9. Farewell Taveuni
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Reflections on the 1987 Fiji Coups Sanjay Ramesh
162 Fijian Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 Dialogue: Reflections on the 1987 Coup 163 gence Agency (CIA) was behind the coups. The reasons for what has been termed as the ‘CIA chimera’, are many and varied (see Lal, 1990, and Scobell, Reflections on the 1987 Fiji Coups 1994). Immediately after the coup, the Fiji Military Forces (FMF) embarked on a propaganda campaign, informing the coup sympathisers that the coalition had relations with the former Soviet Union and Libya and as such posed a direct Sanjay Ramesh threat to the western alliance and to Fijian traditions and values. Widespread rumours of the coalition being socialist and left-wing in orientation led some The coups of 1987 have become a bitter memory for the people of Fiji, observers to conclude that the CIA was involved. Other observations, such as but unanswered questions still linger about the whole incident. Did then Colonel US Hercules carriers making brief and suspicious stopovers at the Nadi Interna- Sitiveni Rabuka, who claimed that intervention of the army in Fiji’s political tional Airport; the presence of US Ambassador to UN Vernon Walters in the process was necessary to avert ethnic bloodshed (Rabuka, 2000: 9), act entirely country for talks with the coalition in response to the coalitions non-alignment on an instinct to save the indigenous Fijian race from the Indo-Fijian political policy; the appearance of retired US army officer Larry Mackenna at the US designs, or were there other forces at work? Embassy in full military uniform; and the dubious political activities of the The deposed Prime Minister late Dr. -
Fiji's Road to Military Coup, 20061
2. 'Anxiety, uncertainty and fear in our land': Fiji's road to military coup, 20061 Brij V. Lal Introduction If civilization is to survive, one is driven to radical views. I do not mean driven to violence. Violence always compromises or ruins the cause it means to serve: it produces as much wrong as it tries to remedy. The State, for example, is always with us. Overthrow it and it will come back in another form, quite possibly worse. It's a necessary evilÐa monster that continually has to be tamed, so that it serves us rather than devours us. We can't do without it, neither can we ever trust it.2 Fiji experienced the whole gamut of emotions over the course of a fateful 2006. The year ended on an unsettled note, as it had begun. Fiji was yet again caught in a political quagmire of its own making, hobbled by manufactured tensions, refusing to heed the lessons of its recent tumultuous past, and reeling from the effects of the coup. Ironies abound. A Fijian army confronted a Fijian government, fuelling the indigenous community's worst fears about a Fijian army spilling Fijian blood on Fijian soil. The military overthrow took place 19 years to the day after frustrated coup-maker of 1987 Sitiveni Rabuka had handed power back to Fiji's civilian leaders, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, paving the way for the eventual return to parliamentary democracy. The 2006 coup, like the previous ones, deposed a democratically elected government. Perhaps more importantly, it peremptorily sidelined the once powerful cultural and social institutions of the indigenous community, notably the Methodist Church and the Great Council of Chiefs (GCC)3 ± severing with a startling abruptness the overarching influence they had exercised in national life. -
Business Va`Avanua: Cultural Hybridisation and Indigenous
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Business Va’avanua: Cultural Hybridisation and Indigenous Entrepreneurship in the Boumā National Heritage Park, Fiji A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Trisia Angela Farrelly (Prince) 2009 Abstract This thesis explores the ways community-based ecotourism development in the Boumā National Heritage Park was negotiated at the nexus of Western entrepreneurship and the vanua, an indigenous epistemology. In 1990, the Boumā tribe of Taveuni, Fiji established the Boumā National Heritage Park. A growing dependence on the market economy and a desire to find an economic alternative to commercial logging on their communally-tenured land, led to their decision to approach the New Zealand government for assistance to establish the Park. The four villages involved have since developed their own community-based ecotourism enterprises. Despite receiving first place in a British Airways Tourism for Tomorrow Award category in 2002, there was a growing sense of social dysfunction in Boumā during the research period. According to my participants, this was partly due to the community-based ecotourism development process which had paid little attention to the vanua. Largely through talanoa as discussion, the people of Boumā have become increasingly conscious of references to the vanua values in their own evaluation and management of the projects. -
Issues and Events, I992
.1 , • , Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, I992 FIJI Fijians and non-Indo-Fijians, won all The year 1992 may well be remembered the 5 seats allocated to that community. in Fiji as one of unexpected develop In an unexpectedly close contest, the ments in the political arena, dominated National Federation Party won 14 of by the general election in May. The the 27 seats allocated to the Indo-Fijian first half of the year was consumed by community, with the Fiji Labour Party the election campaign and the second securing 13. The Soqosoqo ni Vakavu half by its problematic reverberations. lewa ni Taukei was able to form a gov It ended with a promise to take Fiji ernment after entering into a coalition away from the politics ofracial divi with the General Voters Party and with sion toward a multiracial government the support of the Fijian National ofnational unity. Whether, and if, that United Front. Sitiveni Rabuka became occurs will be the challenge of1993. prime minister after Labour threw its The general election, the sixth since support behind him rather than Kami independence in 1970 and the first since kamica, who was backed by the the coups of1987, was preceded by a National Federation Party. long and sometimes bitter campaign Labour's strategy took supporters (see my article, this issue). Political completely by surprise. Its leaders fragmentation in the Fijian community argued that Rabuka was a changed accompanied the emergence of a num man who appeared to be a genuine ber ofpolitical parties and the rise of friend ofthe poor of all races. -
Deakin Research Online
Deakin Research Online This is the published version: Bolatagici, Torika 2010, Representing Fijian bodies and the economy of war, in OCIS 2010 : Proceedings of the 4th Oceanic Conference on International Studies 2010, OCIS, [Auckland, N. Z.], pp. 1-21. Available from Deakin Research Online: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30029449 Reproduced with the kind permissions of the copyright owner. Copyright : 2010, The Authors Title: Representing Fijian Bodies and the Economy of War Name: Torika Bolatagici Affiliations: PhD Candidate – College of Fine Arts, University of NSW Associate Lecturer - School of Communication and Creative Arts, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University Email: [email protected] Figure 1.1 Protect Me, Torika Bolatagici, 2009. Page 2 of 21 Introduction In 2005, a Fijian Government report revealed that there were 816 Fiji nationals working for private security companies in Iraq. In 2007, there were over 2000 Fijians serving in the British army. Remittances from Fijian workers overseas are the nation’s largest income – exceeding that of tourism and sugar export. There are currently more than 20,000 unemployed former military personnel in Fiji. While there has been some research into Fijian masculinity in relation to political coups, warrior culture and militarisation over the last decade there is an absence of critical discussion about the ongoing colonisation of Fijian males bodies which seeks to perpetuate the exploitation of Fijians by inscribing the Fijian male body as warrior, athlete, criminal and protector. This paper traces representations of the black body, which I have related to contemporary masculine identities in Fiji. I have linked historical representations to what I perceive as the ongoing commodification of the Fijian body and argue that opportunities that have arisen from conflict in the Middle East have had a significant impact on employment opportunities for Fijians. -
In the Court of Appeal, Fiji Islands at Suva
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL, FIJI ISLANDS AT SUVA APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. ABU0077 OF 2008S [On an Appeal from the High Court, Suva in Civil Actions No. HBC 60 and HBC 398 of 2007] BETWEEN : LAISENIA QARASE of Suva, Politician RATU NAIQAMA LALABALAVU of Suva, Politician RO TEIMUMU KEPA of Lomanikoro Village, Rewa, Politician RATU SULIANO MATANITOBUA of Suva, Politician JOSEVA VOSANIBOLA of Suva, Politician APPELLANTS (Original Plaintiffs) AND : JOSAIA VOREQE BAINIMARAMA Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces of Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Delainabua, Suva. FIRST RESPONDENT (Original First Defendant) AND : THE REPUBLIC OF FIJI MILITARY FORCES SECOND RESPONDENT (Original Second Defendant) AND : THE STATE OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE FIJI ISLANDS THIRD RESPONDENT (Original Third Defendant) AND : THE ATTORNEY - GENERAL of the Interim Regime FOURTH RESPONDENT (Original Fourth Respondent) AND : FIJI HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION FIRST AMICUS CURIAE AND : CITIZENS’ CONSTITUTIONAL FORUM LIMITED SECOND AMICUS CURIAE Coram: Randall Powell, JA Ian Lloyd, JA Francis Douglas, JA Hearing: Monday, 6th April 2009, Suva Tuesday, 7th April 2009, Suva Wednesday, 8th April 2009, Suva Counsel: Bret Walker SC ] Rachel Pepper ] for the Appellants Tevita Fa ] Richard Gordon QC ] Gerard McCoy QC ] Christopher Pryde, ] Kerry Cook ] for the Respondents Dr Shaista Shameem ] for the Fiji Human Rights Wilfred Golman ] Commission Sonanatabua Colovanua ] Dr Melissa Perry QC ] Nicola McGarrity ] for the Citizens Constitutional ] Forum Limited Date of Judgment: Thursday, 9th April 2009, Suva JUDGMENT OF THE COURT The Parties and these Proceedings 1. On 17 March 2006 Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda (“President Uluivuda”) was re- appointed by the Great Council of Chiefs for a further 5 years as President of the Republic of the Fiji Islands (“Fiji”). -
468 the Contemporary Pacific • Fall 1998
468 the contemporary pacific • fall 1998 The Pacific Way: A Memoir, by Ratu Mara’s life might easily have taken a Sir Kamisese Mara. Honolulu: Uni- very different course, for when Sukuna versity of Hawai‘i Press, 1997. Isbn directed him to study economics and 0–8248–1893–8, xvi + 280 pages, history at Oxford in preparation for maps, appendix, glossary, photographs, the career in government, he had index. Cloth, us$42; paper, us$14.95. almost completed medical studies in New Zealand. Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is the presi- Wittily recounted in a light and dent of the Republic of Fiji and the last graceful style, Mara’s memoir strikes of several paramount Fijian chiefs an engaging balance between personal groomed for high office by the British life and affairs of state. Appendixes in the last two decades of colonial rule. include the famous Wakaya Letter of For many years these chiefs dominated 1963, in which Mara and fellow Fijian leadership and were at the center leaders insisted to the UK government of dialogue with Indian leaders on that Fijians must approve any constitu- issues of land and constitutional tional changes leading to self-govern- change. Even as Fijians of “com- ment, his address to the UN Assembly moner” status became prominent in after Fiji’s achievement of indepen- government, the chiefs continued to be dence, and his moving tribute to the the core symbols of ethnic identity and late Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau. Photo- the source of legitimacy. In part their graphs range from the youthful pose in security in these functions enabled a students’ production of Romeo and them to become mediating and stabil- Juliet, to his chiefly installation as the izing national figures in a multiracial Tui Nayau, and meetings with world society, facilitating the transition from figures. -
Reflections on the Civilian Coup in Fiji
REFLECTIONS ON THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN FIJI EDITORS BRIJ V. LAL with MICHAEL PRETES Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Previously published by Pandanus Books National Library in Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Coup : reflections on the political crisis in Fiji / editors, Brij V. Lal ; Michael Pretes. ISBN: 9781921536366 (pbk.) 9781921536373 (pdf) Notes: Bibliography. Subjects: Fiji--Politics and government. Other Authors/Contributors: Lal, Brij V. Pretes, Michael, 1963- Dewey Number: 320.99611 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. First edition © 2001 Pandanus Books This edition © 2008 ANU E Press ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many of the papers in this collection previously appeared in newspapers and magazines, and as internet postings at the height of Fiji’s political crisis between May and June 2000. We thank the authors of these contributions for permission to reprint their writings. We also thank the journals, magazines, and web sites themselves for allowing us to reprint these contributions: Pacific World, The Listener, Fiji Times, Sydney Morning Herald, Canberra Times, The Australian, The Independent (UK), Pacific Journalism Online, Fijilive.com, Eureka Street, Daily Post, Pacific Island Network, Pacific Economic Bulletin, Journal of South Pacific Law, and Te Karere Ipurangi. Ross Himona, of Te Karere Ipurangi, and David Robie, of the University of the South Pacific’s Journalism Online program, were of particular assistance in tracking down contributors. -
The Social and Religious Scene in Fiji Since the Coups
Uncertain Sequel: The Social and Religious Scene in Fiji since the Coups John Garrett Fiji's political stability since the coups of 1987 has depended partly on the interplay near the political summit between two high chiefs and a com moner. Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, the president of the interim government of the republic, was in April 1989 invested as Tui Cakau, the highest title in the province of Cakaudrove, within the Tovata, one ofFiji's three tradi tional confederacies. Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, the interim prime minister, is the bearer of the high titles Tui Nayau and Tui Lau in the same confed eracy. His authority extends over both southern and northern Lau-the eastern islands of the Fiji group (see Garrett 1988). Major-General Sitiveni Rabuka, the soldier-commoner, does not have the hereditary power of the other two members of the triumvirate. A professional warrior, he is largely a self-made man (Dean and Ritova 1988). He acquired his present power by dissolving a constituted Parliament at the head of troops schooled in abrupt intervention in the Fiji Battalion of the United Nations International Peacekeeping Force in south Lebanon. His troops have seen Israeli units in action. THE PARADOX OF RABUKA Ratu Ganilau and Ratu Mara conform to the pyramidal Polynesian struc tures and mores of ethnic Fijian society. Rabuka, through his upbringing, works within the same framework. He affirms the loyalty and customary duty he owes to high chiefs within a rank-order determined by birth. His activity in the two coups, and as minister for home affairs and commander The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 2, Number I, Spring 1990, 87-II1 © 1990 by University ofHawaii Press 88 THE CONTEMPORARY PACIFIC· SPRING I990 of the security forces since, presents a paradox. -
A Coup by Another Name? the Politics Oflegality
A Coup by Another Name? The Politics ofLegality Yash Ghai On 19 May 1987, five days after Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka's coup against the Labour-National Federation Party Coalition govern ment, Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau assumed direct power himself and announced his intention to administer Fiji through a council of advisers he would appoint. 1 On the same day, he dissolved Parliament and dismissed the prime minister, Dr Timoci Bavadra, and his ministerial colleagues. At the end of August 1987, he was still claiming to be the sole executive authority in Fiji. The claims of the governor-general to be in sole charge and authority were given credence abroad, especially at Buck ingham Palace and Downing Street, and by sections of the local commu nity-until almost the time of his resignation in October 1987. These claims served a number of purposes, which were not lost on Rabuka and promoted his aims. 2 The cloak of the rule of the governor-general pro tected the regime from the full force of foreign as well as domestiC opposi tion; cut off the Coalition leaders from access to the Queen and certain foreign governments; enabled foreign governments sympathetic to the coup (like the British) to justify their continued support ofit; put the entire administration at the service of new objectives; protected Rabuka and his collaborators from the due process of law; restored to power the instru ments of indigenous Fijian hegemony; and enabled the governor-general and Rabuka to maintain their traditional relationship of turaga and bati (chief and warrior). -
H.E. Peter Thomson, President
United Nations Nations Unies T HE PRESIDENT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY LE PRESIDENT DE L’ASSEMBLEE GENERALE Biography of H.E. Peter Thomson President of the 71st Session of the General Assembly On 12 September 2017, H.E. Peter Thomson of Fiji was appointed the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Ocean. From 13 September 2016 to 11 September 2017, he served as President of the 71st session of the United Nations General Assembly. Ambassador Peter Thomson took office in New York as Fiji’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations in February 2010, serving concurrently as Fiji’s Ambassador to Cuba until assumption of his duties as President of the UN General Assembly’s seventy-first session. H.E. Peter Thomson held office as Vice-President of the UN General Assembly in 2011-2012. He was elected as President of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority’s 2011-2012 session and then as President of the Council of the Authority’s 2015-2016 session. For the duration of 2013, he chaired the United Nations’ largest negotiating bloc, the Group of 77 and China. From January 2014 to January 2015, he served as President of the Executive Board of UN Development Programme/UN Population Fund/UN Office for Programme Support (UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS). Between 1972 and 1987, he was a civil servant in the Government of Fiji working in the fields of rural development and then foreign affairs. His Fiji government career began as a district officer in the rural regions of Navua, Macuata and Taveuni. In 1978, he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Suva, where he took on political and overseas development assistance responsibilities before being seconded to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat in 1979. -
A Place Called Home
FIJI A Place Called Home FIJI A Place Called Home Daryl Tarte Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Tarte, Daryl, author. Title: Fiji : A Place Called Home / Daryl Tarte. ISBN: 9781925022049 (paperback) 9781925022056 (ebook) Subjects: Tarte, Daryl. Fijian Australians--Biography. Fiji--Politics and government--History. Fiji--Social life and customs. Dewey Number: 996.11 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photo: Wyndham Resort, Denarau Island, Fiji. Courtesy of Wyndham Resort, Denarau, and Meralyn Tarte. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2014 ANU Press Contents Epigraph . vii Dedication . ix Preface . xi Introduction . xiii Stewart Firth Prologue: The Early Days . xvii Part One: Taveuni: The Colonial Period 1 . People Along the Road . 3 2 . The Old Home . 17 3 . The Plantation . 23 4 . The Young Overseer . 35 5 . Island Life . 43 6 . Marriage . 55 7 . An Array of Characters . 65 8 . Sale of the Plantation . 73 9 . Farewell Taveuni . 79 Part Two: Greater Fiji: Life In The Nation 10 . Sugar . 85 11 . Tourism . 103 12 . Commerce and Industry . 111 Interlude: A Fijian Delicacy—Balolo . 121 13 . Diplomacy . 125 14 . Politics and Leadership . 131 Interlude: A Conversation of Spirits . 141 15 . Sports .