small number of usage. Amongst these are two stone troughs and a 'exotic' imports, in particular Claudio-Neronian stone drain (14), a 'fireplace' (17), and a triangular samian, Gallo-Belgic wares (terra rubra and terra nigra) arrangement of two vertically set 'polished' stone and Central Gaulish products (St Remy green-glazed slabs with walling across the third side (10) immedi­ beaker (Rawes 1980, 41)). Amphorae were also being ately north of the temenos. Slightly further afield to the imported to the site, in particular Dressel 2-4, south-west was a small stone-lined oblong hole 0.7m Camulodunum 185 and 186 and Dressel 20. In the by 0.45m (29) containing ashes, bones, pottery and a early second century Wycomb was receiving fine grey fibula brooch thought to be a burial. At Jordan Hill and orange wares with rouletted and barbotine temple, Dorset, two stone cists were built for the decoration comparable to those found at Bourton deposition of pots and weapons, as well as a shaft (Renfrew 1976). The vessels are indicative of a similarly containing votive deposits (Ross 1974, 267ff) fineware industry perhaps in the south Oxfordshire The only evidence of industrial activity is that area. Mica-slipped and glazed vessels also present indicated by a general scatter of iron slag. The small may derive from the same industry. In the later quantity recovered from the Syreford Mill excava­ Roman period it was receiving products from the tions was mostly non-diagnostic (Mortimer 1994a). main industries, in particular Dorset black-burnished Further possible evidence of Iron Age metal-working ware and Oxfordshire wares. Other more distant is suggested from the recovery of a coin mould inland trade is suggested by the presence of a few fragment. Various ovens and hearths have been New Forest and Nene Valley colour-coated ware, found but it is not known whether these were Midlands grog-tempered and late Roman fossil-shell­ domestic or industrial. A single triangular loom tempered ware. weight from the Bypass excavations indicates some Other traded goods are indicated by the weaving was taking place in the later Iron Age Andernach quernstones, possibly the bronze statuette period. of Mars and glass vessels. It has been suggested that Wycomb General Discussion 351

some of the simple one- or two-roomed rectangular temple. It is quite feasible that the Romano-Celtic buildings set alongside the road at Wycomb may temple was built on, or adjacent to, a spot already have been shops (Woodward and Leach 1993, 315). sacred from the pre-Roman period. Over 60% of the The evidence is equivocal at present. Celtic shrines recently analysed by Wait (1985) continued as religious sites in the Roman period. Such sites were frequently located over, or adjacent Later history to, springs, as is the situation here with springs Surface finds indicate continued use of the site in the issuing from Syreford. The continuity of religious use sub-Roman period. In addition to sherds of grass­ of sites and structures from the Iron Age to the tempered pottery, from both Syreford Mill and the Roman period is an important indication of the Bypass sites, there is at least one fifth-century buckle persistence of Celtic beliefs. The provision of metalled (Rawes 1976, 111). The burials found down towards streets with further settlement extending along each the Coln may also date to the later fourth/fifth side in a linear manner might suggest that Wycomb centuries although no dating evidence was recovered developed into a small rural settlement in the Roman (Cox archive). The fate of the temple is unknown, but period, with stone replacing earlier, less durable, it may be worth noting in passing the plan of the wooden structures. building excavated by Lawrence immediately west of Wycomb has many parallels with the recently the temple enclosure (Building 13) which was burnt excavated site at Uley, also within the Gloucestershire down. The Roman temple at Uley is thought to have Cotswolds, which has demonstrated pre-Roman been replaced by a timber basilica in the fifth/ sixth origins. Both temple structures are of similar size and century and later a stone structure in the later sixth/ set within enclosures. There are also a number of early seventh centuries. At present the evidence at similarities in terms of internal features. Both sites Wycomb is insufficient to pursue its development have an adjacent settlement with evidence of stone further. The earliest charter connected with these buildings and minor industrial activity. At Uley it lands is dated AD 759. Three brothers, with permis­ proved difficult to attach any specific functions to the sion of Offa, King of Mercia, granted to Abbot buildings, a problem with most rural settlements Headda of Worcester ten cassati (equivalent of later where industrial and agricultural usage are difficult hides) at Onnanforda (Finberg 1961, 36). to separate from domestic. Further analogy may Whatever its immediate post-Roman history, the exist between Wycomb and the temple complex at fields occupied by the Roman settlement at Wycomb Nettleton, Wilts (Wedlake 1982). The excavator had become totally abandoned by the earlier medieval suggests that the latter had a major series of precinct period and have remained so through to the present buildings, lodges, hostelry, priest's house and day, with the present village of Andoversford located precinct shops. The site flourished in the second to the south-west of the River Coln, and a small century to decline by the early fourth, continuing as a hamlet at Syreford to the north. simple rural community involved in metal-working activities. The existence of a cemetery is to be expected, on Conclusions analogy with other religious sites, or indeed any The existence of a settlement at Wycomb could be nucleated settlement. At present only two small attributed to one of two scenarios. The whole site may burial areas·have been located at Wycomb, both of have had especial sacred significance, focused on the later Roman date, although antiquarian accounts hint temple with various ancillary but associated build­ at a more complex picture. If Lawrence (1864a) is ings, comparable to the situation at Springhead, correct in his identification of 'tombs' then this Frilford, or, on a smaller scale, Uley. Alternatively the suggests burial within the settlement area rather than explanation may be much more prosaic and that this within a discrete cemetery. is a simple rural agricultural community with a focal 352 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire PART C: RELATED SITES AND DISCUSSION

17. BOURTON-ON-THE-WATER

the Fosse Way towards Alcester. Just north of Bourton THE SITE Bridge is Buckle Street, also heading north from the Fosse, which may also be of Roman origin. It has been Location suggested that Buckle Street may have diverged from Bourton-on-the-Water, located some 25km to the its modern line to cross the Windrush at a narrower north-east of Cirencester, lies on the east side of point. A track to the north-west of Bourton Bridge has the Fosse Way, near to where it crosses the River been proposed, reinforced by the observation of an Windrush. The area is known to have been settled undated raised way running between the river and from at least Neolithic times, and there is clear Pockhill Lane (Donovan 1935a, 246) (S167). evidence to suggest continuity of occupation from the mid/later Iron Age through to the late Roman period, Archaeological background and probably beyond. East of the modern village is Salmonsbury Camp, a large earthwork dating from Roman occupation at Bourton-on-the-Water has the Iron Age. Subsequent Roman settlement appears been documented from at least the early eighteenth to have been concentrated to the west of this earth­ century, when Atkyns made reference to the existence work, under and to the west of the modern village, of many ruins after rains and the presence of a particularly focusing around the point where the large camp (S19) (Atkyns 1712). Rudder (1779) also Fosse Way crosses the River Windrush. Geographic­ noted both visible house foundations and a large ally the settlement lies approximately mid-way quadrangular Roman ca~p (Salmonsbury). Popular between Cirencester and Dorn. tradition held that Bourton church, prior to its rebuild The present parish boundaries, enclosing approxi­ in 1784, was of Roman date (Moore notebook) (S45). mately 1000ha, largely relate to those defined in the Most of the known archaeology of Bourton is the pre-conquest charters (Elrington and O'Neil1965, 33). result of the diligent observations and activities of a The north-west boundary follows the Fosse Way, the small number of locally based .individuals. During eastern boundary the Slaughter brook, the River the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a Dikler and the River Windrush (Fig 141). local antiquary, Dr John Moore kept a series of The settlement area north of the River Windrush, notebooks in which various archaeological notes and east of the Fosse, lies on relatively flat land at were compiled. In the mid-1930s Mrs Helen O'Neil around 120-35m above sea-level. The present course (nee Donovan) came to live in the village, at Camp of the Windrush is probably not its original line, House, located near to the west entrance of the Iron part of its natural course having been altered for Age hillfort of Salmonsbury Camp. Mrs O'Neil water-mills, possibly in the early medieval period became heavily involved in the local archaeology, (Elrington and O'Neil1965, 33). Below 135m, most of and over much of the next fifty years any ground­ the settlement lies on Lower Lias with patches of works were meticulously checked for archaeological gravel. Along the rivers Windrush and Dikler are remains. She acted as the local correspondent to both relatively wide alluvial deposits (OS Geol Survey the Ordnance Survey and the Ancient Monuments maps (Drift) 217, 235). To the south-west the land Inspectorate and her observations were accordingly rises relatively steeply over a geology of Inferior annotated onto a series of 1:2500 OS maps. These Oolite below which the Cotswold Sand, Upper Lias annotated maps have formed the basis of many of the and Middle Lias outcrop as narrow bands. gazetteer entries (see section IX.2). Summaries were At the north-east end of the settlement, just beyond published in the local transactions (Donovan 1935a; Slaughter Bridge, Ryknild Street branches off from O'Neil 1968). In addition Mrs O'Neil carried out a 354 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

100 150 200 250 300m

D Gloucestershire ~ -N-

0 10km

25 11 11

20

11 15

10 15 20 25

Fig 141 Topographic map of Bourton-on-the-Water Bourton-on-the-Water 355 number of excavations in both Salmonsbury and Objects found include an unusual ?second century Bourton. copper-alloy buckle, pottery of similar date and a fourth-century coin (O'Neil 1949) (S111). In the adjacent field to the south, aerial photographs show a SALMONSBURY possible ditched enclosure (RCHME 1976, 19). The positioning of Salmonsbury Camp, in an In 1956 Mrs O'Neil carried out an excavation in the open valley, is slightly unusual compared to other garden of Avilon House, about 30m south of the Cotswold hillforts. The fortified settlement occupies a entrance on the north-west side. Evidence for Iron gravel platform between the rivers Dikler and Age occupation was found, continuing into the first Windrush. The name Sulmonnes Burg (ploughman's century AD. A roundhouse was uncovered, beyond stead) is recorded in a charter of AD 779 in which which was a gravel surface interpreted as the Offa, King of Mercia, grants four hides of land to the courtyard of an early Roman dwelling. Finds included thegn Duddonus (A H Smith 1965, 192ff). The name early Roman pottery and a small stone pyramid Salmonsbury was given to the Hundred in which (Dunning 1976, 113) (S34). Other casual finds of Bourton-on-the-Water lies; later the Hundred took the Roman material have been made in the area immedi­ name of Slaughter. The Court continued to assemble ately outside the Camp, for example coins (S31, S88), at the 'Salmonsbury Stone' near a gap in the north an iron key (S32), and pottery (S170, S171). rampart until the early nineteenth century. There is no evidence to date for Saxon settlement The Camp is rectilinear, enclosing an area of within the fort, but at least one burial and two approximately 23ha. It is defended by a double cemeteries are recorded from different places on the rampart of which only the north-east and south-east line of the defences. In 1931, the extended burial of sides remain completely intact. Two original entrances an adult male, with a small iron knife, was found are recorded on the north-eastern and north-western inserted into the south bank of the annexe (S67) sides. On the south-east side a single bank with an (Dunning 1976, 79). In the mid-nineteenth century Or external ditch prolongs the line of the ramparts for Moore recorded a small cemetery of seven burials, about 150m from the south and east corners. To the approximately 46m north of the south-east corner of east of this annexed enclosure is marshy ground and the ramparts (S47). A further cemetery was also the River Dikler. chronicled by Or Moore, in the north-west inner A plan of the earthworks was made by Sir Henry rampart (S54), which produced Roman and Saxon Dryden and W Lukis in 1840. In 1881, when the entire pottery. A sword handle is reputed to have been circuit was still traceable, 'masonry' was noted in the found in the same locality (S162). Other burials main rampart then said to be about 5ft high (RCHME have been noted outside and within the Camp, in 1976, 19) (S165). Few finds were recorded from the particular two crouched burials in a water-pipe locality prior to the twentieth century. Two notable trench following the lane outside the south rampart exceptions are coins and a gold ring with an intaglio (S171); and a disturbed burial with an iron knife in of Jupiter, probably from Salmonsbury Camp, noted the south-west part of the Camp, in the area of a by Rudder (1779) (S161), and a hoard of 147 currency modern cemetery, by O'Neil in 1963 (Dunning 1976, bars discovered in a gravel pit dug in the north-east 79). It is unclear whether these are Iron Age, Roman side of the camp in 1860 (S126). or Saxon in date. In 1931-4 G C Dunning directed a campaign of systematic archaeological excavation at Salmonsbury (Dunning 1976). In total seven trenches were opened to investigate the defences, entranceway, annexe, BOURTON-ON-THE-WATER and interior of the camp (S2-S8). From the hillfort The name Bourton is thought to derive from 'burh­ itself, occupation dating to the middle/late Iron Age tun' meaning the farmstead near the fortifications and Roman periods was encountered. The Iron Age (A H Smith 1965, 195). The first recorded physical remains included a number of roundhouses, hearths encounter with the Roman remains was in 1875, and numerous pits, some with human burials. during the digging of a gravel pit, approximately 90m The Roman occupation, spanning the first to late from Bourton Bridge. Stone foundations, pottery fourth centuries, revealed structural remains, pits and and a coin of Vitellius (AD 69) were found (S50). The ditches, including a rectangular building approxi­ walls were said to have been 5 to 6ft (c 1.5m) high mately 4.3m wide and at least 11.6m long, overlying when uncovered (O'Neil 1968, 30). In the following an Iron Age roundhouse. Two rubbish pits and two year work commenced on the construction of the ditches produced first- and second-century pottery. A Cheltenham-Bourton railway, resulting in further stone floor in Site IV sealed a third-century deposit discoveries in this same general area. Of particular and had fourth-century pottery and coins above. note was a possible road running south from the In 1946, a drainage ditch cut through the field Fosse Way, towards Bourton Mill (S51), and the ruins south of the camp revealed a series of rubbish pits. of a building, subsequently referred to as the Bourton 356 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Bridge villa. The 'villa', presumably connected with recognised dating from the second to late fourth the foundations discovered in 1875, was visited in century. The earliest feature, a length of concentric 1881 by the local Cotteswold Naturalists Field Club ditch, contained mid-second-century pottery. Below who were observed plundering the remains already the eastern wall of the later courtyard were the exposed by workmen, in search of coins (51, 552). The remains of a circular structure mirroring the ditch building was depicted very schematically by Witts alignment (cf Fig 146e). The concentric wall had a (1883), and interpreted subsequently as a villa of the single foundation course of herring-bone construc­ winged corridor type by Mrs O'Neil. Moore amassed tion, 0.7m wide, which produced a Barbarous Radiate a large collection of material consisting of coins, (AD 270-90). Considered to be contemporary with this pottery, brooches, rings, bracelets, tweezers, pins, a was a north-east/ south-west wall crossing the ditch, spoon, lamp, keys and a large number of horseshoes. and below the later wall relating to the 'villa'. A floor, Coins finds in particular appear to have been prolific and a sandy deposit containing wall-plaster and during the nineteenth century, both Moore and Witts burnt material, appeared to relate to this wall. Coins acquired several hundred pieces. Indeed Witts (1883, suggested the building was burnt down during the 16) makes the comment that Roman coins are 'found third century. A possible small hoard, deposited after in such great numbers that they have been known to the fire, also dated to the later third century. The site have been taken to Stow and sold by the peck'. A was then abandoned until the mid-fourth century, small hoard of 23 minimissimi, later found amongst when the 'villa' with the courtyard noted above was Or Moore's possessions, is suggested by St John constructed. Further walls were identified extend­ O'Neil (1934, 136) to have come from the Bourton ing to the north, east and west of the courtyard. Bridge site. A comparison is made between the design Occupation continued into the late fourth century, on one of the coins and one of the stamps found on a with several coins dating to the period AD 388-95. sub-Roman pot from the Leadenwell'villa' (Donovan Amongst the finds was a sherd from a stamp 1934, fig 6). A large storage jar with numerous lead decorated bowl of probable sub-Roman date associ­ repairs, and an associated oval, possibly a lid, were ated with one of the floor surfaces. Its apparent found on the west side of the Fosse (5127). stratigraphic position would suggest either that it is In the first half of the twentieth century various intrusive, or that the floor is later than suggested by Roman finds were recorded from the locality, many of the excavator, indicating occupation into the fifth which have been summarised by Donovan (1935a). century or later. The finds, mainly coins and pottery, and occasionally A further small trench north-east of the Leaden well structural remains, are recorded from Whiteshoots 'villa' revealed a paved surface and an ovoid oven Hill (5102), around the area of Bourton Bridge (525, which had probably fallen out of use by the third 533, 5119), in the Lansdown area (522, 523, 526, 555), century (Donovan 1935a) (510). and in the core of the present village; for example In 1936, pottery and coins were found during coins were found during the building of the Council building work on a bungalow on the west side of the School in 1902 (521), and from the allotments (528-30, Fosse, on Whiteshoots Hill (Sll). A small excavation 5139). Skeletons, a stone coffin, Roman pottery and revealed a series of late third I fourth-century shallow coins, along with the remains of a hypocaust or drain, rubbish pits (O'Neil 1968). Coins recovered ranged were reported from the church during restoration from Gallienus, AD 260-8, to Magnentius, AD 350. work in 1873. Scattered masonry;. pottery and coins were also noted In 1933, during the digging the foundations for a from the field above the bungalow. house called Leadenwell in the Lansdown area, In 1937, Mrs O'Neil carried out a further small a paved surface was encountered associated with excavation in a garden (Fosseside), on the east side of Roman pottery and animal bone. In the following the Fosse Way (512). This revealed a Roman street year two decorated circular lead tanks, or cisterns, running east-west, with the foundations of a building were discovered by workmen cutting a drain in the on its southern edge, and a ditch beyond a 6m berm same property (5132). Subsequently the owner, Mr to the north (O'Neil 1968, Site 17). The roadway, Lawrence, permitted H Donovan to carry out a small approximately 7.3m wide, had a well-metalled, excavation (Donovan 1933; 1934) (59). Three walls of cambered surface. The building was of at least two a paved courtyard 5.5m wide were revealed, contain­ periods indicated by two superimposed masonry ing a well 2.5m deep, and a sump. Much debris, walls. Several third- and fourth-century coins were including masonry, stone roofing tile, pottery, animal recovered from the garden. bone, coins and nails were recovered. The coins, 45 in In 1958, Bourton Bridge was widened and rebuilt total, dated to the third and fourth centuries. The on the east side, uncovering the remains of a stone structure was subsequently, somewhat grandly, paved ford and small stone piers, possibly for a referred to as the Leadenwell villa. The excavation footbridge (5152). The river bed produced pottery, trench was extended into the neighbouring garden of including several pieces of samian, and coins. The Greenstede House to the east, and four phases were samian dates from the Neronian/Flavian to Hadrianic Bourton-on-the-Water 357

periods and the thirteen coins from Vespasian to covered within the structure to date its construction, Theodosius (O'Neil1968; 1972). or indicate its purpose. The concentric structure is In 1959 H O'Neil carried out a small excavation more likely to be a roundhouse. north of the railway embankment, revealing a build­ The 'bakehouse' (O'Neil 1968) (S154) consisted of ing with a cobbled and pitched stone floor. The work an incompletely uncovered rectangular room adjoin­ continued in 1967 when the railway bridge was ing the 'transport cafe'. The room, 4m wide and over removed and the embankment cut back. A late third­ 5.5m in length, contained two ovens with the stoke­ century structure was excavated, interpreted as a holes apparently passing through the south wall. The stable and yard, opening off the Fosse Way, associated base of a moulded stone column was recovered from with a posting house (mutatio or mansio) (O'Neil the flue of one oven. Late fourth-century pottery was 1968). At least four periods of use were established. recovered from debris inside the building, accom­ The building, of which only the western end survived, panied by seven coins dating to AD 364-92. The measured 8.8m wide by at least 9.2m long. The adjacent 'transport cafe' comprised a rectangular internal floor was partly paved and partly cobbled; building 9m long, divided by a partition into two narrow runnels ran between the stone flags leading rooms of approximately equal width (3.8m). The out under the north wall. Internal features included southern room had a paved floor and the remains of a rectangular open hearth with an oval chamber, a hearth or oven. Possible metalling below the floor referred to by the excavator as a forge, and an indicated that the building may have encroached adjacent oval oven. Earlier occupation was indicated onto the Fosse. A doorway at the back of the building by the presence of gullies and pits containing second­ led onto a gravel-surfaced courtyard. Two Barbarous century pottery and abundant carbonised grains of Radiates were found in association with the building grasses and cereals. The area outside the building on and a deposit of animal bone and iron slag had been the south and west sides was roughly paved. Two dumped in the south-east corner. No pottery is substantial postholes were cut into this. There were described. no finds recovered to substantiate the interpretation The Fosse, where exposed, was constructed of of the building as a stable or blacksmithy, although small pitched stones sunk into the natural clay and the ovens might indicate an industrial use. covered with a layer of orange gravel. At least three Road widening work along the Fosse during resurfacings were identified. 1966-7 allowed the opportunity for a number of Roman occupation was also identified south of observations and salvage recording by Mrs O'Neil. Bourton Bridge, on the east side of the Fosse, during Progressing along the Fosse from Bourton Bridge the same works. In 1970, a hoard of 2707 folies of various patches of masonry were noted on both sides the Constantinian period was discovered in a field of the Fosse (O'Neil1968) (S156-8). Deposits of grey adjoining the Fosse Way, 0.35km south of the village. occupation silt produced abundant finds of pottery, The hoard was concealed beneath some flat stones mainly of second-century currency, along with animal (Burge 1973) (S149). An excavation was carried out by bone and other refuse. A length of wall 4.5m long, Mrs O'Neil in the same year between the site of the parallel to the Fosse and terminating at one end at a hoard and the Fosse uncovering the substantial gravelled yard, was thought to be the boundary wall remains of a building of third/fourth-century date of the posting house. Further masonry was noted (S37). immediately north of the Buckle Street junction on A further campaign of excavation commenced in both sides of the Fosse. A well-metalled street was 1971, by Mr C Renfrew, a resident amateur who found leading eastward from the Fosse (S159) at a developed an interest in the local archaeology. Most distance of 55m from the river. This probably links up of Renfrew's activities were confined to a field with the road surface found in a trench excavated in immediately south of the River Windrush and east of the garden of Fosseside in 1937. The street showed at the Fosse, at the bottom of Whiteshoots Hill. The least two phases, with a fourth-century coin of Valens field, variously referred to as River Ground or The from the upper surface. Lakes, showed evidence of ridge and furrow, along East of the Fosse, opposite the junction with Buckle with other surface configurations. At the same time Street, three structures were investigated, nicknamed that Renfrew began his investigations in this field he the 'wayside shrine', 'transport cafe' and 'bakehouse'. was evidently also carrying out some work on the The 'wayside shrine' (O'Neil 1968) (S153) comprised west side of the Fosse, further up Whiteshoots Hill, a concentric wall, with a rubble core, enclosing a both in the woodland bordering the road and in the rammed gravel floor with the remains of a hearth. playing field beyond. Although the work was not The walls tapered towards a paved entrance facing documented, finds of retained pottery would suggest the road, which is described as having two short he encountered some archaeology in these areas. lengths of wall either side, although there is no Work was carried out intermittently in River evidence to suggest that these need be contemporary Ground between 1971 and 1974 and a booklet was with the concentric structure. No finds were dis- produced discussing the findings (Renfrew 197 6) 358 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

(S38). In 1975, some small-scale work was carried out industrial area. The limestone metalling continued to by the Department of the Environment (S Roskams the north-west, developing into a compacted gravel and T O'Leary) in the area of Renfrew's trenches surface up against two further walls forming a right­ (S39). Mr Renfrew resumed excavations in the field in angle, 3m beyond which was a parallel wall. North of 1976, continuing until 1983. these walls was a well, from which a nearly complete Most of the earlier excavations were based in the jar (Renfrew 1976, fig 44) was recovered. Two further south-western end of the field, immediately adjacent stretches of wall on the same alignments were noted to the Fosse. Renfrew identified two main phases of to the north-east beyond the well, but it is unclear occupation: Phase 1, AD 70-140, and Phase 2, AD whether these were boundary walls or structural 270-380, with a period of abandonment in between. remains. It would seem likely that the well was Roskams and O'Leary attributed three main phases of within a walled yard with at least one rectangular activity. In the earliest period spreads of gravel were building to the south-west. laid alongside the Fosse forming a surface. A ditch, An accumulation of soil 0.3m above the metalled probably contemporary with this surface, ran east, and gravelled surfaces suggests a period of disuse away from the road for at least 70m, parallel with followed by the laying of a thin gravel surface. At Pockhill Lane, a trackway which may have been an least one rectangular building was constructed which, access route to Salmonsbury. The ditch, measuring although incompletely excavated, had internal 1.5m wide and 0.65m deep, did not appear to have an dimensions of approximately 7.8m by 3m. The associated bank. It was suggested by Roskams orientation of the building differed from that of the (unpub notes) that this ditch may have demarcated earlier wall alignments. A change in construction the limit of the settlement at this time. Several almost techniques also occurred. The walls were built on two complete second-century vessels were recovered courses of pitched foundations covered in flat laid from the ditch fill. Associated samian ranges in date limestones, compared with the earlier walls which from AD 70-80 through to AD 163-80. The upper fill, were built with a single offset one stone deep. comprising a brown clay almost devoid of pottery, is In 1979 the north-east corner of the field was interpreted as a deliberate backfill. A well with a selected for excavation in anticipation of finding a stone perimeter was found about 45m from the west road, identified in the adjacent field from aerial end of the ditch, and a stoned area at 55m, possibly a photographs (S18). A road 5m wide, bordered on road surface. A short length of a second smaller ditch either side by ditches approximately 1m wide and 1m containing similar pottery was uncovered running deep, was located. The pitched foundations of a third north-south at right-angles to the Fosse. The main circular structure, internal diameter of 7m, was found ditch was replaced near the Fosse by a short wall. on the line of the road. Six alternating layers of Probably contemporary with this was a circular occupation soil and clean gravel were found within building, internal diameter approximately 10m. The the building, below which was a circular slab floor walls were of rough-faced unmortared limestone, which did not precisely correlate with the walls. laid on a flat offset foundation, one course deep. Close to the centre of the floor was a possible Occupation refuse within the building lay directly on padstone. On the east side, partly below the walls, the surface cut by the foundations. The doorway to was a pit containing second-century pottery. The the structure was 2m wide, with two associated southerly road ditch extended into a pit (?quarry), postholes either side. A Hadrianic coin was recovered some 2m deep and in excess of 3m in length. The from the construction trench. Unpublished notes large quantity of pottery from the feature included made by Mrs O'Neil make reference to a ruined second-century samian. hearth, with much evidence of burning against the Recent evaluation, followed by excavation in wall on the south-east side. Approximately 25m a 0.96ha site in between Lansdown and the old north-east of this circular building, a second slightly railway embankment (Catchpole 1993b, 216; in prep) smaller circular structure, with an internal diameter (S40), has revealed further buildings, and a probable of approximately 6.3m, was uncovered. The internal continuation of the roadway first identified by H floor comprised irregular patches of clay, ash and O'Neil. Several features and finds have already been gravel on stone, with possible internal postholes documented from the area by H O'Neil (S70, S72). (Renfrew 1978b). Associated pottery and iron objects The new work has demonstrated the early existence are dated to the late first/ early second century. of quarries, possibly for the extraction of gravel for In the second phase, the main ditch was succeeded nearby road building. The backfill produced little by a substantial wall, north of which was a limestone dateable material. The area was clearly subject to metalling. A short length of drystone walling set flooding, with a red alluvial clay covering part of the perpendicular to the main wall extended for 3m, with area (Catchpole pers comm). This episode of flooding a possible threshold to the west. The remains of an may relate to that found on the opposite side of the oven were located, along with layers of ash and silt, river by Renfrew, thought to date to the later second and post and stakeholes taken to be suggestive of an and third centuries (Renfrew 1976, 2). There was scant Bourton-on-the-Water 359 evidence for third-century occupation, with scattered deep and 0.6m wide at the top, which was finished postholes ahd stone-lined hearth pits. Two parallel with two or three courses of masonry. The well was in streets were found, one of which turned a right-angle a square enclosure, 4.5m2 and edged with a shallow towards, and under, the old railway embankment, the gully. Various other gullies s1oped towards the well other apparently ending in a cul-de~sac. In the fourth enclosure. Approximately 9m south of the well, a century the area was occupied by approximately 12 small paved platform was noted crossing one of the substantial rectangular stone buildings. A general gullies, with associated sherds of Oxfordshire colour~ absence of ceramic or stone tiles from the area coated pottery. Unfortunately no plan was published suggests turfed or thatched roofs. Ovens and hearths to show the disposition of the archaeological features. indicate domestic and possible minor industrial Other finds in addition to pottery include two copper­ activity. Amongst the more notable finds from the alloy fish hooks and the remains of an iron gaff. excavation was a substantial stone well head, and Cropmarks show three sides of an undated rectan­ part of a rather crudely fashioned stone votive relief gular enclosure located immediately north of the depicting a single figure, possibly a mother goddess Fosse Way, approximately 250m from its junction (Catchpole in prep). with Ryknild Street (S1002) (RCHME 1976, 18). North-west of Lower Slaughter village, and north of the River Dikler, a pit containing two iron The archaeology of the Bourton-ort-the­ knives and a sherd of fourth-century rosette-stamp Water/Lower Slaughter area Oxfordshire ware was found in gravel digging (S1019) (Rhodes 1964, 12). SETTLEMENT Roman finds have also been found at Wyck Further evidence of settlement in the Bourton area, Rissington, where pottery was discovered during other than that at Lower Slaughter (discussed below), building work (S1024) (RCHME 1976, 135). Other has been identified at Spring Hill (S1012, S1030) and stray finds of Roman pottery or coins, have been Santhill (S1006, S1020). Unpublished excavations by made at Lower Slaughter (S1026, S1027, S1029 and Miss Travell and F Gardiner at Spring Hill exposed S1032). An unstratified brooch of Claudio-Neronian stone floors, an oven and three rubbish pits. Finds date was recently found at Castle Mound, Upper include coins, pottery of second- to fourth-century Slaughter (S1033) (Wills 1989, 198). date, copper-alloy and iron objects, the latter includ­ Evidence of Saxon occupation was uncovered in ing shears and a socketed spearhead. The pottery, 1931, about 0.8km north of Salmonsbury Camp and examined by Vivian Swan, included samian, close to the Fosse Way (Dunning 1932) (S1001). A Oxfordshire, New Forest and Nene Valley colour­ Saxon hut (grubenhaus) was exposed in a gravel pit. coated wares, Dorset black-burnished ware and The hut, an oval depression 6m by 3.7m with roughly copies, and late Roman shell-tempered ware, indi­ parallel sides and rounded ends, had a hearth at the cating occupation well into the later fourth century. east end and two substantial internal postholes. Cropmarks in the area show an enclosure measuring Thirteen postholes were excavated around the 30m by 18m (S1003). Approximately 75m to the west periphery. Finds of pottery, clay loom weights and of the enclosure, is a linear north-south boundary, animal bone were found. The pottery included late and a ditched track 6m wide. A circular enclosure Roman types, in particular Oxfordshire colour-coated 55m in diameter, lies mid-way between the track and ware and several handmade, undecorated, grass­ the line of Buckle Street to the west (S1004). tempered Saxon sherds, at least one of which was The settlement at Santhills, located on a gravel lugged. About seventy fragments of loom weight spread at the confluence of the River Dikler and the were found inside the hut, and it was concluded that Slaughter brook, known locally as Tweenbrooks, was the two internal postholes supported an upright loom first identified from aerial photographs as an (Dunning 1932). Other finds included part of a saddle indistinct series of interconnected enclosures (S1006). quem, an iron knife, a late Roman copper-alloy spoon, Subsequent observation during gravel extraction a perforated disc made from a Roman potsherd, a (S1020) (O'Neil1977) identified the presence of struc­ bone needle and a bone bodkin. The animal bone tures, gullies and ditches. The remains of a rectan­ mainly comprised cow and sheep accompanied by gular building with stone foundations were found pig, horse, goat and wild duck. on slightly higher ground; it apparently overlay roundhouses and earlier enclosures. Associated with the rectangular building were stone tiles, a paved BURIAL stone channel (?drain), painted wall-plaster and a Several burials have been recorded from the neigh­ single tessera. Finds of pottery including samian, bourhood, dating to the Iron Age, Roman and Saxon oyster shell and a coin of AD 337-50 were also periods. In the parish of Upper Slaughter, west of the recorded. Traces of other buildings were noted in the village, is a road called Beggy Hill Way, which leads vicinity, along with a small shallow oval well, 1m down to the Fosse. On the west side of the road, just 360 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb , Gloucestershire t -N-

0 500m C===~--~==~---===~

Fig 142 Plot of known archaeological 'sites' at Bourton-on-the-Water Bourton-on-the- Water 361 t -N-

I l l AE CD \) EE -- IMU o IR 0 ME

X PU

• RO EB RSF • so

'V USF o VF • WB

0 500m 362 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire t -N-

·! ·· · building rubble/masonry 0 coin * pit • pottery • well

- - course of roads

·r~~ ----- [1 ; ~ buildings

L - ~.?:,;_ ------• o ~ *• I 0.[f •

0 100m i===-_,= =--

0 500m C====-----====~--~==~ Bourton-on-the-Water 363 t -N-

.. earthwork

Iron Age: 0 building 0 other finds El) burial * pit

Roman: 0 building 0 coin • pottery ~ votive tablet 0 other finds ffi burial lE pit

Anglo-Saxon: pottery •$ burial

Undated: + burial • feature

0 SOOm 364 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire below the junction with a road leading to Wagborough of the road. At least three of the burials survived Bush, a number of skeletons were discovered sufficiently to show that they had been· deliberately throughout the nineteenth century during roadstone buried in shallow graves. The burials extended over a quarrying. One at least was in an open-topped lead distance of 25m. The presence of an iron knife and a coffin originally encased in wood. The burial, an pair of copper-alloy spiral-headed pins with one adult male orientated to the north, produced no individual established that this burial, at least, was of dateable finds (S1011) (Royce 1864, 365). The other Saxon date, perhaps sixth or seventh century. The burials are described as occurring in threes, in graves burials comprised two adolescents, three adult edged round with stones. On the right-hand side of women and three adult men. the road from Nether Swell to Upper Slaughter, a body was found lying east-west in a circular pit in the cavity of a former quarry. The body is described as in BOURTON-ON-THE-WATER GAZETTEER sitting position with the head resting on the knees facing east. Behind the body was a piece of iron, Note: Some difficulty was encountered in compiling measuring approximately 300mm by 25mm (?currency the following gazetteer in terms of determining how bar), laid on a hearth containing ashes (Royce 1883). many different observations were effectively of the Further burials, also discovered during nineteenth­ same event. Mrs O'Neil's maps were annotated in century quarrying, are recorded from Copse Hill, pencil some of which was difficult to decipher, and Upper Slaughter (S1016). The first skeleton, an many observations were not necessarily of Roman or extended adult male orientated NNW-SSE, had Iron Age date. Some of the annotated observations stones placed at the head end, with two over the face. appear in her published gazetteer work (Donovan A second parallel grave, approximately 6m away, 1934; O'Neil 1968), whilst others seem to be later was lined with stones and covered by two capping discoveries. Unfortunately the published works do stones. The grave was noted as being full of sand, and not give grid references. For details of gazetteer contained a young female adult and child orientated format seep 4f. Site Name is Bourton-on-the-Water north-south with the head facing west. In 1877, the unless otherwise specified. lower part of a large vessel in slate-coloured pottery, packed with brown clay and supported by vertical The Site (Figs 142-3) stones, some of which were burnt, was recorded. Other parts of black clay vessels were noted nearby ANTIQUARIAN EXCAVATION (SITE TYPE: AE) along with a 'the skeleton of a pony, a fine green celt, Site No: 1 I Date of Recog: 1881 I NGR: SP 1599 2102 A I two bonepins' (Royce 1883, 77). A further stone-lined Site Name: 'Bourton Bridge Villa' I Periods Rep: RB I male adult burial orientated NNW-SSE was found in Description: Excavation on the site during a visit of the 1877. Although only 1.8m from the female burial, the Cotteswold Naturalists Field Club: 'the learned archaeo­ grave did not contain sand. The grave was covered by logists were seen demolishing in great haste the walls of the large capping stones at the head and feet with three villa, which had already been exposed to a depth of 4ft by smaller ones in the middle. East of this grave was a workmen, in search of coins.' I Sources: Donovan 1935a, contracted burial, and 33m to the south-west a simple 234-9, 240, Fig, no 1; Witts 1883, 56; Dr J Moore, Notebook extended inhumation. 3,GRO. . .. Nearby, south-west of Copse Hill, a contracted burial was found in a circular pit cut into bedrock. Site No: 2 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: The head had become severed from the body possibly Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA I Description: by the settling of the sand in which it was found Excavation by G C Dunning. Site I. Section 12ft wide, 150ft (Royce 1883, 77) (S1021). Various finds have been long cut through middle of defences. Two huts found made in the general locality, including Iron Age beyond the inner rampart; 22 pits, four with human pottery, a bone comb, bone points, a stone spindle­ remains. I Sources: Dunning 1976, 80-3. whorl and coins of Constantine I and 11 (S1028). A Site No: 3 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: male inhumation, with hobnailed footwear, was Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA I Description: found in a stone coffin on the hill-slope close to Buckle Street (Buxton 1921, 340) (S1018). Excavation by G C Dunning. Site Il. Area 65ft by 30ft inside Lowering of the Fosse Way near to the Coach inner rampart on NE side of camp. Hoard of 147 currency bars found nearby in 1860. Five pits, one with crouched and Horses Inn enabled a small excavation in 1958 (O'Neil 1963) (S1013). The Fosse at this point runs on female burial. Also shallow grave containing crouched male. I Sources: Dunning 1976, 83. a causeway across heavy clay lying between gravel spreads. It was estimated to be 6.7m wide between Site No: 4 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: curbs. The remains of eight burials were uncovered, Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA, RB I Description: dug into the surface of the Fosse, all aligned south­ Excavation by GC Dunning. Site Ill. Area 72ft by 60ft inside east to north-west, with the skulls towards the centre inner rampart. Hut, ditches and 14 pits found. One pit with Bourton-on-the- Water 365 a contracted female burial. Three periods of occupation CARTOGRAPHIC DEPICTION (SITE TYPE: CD) discerned. Ci Roman finewares and mid/late C2 pits and ditches. I Sources: Dunning 1976, 83-6. Site No: 13 I Date of Recog: 1883 I NGR: SP 1599 2102 A I. Site Name: 'Bourton Bridge Villa' I Periods Rep: RB I Site No: 5 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: Description: Villa depicted by Witts facing SE. Suggested by Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA, RB I Description: Mrs O'Neil to be of winged corridor type. I Sources: Witts Excavation by G C Dunning. Site IV. Area 48ft by 40ft 1883, 56, no 3; Donovan 1935a, 235. excavated in E end of paddock of Camp House. Hut, 5 pits, two with contracted burials, hearth. IA and C1-C2 Site No: 14 I Site Name: Fosse Way I Description: Line of pottery, C3-C4 coins and pottery. I Sources: Dunning 1976, Fosse Way I Sources: OS 1:2500; Glos SMR 6561. 87-8. Site No: 15 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: Site No: 6 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: IA I Description: Cartographic depiction of bivallate Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA I Description: hillfort, covering an area of 23ha, almost square in outline, Excavation by G C Dunning. Site V located in NE entrance. lying between the rivers Windrush and Dikler. Two curved I Sources: Dunning 1976, 88-91. banks prolong the line of the ramparts on the E side and may represent causeways leading to the marsh. I Sources: Site No: 7 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: os 1:2500. . Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA I Description: Excavation by G C Dunning. Site VI. Rampart and ditch extension of NE defences. I Sources: Dunning 1976, 91-3. EVALUATION EXCAVATION (SITE TYPE: EE) Site No: 8 I Date of Recog: 1931-4 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: IA I Description: Site No: 16 I Date of Recog: 1992 I NGR: SP 162210 I Excavation by G C Dunning. Site VII. Rampart and ditch Periods Rep: RB I Site Name: Lansdown I Description: An extension, NE defences. Crouched burial found. I Sources: evaluation on 0.96ha site for housing development. Ten Dunning 1976, 91-3. trenches excavated which produced evidence of early Roman gravel extraction, possibly associated with the Site No: 9 I Date of Recog: 1933-4 I NGR: SP 16325 20950 construction of buildings along the Fosse Way. Scant I Site Name: Leadenwell I Periods Rep: RB I Finds evidence for C3 occupation, in the form of scattered Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Excavation postholes and stone-lined hearth pits, was overlain by more following discovery of 2 lead tanks by builders revealed 3 substantial C4 buildings, roads and surfaces. The surviving walls of a paved courtyard containing a well. Much debris Roman stratigraphy was up to 2m in depth. I Sources: T including masonry, stone slates, pottery, animal bone, coins Catchpole, An archaeological evaluation at Lansdown, and nails. 45 coins recovered mainly C3-C4. I Sources: Bourton-on-the-Water, Glos, Unpub GCC Report; Catchpole Donovan 1933,377-81, pls I-IV; 1934, 99-128; 1935a, 240, fig 1993b, 216. 3; Glos SMR 2205. Site No: 17 I Date ofRecog: 1993 I NGR: SP 1745 2058 I Site Site No: 10 I Date of Recog: 1935 I NGR: SP 1625 2098 I Site Name: Bury Barn Cottage I Description: Evaluation prior Name: Gree11stede I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Whilst to building an extension NE of the existing house. A trial digging the garden, the owner accidentally exposed large trench uncovered the innermost ditch of the IA defences, at flagstone at a depth of 2ft, and further excavation was a depth of 0.92m below the present ground level, cut undertaken by H Donovan. Site lies NE of the Leadenwell into the natural gravel subsoil. All deposits above were villa site (Site 9), consequently referred to as 'Area 3 of the interpreted as post-Roman formations eroded from the Leadenwell Villa.' I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 240, fig, no 3; adjacent bank by cultivation, although no secure dating 19J6, 260-5, plan. was found. I Sources: Glos SMR 342; Parry l994, Unpub Site No: 11 I Date of Recog: 1936 I NGR: SP 1577 2073 I Site GCC report. Name: Fosse Way I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Pottery and coins found during building work on W side of Fosse up Whiteshoots hill. Small excavation by W C Frend and INTERPRETATIVE MAPPING UNIT (SITE TYPE: IMU) H O'Neil revealed series of shallow rubbish pits. 18 coins late C3-C4. I Sources: O'Neil 1968, 29-55, Site 21; 1972, Site No: 18 I Date of Recog: pre-1976 I NGR: SP 161206 I 92-116. Site Name: SW of Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: ?RB I Description: Aerial photographs show line of E-W road Site No: 12 I Date of Recog: Feb 1937 I NGR: SP 16115 crossing field heading towards Fosse Way on S side of R 21000 I Site Name: Fosseside I Periods Rep: RB I Windrush. I Sources: Renfrew 1982a; 1982b. Description: Excavations in the garden revealed a Roman street running E-W with the foundations of a building on its Sedge, and ditch beyond a 20ft berm to the N. I Sources: INDIRECT RECORD (SITE TYPE: IR) O'Neil 1968, 45-6, Site 17, fig lD; 1972, 92-116, OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 19 I Description: Atkyns writes: ' ... may be 366 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

presumed to have been antientyly a large burrough, Site No: 30 I NGR: SP 169208 I Periods Rep: RB I because the ruins of many houses, after great rains, are Description: Pottery from allotment gardens. I Sources: often discovered. It joyns also to the great Foss Way and the Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 40. marks of a camp, of a large extent, are yet to be seen.' I Site No: 31 I NGR: SP 175211 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Sources: Atkyns 1712, Bourton-on-the-Water. Camp I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Coins found while Site No: 20 I Date of Recog: 1779 I Description: 'This ploughing, NW of Camp. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, village is situate about a quarter of a mile SE from the fig, no 43. Roman foss ... and there is reason to believe, that it [Bourton­ Site No: 32 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: on-the-Water] has been much larger and more populous RB I Description: Wall running E-W, found during making that at present, for there are many foundations still visible, of tennis courts. Iron key also found. I Sources: Donovan which are undoubtedly the ruins of houses, as may be 1935a, 244, fig, no 54. concluded from the ashes of wood and coal that are found about them. Site No: 33 I Date of Recog: pre-1935 I NGR: SP 1588 2102 Adjoining to the village, and within the parish, is a large A I Site Name: Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: RB I quadrangular Roman camp, inclosing about 60 acres, now Description: Information from an eye-witness recorded by divided into twenty fields. The vestiges of it are most Donovan: 'a considerable number of horse-shoes and spurs perfect to the NE, where, at a gap in the rampart, a court­ were found about the site' [of 'Bourton Bridge Villa']. I leet is held twice a year... ' I Sources: Rudder 1779, 303. Sources: Donovan 1935a, 238. Site No: 21 I Date of Recog: 1902 I NGR: SP 1665 2097 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Coins found during building of Council School in 1902. I Sources: Donovan MODERN EXCAVATION (SITE TYPE: ME) 1935a, 242, fig, no 27. Site No: 34 I Date ofRecog: 1956 I NGR: SP 1710 2087 I Site Site No: 22 I Date of Recog: 1925 I NGR: SP 163209 I Name: Garden of Avilon I Periods Rep: IA, RB I Descrip­ Description: Pottery and coins found during the making of tion: Excavation by H E O'Neil in garden of Avilon. a tennis court at the W end of the Naight. I Sources: Evidence for IA hut with occupation continuing into Cl AD. Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 23. Outside the hut was the courtyard of an early Roman Site No: 23 I Date of Recog: 1932 I NGR: SP 1625 2095 I Site dwelling with samian, coarse wares and a decorated stone Name: Lansdown I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Masonry pyramid. I Sources: Glos SMR 343; Dunning 1976, 78-9, and coins found during erection of garage W of Leaden well 112-13. villa site. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 240, fig, no 4. Site No: 35 I Date of Recog: 1959 I NGR: SP 1602 2094 I Site Site No: 24 I Date of Recog: pre-1935 I NGR: SP 1565 2065 Name: Bourton Bridge posting house I Periods Rep: RB I I Site Name: The Camp I Description: 'The absence of Description: Small excavation N of railway embankment buildings on Whiteshoots Hill may be accounted for by the revealed building with a cobbled and pitched stone floor. I local tradition that Roman soldiers were billeted along the Sources: O'Neil1968, 29-55, Site 2; 1972, 92-116 (finds). road in huts, and though this has yet to be proved, the field­ Site No: 36 I Date ofRecog: 1967 I NGR: SP 1602 2094 I Site name on the W of the Fosse known as 'The Camp' is Name: Bourton Bridge posting house I Periods Rep: RB I suggestive.' I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 239. Description: Expansion of work begun in 1959 (Site 35) Site No: 25 I Date of Recog: pre 1935 I NGR: SP 1606 2106 when a stable and yard opening off the Fosse Way were I Site Name: Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: Roman? I established. Four periods of use. I Sources: O'Neil 1968, Description: Quantities of roofing slates stacked up. I 29-55, Site 2; 1972, 92-116 (finds). Sources: Donovan 1935a, 241, fig, no 9. Site No: 37 I Date of Recog: 1970 I NGR: SP 1775 2070 I Site No: 26 I NGR: SP 1636 2105 I Site Name: Lansdown I Periods Rep: RB I Description: An excavation by H O'Neil Periods Rep: IAIRB I Description: Gold coin, since lost. I 'between the site of the hoard and the Fosse Way'. This Sources: Donovan 1935a, 241, fig, no 18. revealed substantial remains of a building of C3-C4 date. I Sources: Burge 1973, 98-9. Site No: 27 I NGR: SP 1649 2094 I Site Name: Lansdown I Periods Rep: IAIRB I Description: Gold coin during house Site No: 38 I Date of Recog: 1971-[1983] I NGR: SP 159208 construction. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 22. I Site Name: Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Gloucester City Mus I Description: Excavations Site No: 28 I NGR: SP 169208 I Periods Rep: RB I by C Renfrew in field (River Ground) S of Fosse Way and W Description: Coins found on surface in allotment gardens. I of R Windrush. Two phases of occupation dating to Cl-C2 Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 38. and late C3-C4. Various features found including ditches, Site No: 29 I NGR: SP 169208 I Periods Rep: RB I rectangular buildings and circular stone structures. I Description: Coins on surface in allotment gardens. I Sources: Renfrew 1976; 1977; 1978a,b; 1979, 1980a,b; 1981; Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 39. 1982a,b; 1983. Bourton-on-the- Water 367

Site No: 39 I Date of Recog: 1975 I NGR: SP 160208 I Site Site No: 47 I Date of Recog: c 1850 I NGR: SP 1757 2043 I Name: River Ground, Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: RB I Periods Rep: AS I Description: Seven skeletons found just Finds Location: Gloucester City Mus I Description: outside the camp at Salmonsbury, c 50 yds (45m) N of the Excavations by S P Roskams and T O'Leary. I Sources: SE angle. The only associated object an iron knife by the Archive: Gloucester City Mus~um, NMR. right hand of one burial. Recorded in notebook by Dr John Moore. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Glos Site No: 40 I Date of Recog: 1993-4 I NGR: SP 162210 C I SMR 526; OS Record Card SP 12SE31-; Dunning 1976, 79; Site Name: Lansdown I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Dr J Moore, Notebook 1, GRO. Recent work has provisionally identified one, possiply two parallel streets. Several stone buildings revealed dating to Site No: 48 I Date of Recog: 1873 I NGR: SP 1669 2087 I Site the later Roman period. Earliest activity on site gravel Name: St Lawrence's Church I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ quarrying, followed by a period of flooding and laying tion: Skeletons, Roman pottery, coins and a stone coffin down of alluvial deposits. I Sources: T Catchpole, GCC reported found before restoration of the Clapton aisle of Archaeological Unit. the church. Also the remains of construction of either a hypocaust or drain. I Sources: Dr J Moore, Notebook 1, GRO; Anon 1891-3, 513-15; OS Sheet annotated by O'Neil; PLACENAME EVIDENCE (SITE TYPE: PN) Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 28. Site No: 49 I Date of Recog: pre-1875 I NGR: SP 1639 2097 Site No: 41 I Description: Bourton: 'burh-tun'=farmstead I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Moore records a statement near the fortifications (ie Salmonsbury Camp). Salmonsbury by George Collet: 'When the Manor was sold .I bought an recorded in charter of 779, 'the encampment of a plough­ acre of it and dug and sold a lot of gravel at times. Whilst man'. I Sources: A H Smith 1965, I, 195. doing so I often found Roman coins ... one mill stone entire Site No: 42 I Description: Moore records: 'In l3axter's and part of another . . . the walls of 8everal small kilns iri Glossary it is stated that from an inspection of the which pottery had been baked ... a]o;o a lot of pottery ... Cosmography of the anonymous works of Ravenna, well ... walls ... stones ... one stone had a lot of letters cut Bourton-on-the-Water is seen to be identical with VERTIS of into it but it was of no account for none of us could read it, the Roman Itineraries, for with the Britons VARTISC is so Master Webb (the builder) trimmed it up to put under synonymous with superaquam.' I Sources: Dr J Moore the door sill of the shop. I have frequently come upon foun­ Notebook No 2, GRO; Donovan 1935a, 246. dations when gravel digging and have built my boundary walls with stones so obtained, many of which have been Site No: 43 I NGR: SP 157206 A I Site Name: 'Money burnt; some of them were very large (2 or 3 cwt each) and Ground' I Description: Popular name for field W of Fosse one about 2ft square appears to have been the base of a Way: coins found following ploughing. I Sources: Burge column.' Dr Moore had the stone removed from the door 1973, 98; O'Neil1968, 54. sill, but insufficient of the inscription survived for it to be Site No: 44 I Site Name: Buckle Street I Description: Buckle deciphered. H O'Neil could find no trace of it in1934. I Street, Roman road running from Bidford-on-Avon to Sources: Dr J Moore, Notebooks 1 and 3, GRO; Donovan Weston Subedge passes through the Slaughters to the Fosse 1935a, 240, fig, no 6; Glos SMR 2618. Way at Bourton-on-the-Water. Referred to as Buggilde St, Site No: 50 I Date of Recog: 1875 I NGR: c SP 160210 I 709. I Sources: A H Smith 1965, I, 15. Description: 'In 1875, whilst digging gravel at the lower part of the home ground, Slaughter Farm, about 100 yds from Bourton Bridge, stone foundations ofbuildings were PICTORIAL UNIT (SITE TYPE: PU) discovered and at one place 'a fireplace' (so said Mr. Whitfield) 'for the stones were burnt.' Nutnerousbits of red Site No: 45 I Date of Recog: c 1780 I Description: Sketch pottery with small round holes in them were turned up of Bourton-on-the-Water church, which shows the old but were taken 'no account of' a~d were covered in again. tower with a saddle-back roof, which popular tradition A large brass coin of Vitellius was also found which is now held to be of Roman date. Nave and tower rebuilt 1784. I in the possession of Mr Whitfield.' I Sources: Donovan Sources: Dr J Moore, Notebook No 2, GRO; Jones 1994, 29, 1935a, 235; O'Neil 1968, 30; Dr J Moore, Notebook 3, 18, fig 15. GRO. Site No: 51 I Date of Recog: 1876 I NGR: SP 1610 2102 I RECORDED OBSERVATION (SITE TYPE: RO) Periods Rep: RB I Description: 'In digging for the foun­ dation of the embankment on the SE side of the railway Site No: 46 I Date of Recog: 1844 I NGR: SP 1675 2100 I bridge over the Foss a road was cut diagonally extending Description: Note on map: 'Skeletons found here in 1844 from the termination of the Cheltenham Lane [Buckle and earlier in trench 2ft deep. Trench somewhat concentric. Street] towards Bourton Mill' (Moore, 3, 36). I Sources: Dr J Coarse pottery and flints.' I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by Moore, Notebook 3, 36, GRO; Donovan 1935a, 239,241, fig, H O'Neil. no 14; OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. 368 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Site No: 52 I Date of Recog: 1881 I NGR: SP 1599 2102 A I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Pottery and coins reported./ Site Name: 'Bourton Bridge Villa' I Periods Rep: RB I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no 53. Description: Observations during construction of Banbury Site No: 62 I Date of Recog: c 1926 I NGR: SP 1726 2055 I to Cheltenham Railway 'which unfortunately crossed the Periods Rep: ? I Description: Burial found by General site, destroying a great deal of evidence by the laying down Stanton, in a shallow grave in the gravel. I Sources: OS of the line and its embankments ... it seems probable that Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no the villa did face SE and extended some 80 yards'. I 45; Glos SMR 527; RCHME 1976, Bourton-on-the-Water Sources: Dr J Moore, Notebook 3, GRO; Donovan 1935a, (2d). 234-9, 240, fig, no 1. Site No: 63 I NGR: SP 16805 20730 I Periods Rep: ? I Site No: 53 I NGR: SP 1752 2055 I Periods Rep: AS I Description: Note on map: 'Sunk stone-lined chamber'. I Description: H O'Neil marks 'Skeletons found here (JM)', Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. [recording information from J Moore] I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 64 I Date of Recog: 1930 I NGR: SP 16654 20535 I Site Name: Bow House I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Site No: 54 I NGR: SP 172212 I Site Name: Harp Lane I Stroud Mus I Description: RB burial associated with Periods Rep: RB, AS I Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I pottery found in garden of Bow House. I Sources: OS Sheet Description: Record by Dr J Moore: 'In Harp Lane, forming annotated by H O'Neil; Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 37. the west boundary of the camp, in squaring down the bank which is here about 9ft high, numerous bones were found Site No: 65 I Date of Recog: 7.10.1930 I NGR: SP 1710 2077 and the skull of a skeleton lying east and west fell into the I Description: 'Dry wall of thin stones, base 6ft down, lane. Much pottery sherds was found here, Roman and found in digging grave.' I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by Saxon principally the latter, also a portion of a knife about H O'Neil. 18in from the skull.' Two iron knives-seax of late C7, knife Site No: 66 I Date of Recog: post 1931-4 I NGR: SP 1707 of C9-C10. I Sources: Dr J Moore, Notebook 1, GRO; 2092 C I Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Description: Dunning 1976, 79, 117, fig 31.3-4; Glos SMR 9453. Observations by H O'Neil demonstrated the position of an Site No: 55 I NGR: SP 1649 2096 I Site Name: Lansdown entrance in the NW side, S of Site III of Dunning's Inn I Periods Rep: RB I Description: 'No 5 Site-Site JM'. excavations. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Bourton-on-the­ Lansdown Inn. Roman pottery and possible hypocaust. Water (1). Comments by Dr Moore: 'Charles Clifford (carpenter) says Site No: 67 I Date of Recog: 1.5.1931 I NGR: SP 1750 2046 that when Lansdown Inn was built the soil was removed to I Periods Rep: AS I Description: Saxon burial observed by several feet deep, bricks and square flat tiles built in the Crawford, Dunning and Donovan. Extended adult man shape of small pillars were stocked up, he took it to be a with head toW, with a small iron knife by the right forearm, hypocaust'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; found inserted into the outer side of the S bank of the Donovan 1935a, 241, fig, no 7; Dr J Moore, Notebook, GRO. annexe, about 70 yds from the SE corner of the main Site No: 56 I Date of Recog: 1908 I NGR: SP 1663 2091 I Site defences. I Sources: Glos SMR 526, 9452; OS Sheet Name: Church House I Description: Flooring of 'plank' annotated by H O'Neil; Dunning 1976, 79, 117, fig 31.2. stones (ie large paving stones) recorded during erection of Site No: 68 I Date of Recog: 5.8.1931 I NGR: SP 17045 20890 Church House, at a depth of 6ft./ Sources: OS Sheet I Periods Rep: RB I Description: 'Dry-built oolitic wall, annotated by H O'Neil; Donovan 1935a, 241, fig, no 8. about 2ft 6ins thick, cut through in digging drain on W side Site No: 57 I Date of Recog: 1924 I NGR: SP 1720 2095 I Site of road. Wall running approximately NW-SE. Early Roman Name: Camp House I Periods Rep: RB I Description: pottery in filling on N side of wall.' I Sources: Donovan Coins reported in garden of Camp House. I Sources: 1935a, 243, fig, no 42; OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 47. Site No: 69 I Date of Recog: 1932 I NGR: SP 1735 2080 I Site No: 58 I Date of Recog: 1924 I NGR: SP 1725 2080 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Pottery and coins. I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Rough stone floors, pottery Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no 59. and coins reported. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, Site No: 70 I Date of Recog: 1933 I NGR: SP 16295 21020 I no 51. Periods Rep: RB I Description: Roman well observed by H Site No: 59 I Date of Recog: 1925 I NGR: SP 1577 2073 I O'Neil. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Periods Rep: RB I Description: Coins and potsherds Donovan 1935a, 240, fig, no 5. recorded. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 32. Site No: 71 I Date of Recog: 1933 I NGR: SP 1708 2095 I Site No: 60 I Date of Recog: 1926 I NGR: SP 1577 2073 A I Description: Rough cobbled floors, pottery and other Periods Rep: RB I Description: Coins and potsherds objects noted. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 48; OS recorded. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 34(a). Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 61 I Date of Recog: 1926 I NGR: SP 1720 2085 I Site No: 72 I Date of Recog: 2.10.1934 I NGR: SP 16215 Bourton-on-the-Water 369

20960 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Hole dug for electric Site No: 85 I NGR: SP 17175 20643 I Description: 'foun­ light pole observed by H O'Neil 'showed pitched stone dations of walls found here 60 years ago.' I Sources: OS flooring with pits under'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. H O'Neil 'a'; Donovan 1935a, site 7. Site No: 86 I Date of Recog: 1934-5 I NGR: SP 171209 I Site No: 73 I NGR: SP 1735 2054 A I Description: O'Neil, Periods Rep: RB I Description: Rough stone floors and writing in 1934, records: 'Flooring? ploughed up here 60 pottery recorded. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 49; years ago'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 74 I Date of Recog: 2.10.1934 I NGR: SP 16205 Site No: 87 I Date of Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 161209 A I 20990 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Hole dug for electric Description: Potsherds found during erection of electricity light pole observed by H O'Neil revealed 'masonry'. I pole. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 30. Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil, 'b'; Donovan Site No: 88 I Date of Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 1720 2115 I Site 1935a, site 8. Name: Salmonsbury Cottages I Periods Rep: RB I Site No: 75 I Date of Recog: 2.10.1934 I NGR: SP 16145 Description: Coins reported in allotment gardens. I 20990 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Hole dug for electric Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 41. light pole observed by H O'Neil revealed 'rough gravel Site No: 89 I NGR: SP 1655 2099 I Description: Coins I roadway (?)'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil, Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 19. 'c'; Donovan 1935a, site 9. Site No: 90 I NGR: SP165218 A I Description: Fallen Site No: 76 I Date of Recog: 2.10.1934 I NGR: SP 16110 building stone. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 24. 21005 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Hole dug for electric light pole observed by H O'Neil revealed 'hard concrete of Site No: 91 I NGR: SP 166208 A I Periods Rep: RB I yellow gravel with burnt stones, roadway'. I Sources: OS Description: Pottery and 2 coins found during construction Sheet annotated by H O'Neil 'd'; Donovan 1935a, 240. of tennis courts at theE end of the Naight. Coins: Postumus, Valens. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 25. Site No: 77 I NGR: SP 16135 20995 I Periods Rep: ? I Description: O'Neil records pottery and masonry. I Site No: 92 I NGR: SP 165208 A I Periods Rep: RB I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Description: Pottery and 2 coins. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 36. Site No: 78 I Date of Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 16805 20615 I Periods Rep: ? I Description: Note on map 'oven?' I Site No: 93 I NGR: SP 1715 2095 I Periods Rep: RB I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Description: Pottery. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 52. Site No: 79 I Date of Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 1645 2095 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Large quantity of Roman Site No: 94 I NGR: SP 1725 2070 I Periods Rep: RB I pottery, and disturbed masonry, discovered during erection Description: Pottery and coin recorded by H Donovan. of a small shop. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; I Sources: Donovan 1935, 244, fig, no 56. Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 20. Site No: 95 I NGR: SP 173208 A I Periods Rep: RB I Site No: 80 I Dateof Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 1697 2077 I Description: Record by H O'Neil: 'revetment wall'. I Description: Pottery recorded by H Donovan during Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. erection of a bungalow. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no 61. Site No: 81 I NGR: SP 17035 20530 A I Description: H O'Neil, writing in 1934, records: 'J H Wilkins says paving Site No: 96 I Date of Recog: 1935 I NGR: SP 174209 A/ stones were found here when ploughing 20-30 years ago'. Periods Rep: RB I Description: Coins I Sources: Donovan I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. 1935, 244, fig, no 62. Site No: 82 I NGR: SP 1716 2049 I Description: H O'Neil, Site No: 97 I NGR: SP 173211 I Periods Rep: RB I writing in 1934, records: 'stone coffin found about 50 years Description: Pottery and coins found during ploughing. I ago'. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 243, fig, no 46; Glos SMR Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no 64. 527; OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; RCHME 1976, Site No: 98 I Date of Recog: Aug 1935 I NGR: SP 1738 2115 Bourton-on-the-Water (2d). I Description: Ditch, 65ft wide, observed by H O'Neil in a Site No: 83 I NGR: SP 16395 20946 I Periods Rep: RB I water-pipe trench, 1ft wide and 20 ins deep./ Sources: OS Description: Rough cobbled floors observed. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 21. Site No: 99 I Date of Recog: Aug 1935 I NGR: SP 1734 2103 Site No: 84/ NGR: SP 1615 2081 I Periods Rep: RB I I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Paving with Roman Description: Note on map: 'RB site'. No further information pottery and coins, discovered in a water-pipe trench. I given to identify observation by H O'Neil. I Sources: OS Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no63; OS Sheet annotated Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. by H O'Neil. 370 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Site No: 100 I Date of Recog: Aug 1935 I NGR: SP 1736 2112 80-160), coin of Constantine I (C4). I Sources: Glos SMR I Description: Burial, observed in a trench dug for a water 2617; RCHME 1976, Bourton-on-the-Water (la); O'Neil pipe, 1ft wide and 20 ins deep. I Sources: OS Sheet 1949, 85-6. annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 112 I Date of Recog: 17.3.1946 I NGR: SP 174208 I Site No: 101 I Date of Recog: 1935 I NGR: SP 1602 2101 I Description: 'Burials'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H Description: Note on map: 'Remains of gravel path-line O'Neil. showing as different coloured grass.' I Sources: OS Sheet Site No: 113 I Date of Recog: 1949 I NGR: SP 1749 2105 I annotated by H O'Neil. Description: Revetment wall I Sources: OS Sheet annotated Site No: 102 I NGR: SP 1574 2061 I Site Name: Whiteshoots byHO'Neil. House I Description: O'Neil records an observation by Bill Site No: 114 I Date of Recog: 1960 and 1973 I NGR: SP 1751 Hill: 'a deep trench ran here when the house was built'. 2045 I Description: Revetment wall I Sources: OS Sheet Map shows an orientation of NW-SE in the front drive of annotated by H O'Neil. Whiteshoots House, ie at right-angles to the Fosse. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Donovan 1935a, Site No: 115 I Date of Recog: 1965 I NGR: SP 1708 2094 I 243, 239, fig, no 35. Site name: Salmonsbury I Periods Rep: lA I Description: 'Base of inner side of rampart. lA sherds and [. .. ]' (anno­ Site No: 103 I Date of Recog: 1936 I NGR: SP 1709 2077 I tation undeciphered) I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H Description: Skeleton I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil O'Neil; Glos SMR 9455. Site No: 116 I Date of Recog: 1965 I NGR: SP 17040 20925 I Site No: 104 I Date of Recog: 1936 I NGR: SP 172207 I Site name: Salmonsbury I Description: 'Ditch with stone Periods Rep: RB I Description: Pottery from cemetery revetment.' I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. recorded by H Donovan. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no 55. Site No: 117 I Date of Recog: 1967 I NGR: SP 1692 2079 I Site name: Salmonsbury Camp I Description: 'Outer ditch'. Site No: 105 I Date of Recog: 1937 I NGR: SP 1655 2091 I I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Periods Rep: RB I Description: Note on map: 'Finds of pot and masonry, Roman coins'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated Site No: 118 I Date of Recog: 1967 I NGR: SP 1705 2095 I byHO'Neil. Site name: Salmonsbury Camp I Description: Observations of rampart, in area N of Camp House (6.5.1967 and Site No: 106 I Date of Recog: June 1937 I NGR: SP 1719 28.5.1967). I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. 2062 I Description: Three burials found. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 119 I Date of Recog: 1967 I NGR: SP 1610 2095 I Description: Observation of drainage ditch E side of Fosse Site No: 107 I Date of Recog: 7.1.1938 I NGR: SP 1698 2074 near Bourton Bridge. Evidence of Roman occupation I Periods Rep: lA I Description: 'N side of ditch of camp noticed at 3 points. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, 48, Site 19. [Salmonsbury] exposed when laying telephone cable.' I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 120 I Date of Recog: 1967 I NGR: SP 1615 2105 I Site Name: Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ Site No: 108 I Date of Recog: 1939 I NGR: SP 1727 2059 I tion: Remnant of a wall noted in side of gravel pit, part of Description: Noted by H O'Neil: 'Ditch found 67ft wide.' I posting house. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, Site 22. Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 121 I Date of Recog: 1970 I NGR: SP 1637 2099 I Site No: 109 I Date of Recog: Feb 1939 I NGR: SP 1725 2056 Periods Rep: not dated I Description: Observation by H I Description: 'Five burials found 14.2.39 and 1 cremation O'Neil of a ditch. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H and 4 more 24.2.39.' I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. O'Neil; Glos SMR 527 (which gives '5 skeletons and one cremation in an urn, found in 1939'). Site No: 122 I Date of Recog: 1971 I NGR: SP 1701 2097 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Description: '?start of Site No: 110 I Date of Recog: 1939 I NGR: SP 1745 2045 C I outer ditch of camp'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H Description: Ditch, 67ft wide, observed by H O'Neil. I O'Neil. Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 123 I Date of Recog: 1974 I NGR: SP 17065 20695 Site No: 111 I Date of Recog: 1946 I NGR: SP 1702 2052 A I I Description: 'North side of ditch'. I Sources: OS Sheet Site Name: Field S of Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: RB annotated by H O'Neil. I Finds Location: British Mus I Description: Series of rubbish pits observed in drainage work in field S of Site No: 124 I Date of Recog: 1981 I NGR: SP 1638 2095 I Salmonsbury Camp, covering over 2 acres, extending to the Site Name: Fairview I Periods Rep: RB I Description: A road by the R Windrush. Pits varied from 6ft to 11ft across hole dug in a garden on N side of R Windrush exposed a and 3-4ft in depth. Objects found include a unique copper­ roughly built wall foundation and a cobbled surface. alloy buckle with a gilded silver plaque, pottery, samian (AD Roman pottery and coins predominantly C3 and C4, with Bourton-on-the-Water 371 some earlier pottery. I Sources: Wilkinson 1982, 259; Glos I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Roman pottery discovered SMR 12933. when widening road. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 241, fig, no 12; OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 125 I Date of Recog: 1993 I NGR: SP 1604 2095 I Site Name: Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ Site No: 131 I Date of Recog: 1931 I NGR: SP 17110 20895 I tion: Observation by GCC Archaeology Unit of boreholes Periods Rep: RB I Description: Roman silver coin I excavated by the National Rivers Authority. No conclusive Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. dating evidence was seen. I Sources: Catchpole 1993a, 92, Site No: 132 I Date of Recog: 1932 I NGR: SP 1623 2095 I 98 [GCC report]. Site Name: Lansdown I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Site No: 172 I Date of Recog: pre-1916 I NGR: SP 1635 2090 Workmen cutting drainage trenches E side of house at I Site Name: The Naight I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Lansdown discovered two crumpled cylindrical lead tanks When foundations for first house in The Naight cut, a at a depth of 1ft 9 ins. I Sources: Herdman 1933, 377-81. cinerary urn containing ashes in a small stone-lined Site No: 133 I Date of Recog: 1933 I NGR: SP 17275 20905 chamber was found. Urn missing in 1916. l Sources: I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Pottery and bones Clifford 1916, 28. recorded in trial hole. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, Site No: 173 I Date of Recog: 1967 I NGR: SP 162210 A I no 60; OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site Name:.East of Fosse I Periods Rep: RB /Description: Site No: 134 I NGR: SP 1635 2085 A I Description: East of Fosse and NE of 'bakehouse', short length massive Potsherds found by H Donovan I Sources: Donovan 1935a, masonry wall on N-S alignment. Roman pottery found 242, fig, no 29. nearby. I Sources: O'Neil1968, site 8. Site No: 135 I Date of Recog: 1934 I NGR: SP 1588 2078A I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Roman pottery and coins recorded along this field in electric pole sites. I Sources: RECORDED STRAY FINDS (SITE TYPE: RSF) Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, no 31. Site No: 126 I Date of Recog: 1860 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Site No: 136 I Date of Recog: 1935 I NGR: SP 1573 2073 I Camp I Periods Rep: lA I Finds Location : Corinium Mus, Site Name: Whiteshoots Hill I Periods Rep: RB I Stroud Mus, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Sudeley; dispersed I Description: Roman pottery and coins found by builders in Description: Hoard of 147 currency bars, of which 40 construction of bungalow 'Fosse Way' on W side of Fosse survive, found as though buried in a chest in the area of Site Way up Whiteshoots Hill. May be the same as Site 136. I 11 of Dunning's excavations. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Sources: H O'Neil1968, Site 21. Bourton-on-the-Water (1). Site No: 137 I Date of Recog: 1935 I NGR: SP 17195 20875 Site No: 127 I Date of Recog: 11.10.1875 I Periods Rep: RB I Periods Rep: RB I Description: RB pottery recorded by H I Finds Location: Cheltenham Mus I Description: Dr O'Neil. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Moore: 'On lowering the west side of the Fosse Road a Donovan 1935a, 244, fig, no 57. large urn was found upright. One side of its base being Site No: 138 I Date of Recog: 1935 I NGR: SP 1759 2133 I supported by a stone, it was broken by the pick (2ft Periods Rep: IA/RB I Description: lA and RB pottery found diameter, 2ft high) clamped with lead in several places, blue in trench dug for water pipe, 1ft wide and 20 inches deep./ ware with incised pattern between lines. An oval on one Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. side bearing portion of a monogram or inscription (?), mouth (with thick rim) 9 inch in diameter.' Comment from Site No: 139 I NGR: SP 1662 2097 I Site Name: School H Donovan: 'No trace of monogram can now be found but Allotments I Periods Rep: RB I Description: coin of the oval mentioned by Dr Moore still exists and suggests Constantine I, picked up on School Allotments. I Sources: the remains of sealing of the contents.' I Sources: Donovan OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil; Donovan 1935a, 242, fig, 1935a, 241, fig, no 10; Dr J Moore, Notebook 3, 26, GRO. no26. Site No: 128 I NGR: SP 1610 2105 I Description: Part of an Site No: 140 I Date of Recog: 1938 I NGR: SP 1712 2093 I iron tyre of a wheel, described by Dr Moore as being found Description: 'Storage pot', recorded by H O'Neil. I Sources: under the Fosse Way. I Sources: Donovan 1935a,241, fig, no OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. 11; Dr J Moore, Notebook 3, GRO. Site No: 141 I Date of Recog: 1938 I NGR: SP 1704 2042 I Site No: 129 I Date of Recog: 1881 I NGR: SP 1599 2102 A I Periods Rep: RB I Description: RB pottery noted by H Site Name: 'Bourton Bridge Villa' I Periods Rep: RB I O'Neil. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Description: On visit to Bourton Bridge Villa site, Witts recorded that he himself 'discovered upwards of 100 coins Site No: 142 I NGR: SP 1714 2092 I Periods Rep: RB I in one day'. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 235, 237; Witts 1883, Description: 'Roman pottery etc' I Sources: OS Sheet 56, no 30. annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 130 I Date of Recog: 1924 I NGR: SP 16095 21065 Site No: 143 I Date of Recog: 1939 I NGR: SP 171208 I 372 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

Periods Rep: lA I Description: Fragments of lA pot. I Site No: 153 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 1615 2105 Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. I Periods Rep: RB / Description: Road widening work. Concentric stone structure bordering E side of Fosse Way Site No: 144 I Date of Recog: May 1942 I NGR: SP 171208 interpreted as a 'Wayside shrine'. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, I Description: 'N Belgic sherd etc'. I Sources: OS Sheet 34-5, Sites 1 and 5. annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 154 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 1615 2105 Site No: 145 I Date of Recog: 1947 I NGR: SP 1587 2083 I I Description: Road widening work. Two adjacent stone Periods Rep: RB I Description: Roman sherds and coin. I structures excavated interpreted as a bakehouse and a Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. 'transport cafe'. Coins found in bakehouse suggest use into Site No: 146 I Date of Recog: 1969 I NGR: SP 1610 2110 I the later C4. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, 39-42, Sites 3 and 4. Periods Rep: RB I Description: Roman pottery found in Site No: 155 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 1615 2110 I field. I Sources: Donovan 1935a, 241, fig, no 13. Description: Road widening work. Foundation found on Site No: 147 I NGR: SP 1743 2109 I Description: 'Stone', E edge of Fosse Way I Sources: H O'Neil1968, 42, Site 6. recorded with no further detail. I Sources: OS Sheet Site No: 156 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 161 211 I annotated by H O'Neil. Periods Rep: RB I Description: Road widening work. Site No: 148 I NGR: SP 1704 2038 I Description: O'Neil Occupation including much pottery (18 vessels samian), records 'lid of coffin', with an arrow to associate it with Site and length of masonry wall. I Sources: H O'Neil 1968, 44, 61. (Reason for association unknown.) I Sources: OS Sheet Site 11. annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 157 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 161 211 I Site No: 149 I Date of Recog: 22.3.1970 I NGR: SP 157206 A Site Name: Bourton Bridge I Periods Rep: RB I Descrip­ I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Dispersed: private tion: Road widening work. 15ft length of wall parallel to collections I Description: Hoard of folles of the Constan­ Fosse Way; part of posting house. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, tinian period, discovered 'in a field adjoining the Fosse 44, Site 12. Way, 0.25 mile S of the village'. The hoard of 2707 pieces Site No: 158 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 1605 2105 was found by a metal detector, concealed beneath some flat I Description: Road widening work. Masonry noted at stones, 0.45m below ground level. In addition, 590 scattered depth of 21 ins in base of fence postholes. I Sources: H coins were recovered from the area. I Sources: Burge 1973, O'Neil1968, 44-5, Sites 13 and 14. 98-125. Site No: 159 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 161210 I Site No: 150 I NGR: SP 1729 2068 A I Periods Rep: lA I Description: Road widening work. Metalled street leading Description: 'A single currency bar was found at 'b' on the E from Fosse Way opposite presumed entrance of posting plan in more recent years, in an area with lA ditches, and 2 house. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, 45, Sites 15 and 16. fragmentary bars were found in the make-up of 'Belgic' paving. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Bourton-on-the-Water Site No: 160 I Date of Recog: 1966-7 I NGR: SP 162212 I 19b, plan 'b'. Periods Rep: RB / Description: Road widening work. Western verge of Fosse Way located. I Sources: H O'Neil Site No: 151 I NGR: SP 1705 2086 I Site Name: Yew Tree 1968, 49, Site 20. Cottage (near Station Rd) I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Gloucester City Mus I Description: Roman lamp found in garden, in fill of an old gravel pit. Wheeler's Type 4, decorated with a bird pecking at a flower, stamped AV UNRECORDED STRAY FIND (SITE TYPE: USF) IRON. I Sources: Glos SMR 6483. Site No: 174 I Site Name: Lansdown district I Periods Rep: Site No: 161 I Date of Recog: pre-1779 I Periods Rep: RB I AS I Finds Location: Private I Description: Plain hand­ Description: Coins, and intaglio of Jupiter set in gold ring made, organic-tempered cooking pot I Sources: Mr D (late C2). 'There can be no doubt of the camp being Roman, Stratford (Bourton-on-the-Water). as many of the coins of that nation have been, and still are, frequently found about it; and a gold signet was lately found, weighing near an ounce.' I Sources: Rudder 1779, 303; Lysons 1810-17, 11, 'Tail-piece'- 'Impression from the SALVAGE OPERATION (SITE TYPE: SO) intaglio of a gold ring with the figure of Jupiter Victor, found at Bourton-on-the-Water'; Henig 1978b, 186, no 4. Site No: 152 I Date of Recog: 1958-9 I NGR: SP 1605 2095 I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Widening and rebuilding Site No: 162 I NGR: SP 172212 I Site Name: Harp Lane I of E side of Bourton Bridge. Remains of stone paved ford Periods Rep: AS I Description: Sword handle found by and small stone piers 'as if for a footbridge' were located. George Cashier. (See Site 54 for adjacent burials.) I Sources: Roman pottery and 13 coins were recovered from the river Or J Moore, Notebook 1, GRO; Dunning 1976, 79; Glos SMR bed. I Sources: H O'Neil1968, Site 18. 9543. Bourton-on-the- Water 373

UNSTRUCTURED EXCAVATION (SITE TYPE: USE) and other finds recorded. I Sources: Glos SMR 342; Glos Site File, Source Work 484. Site No: 163 I Site Name: Whiteshoots Hill I Periods Rep: RB I Finds Location: Gloucester M us I Description: Explor­ atory work carried out by C Renfrew in woodland border­ ing W side Whiteshoots Hill. Roman pottery found. I The area around Bourton-on-the-Water and Lower Sources: Renfrew site notebook. Slaughter (Figs 144-5) Site No: 164 I Site Name: Whiteshoots Hill/Periods Rep: ANTIQUARIAN EXCAVATION (SITE TYPE: AE) RB I Finds Location: Gloucester M us I Description: Explor­ atory work carried out by C Renfrew in playing fields N of Site No: 1001 I Date of Recog: 1931 I NGR: SP 171221 A I woods and W of last bungalow (Mr Peates) up Whiteshoots Site Name: Slaughter Bridge I Periods Rep: RB, AS I Hill. Pottery found. I Sources: Renfrew site notebook. Description: c 0.5 mile N of Salmonsbury Camp, near the Fosse Way, a Saxon hut was excavated in 1931, by G Dunning and H E O'Neil (approx 500yds NE of 8 Saxon VISIBLE FEATURES (SITE TYPE: VF) burials: see Site 1013). Finds included: pottery (Roman and Saxon), animal bone, clay loom weights?, spindle whorl. Site No: 165 I NGR: SP 167208 I Description: 'The church Dated by the excavators to c AD 700. I Sources: Anon 1934, .hath an aisle on the south side. It is a very antient building, 5; Dunning 1932, 284-93; O'Neil1963, 168 . as appears more particularly from the form of the tower, which stands between the chancel and the body of the church, and has a roof like a dwelling house, with parapet INTERPRETATION AND MAPPING UNIT walls instead of battlements.' (subsequently rebuilt) I (SITE TYPE: IMU) Sources: Rudder 1779, 304. Site No: 1002 I NGR: SP 169221 I Site Name: Lower Site No: 166 I Date of Recog: 1881 I NGR: SP 174209 C I Slaughter I Periods Rep: Undated I Description: Undated Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Description: In 1881 enclosure, shows as a cropmark with 3 sides, enclosing an entire circuit was still traceable; 'masonry' was noted in the area of c 3 acres, with entrances inN and E sides. I Sources: main rampart which was said to be about 5ft high. I RCHME 1976, Lower Slaughter (2), pl 55; NMR, OAP SP Sources: RCHME 1976, Bourton-on-the-Water (1). 162216-9 (Baker), SP 1622151355; CUAP, OAP ABR 83, Site No: 167 I NGR: SP 1579 2107-SP 1584 2096 I Periods AZN35. Rep: RB I Description: Raised way, which O'Neil suggests Site No: 1003 I NGR: SP 1610 2216-SP 1583 2224 I Site is the probable extension of the course of Pockhill Lane to Name: Spring Hill, Lower Slaughter I Periods Rep: RB I the NW. Information supplied by W Collett (pre-1932); also Description: Settlement indicated by cropmarks, comprising stated by Dr J Moore. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H a rectangular enclosure, a N-S linear boundary, and a O'Neil. ditched track about 6m wide. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Site No: 168 I Date of Recog: 1936 I NGR: SP 1609 2105 I Lower Slaughter (3); NMR, OAP SP 1152211-4, SP Periods Rep: RB I Description: Foundations of villa 1662131350-2; Glos SMR 2626. reported. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. Site No: 1004 I NGR: SP 157221 I Site Name: Lower Site No: 169 I Date of Recog: 1937 I NGR: SP 1706 2073 Slaughter I Periods Rep: Undated I Description: Circular linear I Description: 'Slight bank showing as visible enclosure, 180ft (55m) diameter, shows as a cropmark, feature'. I Sources: OS Sheet annotated by H O'Neil. defined by 2 narrow ditches, lying on top of a broader ditch. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Lower Slaughter (4); NMR, OAP (Baker), SP 152211-4. WATCHING BRIEF (SITE TYPE: WB) Site No: 1005 I NGR: SP 172211723 C I Site Name: The Chessels, Lower Slaughter I Periods Rep: IA-RB I Site No: 170 I Date of Recog: Aug-Sept 1983 I Site Name: Description: Aerial photographic cover of extensive area of Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Rep: RB I Description: settlement (see also Site 1015). To the SE, a broad-way Watching brief by B Rawes of a pipeline along one of the S defined by ditches 100ft apart; to the NE a continuous ramparts of Salmonsbury Camp produced 3 sherds of bounding ditch appears to define the limits of the Roman pot, one opposite the cemetery and 2 near Camp settlement. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Lower Slaughter (1), Cottage. I Sources: Glos SMR 343. pl53; NMR, OAP SP 172214, 172311-4 (Baker). Site No: 171 I Site Name: Salmonsbury Camp I Periods Site No: 1006 I NGR: SP 174 194 I Site Name: Bourton-on­ Rep: ?IA I Description: Watching brief by GCC the-Water I Periods Rep: Undated I Description: Settle­ Archaeology Unit of water pipe along the lane which ment, covering c,8 acres of the Santhill gravels, shows as follows the S rampart of the camp. Two crouched burials unclear cropmarks of interlocked enclosures, immediately 374 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

-N-t

0 AE -·-IMU 0 IR rLl ME • RO // , RO/ME ' / / EB RSF + USF * WB

0 200m

Fig 144 Plot of known archaeological 'sites' for the Bourton area Bourton-on-the-Water 375

-N-t

::~~ enclosure t' cropmark Iron Age:

ffi burial • pottery 0 coin 0 other finds

Roman:

0 building H3 burial • pottery 0 coin IZI other finds

Anglo-Saxon:

0building $ burial pottery •0 coin 0 other finds

0 200m

Fig 145 Plot of known archaeology for the Bourton area 376 Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire

W of the R Windrush. I Sources: RCHME 1976, Bourton-on­ skulls towards the centre of the Fosse. One burial the-Water (4); NMR, OAP SP 171911-4. accompanied by an iron knife and a pair of copper-alloy spiral-headed pins, probably dating to C6 or C7. Burials Site No: 1007 I Description: Course of Ryknild Street, were of 2 adolescents, 3 women, and 3 men (identified by G followed in part by present road to Condicote. A short C Dunning). I Sources: O'Neil1963, 166-9; 1968, 29-55. section of a linear feature visible on APs taken in 1946. I Sources: Glos SMR 4408, 6666; RCHME 1976, Lower Slaughter, 78b; RAF, 106 GUK 1347, 5422-3. PLACENAME EVIDENCE (SITE TYPE: PN) Site No: 1008 I Description: Course of Fosse Way, running approximately SW-NE. I Sources: RCHME 1976, xlv, Site No: 1014 I Site Name: The Chessels, Lower Slaughter I Bourton-on-the-Water (3). Description: Great and Little Chessels. 'Ceastel' =heap of stones. I Sources: A H Smith 1965, I, 207; RCHME 1976, Site No: 1009 I Description: Course of Buckle Street, Lower Slaughter (1). running NNW from Bourton Bridge. Ancient route possibly used in the Roman period. I Sources: RCHME 1976, xxiv, Lower Slaughter, 78b. RECORDED OBSERVATION (SITE TYPE: RO)

Site No: 1015 I Date of Recog: 1930s-1959 I NGR: SP INDIRECT RECORDS (SITE TYPE: IR) 175231-SP 174226 I Site Name: The Chessells, Lower Slaughter I Periods Rep: IA-RB I Finds Location: Gloucester Site No: 1010 I Date of Recog: 1882 I NGR: SP 175230 I Site City Mus, and private possession I Description: RB Name: The Chessels, Lower Slaughter I Periods Rep: RB I settlement extending over 25 acres destroyed by gravelling. Description: 'About half-way between Bourton-on-the­ Extensive observations and excavations were carried out by Water and Stow-on-the-Wold, near the Dikler, whether Mrs O'Neil over a period of 30 years in the Farnworth and travelling by rail or road, you have, on the left hand, the George Young gravel pits. Three fields: 1. Great Chessels field called the Chessells or Chestles ... The colour and (Farnworth gravel pit): 2. Little Chessels (Farnworth gravel richness of the soil, coins of silver and bronze, and a crock pit); 3. George Young gravel pit. containing a hoard of minimi found here, indicate Roman occupation.' I Sources: Royce 1883, 71-2. FIELDS 1 and 2: RB occupation, disturbed, includes at least 2 rectangular buildings, round huts, a probable shrine or Site No: 1011 I NGR: ?SP 157228 I Site Name: Upper temple, 11 wells (all deliberately filled up), and evidence for Slaughter I Periods Rep: RB? I Description: Numerous iron-working, agriculture and possibly stone working. burials and a lead coffin have been recorded W of 'Beggy Three burials, 2 of infants. Pottery includes Iron Age forms; Hill Way' (Becky Hill and Wagborough Bush) I Sources: with a La Tene Ill brooch suggesting pre-Roman origins. Royce 1864, 365; 1882, 79; RCHME 1976, Upper Slaughter, Three coin hoards: 1 of C3, 2 of C4. 123a. FIELD 3: Ring ditches (apparently including barrows); and RB ditches, pits, postholes, stone paving and coins, early C2 to C4, and a single cist burial associated with a coin of MODERN EXCAVATIONS (SITE TYPE: ME) Magnentius. I Sources: Donovan 1939, 107-34; O'Neil and Toynbee 1958, 49-55; O'Neil 1961, 27-38; RCHME 1976, Site No: 1012 I NGR: SP 160220 I Site Name: Spring Hill, Lower Slaughter (1), with plan; Henig 1993b, nos 76, 86, 87, Lower Slaughter I Periods Rep: RB I Description: Excav­ 95, 98 and131; Glos SMR 346. ation by Miss Travell exposed stone floors, an oven and a small pit. Finds include: coins, predominantly C4 with a Site No: 1016 I Date of Recog: pre-1875 I NGR: SP 164235 range from Hadrian to Honorius; pottery, mostly late A I Site Name: Upper Slaughter I Periods Rep: RB I Roman, but with fragments of C2 samian; copper-alloy Description: Seven graves with associated RB pot and objects-spoons, brooches, a pin, a hook and rings; and iron possibly earlier pot were found during quarrying. I objects including shears and a socketed spearhead. I Sources: Royce 1882, 77-80; RCHME 1976, Upper Slaughter, Sources: Archaeol Rev 6, 1971, 28; RCHME 1976, Lower 123a. Slaughter (3); Glos SMR 2626. Site No: 1017 I Date of Recog: 1882 I NGR: SP 1848 2276 I Site No: 1013 I Date of Recog: 1958 I NGR: SP 171221 A I Site Name: Heath Hill, Wyck Rissington I Periods Rep: RB Site Name: Bourton-on-the-Water I Periods Rep: RB, AS I I Description: 'In the garden of the farmhouse, now called Description: Lowering of a stretch of the Fosse Way near the Heath Hill, several Roman coins have been found; whilst Coach and Horses enabled a small excavation to record a small tumps in the adjacent field may possibly be tumuli'­ section of the Fosse and revealed 8 Anglo-Saxon burials record made on the occasion of a visit to the area by with associated finds. The Fosse at this point runs on a members of the Bristol and Glos Archaeol Soc. I Sources: causeway across heavy clay lying between gravel-spreads. Royce 1882-3, 69-80; RCHME 1976, Wyck Rissington, Eight shallow burials uncovered, all aligned NW-SE with 135a.