COLONIAL HONG KON G AND MODERN Interaction an d Reintegratio n

Edited by Lee Pui-ta k

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List of Illustrations vi i Acknowledgements i x About the Contributors x i

Introduction 1 History of Hong Kong and History o f Modern China: Unravelling the Relationship Lee Pui-tak

Part I: Histor y of Hong Kong 7

1. Th e Common People in Hong Kong History: Their Livelihood 9 and Aspirations Until the 1930 s David Faure

2. Religio n in Hong Kong History 3 9 Bernard H. K. Luk

3. Th e Sunday Rest Issue in Nineteenth Century Hong Kong 5 7 Louis Ha

4. Governorship s o f Lugard and May: Fears of Double Allegiance 6 9 and Perceived Disloyalt y Fung Chi Ming

5. Th e Making o f a Market Town in Rural Hong Kong: 8 9 The Luen Wo Market Chan Kwok-shing vi CONTENT S

6. Recordin g a Rich Heritage: Research in Hong Kong's "New 10 3 Territories" Elizabeth L. Johnson

Part II: Hon g Kong and Its Relations With Modern China 11 5

7. Th e Contribution Made by Frederick Stewart (1836-1889) 11 7 Through the Hong Kong Government Education Syste m and Its Pupil, to the Modernization o f China Gillian Bickley

8. Th e Use of Sinology in the Nineteenth Century: 13 5 Two Perspectives Revealed in the History o f Hong Kong Wong Man-kong

9. Th e Guangxi Clique and Hong Kong: Sanctuary in a 15 5 Dangerous Worl d Diana Lary

10. Busines s and Radicalism: Hong Kong Chinese Merchants 16 9 and the Chinese Communist Movement, 1921-193 4 Chan Lau Kit-ching

11. Mad e in China or Made in Hong Kong? National Goods 18 5 and the Hong Kong Business Communit y Chung Wai-keung

12. Hon g Kong's Economic Relations With China 1949-1955 : 19 9 Blockade, Embargo and Financial Control s Catherine R. Schenk

Notes 21 9

Chinese Glossary 26 5

Bibliography 27 3

Index 29 1 List of Illustrations

Figures 11.1 Hon g Kong's promotion o f Chinese products 18 9 11.2 Ti n Chu in Hong Kong 19 0 11.3 Ti n Chu and National Goods Movement 19 0 11.4 A guohuo labe l in Hong Kong I 19 5 11.5 A guohuo labe l in Hong Kong II 19 6 11.6 Strateg y o f Chinese products in Hong Kong I 19 7 11.7 Strateg y o f Chinese products in Hong Kong II 19 8 12.1 Ton s of cargo in junks leaving Hong Kong 20 4 12.2 Hon g Kong's trade with China 1949-5 5 20 5 12.3 Hon g Kong's trade with China as a % of total trade 20 5

Tables 5.1 Th e subscription of shares in 194 8 9 5 5.2 Name s o f the managing directors in the company 9 7 5.3 Name s o f the chairmen o f the board of directors 9 7 7.1 Influenc e o f Frederick Stewart (1836-1889) o n Hong Kong 11 8 education 7.2 A comparison o f Hong Kong Chinese students studying 12 0 western knowledge, and learning a western languag e (usually, English) in 189 3 and March 199 7 7.3 Hon g Kong government Central School enrolments 12 1 1862-1905 7.4 Pupil s in the Hong Kong government education syste m 12 9 1862-1889 7.5 Frederic k Stewart and the Hong Kong government education 13 3 system's direct influence o n educational institutions in Hong Kong and China, 1862 - About the Contributors

Gillian Bickley Formerly Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Hong Kong Baptist Universit y Chan Kwok-shin g Tutor, Chines e Civilizatio n Centre , Cit y University o f Hong Kong Chan Lau Kit-chin g Formerly Professor , Departmen t o f History , Th e University o f Hong Kong Chung Wai-keung Assistant Professor , Schoo l o f Economic s an d Social Sciences , Singapor e Managemen t University David Faure University Lecture r i n Moder n Chines e Histor y and Fellow of St. Antony's College, University of Oxford; currentl y Chai r Professo r an d Head , Department of History, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Fung Chi Ming Assistant Curator , Antiquitie s an d Monument s Office, Hon g Kong SAR Government Louis Ha Archivist, Hon g Kon g Catholi c Diocesa n Archives Elizabeth L. Johnson Curator, Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbi a Diana Lary Professor, Departmen t o f History , Universit y o f British Columbia Lee Pui-tak Research Assistan t Professor , Centr e o f Asia n Studies, The University o f Hong Kong xii ABOU T TH E CONTRIBUTOR S

Bernard H. K. Luk Associat e Professor, Department of History, York University, Toronto ; currently Vic e President , Hong Kong Institute of Education Catherine R. Schenk Professo r o f Internationa l Economi c History , Department o f Economi c an d Socia l History , University of Glasgow Wong Man-kong Assistan t Professor, Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University INTRODUCTION History of Hong Kong and History of Modern China: Unravelling the Relationship

Lee Pui-tak

The handover of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 199 7 marked a new phase in Hong Kong' s history. Politically, the new Specia l Administrativ e Region governmen t wa s se t up , an d th e quas i constitutio n Basi c La w decreed that Hong Kong should be ruled under the principle of One Country Two Systems . Implici t wa s tha t Chin a shoul d kee p it s hand s of f Hon g Kong's autonomou s affairs . Ho w have these political changes affecte d th e analytical perspectives of historians? Many will say they have not seen many changes. To me, a student of modern Chinese history, it is clear we are at a crossroads o f colonialism an d nationalism, not knowing very clearly whic h direction to take. We cannot cut off the history of Hong Kong from mode m China. The colonial histor y o f Hon g Kon g ca n be viewe d a s important t o the nationalistic histor y o f China, an d likewise, the nationalistic history o f China ca n be viewe d a s importan t t o the colonia l histor y o f Hon g Kong . The histories of Hong Kong and modern China have been interwoven sinc e Britain began the colonization of Hong Kong during the Opium War (1839— 1842). Hong Kon g wa s a Britis h colon y fo r mor e tha n 15 0 years . A n interesting question is how a small number of the British could successfull y rule over the predominant majority o f Chinese in Hong Kong? Apparently, Chinese collaboratio n playe d a n importan t role . Hon g Kon g histor y 2 LE E PUI-TA K textbooks usually state that Britain used Hong Kong as a stepping-stone to the much bigger market in China. However , no historians have taken a close look a t ho w Chines e merchant s i n Hon g Kon g followe d th e trail o f th e British. The y ha d mutua l benefit s o n the issu e o f Chin a trade . W e ar e accustomed to the idea that Hong Kong was a British colony, but actually it was a colony for China. 1 No t only British and Chinese merchants, but also the Chinese government was inclined to maintain the status of Hong Kong as a British colony from the birth of the Chinese Republic in 1912, through the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949 , and even to the 1970s. It is interesting to know how the Chinese elites in this colony responded to China politically, socially , culturall y an d economically. Man y o f the m were traine d i n colonia l Hon g Kon g bu t tappe d b y Chines e regime s a t different times . For example, Tang Tingshu worke d fo r L i Hongzhang i n the Self-Strengthening Movement' s programme on economic affairs i n the late Qing period. Wu Tingfang and Wang Chonghui helped the new Chinese Republic i n th e 1910 s t o se t u p th e diplomati c system , wherea s F u Bingchang an d Che n Jinta o helpe d i n lega l an d financ e systems , respectively. Durin g th e Sino-Japanes e Wa r an d Civi l War, a number o f communist organizations like the Yuehua Company, the Eighth Route Army Hong Kong Office, and Dade College were set up in Hong Kong to organize underground activitie s agains t th e Japanes e a s wel l a s agains t th e Guomindang in the colony. Comrades suc h as Liao Chengzhi, Lian Guan, Pan Hannian and Xu Dixin were sent to Hong Kong during that time.2 Hong Kong helpe d ever y politica l part y o r regime i n China . Eve n a t present, finance an d legal talents like Anthony Neoh (Liang Dingbang) continue to help Chin a moderniz e it s marke t an d formulat e it s nationa l monetar y policy.3 So , history shows that the role of Hong Kong in modernizing China has been persistent.4 This book is divided into two main sections: the history of Hong Kong, and the history of Hong Kong with modern China. Each section consists of six substantial chapters. The first tw o chapters, contributed b y David Faure and Bernard Luk, deal with the topic of social and religious history, by looking at details of a neglected aspec t o f Hon g Kong's society . They attemp t t o give a macro- view of the characteristics of Hong Kong history: the close connection with China (particularly South China) and the unique society of accommodating multi-cultures (also religion), by taking a micro perspective. Faure describes the formativ e influences , whic h create d a pattern o f livin g fo r workin g emigrants fro m Chin a durin g th e period 1880s-1930s . He gives detaile d information o n thei r housing , sanitation , employment , an d wages , an d INTRODUCTION 3

assesses th e contribution mad e by thi s commo n peopl e to Hon g Kong' s development an d prosperity. It is noteworthy that the identity and definin g characteristics o f "common people" emerged in the process. Luk provides an historical overview of the relationship between religion and Hong Kong society, focusin g o n Christianity, Buddhis m an d Daoism during the three key periods: the beginnings o f the city, the mid-twentieth century, and the 1970s. Luk highlight s majo r religiou s activitie s i n Hon g Kon g history , including liturgica l worship , spiritua l guidance , communit y servic e an d social action. Drawing upo n th e cultura l differences , politica l standpoints, an d different economi c interest s betwee n th e Britis h an d Chines e i n th e nineteenth century, Louis Ha and Fung Chi Ming provide full and interesting accounts o f th e debat e a t differen t level s o f Sunda y res t an d doubl e allegiance o f the Chinese elites. Ha's chapte r reviews argument s adduce d by the opposing factions, agains t the background o f Chinese religious and cultural difference, an d the colonial government's need to balance Christian objections agains t loca l realtie s an d th e principa l requirement s o f th e growing port-cit y t o secur e its stead y development . I t is noteworthy tha t Hong Kong had an awareness in the 1870s of the potential competition from Shanghai in the shipping and harbour businesses. Fung's chapter describes the conflicting allegiances of the Chinese elites in the process of Sino-British diplomatic negotiations . H e highlights th e crisis, whic h occurre d durin g 1911-1914 an d describe s ho w th e tw o governors, Lugar d an d May, had different view s over the issue. Two chapter s i n thi s boo k touc h o n on e specifi c region , th e Ne w Territories. Chan Kwok-shing's chapter demonstrates how the formation of Luen Wo Market was closely related to changes in agricultural land use in Hong Kong and to the government's agricultural policy which was made in response to the potential unrest in China in the late 1940s. The chapter also shows the dynamic process of creating and maintaining elite power on the local leve l i n rural Hon g Kong . Elizabeth Johnson' s chapte r provide s a thoughtful surve y o f the historical, anthropological , cultura l an d religious studies o f the New Territories' inhabitants , society an d institutions, which have been conducted since the Second World War. Johnson emphasizes how research wa s naturally shape d by the political an d economic development of the colony, and her chapter coincidentally complements well the one by Chan on Luen Wo Market. Based upo n archiva l an d othe r relevan t materials , Gillia n Bickle y provides a detailed accoun t o f the biography o f Frederick Stewar t (1836- 1889), whose students contributed to the modernization of China during and 4 LE E PUI-TA K after hi s term as headmaster a t Central School . Wong Man-kong discusse s the different orientation s an d perspectives o n the study of sinolog y by tw o prominent figures, James Legge (1815-1897) an d Ernest John Eitel (1838— 1908), bot h o f who m conducte d researc h an d develope d career s i n th e colony o f Hong Kong. This paper successfull y draw s our attention to how these tw o sinologists , wh o ha d exceptiona l Chines e languag e skills , promoted the missionary caus e and assisted the colonial government. Mos t likely, Stewart , Legge, an d Eitel share d th e sam e vie w tha t understandin g China i s th e firs t ste p to helping China , a s they pu t effor t int o translatin g Chinese classics, compiling dictionaries, and promoting Chinese educatio n in Hong Kong. In th e twentiet h century , th e relationshi p o f Hon g Kon g wit h Chin a entered a new phase as political chaos and social unrest persistently occurred in China . Differen t politica l partie s o r regime s i n Chin a compete d t o establish their networks in Hong Kong. Diana Lary's chapter demonstrate s that Hon g Kon g wa s a most usefu l refug e fo r China' s souther n warlords , an importan t channe l fo r collectin g an d sharin g information , fo r intrigue , and fo r th e acquisitio n o f mone y an d arme d supplies . Thes e warlords , a s Lary point s out , "... ha d ver y littl e to do wit h Hon g Kong's ow n history . They showed little interest in what was going on there ... Their only interest in the place was a stable, comfortable refuge." Lary shows that Hong Kong had not only played a positive role in the process of China's nation-building, but also played a negative role in bringing local chaos and civil war. Based upon differen t source s o f information , Cha n La u Kit-ching' s chapte r provides a concise an d convenien t summar y o f th e stor y o f Hon g Kon g Chinese merchants ' perception s of , an d response s to , th e Chines e communist movement durin g 1921-1934 . Chan persuasively demonstrate s that th e colony' s Chines e merchant s an d populac e dreade d Chines e communism, an d mor e importantly , tha t th e anti-communis t sentimen t during this period transcended social class division. Chung Wai-keung discusses how Hong Kong presented itself to China and elsewhere in the world in terms of "guohuo" (Chinese national product), showing ho w problemati c th e notio n o f bein g "Chinese " coul d b e i n th e colony. I n thi s chapter , Chun g describe s th e advers e effect s o n Chines e industrialists o f producin g manufacture d good s i n th e Britis h colon y a t a time o f intense nationalist feelin g amon g China's peopl e an d government , whereby thei r goods wer e not allowed fre e entr y int o the Chinese market . An ongoing campaign to publicize Hong Kong products as "national goods" failed i n Chin a bu t succeede d i n Southeas t Asia . Thi s issu e i s quit e meaningful whe n toda y Hon g Kon g industrialist s ar e encourage d b y th e INTRODUCTION 5 newly launche d "CEPA " programm e (Close r Economi c Partnershi p Arrangement) to boost the sale of Hong Kong products in China's domesti c market. Catherin e Schen k addresse s th e impac t o f thre e shock s t o th e economic relation s betwee n Hon g Kon g an d Chin a durin g th e perio d o f 1949-1955, namely as trade embargoes, the Guomindang blockade of 1949- 1950, and the freezing o f Chinese-owned US trade balances in 1950. Schenk argues that the Guomindang naval blockade and financial control s were the important factors affectin g th e relationship between Hong Kong and China, balancing attention paid previously to the US / UN embargoes on trade with China in the 1950s . In this chapter, Schen k also examines and assesses the impact o f smugglin g betwee n Hon g Kon g / Maca u an d China , whic h i s a common issue today when the integration o f the economies o f Hong Kong, Macau, and province is considered. Index

1911 Revolution 84 , 16 9 Central Schoo l (Queen' s College ) 4 , Abeel, David 13 8 44, 118-119 , 121 , 124, 127 , 132 , Aplichau 2 1 154 Artisan Masons' Guil d 2 5 Chadwick, Osber t 10 , 12 , 1 4 Ashton, Samuel 6 2 Chadwick Report 188 2 10,3 2 Chan Kai-ming 7 6 Bai Chongxi 15 7 Chang Ming-chi 7 4 Bank of China 21 5 Chater, C.P. 7 1 Bank of England 199,21 7 Chau Siu-k i 76 , 80 Barnes, W.D. 7 4 Chen Jintao 2 Basic Law 1 , 88 156 , 159 , 16 3 Bell-Irving, J. 7 1 Chen Jitang 16 2 Birch, Alan 15 3 ChenLianbo 17 4 Blodget, Henry 14 7 Cheng Siyua n 15 8 Bombay 12 3 Chiang Kai-she k (Jian g Jieshi ) 155 , Bremer, Gordon 7 1 159, 17 7 Bricklayers' Guil d 25-2 6 China (Mainland China) 1,20,31,43 - Bridgman, Elijah Colema n 13 8 44, 48-49, 53, 57, 70, 73, 76, 82, Britain (England, United Kingdom) 1 , 87, 90 , 93 , 103 , 108 , 117 , 119 , 45, 52 , 53, 59-60, 62, 70, 71, 82, 121, 137 , 145, 147, 167, 189, 201, 87, 93 , 107 , 112 , 117 , 122 , 153 , 209, 213 207,211,217 China Mail 66 , 12 3 bubonic plague 13 2 China Products Company 19 3 Butterfly an d Swire 176 , 200-201 Chinese Club 17 5 Butters, H.R. 3 2 Movement 5 0 Chinese Manufacturers ' Unio n o f Canada 5 7 Hong Kong 18 8 Canton ( ) 13 , 16 , 21, 24, Choa, G.H. 1 2 28, 42, 75, 78, 123, 162, 171, 173 , Chow Shou-son (Zhou Shouchen) 28 - 183, 188 , 203, 209 30, 165 , 171 Carpenters' Guil d 25-2 6 City Hall 18 , 145, 147, 17 6 Causeway Ba y 3 1 Civil War 16 6 292 INDE X

Closer Economi c Partnershi p Germany 7 7 Arrangement (CPEA ) 5 Gockchm, Philip (Guo Quan) 19 2 Cohen, Maunce Two-Gun 16 4 Goldsmith, AG 6 1 Colonial Office 12 , 14, 17-19, 71, 73, Guangdong (Kwangtung ) 5 , 28 , 32 , 78, 208, 212 34-35, 46 , 48-49 , 54 , 92 , 114 , Colonial Secretary 74 , 83 138, 144 , 153 , 156 , 158 , 162 , Colonial Surgeon 12-15 , 17 , 19 , 21 170-171, 172 , 177, 180 , 19 4 Communism 170 , 174 , 177 , 18 2 Guangzhou-Hong Kong-Stnke Boycott 1925-26 175 , 18 2 Dade College 2 Guangxi 46 , 144 , 155 , 16 2 Daily Press 6 7 Gutzalff, Kar l 119 , 13 8 Dalian 158 , 16 4 Deane, Walter Meredith 15 0 Hakka 113 , 144 Deng Xiaoping 16 1 Halhfax,ER 7 4 Deng Zhongxia 17 5 Hankou 18 8 DesVoeus, GW 6 1 Hennessy, Joh n Pop e 12-13 , 18 , 23, Des Voeus, William 12 2 60, 125 , 151 Diaoyutai Movement 5 0 Heung Yee Kuk 90-91 , 98, 10 7 Distnct Watch Forc e 44 , 170 , 18 0 HoFook 7 6 Dyer, Samuel 13 8 Ho Kai 12 , 17, 44, 70, 76, 78, 80, 84- 85, 125-12 6 East Asia 145 , 197 Ho Tung 119 , 125-126, 171 , 181 East India Company 13 7 Hong Kong Buddhist Association 40 - Edge, J C 6 0 41 Eighth Route Army Hong Kong Offic e Hong Kon g Chines e Chambe r o f 2 Commerce 30 , 174 , 19 2 Eitel, E J 18-19,13 8 Hong Kong Civil Service 8 3 Elliott, Charles 7 2 Hong Kong College of Medicine 12 2 Endacott, GB 82,15 2 Hong Kong culture 5 7 ethnic identity 9 Hong Kong education syste m 13 1 Eurasian 12 9 Hong Kon g Federatio n o f Catholi c Europe 54 , 74, 108 , 18 6 Students 5 0 Executive Council 14 , 71, 170 Hong Kon g Genera l Chambe r o f Commerce 61 , 71, 148, Fanling 90-9 1 Hong Kon g governmen t 40 , 44, 47 , Fanling Rural Committee 9 8 53, 55, 92-93, 117 , 119, 135, 138, Fatshan 1 6 149, 15 3 Feng Yuxiang 158 , 160, 16 5 Hong Kong Island 4 9 Fleming, Francis 6 2 Hong Kong Overseas Chinese National Foochow (Fuzhou ) 123 , 188 Goods Manufacturers ' Unio n Foreign Office 208 , 212, 217 186-187 Fnend o f China 58 , 66 Hong Kong people 57 , 73, 198 Fu Bmgchang 2 Hong Kong police 177 , 18 1 Fujian 13 8 INDEX 29 3

Hong Kong products 191,19 8 Li Lisan 17 8 Hong Kong Protestant Cemetery 11 9 Li Zongren 155 , 16 5 Hong Kong Taoist Association 4 1 Lian Guan 2 Hong Kong Tramway Compan y 8 4 Liao Chengzhi 2 Hong Kong Seamen's Strike 192 2 17 1 Lo Pan Temple 2 4 Hong Kong Seamen's Union 17 1 Lobscheid, William 13 8 Hong Kong society 40 , 47, 55, 69 London 18, 62, 63, 147, 166 , 208 Hong Kon g Universit y 53 , 80 , 106 , London Missionary Societ y 120 , 13 5 181 Luen W o Lan d Investmen t Compan y Hongkong Ban k (HSBC ) 199 , 201, Limited 91,9 4 203,211,215 Luen Wo Market 89 , 94, 10 0 Hu Hanmin 7 5 Lugard, Frederick 70 , 73 Huang Shaoxion g 15 7 Macau (Macao ) 5 , 13 , 199 , 203-204, India 21 0 207, 212-213 Indonesia 18 8 13 , 136, 137, 15 3 Ip Lan Chuen 191 , 193 Man Mo Temple 23,43,4 8 Manila 20 7 Japan 77 , 123, 208 Mass Transit Railway 4 8 Japanese invasio n (occupation ) 55 , Master Masons' Guil d 2 4 166, 18 6 May, Francis Henry 70 , 81, 83 Jardine Matheson & Co. 71,200,215 - Merchant Corp s Inciden t 192 4 172 , 216 174, 18 2 Justice of Peace 17 0 Mongkok Workers' Children' s Schoo l 55 Kennedy, Arthur 121 , 124, 15 0 Morrison, Robert 13 6 Kennedy Town 3 1 Mui-tsai problem 15 1 Korean War 156,21 1 Kotewall, Robert (Lo Xuhe) 165 , 176, Nam Pak Hong 20 , 23-24, 18 0 181, 19 1 Nam Tau (Nantou) 21 , 23, 42 Kowloon 36 , 48-49, 109 , 213 156 , 159 , 162 , 18 8 Kowloon Walled City 4 8 Neoh, Anthony (Lian g Dingbang) 2 Kowloon-Canton Railway 7 7 Netherlands 9 3 Kuo Sung Tao 12 4 New Guangxi Clique 15 5 New Territories 3 , 20, 28, 42, 84, 89- Lau Chu-pak 30 , 76, 78, 80, 171, 181 90, 92-93 , 103 , 105 , 107 , 113 , Lechler, Rudolf 14 4 134 Legge, James 45 , 120 , 13 8 Ng Choy (Wu Tingfang) 2 , 12 , 44 Legislative Council 12,20,61,63,71 , Ng Hon-tsz 76 , 80 75, 79-80 , 81 , 84-85, 148 , 149 , Nicoll, J.F. 21 1 170-171, 17 6 North, Alfred 13 8 2 Northern Expedition 155 , 160, 16 7 Li Jishen 15 6 294 INDE X

One Country Two Systems 1 , 2, 88 Sun Chuanfang 16 3 Owen,W.H. 3 1 Sun Yat-se n 44 , 77 , 126 , 129 , 158 , 166, 172-173, 182-18 3 Pakistan 210,21 4 Supreme Court 60 , 15 2 Pan Hannian 2 Surveyor General 12-14,16-1 9 Pang Fu-wah 96-9 7 Peking (Beijing ) 125 , 16 0 TaiPo 10 7 Penang 1 3 Taikoo Dockyard 3 4 Peng Pai 17 9 Taipingshan 10-11 , 16 , 22, 24, 43 Philippines 18 8 16 6 Phillippo, George 12 1 TangTingshu 2 Po Leun g Ku k 23 , 43-44, 151-152 , Tarrant, William 14 8 170, 17 2 Thomson, Ross 28-3 0 Tian Chu 18 9 Regional Council 10 5 Tientsin (Tianjin ) 123 , 158, 160, 164, Registrar General 14 , 23, 27, 74 200-202, 204 Robinson, Hercules 14 9 Tonnochy, Malcolm Stman 15 0 Robinson, William 13 1 Treaty of Nanking 7 1 Rules an d Regulations wit h respect t o Tso Seen-wan 17 6 Chinese graves 1 9 Tsun Wan Daily News 4 5 Tuen Mun 11 1 Saigon 13 , 123 Tung Wa h Hospita l 13 , 23, 42-43 , Saiyingpun (Syingpun) 13 , 24 170, 172 , 174, 17 6 Sanitary Board 12 , 17 , 78, 80 Sha Tau Kok 28,91 , 101 , 111 United Nations 199 , 211, 213 Shanghai 60 , 78, 123 , 138 , 148 , 158, United State s (America ) 107 , 166 , 164, 188, 192, 199-202, 204, 209, 186, 199 , 202, 207, 209 216 Urban Council 7 8 Shantou 20 3 urbanization 9 Shatin 11 1 Shek Wo Market 9 0 Vietnam 18 8 Shektongtsui 2 4 Sheung Shui 92-9 3 Wah Ts z Ya t P o (Huaz i ribao) 174 , Sheung Wan 7 3 186 Singapore 123 , 188, 202, 208 Wanchai 18,24,3 4 Sino-British Joint Declaration 8 8 Wang Chonghui 2 Smith, Cecil Clementi 15 0 159 , 16 3 South China 3 , 46, 156 , 166, 18 6 Wang Ming 17 8 Southeast Asi a 136 , 186 , 188-189 , Wang Tao 4 5 194, 19 7 War Office 1 4 Soviet Union (Russia ) 158 , 183, 207 Wei Yuk 75-76 , 78, 12 5 Star Ferry riots 4 9 What Hong Kong Chinese People Must Stubbs, Reginald 171 , 175 Know 3 6 INDEX 29 5

Whyte, John Charles 5 9 Ya n Xishan 16 0 Williams, Samuel Wells 14 8 Yaumat i 3 1 Wilson, David 13 3 Young , G.M. 17 6 Wong Tai Sin Temple 4 8 Yua n Shikai 18 2 Wright, George Bateson 11 9 Yuehu a Company 2

Xiamen 188 , 203 Zhan g Zongchang 16 3 XuDixin 2 Zho u Enlai 17 8