CENSUS OF I lDIA 1961
'TOLU ~i l~ .,_-I MYSOR E
ART V ILL ,A G E SUR VEY MON G APHS
No. 29 GORUR VILLAGE I Hassan Taluk, Hassan District
Editor: K . .S )' LASUBRAJHANY AI\t, - of the Indin.n AdminiRt,rat,ive Servioe, Superintclldent of Icnsus 0lotu,t,iol1s ill l\Iysore
- --
1974
PRINTED IN T~'DIA AT 1'1LE GOYEH.NME~'l' BRA"t~Cll PRESS, nHARWAR " "'if'D 'PUBLl[f;llTDD T!Y THE ) IJ\:\_lGER Olf rtJBT.ICATIONS, DRLBI-6 ,, AP OF MYSORE
ARABIAN SEA
INDE~
7
FORE WORD
Apart from la.ying the foundations of demography in this suhcont.inent, a. hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'ehl.borate a.nd scholarly accounts of the varie~aterl phenomena of Indian life - sometimes wit.h no 8tati:4ics fl.ttadled, but usually with just enoufl,h statistics to give empirical untler - pinning to their ,·'llwlll,ions'. hl a eo'ulliTY, hrgely illitemte, \Yher~ stati~;tical or numerical comprehension of evell ~mch it ~imple thill~ as age ,,'a:> liable to Jw inaccurate, an understanding of the social structure was e""ential. I t was more neC'cs.<;ary to attain a broad understanding of what was happening around one~elf than tt) wrap oneqelf up in '",tatisti{'al ingenuity' or 'mathematical mani pulation'. This explains w}n' t he Indian CensUR ea me to be interested in 'many by-pat.hs' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship from fluthropolog:v and sociology to geography and religion'.
In t.he la"t few (lecfl,de~ t.he Censu'l has in('rea:'!ingly turne!l it:'! efforts t.o the presentation of village statistics. Thi.s ~uits the temper of the t,ime;;:. as wen as our politic:1.l and economic structure. For even as v.:e have a great deal of centralization on the one h~Hl(l an(1 decentralisation on the other, my colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation nf the Census tradition to try to inveRt the dry bones of village statistics with fle~h- and-hlood accounts of s<)ciill structure and social ehange. It was accordingly decided to select f\ fe\v village" in every State for "pecial study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics tv find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of rhan?-c werr blowing and from where.
Randomness of selection was, therefol'e, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the wbole State ill quant.itative terms on the basis of villages selected statisticaily at random. 'rhe Elelection was avowedly purposive: the object being as llluch to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reagon~ to choose change and more t·o remain lodged in the past as to discover hOI, the more 'nol'mal' types uf villages were ('hllngillg. They were to be primarily type 8tudi~3 which, by virtue of their number anri distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going on ann. some kind of a map of the country.
A brief account of the testR of selection will help to explain. A lUlllll11Um of thirty-five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately !!eogmphicaJ, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of thirt.y-five, the dist.ribution was to be as follows :
a· At least eight villages ,yere to be so selecterl that each of them would ('ontain one dominant communit y with one predominating oecupatioll, e· Y" fishermen, forest workers, jham cultivators, pottm's, weavers, salt-makers, quarry ,,{wkers, etc. A village should have a minimum popuifttiol1 of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 7(lO.
b. At, least "even villages were to be of numerically prominent Seheduled 1'ribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum population shonld be 400. The optimum being between 5(10 and 700.
c. The third group of villages 1'1hould each be of filir size, of an old and settled character and contail! varie~flted occup:ltions and he, if possible, multi-ethnie in composition. By fair size was meant it population of 51)0--700 persons Of more· Tlle village should mainly depend on agrieulture and be sufficiently away from the major sources of modern comlllunication such as the district administrative headquarters and businpss centres· It should be roughly a day's journey from -the above placeR. The vi11ap;es were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms of size, proximity to city :mJ other means of modern commnnication, nearness to hills, jungles. and major river1'1· Thus there was to be a regional distribution throughout the State of this category of villagf's, If, however, a particular district con tpined significant f'cologieal variationR within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to study the special adjustments to them. It is a unique feature of tbse village slll'Veys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, a!; my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorbinf!: voyage of discovery and their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the inquiry's scope again and again. It Wl;)S jllst as well c>lutiou'lly to reel one's way about at first and then .... enture further afield. and although it accounts to some extent for a cel-tai~ uneveIme&8 in the quality and coverage of the monographs, it :oerved to compensate the 'Purely honorary and extramural rigours of the task. For, the Survey, along with it,.; many anllillaries like the survey of fairs and festi,als, ()f small [\nd rural industry ann othprs, was an 'extln', o\-er an·l abOY8 the crushing load of the I9Gl Census·
It might be of interest to recount briefly the stage hy wl1ich the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first Census Conference in September 1 ~;)9 the Survey set itself the task of what might he called a record in sitn of 1l1.aterial traitB, like 8ett\elllent patternB of the village; house t~ypes; diet; dress.; ornaments allil foot-wear; furniture ttnrl storing vessels; eommon meanR of transport of goods and passengers domestication of animals and. birrlfl>: markets attenllwl: worship of dejti~s, festiv~ls and fairs. 'rhel'e were to be reeord.inf!f', of cOU]"!"P, of cultural and f'ocial traits and occupational mobility. This was followe(l l.lp in }Iarcb 191)0 by two "'Pecimell "chertules, one for each household, the other for the village as a whole, w111e11. apart from spelling out the mocle of inquiry suggel'lted in the Septemror 1959 conference, introdllcecl groups of question;; aimed at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in imell field, as marril1;_>p, inheritance. moveable and immoveable property, industry, indebtedness, educatioll; comnulllitv life and col1edive activity, social ni.sabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leurlerRhip ;tn,l organiRation of {·.ulturallife· It was now plainl\" the intention to provide l\dequatl' ~tntiRtical support tn empiricftl 'f(>e1' to approach qualitative cl1ange through statistical quantities- It llad been difficult. to qive thought to the importance, of 'just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning to eonclusion', at a t.ime when my eolleagues were straining t.hemselves to the utmost for the success of the main CensuR operations, but once the Census ('onnt ihelf was left behind in March, 1961, a series of threc regional s!'minars in 'Trivandrum (May 19(H), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 19(1) restorerl their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change through a numhel' of well-devised stati"ticul tables was once again recognised. This itself presupposed a fl'cs~l survev of yillage;:; alread." clone; but it y;as worth the trouble III vie\y of the possiiJilities that a clo"e analysis of statist.ics offered and also because the 'consanguinity· schedule rcmained to be canvaRsed. By November. l~)fil, however, Inore was ex pected of these surveys than ever before. There was di:-lsatisfaetion on the one hand with too many general "tatement" and a growill:,! ,le:=;ire on the otller t.o (1raw conclusionI'! from statistics, t.o regard Rocial and ecorOlflic dab ;u int.errelaterl IJl'ocesses, and finally to examine t.he social and economic processes set in motion through lanil. reforms and other laws, legislative and administrative measures, technological anrl cultural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December, 1961 'when the whole field wa" carefully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various ainHl of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superintendents by ,,-ay of serutillY and technical comment on the frame of Suryey and 'Presentation of resnlts.
This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages as they ~had originally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in quality. This is, perha.ps, for the first time that such a survey has been conducted ill nny country, and that purely as a labour of loy('. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out, to achieve.; to construct a map of village India's Social structure. One hopes that the volumes of thi" ::;Lll;vey will help to retain for the India Census its title to 'the most fl'p.itful single source of illfu! matiun about the country'. Apart from ot]ler features, it will perhaps be conceded that the SUl'yey has set up a new Cellsu,; standard in pictorial and graphic documentation. The schedules finally a'lopted for this monograph have heen printed in an appendix.
NEW DELHI, ASOK :;\IITRA ..fuly 30, ]964. REGISTRAR GElIo'ERAL, INDIA. PREFACE
The: selection of villages in evel'Y State for Socio-Economic Suryey and preparation of monograph on those Yillages is a part of the gf"neral plan to continue the Census tradition of making special surveys of various kinds. These :;pecial l'!Uryeys are intended to present not merely statistical data meant to interpret the life of the people but also a vivid picture of the manners and habits of the people in their every-day life. Fifty one villages were selected in this State for Socio-Economic study and the selection was made in such a way that not only aU the Districts in the State were represented but also the different agro-physical regions of the State mentioned by Dr. Learmonth, so that all the fifty one monographs might together provide a cross-section of the life of the people of this State which wonld provide an interesting supplement to thtt data given ill the Table Volumes.
Out of these fiftY-Olle' villages se1ected in thi!'l State, Gorur in Hassan District is located at the meeting place of the Malnad and .Maidan regions and partakes of the characteristics of both these regions. This is a progressive village and has several urban fa,cilities and conveniences in it, in addition to a flourishing agriculture side by side "ith a few crafts. The economic condition of the people is therefore satisfactory and along with this, there i" also communal harmony in the village. Add to thesE' the religious, cultural and literary traditions of this place-all of which are on the high aide--aild it would be no exaggeration to say that this village is easily a model village in this part of the country. This general idea will be found illustrated in the body of the report, in all its aspects.
This village had been surveyed in 1941 and the idea in selecting this "tiUage again for study has been to gauge the progress of this village during two decade~. Information on tlriiJ Rapaet of the question will be found in the last Chapter of the report.
It is suggested in the body of the report that the !tarting of many cottage industri.a8 is ne.Mea.ry in order to afford scope for work for the agricultural workers in this village who are mostly under employed to supplement their earning. This is a suggestion for our planners and other authorities concernend, who are charged with the business of finding ways and means of improving the country's economy.
K. BALASUBRAMANYAM Superintendent of Cen8US OpertJtion. in Mysore, BangalO1"e.
CONTENT~S
PAGES
CHAPTER 1. THE VILLAGE
The IIfltting-the distant view-entrance to the village-Rural-Urban atmosphere-Serene beauty-Two legends-Reasons for the selection of this village for Socio-Eoonomic Survey-Physical features- Important institutions-Ed ucationa.l institutions-tem pies-Other institution s-Administrati ve feat ures- Economic Jife-EJectrioity-Water Supply-Sanitation-Social-Cultural-General. 1-4
CHAPTER II. PEOPLE AND THEIR ;:\lATERIAL ClJLTURE
Ethnic composition: Population-village proper: Main streets-The Adikarnataka Colony-Brahminor: Naming Ceremony; Tonsorial Ceremony; {;panayanam; Marriage; Puberty rites; De&th Ceremoni68. Gangadikara8 " Occupations; Food habits; Inheritance and adoption; )larriage customs; Bride price; Puberty rites; Pregnancy and confinement; Purificatory Ceremonies relating to pregnanoy and confine ment--Widow remarriage-Divorce and dedication of girls to temples-Rites relating to death-Worship Other customs. Adikamaiak-lU,' Devaragudda.s--Marriage custollll:l-Puberty rites-Widow remarriage Adultery and divorC(,Postnatal Ceremonies-Iuheritanee--Adoption-Religiun-Religioull orders-Priesta- Death rites-Funeral Ceremonies-Admission of other castes-Social status. lIouse-typeJJ : 'Valls, Roofs Accommodation: Number of rooms-Furniture--use of consumer gootlH-Material cultural habitll- Utensiis-Dresil-Ornaments-Diet-Drinking of Tea/C'oifec-'Vater Supply-Health and sanitation. 5-13
CHAPTER III. ECONOMY
General fea.tures of economy-Working force-Occupational structure-Nature of occupation-Non-workers Litera.cy and education-Agricultural pattern-Ownership of land-Distribution of land-Crop pattern Improved methods of cultivation-Plantations-Irrigation-Special problems of Agriculture-Heavy Industries and Projects-General features of Economy-Cottage Industries-Scope for development- Liveetock-Tenancy-Income and Expenditure-Pattern of Expenditure-Agricultural I a bourers- HouMllOlds engaged in Industry-Other 801TicelS-Indebtedness. 1.j-23
CHAPTER IV. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
Rate of popUlation increase-Comparison with some other Villages of the District-Sex and Marital statuB History-Temples-Claims of affinity to Tamil Nad-Civic sense-Village planning-Legend-Car Festival desoribed : Atmosphere of devotion. etc.,-Literary tradition-Cultural tradition-Leisure and recreation-FllIItivaIB-Family strllcture--Education-Awareness of reform measures-Inheritance General. 26-1tl
I Economic Survey of 1941; (i) Population; ~increaile of households; (ii) EducatioD; (iii) Medical and PublIC Health; (iv) Electrioity; (v) Water Supply; (vi) Village Pancbayat; (vii) Agric~!~atal i~Pro vement; (vi i) Communications. • - .~,.- . • ,."
.'. 'f II Need for; more Cotiage Indust... ies. \>'" 33-35 'fable8. " 39-73 "._ - 74 Appendix.
LIST OF TABL'£S
Ta)Jl~ Description oj Table8 PAGE Yumber
I Area, House and Population 39 II Population by Age groups 39 III Size and composition of Household. 39 IV Households olassified by Religions, Caste and Bub-oa.t. 40 V Soheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe 41 VI Age and Ma.rital Status . 41 VII Education 42 VIII Workers and Non-workers by sex and broad age groups 43 IX Workers classified by sex, broad age-groups and occupations 43 X Workers classified by sex, broad age groups, industry. business, and oultivatiOlI belonging to the households 44 XI Non-workers by sex, broad age-groups and nature of activities 44 XII Households by number of rooms and by number of persons oocupying 44 XIII Households engaged in oulti~ation, industry, business and other occupations 45 XIV Type of industry run by the households , oW XV Type of business run by the households . 46 XVI Traditional industries run by the number of household. 47 XVII Diet 47 XVIII Staple diet and food habits of communitie. 4,8 XIX Indebtedness by Income Group!! 49 XIX-A Indebtedness by causes 49 XIX-B Sources of oredit 50 XX Agrioultural produoe of cultivation run by the houllehold!! and their di!!posal 51 XXI Households owning or possessing land or have given out land to othen for cultiva.tion 12-. XXI-A Ownership of land 54 XXI-B Ta.ble Showing the land owned out lide the ,ilIag. 5! XXII Oeneral 55
II-8ET TABLES
1. Cute/Tribe or oommunity and nature of family 65 2. Ul!IOeiation of Diety and object of worship 55 3. ..&.warene!!8 of untouohability offences act 57 4.. Contravention of marriage rules 1'1 4,-..&.. Permissibility of Inter-caste marriage i' 5. Awareness of chanies in Hindu LaWI of Sucee~sion 5S and Adoption __..&.. Inheritance of property as in praotice i9 S-B. Share of property for different oategories of relatiTel-aonl 60 •• Reciprocal aid in agricultural practicel ~l 7. Livestock Statistics inCluding Fishery 82-11 I. Village Industries Products 64 9. Land Reclamation and development 64 10. Co-operative Societies lIS ll. Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income M 11-..&.. H&bit of taking tea! ooffee as correlated to income 5'7 U. Material oulture-possession of furniture , 88 U-A. liIaterial oulture-possession of consumer good. 89 '..... Material culture-habits 70-"11 '::Wo BOllae type-roof 7! .,.A Hou.ae tJ'P&-'Wa.ll 73 PHOTOS Pap
1. .A Ti .... .af th._. rtT.r Romavathi Xl
J. .A "ti• ." of the mairum on the outakirta of the villa.,_ XI
S. The idol in the Yoga Nara.siJnha. temple XII
... The t1!!mple of ShiT& (KedareBwBra) in Hoysala style of architecture-Note the two ditrernt atructur.. which make up one temple-a feature of HoysI1la archittcture XII
i. An elderly Sri Vaishnava gentleman - Th. Sri Vaishnava from the largut .ection of the Brllhwin ComDlUDity ill. the village XIII
u. An elderly Sri Vaiahnava lady XIII
7. The Adi Karnataka, pillY CDn their bugle. and drums during the car felltivals XIV
8. Folk songe are sung during the car festival to the accompaniment of 'Kolata' XIV
Q. (ShiV"a Commanded Sati to become It liver for the benefit of humanity) Irrigation Channel xv
10. An improved Hl1bli.typfllVooden oil t'xtractor. Note that a !lingle bullock ca.n work an extractor of this tyPe XV
11. Adi Karnataka women XVI
12. The Vedanta Sabha at Gorur XVI
IS. The village carpenter XVII
U. ..A. village blacksmith at ,.,ork XVII
16. Tb.e IItr6et lfhi~h is at right ",ngles to the three main l!treets uf the village. Xote the public tap and electric PQle on either side of the regular row of houses XVIII
16. The Adi Karnll.takas at Goror have always been treated with proper considcration Not. the distribution of eatabk. to the Harijan children .XVIII LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS
FA.OIIHl 1'.... 8:11 1. Stat. ma.p of MYlore Ihowing the Tillago. Till. leleoted for focio -economic survey Pap
2. District m"p of Hassan sholVing the locatiou of TiIla&. Gor1U" • 1 3. PhYlliool feature. around yilla,1 Gorur • 2 4. National map of Gorur villa,. • i. Chart sholVing worker. and Non-worken by sex and Broad Ap-,roup. 10
6. Chart showing the population by lex, Age and ma.rital Itatul • 27
7. Cha.rt showing the population and literaoy by ..s: and Aae-iroupi SO
I. Vill&,. ma.p of Oorur M
GORUR (xi)
1. A view of the river Hemavati.
2. A view of the maidan on the outskirts of the Village.
'-
(xii) GORUR
3. The idol in the Yoga Narasimha temple
4. The Temple of Shiva (Kedareswara) in Hoysala style o[ architecture Note the two ditIerent structures which make up one Temple- a feature of Hoysala architecture' GOReR (x ii i
r I l
~ I 5. An elderly Sri Vaishnava gentleman. The Sri Vaishnava from the largest section 01' the Brahmin Community in the village
6. An elderly Sri Vaisimava lady
(,IlH ( 'H (xv)
9. (Shiva commanded Sati to become a river for the benefit of humanity) Irrigation Channel·
10. An improved Hubli-type wooden oil extractor. Note that a single bullock can work an extractor of this type GORUR ( '11
11. Adi Karnataika VITomen,
1 I
II I
~ '~1 I :.'i,._ :f1q". :.>' J$jj&"... 1;:S. 'rne Village Carpenter· \ 14. A Village blacksmith at work · ii) GORUR 15. The street which is at right angles to the three main streets of the village. Note the public tap and electrical pole on the either side of the regular row of houses. 16. The Adi Karnatakas at Gorur have always ~een treated with Proper considel'ation-Note distribution of eatables to the Harijan Children. • ( ._ ..."", ''O' I •i I.. ,. \J ? ...... ",". ~.. .,..; I 41 CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE 'The Setting Entrance to the Village Gorur is fourteen miles away from Hassan, the Proceeding to\vards the village one fees Ull the district head-qua.rte:-". It is situated near the eastern eft, first Inspedioll Bungalow, then a Dispm-;arv end of t'Ie :\lalnall region, away from t3e western Ghats with a matemitr ward attached to it. a mi(ldle with the "gigantic mountains raisiilg their towering crests school, a reu(ling room, a small temple, a defunct ~()ap in eVc'TY fantastic form (Jf peak". Though the village manufactory and thell another temple near it: away belongs to the Semi :\lalnad region it i~ a little a way from at a distance all the left ther£' is the open space Malllad proper like ~Ianjarabad, ::Iludigere and Koppa whrre the weekly ~handy is held every Satllrda~·. A where "the woods oculsionally bear the impress of little further away in, this Opl'1l space stands the local human art by the trees having becll thinned to let sunshine high school. On tit" ri;.!ht OIll' s"e~ a 'Veterinary H03pital, c{\f~ee 'ami cardamom l'uhivation l,eiow·'. In Ltct tv :1 godown, a Co-operative ('re(lit Society, anli the local GCf;" is so cJo"e to the threshold of the vast padJy YecLwta Sahba. and Jl iJd g;-owin~~ ."Ilaidan region to the east that it ptrtakes quite a few of the characteristics of both the l\laln:td and the jbidan re~ion'. Its climate. for I?xa Rural-Urban atmosphere mple, sii"iltly resembles that of the :\1alnad, but its vegeta tiun ;s that cJ the :\1aidun. The entrance to the yiikge being thus notted with hospitaL" fields, schools, reading room, temple~, Co Any olle proceeding from Hassan to Qf1rur has operative Society anrl a Yedanta Sahlla, t:le ,-ilh;;e to travel by an unclulatinp: and serpentine roa,i (a ~()od bears a rur-nrban atmospl1l're. The street lights and metalled road) with st,nely trees on both sides of this the taps on the ro J(hide deepen the im rre~sion that road and also small moun,!., amI ravines on either siue Coru! is an urbanised yillage cOlll1n:tjltliug ~everal the zig-zag roael, tl!e tall tree;, the bush-~.()yprpd modern facilities. mound~ and ravines combinill?, to produce a WdeOl'.le bight to the olllooker by the·ir natural >'ce!lie heautv. Serene Beauty The distant view One is also impressed hv the ser011e heauty of t'le village, cEpecially after cru~'iing tliP few main ;-ou'!" The passenger b'l;< to Gornr :-tC\PS at a point on and reaclling the river b,:nk, pa~"ill,c; by a small ('au~e the Hassan - Arkalgml roaJ near (jurur where there way below which the channel appears again and flows IS a name board of the village. The visitur to t!le vil on round the backvdrd of the village. The river is Id[:e gEtting down at this "pot has to traverse about jU'it ahout a furlong away froJ)] this challnel. TLis a fur;ong eastwards to reach the village proper, consi rivpr, Hemavathi, has its origin n,';n jludigere ill Chic'k sting of the rows of inhahited h011oes. Standing near magalur distrir,t. After passing through a part of that name board and facing the vilhlge. one sees a bri that district, it flows for the most part in H as~an district dge (Kris~narajendra Bridge) on the right: bel(Jw this a nd then enters :\landya district where it runs into the bridge flcnvs the Hemavathi Eiver. Before rectchinc; Krishnarajasagar Reseryoir which impounds the waters the river oae has to cros~ the Changaravalli channel of Hemayatbi, Cauvery and Lakshll1fllla Tirtha. It which proceeds first towards the South antI then towards is also called "Yanne Hole". The bank of this river tll(' East of the village. Be~'0I1d this Channel to the near Gorur is a beauty spot, w1at with the serenity ri[.::ht one ReI'S green fields: further Oil there is the river of the Yoga Narasimha Temple, the ancient grove of H'mavathi flowing OD1(lothly on, with 3 grove of tall treeR by its side, and the pervading stillness of the ~rees near its balIk, a lonely Jlantap at one point fncing place. The yisitor stands on this spot and casts a glRllce the river, a water-house at a little (listance away and at the temple, the river and the scenery beyond unto a :emple on the bank of the river, and near the village. the distant horizon and feels that this JIlPeting p!ztce All these r:r.n be seen to the right from the ~pot \\-he!'e of the )lall'!ad and .M3idan has a pecnliar beauty, the name ])0,1i',1 of villa;:;e stands. all its own. 2 GORUR Two Legends Physical Features i} There is a legend current amon.'; the people The village is at a distance of a furlong frurn the concerning the origin of the river Hen:avahti. (Jnce high rOJ-d belonging to the public work:: d,'p:1fttll P nt. Daksha Brahma performed a Ya:Ja and he did. not in There ar~ 257 houses, of which six are t~rm,'ed and vite his daughter Sati Deyi for this Y (1.9'1. Still Sati 3t have Mangalore tiled ro()fin~. The wail~ 'i"!.' mostly desired to attend the function. She went over to the of mud. .. spot where the r a9a was in progress, despite her hus band's advice tu the c()lltrar.';. There, Sati felt inwl 1 t is OIl a plane surface and h;1;; [,,) hamlet" att::! ted at the sli,shti:1g words US2J. by her father regarding ch,":1 to it, though it is the c~ntre of acti,-ity for se,-eral her husband and fell into the ~acrificiJ.l fire. As she 8urrounrting yillageg like 1\1allenahalli ard Kot"l;Of,l. was burnt, her body attained the colonr of gold. She Th" houses are spread uniformh'. TIle cOllrlition took her next birt:l as the rtaughter of' HIM A VAT' of the roads is very satisfactorv.- Th~ lellf'th of lllPLl, and came to be known as lIe II! a l":lIli i. She performed lIed roads in the village is ab~ut 30n yar,j~ and that penance with the object of marn-i:l:( S'li\'a and n,:;ne of the nen-metalled roads is 200 yar,l-1, The area else. Shiva commanded her tf) beco;;1e a river for the of the village is 1·4H Square miles or' 9~H; [ll'f<',"" made benefit of humanity. up of about 54 acres of uncultIvable lall,l "d,ollt ~90 acre" of land put tv non-agricult.ural use~ ( (i) EDUCA,lO~;'\L IKSTI1'UTIO:-rS: There are 6 Reasons for the selection of this village for Socio Economic Survey. educ3.tional institutions (3 Primary Schools, 1 :\liddle Seho!)], 1 High School and 1 Sanskrit Patasala}. 'However it is not because of its beauty or anti (ii) TEMPLES: ·There are five temples (Yoga quity that the village was selected for study. Its Karasimha, Kailasaeswar;l, Paravasudeva, Anjaneya natural charm, nostalgic with it~ mixture of tield and and Mariamma temple~) and one Mosque. There is temple, river and channel. no doubt makes it linger in the also the Ved-anta 8abh:.!.. visitor's memory long after he has left it. But more ()pposite to our present purpose is the fact that Gorur (iii) OTHER lKSTlTUTIOKs: Further, there are 3 affords a model for the study of the Socio Economic Co-operative Societies (The Credit Co-operative Socity, growth of a rural community. The facilities that exist the Khadi and Gramodyog Co-operative Socitey and here fllf channel irrigation, the several crafts pursued the Leather Industries Co-operative Society), a reading b~; tll(' local peopJe and the modern institutions for room, a Dispensary with a maternity ward attached to civilised life that have sprung up in this village make it, a Veterinary Hospital, the Post Office and Bus Stand. its .3ocio-Economic structure worth a close and careful Besides, there are also a Soap Manufactory unit which study. Protagonists of rural uplift may find in this is defunct for the time being but is stated to begin village an intere~ting model for di~ection and exami work again a bone meal extractor and local oil-presses, nation. srr.ithies, and carpentry workshops. 'THE VILLAGE 3 Administrative Features of private conne('tions 22. People also use water from the channel and the river, as well as from wells. There (i) The village il> included III a Development are in all 43 drinking water wells in the village of which Block which was formed in April 1961. The block 5 are public wells. Two of these public wells are headquarters iR at Hassan and the headquarters of the in the Adikarnataka Colony. -village level worker is at Cdavere, a neighbouring -village. Sanitation (ii) The Panehayat of this \ilIage has jurisdiction over tltp near by village of Mallerwhalli also. There are Forty house:- h Economic Life Social 'lmt of the people are agric1l1turi~ts and a few ,)1' Tbere are people belcn;ing to the Brahmin, Gangadi the]i have kept petty shops to obtain SQIne extra tar· br. Yok:;:aligars f Adikarnataka, Devanga, Idiga, ning to supplement their meagre reSOUf(;es. There are Br~tha, ~Iuslim and other communities living in t.his 13 ~hops of this kind. Though agri::uiture yilh1ge. Hut it is noteworthy that there is communal i~ tllU' the main occupatio:1 of -the people, a feN :bn(Donv in this village and but for imlividual rivalries crafts like "arpcntry, oil ghanies and ~;mithie3 have also induding occasio:ml drunken brawls, there is no serious been e:,tabli,;hed ill this yi1Llge ..\3 a result of thf' exis disturbi:1'1: r:ement in the soeial equilihrium. Lanri teac'e, side by side; of a~ri{"nl-curt' and these rurul crafts lord-tenant bickerin,g,.; and employer-employee pre t,he ('conoHl'y is a balanced o;w and the exi"tenc(:' of the judices arE not seen in any pronouncer) (legree. People crafts has, to a large extent, Jrlit,i~ated the pre~~ure OIl call nei[Zhbour~ Ly L,miliar nicknames and thr general lanel. T:1P- land is fertile; the fi.et.l:-l neM the village get attitude towarcl~ neighbou;,s and other inhabitants of water from the channel from lUtll June to 10th Janm"TY. the yillap' is (lne (]f fripndlincss. Above all,the Harijans, As a remIt of all th(,Sl~ (irCulll~t~:n~eR, the people, hoth who go by tl:e nalIle of Aclikarnatakas here, have always the land owners W110 c'dtiv,ttr their lan(l~, the al(ric-ul been treated with pruppr cOllsirleration. The tUfal laboures aw] tIle :ntis,ws are to a I",rge eXT,ent, Ha~ijan colony ie; little away frolll the re~t of the self sufficient. village, but the Harij:llls ~noYe a bout in this village The neare~t w:lUle"alp market is at Ha,can. freely aul Wi::lOut any hard and Lv.;t restrictions as An:Hlally about 1,011 0 pailus of grain produced i:l this to tlleir me)';ement'i. T:ll' l u,('e Hi :1dus can v~,it tlle lbrijan colony easilv. Ch irnport:I'tt festive occasions villa;!e are :wld in thi~ wholesale market. A ,YeE'ldy L~:e the carL,tival all(l uttle ~llOW ,~., also im weekly shandy is held in the village c·n f-;atunlavs. a~ aisi] an ~~'1a1Ll'/ d:l.,v,.; tLe "fla~·ji(ln...; 1110\'e ab )~lt 1110rC fL'ceiy aIiliUal caUle show. Then' is a Co-operatin ~tore in t,he village and the :Ipproxilliate annual turnUVE'r in than 'in :':l,;r; v other places. ' tllis st,ore i~ worth H~. :;i:,II(III. There are abo the three Co·operative ~p('iH:l'" rei'err .. d to "Dove, de':aJs CultGral regarding which will l,e ;!i\'(':J. in (,!],ll'ter IV. o( rur has a1W;JYR lIPId an hOTcour2 General prescnb!' that Ltno shvuld ;.,:') tJ the tiller anti in fl) far ,IS they pla\:e l1 ceilil)g on the area of ownership of lanus while on the other hand they aTe al"o propag;ltin~ co Twu Iloint3 "trike a vi~jt()r whu closely Il,UYeS anlonl': operative farmini! and the use of tractors and big lll,u:hi the most impurtad section of the p('pulation here, nery whieh callnot be l'om'enient1y used, if t.hey L1D be wimdy, the land owners firstly, the anxiety felt by useu at all, on the frJgmenteJ holdin;rs, unless the 8Ume of them reg Teforms and helie\'!' th;1t the"e ref,): l}J, wuuld pro\'e a A03 alreadv ,aiel a fee1ing i" 31so perceptible among handicap in CHC'eol where the owner·('ultivator lllay fall the rE'ople in tItis \'iihge that their village is a p!';):2: res- "ill for a long time Of ill {'a"e of Li" de.\t\, b\ ying minor sivE' one an] La., a traditioll to keep pre.-;erve, heir," or in (';1,'1' he wislleo; to go ,nyay from hi" lllnd" temporarily for a long period. In "llch c'a;;es it is fe PEOPLE AND THEIR IVIATERIAL CULTURE Ethnic Composition The Adikarnataka Colony POPLLAT!O~ : The population of the village The Adikarnataka (Harijan) colony is about two ac:rordiIlg to Census enumeration in 1961 is 1,642, while furlongs away beyond a few fields and this colony too at the time of sorio-economic survey in 1963 the popula has regular streets. The Harijan households Dumber tiOIl WI'S 1,507. The shortfall is due to emigration of SO that is neral:' 26% of the total number of house per:;ons i:l search of employment in ~phere;\ other than holds in the village. A brief account of the social agriculture, the emigration of some others 011 getting customs of the three main communities in the village Governnwnt appointmeIlts elsewhere, and the departure namely the Brahmins, Gangadikaras and Adikarnatakas from this village of scm)e students of neighbouring villages is give!l below: who completed the course~ of education available llere. BRAHMINS A companson of the number of households of Naming Ceremony different ('ommunitirs a" they stood in 1941 and 1961 shGWS tbat the Ill.mhrr of Brahmin household, has Among the Brahmins, a r.ew-born child is given increased ~ y ~J Brahmopad(.sam the most important part of whith is a the presentation of Til balls mixed with sug?r Of ia~~erv speciaiIy efficacious and 8acred M anira namely the to the closest relatives. However, thi~ eustom is still Clayathri. Once a year .a new sacred thread is worn in vogue only among the orthodox, the others being removing the old, in a prescribed manner on the day indifferent ill observing it. of Ava11i A1'1:tiam. Death Ceremonies Inheritance and Adoption The Brahmins are governed Ly the Hindu Law of The Brahmin:!! cremate the dead. but they bury Inheritance. A person who has no issues may adopt a children who die before they grow teeth. Often. infants boy, who will hecome his Sil;;cessor. dying below three years of age as also persons cl ying of disease~ like small-poi and cholera are also buried. Marriage Immediatelv.' after death , the bodv., is washed (] rid certain religious marks are made on the forehead of tie cropse. The marriage customs of the Brahmins are differl'l,t Some purificatory ceremonies are al~() performed. The III several respects from thm'e of the other tastes. members of the bereavp,d family flO round tue corpse Their marriage is held usually at the bride's residence, thrice before it is placed on the bier. Then t:lf:lY put afte:' negoti.atiolls relatillg to llxing up of the Jat'" of some rice into the mouth of the cropse. At the burning the marriage :md other particulars are finali'ed. gro-';'llG. rice and ghee are thrown over the crc>pae before Quite often a dowry hns to be paid to the bridegrc.cm, the pyre is lit by the eldest son of the deee:.,'cd. The its quantum depending on his social ~tatus and <1 tt aiu eJdest son aho goes round the pyre' three time:l with a. ments. The marriage cere'1waies of th'j Brahmins new pot filled with water and breaks it on the he:td~ide commence with the mock 'pilgrinwge' of the brideg7oom, of. the cropse. Oll wLi:h he sets out in a duly ceremonial manner to the accOTltpuniment of pille;'; and drums and from whic:l he For ten days after the death of a per~on t1_,~ cLlsest. is 'dissuaded'b), his future father-in-law and brought to relations are said to have "pollution·'. The elcie,.;t ~on of the marriage pandal - all these proceedings follc,wed the deceased has to perform oblations daily for thece ten up in a prescribed mallner. Yellow coloured threads days to a stone set upto represent t.he wul of the deceased. are then tied around the wrists of the bride and the groom. Utmost importance is attached to the perfo~'ma[l.~e of A detailed religious ceremony, ac('ompanied by cbanting death ceremonies and failure to rerform them rew:t in of Jl nlltras, is gone through with scrupulous care regarding social obloquy. After the death ceremonies are over, the correctness of every detail. This i~ fol t.he purillcatory ceremonie" arl' performed fwd as a. lowed by a formalised proclamation (:liaha Srmka.lpa.) part of this programme a. dinner iii given to the ebse of the Clothras and the names of parents of the bridal 'felatives of the deceased. pair and their own lHl'1Jes. The parents of the hride "pour milk into the united hands uf the bride and bride ?room. Then follows the Jlanqalyadlwrana (Thal£ tying) GANGADIKARAS {'ereTliOllV. Among Brahmins the Thal£ is tied b:-- the groom amidst the (,hanting (If vPrlie verses around the Fift,v ~('ven households of Gangadikara Yokkaligas bride's neck, the bride being se2ted on her father's lap. a'fe found in this village anrl. there are also a few ot.her The inyitees bless the c-Quple by throwing yellow coloured Vokk:lJi~a~ wl:wse cnstoms :lTe rr,o~tl:' similar to those rice over them. Certain oblations are performed in the of the Gfingadikaras, though the Gangadikams do not sacred fire: the groom then takE's the right foot of the int.ermarry with the other gronps. The headman of bride and JlHlkes her touch a grinding stone three times. this caste is known as "Gauda". Thereaftrr the bride witnes;;es the Arul'ri/wthi star, an {'mblem of chastity. After these ceremonies, the 'Gangad:kara' is a contraction of 'Ga.ngavadikara.,' Lrida 1 pair pace seyen steps before the Baerfd £.:-c-a from whi~h it is surmised that they originally ca.me from procellure called 8apta Pad; which finalises the marrigge the country ruled by Ganga Kings, a dynasty which in H t?chni('al sense. The cODSnmr'lation of the marriage flourished in tllE' 10th century A. D. Their mother i~ ceJebrat('d on. a sepamte da:-, when the cour1e are tongue is Rannada. presentrd with traditional gifts by the bride's parents. Puberty Rites Occupations Among Brahrnins, girls attail,ing puberty are kept They are mostly agriculturists, though some have separate for three da,:s and .. be occasion is Larked bv tn,ken to other walks (If life such a~ Government fkt vic<'. "PEOPLE AXD THEIR MATElUAL CULTURE 7 Food Habits from the temple with the thinga to be presented to tbe bride in a basket or box. He is led to the They eat the flesh of sheep, goats and fowls. They marriage seat. The girl is then brought by her mate do not eat beef and some ascllew pork. Some of them rnal uncle who makes her put gingelly (til) and cumin are teetotallers, but others drink liquor. They eat seeds on the boy's head. The boy repeats this and in the houses of Brahmins and Linga.yats. Gangadi then the ceremonies of 'Dhare' Kankana tying and Thali karas and Kurubas (shepherds) eat in one another's tying take place in the usual way. The couple are houRes. then led, holding each other by the hand, round the milk-post, and are asked to see the Run, the Moon Inheritance and Adoption and the Atundlwti star. The Brahman priest announces that the marriage is complete. Thereafter Thy follow the Hindu Law of Inheritance. Adop the same day certain social customs are observed both tion is "Howed and practised. For a boy to be adopted, in the morning and in the evening with a view to keep it is obligatory that he must not only belong to the the people assembled in a lighter vein. Both on that same mD-division but must also be of the same Gotra. day and on the next day the couple are made to eat An exception is J~llFle in the case of a sister's son or a together out of a common plate and in the evening they daughter's son. A brother;s son is deemed to be the are taken in proce,qsion to a temple v. here the Bhashinga.s most proper person to be adopted. In this case the and Kankanas they had worn are removed. The water boy may be of any age and may e\ en be a married son. in the Arit'eni pots is thrown on a Bilm tree. After offering Puja to God, the party return home. The Marriage Customs next two days are spent in a visit to and return from the bride's house. A woman may marry at any age. The prohibited degrees for a marriage are those common among the Bride Price other ca5tes. Where two families are allied by marriage to a tbrd, intermarriage between them is taboo. Two The amount of bride-price varies between twenty sister8 may be married by either one man or two brothers, and thirty-five rupees, Out of this, a small sum, one the yoange~ marryillg the younger, the elder the elder or two rupees, is returned under a pretext that there brother. Exchange of daughters is allowed, but is should not be an outright sale of the girl. 'I'he custom not common. of paying the price has undergone much change and while in some places exorbitant prices are paid for the The procedure followed in fixing up a marriage girls, in other' places no money is demanded and the alliance is simple. The father of the boy who is to be customary Tera is used for buying some jewel for the married has to approach the would-be bride's parents girl. and has to pay six rupees as part of the bride-price. Astrologers are consulted to find out the compatibility of Puberty Rites the natal stars of the bride and bridegro~. If the parties come to an agreement regarding the celebration 'When a girl attains puberty, she is considered of the marriage two letters fixing the day of marriage impure for three days when she is kept outside the house are written and exchanged between the fathers of the in a shed of green leaves put up by the maternal bov and the girl. Then some married women present uncle. After the bath, a feast called Osage is celebrated ne~' (·lothes to the girl whose marriage is so fixed. by the girl's relations for eight or ten days. If she is already married, rice, butter, jaggery and other ili::lrriage generally takes place in the briuegroam's things necessary for a day's Osage are sent by the house. Certain preliminary ceremonies like putting husband's family and if unmarried, the maternal uncle up a pandal, bringing Ariveni water and setting up has to do her this honour. the milk-post are first attended to. Pregnancy and Confinement On the morning of the marriage day, the pair un dergo the nail-paring ceremony separately. They Among Gangadikaras a pregnant woman is taken bathe in Maleniru. The bridegroom is given new for the first delivery to her father's house either in the clothes, . donnes a Bhashinga on his turban or cap, and fifth or in the seventh month. There, on an auspi is conducted under a canopy to a temple. After certain cious day, the ceremony known as Basaru Osage is per rites are performed there. the bridegroom returns formed. The husband is invited for this occaSIOn 8 COR IT R which is observed with eclat anJ :is marked by a dinner asbes are thrown into water. The custom of disposing to friends and relations. of the dead bodies by !(allu-seve, that ii'., by heaping stones over it, is also prevalent. The 111 ull u secti un After delivery, the \vorn,'1n is confined in a room of the caste observe the third and the eleventh day into which the midwife alone is admitted. The woman ceremonies as in other castes and gC1 rid of the pollu is considered impure for ten days, ~md the husband tion, but the Dasa section perform ceremonies pecu1iar also remains in pollution during the period. to them on the fifth and the eleventh days, when they worship a Chakra with the assistance of a Sathani. The Purificatory ceremonies relating to a pregnancy and tlangadikaras observe pollution for ten days for adillts, confinement but for the death of infants and a daughter's son, they have only to take a purificatory bath. On the cleyenth day, the woman is dressed in white clothes and is presented with turmeric. and K umkum Thp.)' do not perform any anniversary SradrJlllf? by elderly ladies who come to see the mother and child. for individuals. But on t·he Jlahalaya Amavasya di:1Y, The woman and the c hikl are seated on a hole dug in a Kalasa is Ret up in the name of all the ancestors and the front yard of tee house and are bathed in wa"m water libations are offered. They call in a Brahn' I,n water. The house III wbitewa<;hed; a purificatory pril'st to help in this and present him with some money ceremony is performed; and earthern ve:;;:sels so far and other preE-ent:>. used are all thrown away and fresh ones are got. In some families, the nam~--giving ceremony 1S held as Worship .among other castes. An elderly woman performs P~~ja to the {'radle by burning frankincense before it Gangadika-:-as worship both Siva and Vishnu. They and the child is nut into i ~Hld Tocked. They have have also ramily deities to whom they show sppcial no names peculiar to Ltc c8ste and give names of the reverence. They worship Reveral minor Gods ,L'ld usual deities. They hl've the belief that an evil fate goddesses such as Munisvara Maramma and Durgamma. can be obviated by l1aming ohildren after trivial objects. Other Customs Widow Remarriage Widow remarnage is permitted and is c~mmonlv Gangadikaras are rated l-ligh in the scale of caft-es. J)ractised but a vildow may not marry her deceased They employ Brahmang to counduC't their .marria~es husband's brother. A widow may marry any number and other auspicious ceremonies; but for condw Ging of times but she rarely does so a third time. A bachelor funerals, they employ their own priests, the service may not marry a widow. Widow remarriage is a simple Brahmans being required only to llurify the hous!' by ceremony and lasts but ne day, except in some places P 1111 yaha1.'ar.lw II a. where it is prolonge(l for three days. The bride price is naIf of that for a regular marnage and is handed over The Gang:tdikaras -do not admit outsiders into their to the heirs of her previous husband. A remarried caste; but if a Gangadikaras man has a concu~ine woman is not allo\yed to enter a marriuge pandal and in any cast.e recognised as hig}; such as a Linga.yat, Rhe 1 if she survives her second husband, she is not eligible may be taken into t 1€ caste a.ud married to her paramour to perform his funeral rites. according to the castom of [{oodike. Divorce and Dedication of girls to temples ADIKARNATAKAS Divorce is fairly easy; the woman is made to return People ()f this community were formerly called her jewels and Thali at a caste panchayat. The divorced HO~f'y(1.s. Now they prefer to call themselves Adikarna woman may be married to her paramour. If a girl ]s takas. The name of H olpya is also in vogue. discovered to be pregnant before marriage, her lover ]9 made to marry her in Koodih: form. The practice of There are 80 Holeya hous~holds in this village. dedicating girls to temples is not in vogue in this caste. The term "Holeya" may be a derivative of Hola (a field) or Hole meaning undean. Men of tbis caste are some Rites relating to Death times styled by their official clesignation af'. Chalavadi The Gan§radikaras bury their dead, but if the who is a convener of the meeting of the eighteen Phl1na. deceased when alive, had expressed a desire that his party ca.rrying it brass cup' and chainR insignia; a)ld as body should be cremated, this may be dona and the Kulavadi who jf'" one who calls the villagers before the PEOPLE Al'D TIIEIR ~L\TEI:IAL CCLTURE 9 pat~l and the revenue officers generally. As in most ~larriage of infant girls JR, as usual, considered a places, these oifices are held by them, the Ilames are mark of superiority. It is claimed that they have used to denote the caste g~nerally. The members use always been partial to it in this caste. Sexual licenc~ -among themselves the term Balagai, as they are classed hefore marriage is connived at or tolerated to som~. among the eighteen castes that are supposed to form extent. If a young woman remains unmarried in her the ri~hthand section of the community .in Dravida father's h011se, she may entertain casual visitors, and, regIOns, as against the nine castes of the left-hand if she forms a permanent connection thus, the man may divi"jnD. tie a Thali to her. The hride price for such a m?crria:rc is twelve rupees. The issue of such union is deernerl T~lere is a story crediting them with some sort of legitimate according to their ca'ite customs, eveil if it relatiollShi p with Aga_~>1s or washermen; and there is be born before tying the i'/w.h. another story ascribing to them some relati(,mship with Brahlllins in as much as Arumlhati, wife of Yasistha .\lonogamous marriase is the rule, as tlJ.e mell [ue the paragon of cha~te women for all time-i3 said to have hardly able to maintain more than one wife. Polv been a damsel of Holeva_ oriO'in.0 ~amy is however, recognised, but rolyandry is unknown. These stories may at best be rated as the products Some days before the marriage, thEre i~ an agreement of the whimsical fancy of those who wanted to attach of giving and taking between the parties, symboli'ill&!; Eorr," importance to a caste generally considered a3 low. h:' exchange of betel leaves and areca nuts. This c'Ore mony, which, however, is, not essential, is known as DEVARAGUDDAS Vi1Qyasaslra (betel ceremony). Those wh) perform t,he worship of the Gous of these A marriage pandal is erected on 1:2 posts; of whidl Holeyas "re known as Deyaraguddas, a Dame whicL is one in the mddle known a~ Haln Kamba or milk po- t, also r.ppliea to Pujaris of fame other castes. S.. me is it poc,t cd hy the matern:tl uncle of the boy_ In t~Je Holeya ,",omen also dedicate themselves to worihip afternoon of the da):, they keep apart new clothl','l, ping their Gods, mId sue h women arc knO,HJ as dedicated in til ~ na rne of the deceased anceston; in the Devaragll(ldi~. Henin!!, the bride's party, with the bride. arrive at t::te village of the bridegroom. They are met at a sm:Lll_ Marriage customs \;istance from the marriage house, and are led to the bri,legroom's h()Use. Then the two parties proceed to Among Holeya;, as a rule, a11 eltler sist,~r's dau~hter a river or a well, escorted by a band -of musicial:S. or a paternd aunt's or a maternal uncle's daughter i~ Each Pa-Lt.y carries four new earthen pots contai'1ing taknn in n:c].uiage. A young-,:r ~ister's daughter iB not a few grains of rice and dha!, betel leaves and nuts. The pot" 8Te wa~hed 8 n~l ,kcon:ted with the no\\"ers takell odinarill", but if 1:0 wife can be found elsewhere, of the afCeanllt tree, an,l Puja is offered t') tbp'll. the ebjection is over ruled. The practice of two 'If moe" si.sters marn'iug perSIlHS who ar':) brothers the };,lc-h party brim(, one set of pots to the hon 'C'.. rmd deposits them apart, in a clean place, on three <"l't~ eLl"r si~ter m:trnill!Z• , the elder brother and the ..vounaer co. of [(r8ins, brought ,'rulll ll'~ighbo'lJ"i;lg house", :m(l 3prpad sister nl 2 10 GORUR I ' " , tied a Kcinkana, mS_U,Q.Lwhite and blathOollen"thieads and the bride is valued at half the price of a virgin girl. twisted tog'e'th-;;'-' to which are attached an iron or A widow's' children by her first husband belong to the cop pel: ring and a piece of turmeric and sometimes soap new family, but may not claim any property that her nut. The bride and bridegroom present each other second husband leaves to his sons. with a flower garland. A Thali is tied to the neck of the bride by her maternal uncle. Next, married women Adultery and Divorce pour milk on the joined hands of couple, who are then seated side by side,with the hems of their garments tied Divorce is permitted at the desire of either party together. Betel-leaves and nuts are distributed among for infidelity on the part of the wife, or even without the assembled. The couple now rise, go round the such a ground, if they agree to part, pro"ided she pays milk post thrice, and retire into the portion of the house a fine to the caste. But if she remarries, she has to give where the earthen vessels have been set up. That back the jewels presented to her by her first husband evening, th~ bride and the bridegroom, undergo another and nine rupees of the Tera amount and the marriage Dhare (pouring of milk), similar to the one undergone expenses estimated at fifty rupees. If a husband deserts. in the morning. This being over, they retire to eat the his wife without cause, he has to pay her a compensation BU'lJVa dinner. All the members of the caste are regaled of twenty five rupees. The price of marriage for a with a dinner the next day. After the sumptuous divorced bride is six rupees. Though divorce is recog dinner, a Simhasana is put up with blankets, on which nised, the divorced man is not allowed to marry. Adul are placed betel leaves and nuts, for distribution to the tery is not abhorred. The matter may be settled with various functionaries of the caste. The milk post is ease by payment of a fine to the caste, who use it for pulled down after some fowls are killed before it and drinking liquor. offered, and the pandal is then removed. Post-natal Ceremonies After a girl is married, she is not sent to her husband's house immediately, but continues to live in her father's In regard to child-birth some elderly man with a. house until the marriage is consummated. reputation for magic gives some oil which is administered to the mother to ensure the safe delivery of the Puberty Rites child. Arrack is taken by the mother to allay the pains in the belly after delivery. A Mantrasani (lit When a girl comes of age, she is kept aloof in a erally a witch) or midwife cuts the navel cord and ties new shed formed for the purpose with green Lakkali it to the cradle to act as a charm. The mother lives leaves. She remains in the shed for a period of from for nine days on rice only. Musk and Gorochanam three to seven days, when she is supposed to be in a are given internally to both the mother and the child. state of pollution, which is observed with greater strict ness than in several other castes. The washerwoman The name-giving takes place on the tenth day, of the caste supplies her with washed clothes and she may when the father purifies himself with a shave and the enter the temple or her ordinary dwelling only after a mother is bathed. Among the Dasa section, the parents. bath on the fifth or the seventh day. sit down together with the child for the ceremony. The Guru, who is a Sathani, brands the child with the If she is already married, the news of her attaining symbols of Vishnu, and marks on the forehead of the age is carried by her brother to her husband, who gives child a Tilaka or a perpendicular white line. If the him a good entertainment. At the consummation which Guru is not available on the tenth day, the ceremony generally takes place on the sixteenth day of her attain will be observed on the last day of the month. Among ing puberty, the couple are seated on a plank, and some people, children are named during the annual married women wave Arati before them and mark their festival of their family deity. foreheads with the blood of a sheep. The ceremony ends with a reast. The next day the girl is taken away by Inheritance her husband to his house. In the matter of inheritance, Hindu Law, modi Widow Remarriage fied by customs, is followed. Sons divide the paternal property equally but the youngest son has the right of The remarriage of widows is permitted, and takes ·selecting his share first, a custom somewhat opposed to pIal e in a simple form known as Sirudike i. e. the pres the recognised superior status of the eldest, according entation of the Sari. It is not conducted by a priest, to orthodox doctrine. A son-in-law who resides with l'EOPLE AND THEm MATERIAL CULTURE 11 rus father-in-law receives an equal share with his brother anyone place, but make frequent journeys from one in-law. Widows and unmarried daughters are entitled place of pilgrimage to another. They are the Jogi8, to maintenance. the Devaraguddas, the Bidimanushyas or the Nilagararu. Such section of the caste recognise Chunchangiri Bhaire Adoption Devaru as their family God, set apart a man to lead a. religious life, into which he must be initiated by a. Adoption is practised by some and brother's sons Bairagi. are preferred for taking in adoption. In no case is a younger brother adopted. Sister's sons and wife's sister's Priests sons are brought up as foster sons, but are not affiliated to the new family and their status for marriage remains Brahmin, are not employed for the conduct of exactly as it was before. religious and funeral ceremonies. The Adikarnatakas of this village are associated with Brahmins mainly as Religion agricultural labourers on the fields of the Brahmins. The Adikarnatakas elsewhere in the State do not The followers of Siva revere the Linga at Nanjan allow Brahmins to enter their colony or quarters. gud, and Chaudeswari. Their patron deities are Mas But in this village tbey approach Brahmins into the Adi tamma and Baire Devaru. Their Gurus belong to the karnataka quarters and vieR versa is not resented Lingayat caste. The devotees of Vishnu put on Nama. to much as, since the time of Shri Ramanuja, the Adi Their Gurus are Sathanis, who render help in the funeral karnatakas have been treated kindly in this place. ceremonies, and prepare the Bhashinga worn at marri Sometimes a man of the Lingayat caste or Tirukula ages by the bride and bridegroom. The devotees of Dasa of the Vishnu cult serves as priest. Vishnu are branded by a Guru with a metallic signet with Vaishnava marks. Death Rites The caste, as a whole, worships all kinds of gods; the males kill animals in propitiating them, while the The dead are buried, as a rule; but sometimes females offer only fruits or cooked grains. Maramma, old people are cremated. The body is laid in the grave the spirit of epidemic diseases, is propitiated with the with its head turned towards the South. People of killing of fowls or sheep. She is worshipped on Fridays the Bame family observe mourning for ten days for the and Tuesdays, with the help of a priest either of their own death of adult married people, and three days for that or of a caste deemed higher. Gangamma is propitiated with of more distant relations. the offering of fruits. Females only worship this Goddess who presides over the diseases peculiar to women. Fluneral CereEnonies Mastamma, Baire Devaru and Manigamma are given only fruits and preparations of rice. Hindamma and Soon after death, the body is washed and shrouded Hosakereyamma are blood-thirsty goddesses and require in a new cloth and marks of ashes or of Nama are put on the killing of animals. the forehead, and the body is smeared with ashes and sandal paste and decked with flowers. It is then placed As a rule, all Gods are given only Chokkabhojana on a bier in a sitting posture in the case of Vaishnavas, vegetable food, while Goddesses representing the or in a lying posture with the right flank down in the Sakti require to be propitiated with the killing of animals. case of Saivas. Before starting to the burial ground, Most of the above-mentioned Goddesses are village a rite meant as an exchange of betel leaves takes place deities. Some are worshipped on Tuesday and Fridays, between the deceased and the surviving wife. As soon only, and some annually on festive days. In honour as the bier is lifted, an earthen pot is smashed at the of the Gods of the last kind, annual J atras are held, place where it had been placed. at which many people meet together and buffaloes and other animals are killed. The offerings made to The chief mourner who is the son or other relative the Gods are eaten by this caste. They do not appear nearest to the deceased throws in the first handful of to have taken kindly to spirits of trees, animals or earth, and others follow and fill up the grave. Half a. springs, though they sometimes locate their recognised seer of rice and four small coins are placed on a cloth Gods under trees. over the grave. These are taken by the grave digger for his services. For the spirit of the deceased, they place Religious Orders over the grave some rice, jaggery, and a few coins, In this caste are to be found a number of religious which the mendicants, Dasayyas and others accept, orders who live by mendicancy. They do not stick to after declaring that the deceased has reached the upper- ]2 GORU .. ~. 'worl,1. The wife of the (!cce,ls;;d takes off her bangles or grass1'Oofs. Most of ~hn, p.o~s~s have tiled roofs anfl dnd throws them over tl,e grave. among these the lllaJorityof houses U8e cOlmtry tiles~ and a smaller mi.inber of tHea' houses have TlIangalo!,_e,' • J The principal mourner gets shaved, and bathes tiles adorning them. . on the eleventh day. He places new clothes - before a nev> earthen vessel, and breaks cocoanuts in the Hame Accommodation-Number of Rooms of the deceased. The priest who directs the obsequies of the day is a Sathani. Toddy forms an essential Housing conditionsJ 80 iar a, accommodation in accompan'iment ann. those who partake of the liquor the houses is cone'erned, are fairly satisfactorv. There" .. '" .; are considered tel have kept company with the deceased are 42 households with no ,regular Toom". The house-: at the fcast. A Sathani priest a,>sists ill the burial of holds haying one room number 108. Thos~ with tll-O, the de,ld and is gIven some present~, including liquor rooms number 97, those with three rooms 31. House fer his services. holds "'ith four rooms, households with five rooms mid households ,,-ith more than five rooms number 1G,3 and 4 Admi5sion of other castes respectively. Vacant houses are few and far between and it would be very difficult for a nell-comer to get Recruits are purified with certain ceremonies, as housing accommodation for staying in this vill1lge. BhJying the head (for males), branding the tongue with -a piece of gold, drinking cow''", urine and tabn,2: furniture bath with water from sacred vessels. Such persons are made to pass successively through seven huts which Chairs and tables are the articles of furniture most are put up and soon burnt down after they have been c(lmm~mly owned; almost all communities possess these: passed through, symbolical of seven births. They articles. The number of articles of furniture possessed make PUJ·a to the .Ll1 udra of the caste, and then give a by Harijans (Adikarnataka) is negligible as there is only dinner at which they have to collect morseh from the one table and O!le chair with the Harijans. Benches and guests and partake of food thus collected. Thereafter they stools are not so much in evidence. Cots are mostly are admitted into caste, and no social disabilities are to be found in Brahmin households. . imposed on them. The new men are affiliated to wille Kula or Gotra of the Holeyas. Use of consumer Goods Social Status There are twentyseven lanterns, five petromax lights, 35 torch-lights, twelve kerosine stoves, 22 bicy Strictly speaking, the Holerus are not allowed to de8, 22 radios, 53 watches, 20 wall-clocks and one enter the house of most of t,he other castes, and have irolLing box in this village., The number of consumer to stand at a dista·nce from them. The dictate~ of gO{lds used hy the people in this village are not too necessity, however, and increasing enlightenment 01) both many and good proporation of these articles are posses~ sides are now resulting in a tangible relaxation of this sed by Brahmin households. rule. There are no social disabilities of any kind in the matter of acquiring and owning property, but Holeya Utensils Among the three communities having the largest number of house holds here namely the Adikarnatakas, There is nothing very particular to note about the the Gangadikaras and the Brahmins both adults and uten!;ils used except that the ccol1omilally better placed chiIdern generally· take food three times a day-the persons commonly use metalware, like bronze tumb first time some eatables and a beverage, and regular lers, cups and pots for drinking and other uses, some meals on the other two occaSIOllS, of them use stainless steel articles also. Silverware for drinking water and other purposes are lllore in Drinking ,of tea/coffee evidence alllong Srivaishnavas, especially those who are well placed in life. The use of earthenware is more Tea 'and coffee are used by households having a common among communities other than Brahmin, monthly income of Rs. 50 and above. Those having a and the ucqui5itiml of metalware in. place of earthen smaller income do not generally take these. Coffee is utensils and other articles is deemed as a status symbol the more commonly used beverage, while tea is preferred among all people. by Muslims. Sugar is also in common use and is more commonly used by Brahmins and Muslims than by Dress others. Brahmins do not take meat and do not use garlic in. preparing food while Muslims do not touch pork. The male dress, in most cases is a dhoti and shirt, It is also a curious fact that Muslims do not generall:" younger person,; using a nicker and shirt. The elderly use ash-pumpkins a'nd certain other gourds and on people 'Year the dhoh in a special fashion called Panella close enquiry it was learnt that one of 'the main reasons kache. The l\1uslims wear pyjamas and a shirt. A why they do not use them is because the preparation few young' r p,~!)ple donn pants and shirts. The ladies of food-stuffs by using these vegetables is fairly costly. generally wear a sari and blouse along with corres ponding undergarments while girls use a Zanga and Water Supply Jacket. Water supply to the village under the National Ornaments 'Yater Supply Scheme has cost Rs. 43,000. Out of this amount, the yillage Panchayat has to bear The ornaments in use among ladies is a pair of ear an amount of Rs. 7,450. As already stated in Chapter I, studs, a nose-screw, a gold chain and gold bangles. the village is provided with 18 general taps, while there The Thali made of gold, which is the insignia of a married are 22 private connections also. The Panchayat Board woman, is strung along with small black beads called has levied an annual tax of Rs. 3 per family towards K(/r£ma'}Ji to a gold wire or chain in the case of the the maintenance of the ,Yater supply. well-to-do or to a strong thread in the case of the poor, and worn round the neck. But except for the Tha/i Health and Sanitation the otUt'r ornaments are generally seen together only among; the rich, while the nose-screw aml ear-studs The people are, by and large, quite healthy though are more comI'",only seen both among the rich or poor. they are not especially strong and well-built. In the The poorer people usc glass bangles of various colours general consensu;,; of opinion among the people of the and designs and it is obligatory to every married woman village, the a\"ailaLle medical facilities are adequate. and unmarried girl to ,year bangles. The Kmnhlfn There are no private medical practitioners, which indi dot the:" paint on the forehead gives the finishing touch cates the absence of chronic diseases alllong the people. to their ornamentation, and this, along with the Thali SOllle people use native drugs for mi:lOr ailments. For and bal~gles is deemed to be not just a thing of beau't,v surgical cases they go to Hassan. However, the people but as something auspicious. are mostly free from ailments as many of them work in their fields and live an open-air life, Malaria is not Diet prevelent on any large scale, thanks to the measUl e3 The staple diet of the people is rice as this village taken by the Government of India (Anti-::.\Ialarial Mea is • paddy-growing area. The Brahmins are all vege sures) by spraying D. D. T. Mosquitoes appear in season tarians, \,,"hile the other communities, by and large, and are absent when there are heavy rains. In these do not lIa ye objection to take non-vegetarian food also. conditions, only a few people use mosquito nets, and The Gangadikaras anll the Adikarnatakas who are fairly the large majority of people do without it, though the largely represented in the population may be said to· be mosquito net would doubtless be a useful acquisition as much used to non-vegetarian food as to vegetarian. in thiil place. CHAPTER III ECONOMY General Fp.atures ot Economy respectively). The number of workers in the age-group '60 and over' is 52, the total number of peraons Agriculture is the main occupation of most of the in that age-group in the village being 89. households in this village. Only 28 households are engaged in cottage industries (Table No. XIV) and out The following table furnishing the distribution of these 20 households are engaged in traditional ind of the works in the different occupations has been ustries. (Table "No. XVI,) six households are engaged in compiled from the replies recorded in the family trade (Table XV). All the available land in the village schedule used during the survey :- has been brought under the plough and no land is available for being granted to the landless. The dry Bl. Name of Total Male Female lands which account for nearly half the cultivated extent No. occupation Number of workers workers depend solely on rainfall. The channel which is drawn workers from river Yagachi from an amcut at Changaravalli supplies water to the irrigated lands 263 acres in extent. 1. Cultivation 338 235 103 Improved methods of cultivation and chemical manure 2. Agricultural 74 45 29 are being used for cultivation since a decade and on labour. account of these agriculture has improved to a consi 3. Other services 143 131 12 derable extent. Total 555 411 144 As shown in Table VIII, there are 555 workers as against 952 non-workers in this village. As per table IX out of the 555 workers 412 workers depend on agril Almost all land-owners who own irrigated lands culture, having either cultivation or agricultural labour do self cultivation. But there is not enough land fOJ as their sole or principal occupation. 162 workers have the entire population. Surplus money is not accumu cultivation or agricultural labour as their sole occu lated (because of want of scope for doing so) in many pation. Those who follow cultivation or agricultural households. Only nine households have lands of more labour as their main occupation and have a subsidiary than 10 acres in extent. About 85% of landowners occupation number 250. 88 workers have cultivation own less than 5 acres each. Labour is easily available . as the sole occupation while cultivation is the main occu compared to several other villages and the Harijans pation for workers who have other 225 subsidiary occu residing in the village constitute the main labour pations also. 74 workers have agricultural labour as force not only to this village but to the surrounding their sole occupation and 25 workers have agricultural villages also. labour as their main occupation. The total number of those who follow completely non-agricultural pursuits Nature of Occupation as their sole or principal means of livelihood number 143. Besides the occupations mentioned above certain Working Force household industries and household business are also followed by the people. There are 28 persons belong In a total population of 1507, the total number of ing to 23 households who follow household industry as workers is 555, made up of 411 males and 144 females. their primary occupation and 6 persons belonging to The number of workers in the age-group 0-14 is as 5 households who follow their household industry as small as 15, though the total number of persons in the their subsidiary occupation. Among these 28 house village in this age-group is 624, and this is understand holds, 20 households are following traditional house able. The remallllDg persons in this age-group hold industries. The household industries in this vil are non-earning dependents, a good percentage of lage are oil extracting, goldsmithy, tailoring, carpentry, them being school-going children. Most of the workers beedi manufacture, blacksmithy, working of rice mill are in the age-groups 15-34 and 35-59 (238 and 250 and running of soda factory. There are 6 persons 16 GORUR who are following bOll3eho1(1 bu~illess as their main ments elsewhere. Out of the 933 per-;,)':' recodec1 a~ (Cc.lpation and 11 pe~smls who are following household illiterates 345 a~e below 10 q'd[S of agc and :25D are business as th:;ir subsic1i<1rY occupation. Running of over 40. The existence of ~8S illiterate age,l between provi,io:l stores, petty shop, cloth shop, mntton shop 10 and 40 would indicate that full a lv~1nt,1g'J was not and 3. 13<) ciale of rice and paddy fro!]] the principal house taken of the educational of LLcilije~ avaibble in the hold bdsiness in this village. The h\): ,nn:·j illdustries village, which has three p,i.narv schools (prim:"'? and ho;.tsehold lJUsinesses fonn just a ~r, .. J sc,'tor of School for boys, Urdu primary Sl·iln"i for bO:'8 and girlS t\'lC e;o'1o'ny cf this Yillage. and Basic school for Hari.i~ln"i. This is probCl illy due to the fact tl18,t children -.V:}(l h,,'.·,~ t,o be in .~:JlOol Non-W:Jrkers are kept at home as not ea,rniu'! an] Jlon-lea:-niil.~ depenc:ents mo';tly for the s:, ke of ten,~::l ~ dome .fJ: ud on! },~ ,j-2·~ pe~',' 0 11 q \\? ho ate Ii !~(,I\lte including t ~lose 'who ltJYC hi;;Ler e~112(2ational (11l:1~i{i~_?~-l\_ioIlS. The level L.l.tes con1}_'i(i..re L;1".r-)~.cr(1.b:y· \yi_th u~'D~~n y,r~<;e :~~(:-~t?,::;. t}~\~v of jiter2 C'/ CEl:tct Le de(mcd to Lc hl;_:h :illd spr0::cl of are not. prohibir,iYei',- hig:l from th,' jJoint vie,,',' of the lite;>Qc' - id., st;n to make n,Ofe hcach;a:, in thio: vill::ge. land (""ners cbo. Practiulh' all the (ultiv~:)18 bnd IS r7', 1'1;;,,'c ;}i'3 0:J presoris with primary or b;l,ic educational -ati1isea. The~'r i~. no fallo\y or lne qua;i)ceatir'n. The rnrn:h'r of persons \',no h{jv~ come up Ja1',J owners [:et iYISecticides ~praye(l to pro'ce~t their to IlHl1riculat.iOll Cf bi:-;l cr sccondarveanc<1ti.)!'u! lel-e! is ('fOPS ff()Yll i:'sects and this is done e,,;pecially in reg::rd :n, fw nmrher ()f t~lo.'e who },i\ye pfsoed Inter-mediate to p"ta+o ('f()PE. _\~ compared i,·ith the i,:eneral condi or Pr('-tui'.>ersity Cou:· ...(~ i" jl1".t '* finu the numtwf nf ti(:D3 prp\~ljlillg in this country, the i'hcilitiE·g that. e~iBt gr~'(;;l,-·jf·B is i ,1 iEdudiL::: .1 la(l,\·. There is one dir1or:a here for apTi(l1lture are indeed :ur.ple. The irrigation holder and three per3011s ",no he:]J orienbl titles. The ;0 t':C' field;, i8 muiuly from the ctw.lJ!lel amI the channal nurnbcr of gr;lciuates i~ high and credjtrJ_lle for a z.;r~l(;ll ,;vater is \lcE'tl lllo\tl:: f(,r paddy cultinltioll. Only th:::ee vill;l~e like Gorur, 811(;_ t~le stay of t~le:3e gr~du~ltes in nr {onr lot:,] (\Y>llns La,'p plln'p ',ets. The scil is fertile their Yi~la)'!e hitS no dOllL~, lent roenn for 201rle ji!stiii The ncin fall ,d:i( h i~ ;~;') incLf~ " ye,lr find [ 3 It) GORUR these crops is 1 10 to 20 cents One of the main problems facing agriculture in 12 20 to 50 cents this village is the lack of soil conservation due to want 14 50 to 100 cents of rotation of crops and the growing of paddy and ragi, 53 1 to 2.4 acres as the cuse may be, in the sume lands year after year. 37 2.5 to 4.9 acres The raising of these crops every year has the effect of 12 5 to 10 acres exbausting the land. This is now tried to be remedied 9 10 acres and above by using chemical fertilisers. In addition to the use of chemical fertilisers, the agriculturists must take up 138 more extensively the practice of growing horsegram or groundnuts as a second crop. ECONOMY 19 A second problem relates to the quantum of economy. Potato is a cash crop and is a source of "employment afforded by agriculture. Agriculture by its profit to the growers; the soil is sand-mixed black soil, very nature, affords only seasonal employment to but cotton is not grown here. those engaged in it and some subsidiary occupation has to be introduced to engage the agrilculturists during Some workers are taken away for building work the slack period. in round about places. There are masons, stone-cut ters, stone-dressers, carpenters, blacksmiths and ghani Heavy Industries and Projects workers in Gorur. Some people have kept shops. Pot tery is not ill vogue here. The tiles for houses are brought Practically the only project requmng to be conSI from neighbouring villages like Chanagaravalli and dered here is the Hemavathi Reservoir project for Chowdanahalli. :Man galore tiles are purchased from which preparatory works are going on near Gorur. factories, for building purposes. The wood used for The reservoir y,·ill result from a dam across the Hema houses are hanne, nandi and jungle wood like nerale, vathi just below the confluence of Hemavathi and rnatthi, etc. Mango wood is not popular because of its Yagachi rivers. Tec hnical clearance has not yet been inferior quantity. given for this project, but it is fairly certain that this project will be taken up in right earnest very shortly as People have mostly struck to their own occupations, it is a plan project and therefore one in which both the mainly agriculture and village crafts. Between 1961 State and Central Governments are interested. This and 1962 only four went out on getting appointments project is included in the III plan and it is estimated it elsewhere and this shows tlmt the people are mostly will take five years for its completion. Further details wedded to their own traditional occupations and relating to this project are as follows :- emigration is not seen on any large scale. 1. Catchment Area 1,085 square miles. 2. Water spread Area 7,973 acres. Cottage Industries 3. Height of the Dam 121 feet. (I Stage) In this village there are 23.cottage industries, two 4. Length of the Dam 9,000 feet. small rice mills and one flour mill. In all 34 persons 5. Length of the Channel belonging to 28 households are working in these indu in the left bank 45 miles. stries. For the existing cottage industries of Gorur, 6. Length of the Channel the raw materials are available locally. The finished in the right bank 27 miles. products of these industries are purchased by the local 7. Irrigation proposed 16,000 acres of paddy people and people in the surrounding villages. lands and 6,000 acres of dry lands. Formerly there was a machine for leather work in In the very nature of things large reservoirs confer Adikarnataka colony. In its place there is now a mach benefits to some and cause inconvenience to some others. ine for preparing bonemeal. This m:1chine is not working In this particular case the people of Gorur seem to regularly. So also the Soap manufacturing centre think that they will have to undergo all the hardships is not in working order but it is stated that this defunct arising from the project, and that the benefits to the manufacturing centre will begin working again very villagers are few. There are very few persons in the soon. village who can be employed in the construction. The villagers are afraid that the labourers, artisans and techni There are ten improved Hubli pattern wooden oil cians attracted by the project during construction will extractors in this village. A single bullock can work introduce several urban features into the village· an extractor of this type. Such extractors are supplied economy, not all of which may necessarily be beneficial. to the villagers by the Khadi and Village Industries The fact that lands held by some residents of Gorur Board at the subsidi~ed rate of Rs. 150 each, the would be acquired for the project is an additional actual cost being Rs. 300. The cost of Rs. 150 is gnevance. recovered in five annual instalments. No interest is charged for the dues up to two years. But after two General Felltures of Economy : Conclusions years an interest of 2!% is charged. A loan of Rs. 100 is also given by the Board for working capital. This At present both agriculture and some crafts are loan is also given on instalment basis. These Ghanies existing. III agriculture mainly paddy, ragi and potato are worked only for six months in a year. For the remain ~re grown and also some cereals. There is a balanced ing part of the year, the Ghani workers, mostly belong- 20 GORUR ing to Jyothipana community, engage themselves in their coffee weather. The number of working bul agricultural operations. There is a good market for locks (299) may also be augmented by the villagers the oil extracted from these ghanies as it is compara taking necessary steps in this direction. tively cheap as a cooking medium and is also free from adulteration. Tenancy Six households are engaged in Beedi manufacture (all these being Muslim households). There are two "Ryotwari" is the system of land tenure in vogue carpenters. T,yo others are black-smiths in addition at Gorm. But according to the Land RefoTH1S Act to being carpenters. Three households work as Gold which is going to take effect from 1st March 1965, lands smiths. One household hail a soda factory. beyond a ceiling limit in area will thereafter belong to the present actual tillers of the soil. There are very Scope for Development few persons owning lands beyond the ceiling fixed and so most bnd owners are not worried about the If rotation of crops is adopted and pursued by the prospective reforms. :Further, many of the land owners agriculturists of Gorur there is no doubt that agricul are actually managing their lands themselves and so ture will improve and if some more cottage industries there is no likelihood of their loosing their land;,,;. But are established, the general economic condition will there is one aspect which gives room for dissatisfaction. be strengthened as they will afford employment to the Those who want to invest their savings in land here people to the agriculturists during the lean months of after cannot do so except on condition that they stay the year and also some work to the house-wives and in the village to look after the lands. Some people non-earning dependents during spare-time. seem to ft;el this is a disadvantage because if this condition were not there, they could buy land and lease Livestock it out to tenants on favourable terms anq themselves live elsewhere following other occupations. When a The livestock position in the village can be under man can invest his earnings in any other busines .. and stood from the following abstract:- leave the management of that business in safe hands, if investment in land alone should involve the neces 1. Cows in milk 218 sity of the investor staying near the land and take 2. Cows in dry 175 care of it himself, this condition seems to some people 3. Adult females not calved 79 to be a big discrimination against investment in land. 4. Bulls 10 The local Brahmins own or possess more than double 5. Working bullocks 299 the extent of lands owned or possessed by all the other 6. Other adult males 16 communities in the village. They are still maintain 7. Young stock (females) 99 ing their social leadership and have a feeling that 8. Young stock (males) 85 while their opportunities in the field of Government 9. He-buffaloes (Adult) 4 service and similar fields have been curtailed, they can 10. She-buffaloes (in milk) 116 not invest their savings in lands 'without subjecting 11. She-buffaloes (dry) .. 73 themselves to restricting conditions of life. It is for 12. Young stock (buffaloes) 92 the authorities to examine this position and afford 13. Sheep 49 necessary redress. 14. Goats 56 15. Pigs 9 16. Horses, Ponies and mules 1 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE· 17. Donkeys 16 18. Cocks 262 There are 12R households who cultivate lands. 19. Hens 420 be19nging to themselves. But of these households, 20. Chicken 1,059 75 households have each a monthly income of Rs. 101 and above. 26 households have each an income There are 334 milk-yielding animals (Cows in milk ranging from Rs. 76 to 100 a month. 20 households and buffaloes in milk), and this is not very unsatis are in the income group of Rs. 26-50 and one house factory. for a total population of 1,507. But the hold is in the income group of Rs. 25 and, below. 26 position leaves scope for improvement wIDch can be households cultivate bnds taken on lease and the effected if the villagers pay greater attention to increase ECONOMY 21 distribution of these households according to the range If the income groups (4) and (5) referred to above of their incomes is as follows:- are deemed as the higher income groups, it is evident that there are more households in these two income Five households are in the income group of groups than in the other three income groups (1), (2) Es. 26-50; Nine households are in the income group of and (3) mentioned above. This means, in other v!"ords, Rs. 51-75; seven households are in the income group of that, taking into account rural economy and rural Rs. 76-100; and five households are in the income group income levels referred to above, the households who are of Rs. 101 and '-above per month. Not only are these in the higher income groups are larger in number in households who cultivate lands taken on lease less in this village than the households whose condition is not number than the households culti.-ating their own satisfactory. The economic condition is therefore, by lands, b~t in general the economic position of these and large, satisfactory. As this is mainly an agricul households is \Llso weaker than the position of the tural village, the number of households cultivating housebol{is· cul~i:vating tbeir own lands. their own lands who are in the higher income groups, There are 31 households engaged III agricultural the number of households cultivating leased lands who labonr, and they fall into the various income groups are in the higher income groups and the number of as under :- households following agricultural labour who are in the higher income groups may now be indicated for 10 hOJlseholds are in the income group of Rs. purposes of comparison. 26-50; 9 households are in the income group ofRs. 51--75; 7 i households are in the income group of Rs. 76-100 and 5 househ()lds are in the income group of Rs. 101 No. of House No. of House and above. holds in the holds in the "Industry" has 23 households as its votaries and Occupation mcome group Income group their distribution is as follows:- of Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 and above 5 households in the income group of Rs. 26-50, 6 households in the income group of Rs. 51-75, 3 1. Cultivation of own lands 26 75 households are in the income group of Rs. 76-100 2. Cultivation of lands and 9 households are in the income group of Rs. 101 ta\ren on lease 7 5 and above. 3. Agricultural labour 7 5 Households belonging to the category of "others" Agricultural Labourers Indebtedness Indebtedness is more in evidence in the higher Average income groups, while only 2 persons in the income group Income group monthly "Rs. 25 and below" and only 11 persons in the income expenditure group "Rs. 26 to 50" are indebted, the number of persons indebted in the higher income group are as follows :- Rs. Ps. Rs. 26-50 43~92 Income group No. of indebted Rs. 51-75 161-88 persons Rs. 76-100 85-33 ._--,------_._-- Rs. 101 and above 119-08 Rs. 51 to 75 24 Rs. 76 to 100 15 Rs. 100 and above 10 The monthly average expenditures of ·households engaged III industry and "Other Services" are as follows :- Another point which emerges from the above state ment is that indebtedness is highest in the medium Average income group of Rs. 51-75; indebtedness is higher in Income group monthly this group than in the other income groups-both lower expenditure income groups and groups with higher income levels than this. It is in this income group, namely, Rs. 51 to 75 that Rs. Ps. the largest number of people are indebted (2'4) and the All households 127-68 total amount of their debt (Rs. 7,225) is also more than Rs. 26-50 38-85 the debt of the other income groups. This feature i3 not peculiar to Gorur. The medium income group is Rs. 51-75 64-17 generally found to be more burdened with indebt Rs. 76-100 84-60 edness than the other income groups in many places_ Rs. 100 and above 273-71 The reason usually given for this feature is that the middle classes are generally more bound down by custom and traditional habits and behaviour and are obliged by ECONmlY 23 their social milieu to observe specific customs in their big portion of Rs. 5,000 is for the "purchasing of bullocks." lives which involves expenditure. The custom of both This pattern of the causes of indebtedue,;s is also normal the lower and higher groups are usually more elastic as "Marriages", "purchase of livestock" and "household than those of this middle income group. expenditure" constituting quite commOll causes of indebtedness in rural communities. Incurring uf uebts for The total amount of debt owed by the indebted marriages and lavish expenditure on such occasiom; have households in Gorur is Rs. 19,823. The various causes come in for a lot of adverse criticism from l1l::1ny quarters for which debt has been incurred by the people are; but it has also to be noteu that the lives of villagers are land improvement, repairs to existing buildings, marriage, dull, drab and dreary, their lot usually a hanl oue anu it is construction of houses, purchase of bullocks, household only on occasions of marriages that they havc a dance expenditure, household cultivatioI). and expenses relating for social inter-course and some merriment. Both for to livestock. The highest amount of debt relating to this reason and also because customs die luuu, it appears anyone of these items is in regard to 'Marriages', the futile to cry down expenditure incurr0d Juring amount being Rs. 5,700. "Purchasing bullocks" comes marriages and it would also appear to be more next in order among the causes for incurring debt, the appropriate to find out methous by which the villagers' amount being Rs. 5,000. Next comes "Household income is augmented. expenditure" which accounts for a t:ltal am(JUnt of debt of Rs. 3,823. 11 households incurred debts in con The amount of debt outstanding in the local society nection with ":\Iarriages". 10 households incurred debts is Rs. 1,310. Debt still owed to local money lender for household expenditure and 24 households incurred is Rs. 200, and to the large scale Co-operative Society is debts for "purchasing bullocks". So among the three Rs. 400. A total debt of Rs. GOO is outstanding in biggest slic:es of debt, two are for uneconomical reasons Banks and debts due to other sources amount to Rs. 'Marriages" and "household expenditure" while one 17,313. CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Rate of population increase Comparison with some other villages of the district According to the present survey the population of The density of the population of this village rqay the village is 1,507 (784 males and 723 females, the albo be compared with that of some other villages number of households being 301). The population in 1951 was 1,373, the increase over the 1951 popula of the district having a good population strength, taking tion is nearly 13%. This increase is considerably less into consideration the area (acres), number of house than the percentages of the increase of the population, holds, population, density of population per acre and during the same period, for Hassan Taluk and the Hassan the average strength of a household on all these villages. District, which were 22.1 % and 25.1 % respectively. This moderate· increase in population may indeed be The following table based on 1951 census figures may be deemed to be a healthy sign from the point of view of of interest in this connection. general living conditions. Area in Number of Population Density per- Average Name of the village acres households acre strength of a household 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gorur 954.8 259 1,373 1.44 5.30 Keralapura, Ramanathapura hobli, 981.5 506 2,611 2.7 5.18 Arkalgud Taluk Rudrapatna, Ramanathapura hobli, 514.6 327 1,433 2.8 4.38 Arkalgud Taluk Chikkadlur Dudda hobli, Hassan Taluk 1,203.9 226 1,362 1.1 6.03 Agunda Dummenahalli hobli, Arsikere 1,699.4 178 1,767 1.04 9.9 Taluk Haranahalli Haranahalli hobli, Arsikere Taluk 2,517.5 626 3,028 1.2 4.8 Javagal, Javagal hobli, Arsikere Taluk 2,088.0 373 2,836 1.3 7.6 Adagur, Adagur hobli Belur Taluk 1,145.7 224 1,179 1.02 5.26 Arehalli, Arehalli hobli, Belur Taluk 1,274.6 356 1,787 1.40 5.02 Lakkur, Ramanathapura Hobli, Arakalgud Taluk 1,192.8 205 1,205 1.01 5.9 Nuggehalli, Nuggehalli hobli, Channarayapatna 1,721.6 465 2,497 I.;; 5.4 Taluk 4 ~6 GOBUR. The area, number of households, population density per acre and strength of average household of each of the above villages are as follows according to the 1961 census figures: Area in Number of Population Density per Average Name of village acres (61) households (1961 ) acre strength of a (1961) household 1 2 3 4 5 6 .Gorur (Kattaya hobli) Hassan Taluk 954.8 301 1,642 1. 72 5.46 Keralapura (Ramanathapura hobli) 981.5 594 3,025 3.08 5.09 Arakalgud Taluk Rudrapatna (Ramanathapura hobli) 514.6 355 1,635 3.18 4.61 Arkalgud Taluk Chikkadlur (Dudda hobli)-Hassan Taluk . 1,283.9 214 1,406 1.17 6.57 Agunda (Dummenahalli hobli) 1,699.4 359 2,071 1.22 5.77 Arsikere Taluk Haranahalli (Haranahalli hobli) 2,517.5 664 3,862 1.54 5.82 , Arsikere Taluk Javagal (Javagal hobli) Arsikere Taluk 2,088.0 646 3,735 1. 79 5.78 Adagur (Adagur hobli) Belur Taluk 1,145.7 272 1,621 .1,.401 _5.9Q Arehalli (Arehalli hobli) Belur Taluk 1,274.6 527 2,761 2.17 5.24 ~Lakku (Ramanathapura hobli, Ara.kalgud Tliltik) 1,192.8 238 1,335 1.12 5.61 Nuggehalli (Nuggehalli hobli) 1,721.6 538 2,902 1.69 5.40 Channara yanapatna Taluk. 'From the above two tables, the following become villages in the district and also that, in spite of this clear: density of the population of the village as a whole, (i) Gorur, according to 1951 figures, takes the fourth rank among these fairly well-populated the households are not very big and have only mode villages of the district, so far as density of population rate strength of members. This condition may to some per acre in these villages is concerned. . extent be traced to favourable physical factors which (ii) Acccording to the same figures (of 1951 vary directly with the total population of a place, but cens-qs) 'Gorur stands as the sixth village so far as the inversly with the fecundity of the people and the size average number of members in the households is con of the households. From these one may not be far off cerned. the mark to suggest that must be good number (iii) This relative position in comparison with ther~ a: the~ other villages is maintained in the 1961 Census of people with a high degree of culture and a sense of' also. family responsibility. The average of a household, ~. I (iv) Goru]:.,' as per 1961 'figures, stands as the taking the entire village into'account, is 5. The average fifth a~ong these villages in so far density per acre of size of a household among Brahmins is slightly less, population is concerned. than 5, among V okkaligas including Gangadikaras, . (v) Gorur is aho seventh in rank in . compa rison' With these other villages so far as tlle average about 5 ;5,' among Adikaranatakas 5; ampng Muslims number of members in a household is concerned. about 6 and among other castes like Gangamatha, The points given ab~~e make it Ci~~r that' Gorur , ., Visvakarma;' Madivala, Kshatriya, Ediga, Lingayat and· is comparatively one of the most densely populated 13anjiga about 5. .sOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 27 The population of the different age-groups III the was built by one Krishnappa Naik, a Pallegar under village, is as follows:- Chalukya kings. His descendants came under the rule of Vijayanagar. Later on this village came under Age-group Males Females Total the suzerainty of Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan and the Mysore kings. 1 2 3 4 For some time the village belonged to Arkalgud All ages 784 723 1,507 tal uk. The kings of Coorg who took shelter at Arkalgud 0-4 102 101 203 against their enemies are supposed to have built the fort which was at Gorur, as thisw as an out of the 5-9 125 105 230 way village in those days. This mud fort fell down 10-14 108 83 191 stage by stage in the course of the centuries and now 15-19 67 52 119 it is just possible only to a close observer to guess that 20-24 46 60 106 there was a. fort in the villa,ge in olden times. The existence of the fort at one time and the change of 25-29 44 63 107 masters it had from time to time shows that this 30-34 57 54 III village had its own periods of glory and decline. The 35-44 93 81 174 temples in the village were built in days when the 45-59 92 85 177 village was prosperous. 60 50 39 89 Temples -- There is a temple of Shri Kedareswara in Hoysala style of architecture. Within the precimets of this The size and composition of the household III the village are given below:- temple there are two separate . shrines in different buildings as in all Hoysala temples. The inscription Total number of households 301 in this temple are now partly erased and give indcation Single member households .. 9 (M 7 + F 2) that the temples were built between the 15th and 16th Households with 2 to 3 members 76 (M 97 + F 103) centuries. They are double temples (that is, temples with two shrines in separate structures) of the I1oysala. Households with 4 to 6 members 142 (M 377 F 325) + style. The linga in the temple is very big and except Households with 7 to 9 members 61 (M 231 + F 218) ting in the Hoysaleswara temple of Halebid, one Households with 10 members & above 13 (M 72 + F 75) rarely comes across a Linga of such majesty as one finds here. From the above figures it is clear that the largest number of households have 4 to 6 members while the The Yoga N arasimha temple, though of a later smallest number of houtleholds (namely 9) are single origin than the Roysal a temple, is impressive on account member households. of its surroundings and the scenery amidst which it is built. There is an attractive grove of trees nearby Sex and Marital Status and river Hemavathi affords the temple a peculiar charm. A flight of steps from the temple leads one There are 460 males and 338 females who are 'never to the bank of the river. The image of Yoga Nara married'. Afore than half this number are below simha is about six feet high and is sitting in Yoga the age of 9. There are 308 males and 326 females posture on a pedestal about It foot high. who are married. The number of widowers and widows are 15 and 58 respectively, and all these are This temple has four inscriptions in it. The above the age of 25. Only 2 widowers and 10 widows following account regarding this temple and these in are below the age of 40. Under the category 'Divorced scriptions and regarding the Paravasudeva temple or separated' come only one man and one woman. In this village is given in the Mysore Gazetteer. History "The Y oga- N arasimha temple at this place stands on the left bank of the Hemavathi, facing west. The It is learnt from an inscription of 11th century temple is architecturally unimportant but it presents that this village which was then called Shatharudrapuri a very artistic appearance on account of its situation 28 GORUR on the bank of a broad river and a flight of steps Civic Sense leading down to bed of the river. The temple consists of a Garbagudi, N avaranga and Sukhanasi. The stru The residents of this village even in olden days seem cture is simple and plain. A small prakara (compound to have had some civic sense, as is evidenced by the well wall) most of which has fallen surrounds the temple. laid, broad street with no projecting houses, and village There is a small rnantapa with a Gopura (tower) in records show that the village was built in this fashion front of the temple. The image is about six feet high, from its very inception. sitting in Yoga posture on a pedestal about Ii foot high. The whole image as well as the prabhavali is covered Village Planning with metal plate. The front two hands rest on the knee while the back hands hold chakra and sanka. The streets of the village were designed to be broad Garuda is carved on the pedestal as usual. ,The Vasu probably because the original settlers or at any rate deva temple is in the heart of the village. It is a simple those who rebuilt this village had in mind the need for structure facing east with no architectural beauty and broad streets which would yield sufficient space for the consists of a garbhagudi, a sukhanal'i, a navaranga and temple car to be drawn here during the annual car festival. a porch. There are also two rooms on either side of From this it is easy to understand the importance the navaranga. The navaranga measures about 30'-0" attached in olden days to religious festivals in the 24'-0" the central platform measuring about 11'-7" cultural life of the people. square. Each pillar of the navaranga is made up of three shapes; square to a certain height, from the Legend bottom, octagonal to a certain height, above it, and then sixteen. sided up to the capital. This famous Car festival takes place as the village is one of the five kshetras or holy places of Narasimha on There are four inscriptions within the temple, one the Hemavathi. These five holy places are called the of which, (Hassan 176), dated A. D. 1575, records the 'Pancha Narasimahas' of Hemavathi and the most remission of certain taxes on the temple lands. The important of these holy places is supposeo to be Gorur, temple must have therefore existed long before. Another near which the river Yagachi flows into the Hemavathi. inscription, (Hassan 194), which is a small marble tablet fixed on the parapet wall above the porch, states that Car festival described, atmosphere of devotion, etc. the Vimana of the temple was constructed and certain repairs carried out in the year A. D. 1868. The main The car festival here and th(l observances connected image Vasudeva is about 5' high standing on a pedestal with it take place in perfect Vaikanasa Agama fashion about one foot high. The attributes of the God are the (a particular system of Brahmanic rituals) with meti conch and discuss in the two upper hands and lotus made culous care to every detail of worship and the chanting in the two lower hands. The image is very beautifully of Mantras. Not only is the Archak here one who is carved. A small room has been formed by means of a the proficient in his vocation but he is also invited to all mud partition wall in the left corner of the navaranga the Srivaishnava shrines whenever there are any extra in which an image of Bhyashyakara is kept. The room pujas in those shrines. The annual car festival invests to the south of the navaranga contains the Goddess seated the place with an air of devotion and traditional culture. on a pedestal about two feet high and holding lotuses in Feeding of the devotees on a large scale on the occasion the two back hands, while the two front hands are in the of the car festival is a special feature in this village. This abhaya and varada aspects. The room to the north of was in evidence till 1947 and the devotees of all com the navaranga has got the images of Vishvaksena and munities were fed by the people for 15 days prior to the the Alvars". day of the car festival. Now, inspite of the prevalent food shortage the feeding of the devotees is still going on Claims of affinity to Tamil Nad year after year, only the period being limited to eight days. The Srivaishnava Brahmins residing in this village claim that their ancestors came to this place from Tamil It is said that in olden days the village used to have N_ad. They have nothing in common with the traditions temple atmosphere throughout the 15 days prior to the or customs of Tamil Nad, but their claim finds expression car festival. People used to be busy all these fifteen even m a work dated 1884 and entitled Archavatara days doing work relating to this festival. It is said vilasa. that in olden days the entire village used to be busy for fifteen days prior to this festival. People now-a-days do .OCIAL AND CULTURAL . LIFE not spend so much time for this festival. But even Village Disputes now the villagers get busy since two days before this festival. During this period the village is decked beauti Though there are no party rivalries in this village, fully for the car festival. This festival i9 both a religi disputes between individuals do arise sometimes. The ous festival and a popular one, attracting huge crowds educated classes and the more enlightened sections of from round about villages. Since the last about 35 the community settle their differences mostly by legal years a cattle fair is also held along with this festival. methods. But as for the Harijans, their differences sometimes lead to violent exchanges, espcially when they are drunk. When such drunken brawls occur, The car (Raths) used in the car festival is a huge the parties approach the elders of the village after they wooden structure and it requires hundreds of people to get over the effects of drink. The elders try. to compose drag it. It is so heavy that it has to be pushed from the differences by a compromise. This is done by them behind by using Hedna that is a wooden beam, 12 feet by promising to enquire into the details. They advise long. This is pressed behind the wheel by a dozen the parties not to resort to the Law, as legal proceeding persons to make the wheel move. Four or five such might well prove to them a costly experiment. The beams have to be pressed into action at -the same time parties go away after getting the assurance of the elders for this purpose. This is a work requiring physical that they will enquire into the matter. Very wisely, prowess and it is the privilege of the local Harijans to the elders allow some time to lapse in the hope that do this. job. Their association with the car festival is some passage of time will help cooling down of tempers.. traced back to the time of the saint-preceptor, Shri Then one day a meeting for the enquiry is held at the Ramanuja. Tradition has it that he was at Saligrama Harijan colony - either in the primary school building on the border of Hassan district at about the time of the or at some other convenient place. One man from every car festival at Gornr. He paid a visit to Gorur and in HaIijan household is summoned to be present at his immense sympathy for these Harijans,the great teacher the enquiry. The parties to the dispute have to sign laid down that the car should not be drawn without an agreement to the effect that they will abide by the taking the assistance of the Harijans. Since then the decision of the elders. An elaborate enquiry is then Harijans of Gorur have been participating in the car held; it usually transpires that each party has a number festival year after year. On the day of the festival they of grievances against the other. The elders explain take their bath in the river, wear new clothes, abstain to them that neither party is free from blame and advise from taking food till they draw the car, and, plying on them to compose their differences and forget the incident. their pipes and drums come out in procession and attend The parties usually agree to do so. After that each to the wheel. It is only after the car reaches its desti party is made to offer betel leaves to the other as a token nation and they have been given the prasadam of the of friendship. After the elders express a few more words Lord that these Harijans break their fast. Their parti of advice the proceeding come to a close. cipation with this annual festival has given the Harijans • a healthy outlook and a sense of fellowship with the other castes in the village including the most orthodox. Literary Tradition Both in ancient times and in the moderTJ., there Folk songs sung during this festival refer to this have been some poets and literary men at Gorur. One association of the Harijans with it. The following family claims descent from Venkatadhwari author of significant lines occur in one such song : the celebrated literary piece called "Visvagunadarsha" in sanskrit. He lived in about 1620 A. D. He came "Haruwara keriya Thegada Theru from Tanjore and he was for some time at the court of yaryaru muttidaru ~Ialakoldu the Maharaja of Mysore. Shri Gorur Ramaswamy Yaryaru muttidarn Malakolda Theru Iyengar, an eminent iiterary man of this village, claims Goruru holeyaru Muttidare Naliyuva descent from the great poet. There was another poet Therigoganha Banniro swami in this village, who was born in 1830 A. D. and died Rathakoganha Banniro!" in 1900, by name Srinivas Iyengar. He was the author of a religious work entitled "Archavataravilasa". There (The car of the Brahmin's street, made of teak wood, was one other poet during the same period, Shri Nara is so heavy that it does not budge an inch whoever may simhachar, whose published works are Karnatak try to push it. But this heavy car slides easily as soon Visvagunadarsha, Kaveri Purana, Katha Manjari,Nruhari as the Holeyas of Gorur touch it. Come along ! Let us go Binnapa, Krishna Charitamrutam, and Kannada and attend the car festival.) Bhartrihari. 30 GORUB Cultural Tradition part of this festival the Goddess Lakshmi is taken in procession in the streets in the same way as the Gowri The Vedanta Sabha at Gorur has been rendering festival is observed in other places. The Gangadikaras good service by propagating the eternal values of our observe "Pitru paksha" once a year, and make offerings spiritual and cultural heritage, adapted to modern condi to the departed elders of their family. The Harijans tions. The founders and promoters of the sabha belong who live in their colony observe certain festivities like to the Visishtadvaita school of philosophy. But at "Kallnambadiamma Dibbi", "Navarathri Swami Mudi Gorur they have broadbased their approach to the pu", and "Grama Devata Puja." The Muslims observe all cultural problem and encourage the teaching of all the feasts and festivals common among them all over philosophies. the country like Moharram, Bakrid and Ramzan. At the Sabha, sanskrit is taught in the morning. Family Structure In the evening the chanting of vedas is practised. Sometimes discourses on the puranas are held. H ari A statement showing the number of different type3 kathas are also conducted. The Sabha has a spacious of families (simple, intermediate, joint and others) is building in which these activities are carried on. Some given in Table I times the hall is let out for the conduct of marriages and other auspicious functions. It also serves as a lodge for Education pilgrims to this village. Statement showing the number of illiterate and The Sabha encourages the study of ancient books literate persons and also the number of persons posses of cultural and spiritual interest. This Sabha may be sing other educational qualifications in the several age said to work in its own way for the emotional integration groups is given in table vii of the people by acquainting the people with the cultural heritage of the country. There is a separate hostel for Harijan students near the Adikarnataka colony. There are sixteen mid ·Leisure and Recreation dle school students and nine high school students as inmates of this hostel. While joining this hostel a The upper strata among the village population student has to pay a caution money of Rs. 5/- if he spend their leisure hours in either attending the dis is studying in middle school and Rs. 10/- if he is courses at the Sabha or in reading news papers and studying in high school. A teacher is in charge of this discussing current political problems. Young men some hostel as warden. The inmates are given free meals. times go to Hassan to attend the cinemas. But for these They get two meals a day one at 9-30 A. M. ana activities the people seem to be busy with their own other at 6 P. M. avocations and the relays of songs and news items over the public radio set do not attract much attention. There This hostel is in a country-tiled building. It is is no public library or club in the village. There is not provided with electric lights. Water for the hostel however one reading room but the attendance there is is got from the channel which flows nearby. The inma rather poor. Some people in Gomr have their own tes of the hostel belong to Gorur and the neighbouring small collections of books. There is a play ground for villages. The building is a rented one. the children and outdoor games, especially football and volleyball, are played there. Awareness of Reform Measures Festivals Many among the residents of Gorur are a ware of the importance of family planning, removal of untouch People in this village are religious minded. This ability and other reform measures. is mainly due to the existence of some temples and also to the traditions of the place. These temples .are main Inheritance tained by lands belonging to them. The important festivals observed by the people are Ugadi, Deepavali, The property of a man is usually inherited by his Ganesha Chaturthi, Gowri, Srasthi, Sankranti and Vijaya sons, all the SOllS getting an equal share and the eldest Dasami; a special festival by name "Patri" feast son generally getting the first choice. In the absence is observed by Sri Vaishnavas of this village and of issues the property goes to the wife. A widowed also a nearby village by name Ponnathapura. As a mother is maintained by her SOllS. It is only among SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 3t the Adikarnatakas that the younger son has the right and has a beatific smile on its lips which it is not of first choosing his share of his father's property. easy to forget soon. "This is the very heart of the whole structure. All the. architectural excellence, artistry and General workmanship, are a dedication to this image, to which the sculptor has imparted a godly personality; in its eye is Both the rural and urban features of the village tranquillity, in the smile on its lips, grace, and in its have been referred to above in sufficient detail. But gesture, protection". the important places of which one is reminded when he. studied these aspects in detail may now be touched upon. It is quite interesting thing that some of the images While observing the urban facilities and conveniences of in the temples at Gorur - the paravasudeva image and the Gorur one is automatically reminded of the features of Kesava image in the Kailaseswara temple, for example, Hassan town to which Gorur has affiliations. Gorur have the same dignity, beauty and beneficence in their in its urban aspects has resemblances to Hassan town bearing as those of Channakesava at Belur. It is just which appeals to the eye for its soft beauty. There is possible all these temples of Gorur, Belur and Halebid something quiet about the landscape of Hassan, just as belong to the same epoch of architecture. some quiet pervades the atmosphere of Gorur. The two palces'seen to be parts of a piece-only they are The temples at Halebid were never finished, but fourteen miles apart. The trees of Gorur and the trees of their architectural eminence is equally high. Of the Hassan, both grow upto a great heights, and they are Kedareswara temple Fergusson says ".. .. from the also mellow and reposeful. basement to the summit, it is covered with sculptures of the very best class of Indian art, and these so arranged In its other aspect, the rural aspect, Gorur reminds as not materially to interfere with the out lines of the one of a remote temple-culture, which is reflected both building, while they impart to it an amount of richness in the temples of Gorur and also in the temples and only to be found among specimens of Hindu art". Of shrines of Belur and Halebid, both in Hassan districts. the Hoysaleswara temple he says : "It is perhaps the The temples of these two places belong to the same building on which the advocate of Hindu Ilrchitecture school of architecture and a visitor, having seen all would desire to take his hand. Unfortunately it was these places, may well fancy that the same sculptors never finished, the works having been stopped after made the stones of these places living and eloquent. 'they had been in progress, apparently for, eighty six So a few brief points about Belur and Halebid may be years .. no two facets of the temple are the same; every pertinent here in as much as a visitor to Gorur can be convolution of every scroll is different; no two canopies certain of hearing a lot in praise of these other two places. in the whole building are alike and every part exhibits a joyous exhaberance of fancy scorning every technical Belur is twenty-five miles from Hassan on the restraint. All that is wild in human faith or warm bank of river Yagachi (Badari in ancient texts). It is III human feeling is found portrayed on these walls." here that the world famous Channakesava temple stands. This was built by Bittiga the Hoysala king Something of the same perfection in art is seen in in 1116-1117 to commemorate his victory over the the temples at Gorur also. Cholas. The work was designed, constructed and decorated by Jakanachari. Here one can witness the Thus while one is moving about in the rural urban flights of fancy, the deftness of hand and the wealth atmosphere of Gorur, one is alternately reminded of the of details in its carvings, the like of which it is difficult urban features of Hassan and the pristine old time to witness in the field of architecture. The events rural culture of the temples of Belur and Halebid. and personalities of the Ramayana the Mahabharatha Take' away from Gorur its temples and their atmo and Bhagavata come to life again III an amazing sphere of serenity and its rural crafts and also its urban profusion and propriety of details. The image of facilities then Gorur will be just one other village like Channakesava within the sanctum sanctorum is majestic the innumerable other villages in the country. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The main spheres in which development has taken place in Gorur since 1941 may here be specifically (i) ECONOMIC SURVEY OF 1941 : touched upon. briefly. Gorur was one of the villages which had been (i) POPULATION: INCREASE OF HOUSEHOLDS taken up for economic survey in 1941. It was again ·selected for Socio-economic survey in connection with The number of households in the village was 182 the 1961 Census. The underlying idea of selecting in 1941. In 1962 the number was 301. This increase Gorur and a few other villages which had been surveyed can be traced to improvements in agriculture and also in 1941 for socio-economic Survey in connection with to the marked urbanisation of the village during these the 1961 Census also, was to determine the impact of the two decades. A detailed statement of the popUlation past two decades on the economy of these villages. In 1941 and 1963 is given below:- Gorur ViHage 1941 1961 Difference between 1941-1961 Religion Caste No. of Males Females Total No. of Males Females Total No. of Males Females Total familes familes familes 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 .Hindu Brahmins 52 140 140 280 61 155 144 299 9 15 4 19 Vokkaliga 35 94 80 174 57 167 154 321 22 73 74 147 Devanga 12 25 28 53 14 44 39 83 2 19 11 30 Adikarnataka 40 115 88 203 80 214 185 399 40 99 97 196 Muslim Muslim 14 36 36 72 28 67 82 149 14 31 46 77 Others 29 80 77 157 61 137 119 256 32 57 42 99 it and a veterinary hospital in the village. These (ii) EDUCATION: hospitals owe their existence to the munificence of the local philanthropists and these hospitals are of great Whereas there were four ,schools in 1941, there were service to the inhabitants not only of this village but six schools including a High school in 1963. also those of surrounding villages. The question whether the medical facilities in their village are adequate, the Number of literates in 1941 was 325 while the local people have invariably replied that they were population was 929. In 1963 the population was 1,507 adequate. What this has meant in terms progress can and the number of literates was 524 of whom 84 persons be gauged by reading the relevant portion of the report were having Primary (basic) and other higher educational of the economic survey of the village in 1941. Says qualifications. that report: (iii) MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH; "There is no hospital in the village. The nearest local fund dispensary is at Arkalgud - 5 miles distant. There has been marked progress in medical and Weekly visits by the Doctor from Ponnathapur Malnad, health facilities between 1941 and 1963. By 1963 there Improvement Dispensary is arranged. There were no were one dispensary with a maternity ward attached to deaths from epidemics in the past twenty years except 5 34 GORUE two deaths from Plague registered during the year 1940-41. (b) The land-owners of this village have had lands The village is reported to be generally healthy." in some other nearby villages also. The paddy and ragi grown in this village and also the yield that these The nearest Veterinary hospital is at Arkalgud. land-owners got from their lands in other villages were together sufficient for consumption in this village if Comment is unnecessary. While in 1941 the people they retained all the produce that they received. This of this village were served by the medical services chiefly point is clearly made out in the report of 1941. Our meant for other nearby places, to-day the medical faci investigation in 1963 has amply proved that the yield lities at Gorur are available to cases of those other places from the lands in this village is itself sufficient for also, in addition to the population of Gorur. (i) paying production costs; (ii) Consumption by the growers; and (iii) For sale also, to some extent. This (iv)' ELECTRICITY: analysis makes the point very clear that agriculture has improved a good lot during the past two decades. This There was no supply of electric power to the village improvement is obviously due to improved methods of in 1941. Electricity was supplied to the village in 1954. cultivation like the Japanese method of paddy cultivation From this it has been possible to afford lighting to houses and to thl3 use of fertilizers like Ammonium Sulphate, as well as street lighting. Electricity is also supplied Phosphate and Urea. Mention has already been made to two small rice mills and one huller. that soil conservation needs special attention as also afforestation measures. If attention is paid to these (v) WATER-SUPPLY: aspects of the agricultural problem also, by those con cerned, there can be little doubt that agriculture will The improvement in the water supply to the village yield still better dividends. The point cannot be too is also remarkable. Says the 1941 report :- strongly emphasised in the present context of food shortage in the country. "River, channel and wells form the sources of drink ing water supply to the village". (viii) COMMUNICATIONS: In addition, to these, water-taps have made their appearance since then, thanks to the National Water Quite recently, the local sub-post office has been Supply Scheme. One of the foremost amenities for given telephone connection to Hassan. civilised life is sufficient water supply of drinking water. Innumerable villages in the country cannot boast of These are some of the facilities and amenities that this convenience. The existence in this village of this have come into existence since 1941. These improve essential but rare amenity entitles Gorur to be classed ments have been possible only because there have been among the model villages of the State. Bome highly educated and enlightened people, with progressive outlook, in this village. From this the value (vi) VILLAGE PANCHAYAT WORK: of proper leadership for the growth of a rural community becomes quite clear. Credit is also due to the same In 1941, the Village Panchayat was engaged in the healthy leadership for the high cultural position of this very commendable works of "pulling down of dilapidated village as well as to the cordial social relations one finds fort walls, filling up water-logged fort trenches, clearance among all the communities. These cordial realations of jungle growth, etc." These are 'commendable acti have so far withstood the onslaughts of time. The vities, but constitute only the preliminary preparations local Harijans are even to-day participating in the annual for good village administration. At present the Village car festival along with the other communities. Panchayat takes care of the water supply, lighting and sanitation of tlfe village also. (II) NEED FOR MORE COTTAGE INDUSTRIES: (vii) AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT: Gorur is a village of great natural beauty and anti quity. From the inscriptions in the temples of this Two points deserve special mention under this village, the history of the village dates back to the 15th head: century. It is likely that the village existed sometime earlier to that also. The building of the village and the (a) Ragi and paddy were the main crops grown temples in it were probably due to the beautiful natural in the village in 1941. During the last ten years, however, surroundings of this place. potato cultivation has come into vogue in this village. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 35 The nearness of the river and the fertility of these meanwhile the existing agricultural economy which is soils marked out this village from the beginning, as main in 8 flourishing condition, the few crafts which are afford ly a place for agricultural operations. In course of ing work to some people, the urban facilities which time, however, the place came to be occupied by enli-' have grown through the years and the available facilities ghtened people who have been responsible fol' carry for leading a cultured life have tended to make it ing out the serval developmental works mentioned in possible for a sizeable portion of the inhabitants to lead Section (i) above, and for the creation of urban facilities. a fairlydecent life as compared with the people of many The main occupation of the people here, however, has other villages. been agriculture and in addition to this a few cottage industries have come up but, agriculture and these few Gorur is one of the few villages where the several existing crafts do not afford full employment to the measures undertaken by the administration for uplift people. It will be useful therefore if some more cottage of the rural population have been successful and have industries are started in this village. If these addi achieved positive results. The history of the develop tional cottage industries are started they may afford ment of Gorur highlights the part local leadership plays employment both to the people who are now having in such development and one is tempted to express the avocation and also to those who are under employed as opinion that the want of progrt;ss in other villages is agriculture does not afford employment throughout the more due to lack of proper village leadership than to -year as well as to those whose lands may be submerged any inherent defects in the development schemes them when the Hemav,athi Dam Project materialises. In the selves. TABLES TAB LEa 39 TABLE I Area, House and Population Area in Population Density Number of Number of Acres Hectares per Sq. Mile Houses Households Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 954 386 1,005 289 301 1,507 784 723 TABLE II Population by Age-groups Age not Total of a.Il ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60 + stated ---- Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1,507 784 723 102 101 125 105 108 83 67 52 46 60 44 63 57 54 93 81 92 85 50 39 TABLE III Size and Composition of Households Size of Households Total Single member 2-3 membera 4-6 members 7-9 members 10 members and above No. of House- House- House House- House House- holds holds Males Females holds M F holds M F holds M F holds M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 301 9 7 2 76 97 103 142 377 325 61 231 218 13 72 75 40 GOBU:a TABLE IV Households classifted by Religions, Castes and SulJ-castes Number Population Religion Caste Sub-Ca8te of House- holda Per80ns Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HINDU Brahmins Srivaishnava 44 217 113 104 Hebbara 1 6 3 3 Andhra Brahmins 1 2 1 1 Hoysala Karnataka 1 2 1 1 Attani kalta 2 16 10 6 Sanketi 2 8 4 4. Smartha 10 48 23 25 Lingayat 2 8 4 4- Sadharu 1 5 2 3 Vokkaliga Gangadikar 57 321 167 154 Madivala 5 24 13 11 Devanga 13 69 36 33 Naige 1 14 8 6 Ediga 5 23 12 11 Gangamatha 13 62 35 27 Ganiga Ganigasetty 1 6 4 2 Shivajothipana 3 11 4- 7 Jothipana 11 39 20 19 Uppara Melusakkare 1 1 1 Nayanakshatriya 4 22 13 9 Majari 1 1 1 Vykanasa 2 7 2 5 Banjara 1 3 1 2 Maratha 1 5 4. 1 Banajiga 1 5 3 2 Telugu Banajiga 1 5 3 2 Viswakarma 8 29 15 14 Adi·Karnataka 80 399 214 185 MUSLIMS Patan 5 22 11 n Labbe 1 3 2 1 Shaik 4 18 8 10 Sunny 18 106 46 60 Grand Total 301 1,507 784 723 'TABLES 41 TABLE V Seheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Name of No. of Number of Sub-Caste House- Persons Males Females Households Persons Males Females holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Adi-karnataka 80 399 214 185 Banjara 1 3 1 2 TABLE VI Age and Marital Status Total population Never married Married Widowed Divorced or Unspecified Status separated Age-group Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. 12 13 14 AU Ages 1,507 784 723 460 388 808 326 15 58 1 1 0-4 203 102 101 102 101 5-9 230 125 105 125 105 10-14 191 108 83 108 83 15-19 119 67 52 64 36 3 16 20-24 106 46 60 36 10 10 49 1 25-29 107 44 63 19 2 23 60 1 1 1 30-34 111 57 54 2 1 54 49 1 4 35-39 80 35 45 2 33 40 5 40-44 94 58 36 2 55 31 1 5 45-49 69 40 29 39 25 1 4 60-54 71 36 35 35 24 1 11 li5-59 37 16 21 16 16 5 60+ 89 50 39 40 16 10 23 Age not stated 6 GotUR -M .... ..... ..... "" .... .... 1 [ o '" o 00 M"" o- t- .... <0 <:> ..... '0 <0 o o .....-.... :xl -['- .....0> I + ...... , g 'TABLES 43 TABLE VIII Workers and Non-workers by Sex and Broad Age-groups Age-group Total Population Workers Non-worker. Persons :l1ale8 Females Persons Males Females Persons .Males Females I 2 3 4 I} 6 7 8 n 10 All Ages 1.597 7S4 723 555 411 144 952 373 579 0-14 624 335 289 15 12 3 609 323 286 l!:i-34 443 214 229 238 168 70 205 46 159 35-59 351 1~5 166 250 185 65 101 101 60 and over E9 50 39 52 46 6 37 4 33 TABLE IX Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Occupations Age-groups Name of Occupation 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 and above lIIales Females Males Females Males Females :lTales Ft'males 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------ Cultivation only 1 1 23 3 39 6 14 1 Cultivation -t- Agricultural Labour 3 2 fiG 48 42 35 13 2 Cultivation +Trade 2 8 Cultivation + Industry 2 Cultivation + Industry + Trade Cultivation +Service 7 2 Agricultural Labour only 4 ::4 14 12 14 fi Agricultural Labour + Cultivation 2 10 2 Agricultural Labour+ Industry 1 1 Agricultural Labour+ Trade Agricultural Labo,*"+ Sen-ice 2 2 Industry only i 12 2 Industry+ Cultivation 2 Illdustry+ Agricultural Labour 2 Trade only 3 2 Service only 4 42 3 40 5 2 Seryice+ Cultivation 5 1 Service-l-Agricultural Labour 2 2 Hotel keeping. 3 Total 12 3 168 70 185 65 46 6 44 GORU:& TABLE X Workers Olassl1led by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Industry, Business and Oultivatlon, belonging to the Households W orken engaged in Age-group Total workers Household Industry Household Business Household Cultivation Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Ages 555 411 144 28 6 17 157 24 o -14 15 12 1 1 15-34 238 168 70 8 r; 37 10 35-59 250 185 65 17 3 12 91 12 60 & over 52 46 6 3 2 28 TABLE XI Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-groups and nature of Activities Age-group and Sex Nature of Activity 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 and over Males Females Males Females Males Famales Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dependents 188 195 26 3 2 24 House worken 5 127 98 9 Students 135 86 45 6 Seeking employment 1 Retired from service 2 Total 323 286 4-6 159 101 4 33 TABLE XII Households by number of Rooms and by number of Persons occupying Households Househlods Households Households Households Households Households with no with one with two with three with four with five with more regular roo m room rooms rooms rooms rooms than five rooms Total No. Total Total No. .... I .... I ...... , .... , , ct> 0 0 0 cD 0 0 ....0 of House- No. of of family II> .... :; '" II> :; 0 ::l'" ., '" ::l ::l '" 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 301 498 1507 42 155 108 525 97 524 31 167 16 104 3 15 4 17 TABLES 45 TABLE XIII Households engaged In Cultivation, Industry, Business and other Occupations Total Number of gainfully Total Population employed persons Occupation Number of Households Males Females Persons Males Females Persons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cultivation 41 III 103 214 50 5 55 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour • 63 167 150 317 93 62 155 Cultivation and Industry 3 10 9 19 6 6 Cultivation and Trade 7 21 21 42 9 9 Cultivation and Service 15 54 46 100 23 I 24 Cultivation and Livestock I 1 1 1 1 Cultivation and Trade + Service 2 8 7 15 4 4 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour+Service 2 9 10 19 5 4 9 Cultivation and Industry + Trade I 4 I 5 1 I Cultivation + Service and Agricultural Labour I 4 4 8 4 5 Cultivation and Service + Livestock 1 5 5 10 1 1 Agricultural Labour 31 77 59 136 46 29 75 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation . 12 30 32 62 14 12 26 Agricultural Labour and Industry • 2 3 5 I 1 Agricultural Labour and Trade I 4 5 I I Agricultural Labour and Livestock 1 3 1 4 1 I 2 Agricultural Labour and Service 7 23 18 41 16 6 22 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation + Service 2 8 4 12 4 1 5 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation + Livestock I 5 3 8 3 I 4 Agricultural Labour and Livestock and Cultivation 1 2 3 5 2 1 3 Service 49 104 98 202 55 5 60 Service and Cultivation 14 29 30 59 14 1 15 Service and Agricultural Labour 6 19 17 36 14 2 16 Service and Cultivation + Livestock 2 8 8 16 3 3 Industry 19 40 50 90 22 5 27 Industry and Agricultural Labour and Service 2 9 4 13 6 3 9 Industry and Agricultural Labour 2 2 5 7 I 3 4 Trade 4 8 10 18 4 4 Trade and Cultivation 1 3 3 6 I I Trade and Service and Cultivation 1 8 6 14 3 3 Hotel keeping 3 7 3 10 4 4 Non-gainfully employed 4 3 5 8 Grand Total 301 784 723 1,507 411 144 555 46 GORUR TABLE XIV Type of Industry run by the Households Households having Household Industry as Households having Householtl Industry as Primary occupation l-iubsidiary occupation Total Number Total persons Number Total persolls Kame of Industry No. of of Persons engaged in hou"eholds of ll(~rs(ln~ engaged in hOlwehold" house- hO)l"e- in Industry mentiont'd in hOllse in Industry ment,ioned in holds holds ('01.· No.3 holds Col. No. S F F F 1 2 3 4 (; 7 8 9 10 l! 12 Oil Extraction 8 7 6 3 16 2 Gohl~mithy 3 3 3 4 4 Tailoring 5 3 4 8 3 2 2 9 4 2 2 2 3 Bpedi Manufacturing 6 3 17 ~3 1 2 Carpentry and B]ack~mithy. 2 2 4 8 7 Rice- ~lill 2 3 Soda 'Factory 1 1 1 3 Total 28 23 22 6 51 59 5 6 16 11 TABLE XV Type of Business run by the Households -~---'------~-,- Households having Household Busine,s as Hous('holdo having Househ,)!r] HlIsin('".< as Primary occupation Subsidiary 'occup~~i')n Total Number Total persons .:\nmber Total per30ns Name of Business No. of of Persons engaged in householcls of Per80n~ engi"\ged il1 R.()n~elh)l,ls house hou~e in Business m('ntipnf'd in house tn Rlll::'iness Inentiol1Pr} in holds holds Col. ::\0. 3 holds Col. No.8 M F M F F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Provision :::ltores 2 2 IO 7 Petty Shop keeper 2 10 to 'J".)~ 28 Cloth )Ierehant 1 1 3 3 Rice Merchant 1 2 5 Mutton shop 2 3 Paddy Merchant 2 5 Total 6 6 19 19 11 11 34 33 'fAIlLES 47 TABLE xn Traditional Industries run by the Number of Households 81. ~o. Name of Tradititmal Industry No. of Households in each Traditional Industry 1 !l 3 Oil Extraction 7 2 Be~di Manufacturing 3 GoldHmithy 3 4 Carpentry anel Blacksmithy 2 11 Carpen1Jry 1 6 TaiiOl'ing 1 'Jotal 20 TABLE XVII Diet -_----. __ ._-. Households taking Total num');,r More than three Community of hou3e- One meal a day Two meals, a day Three meals a ,day meals a day holds in each Adults Children Adults Children Adults Chi!d.ren Adult~ Children community '2 :1 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 ------HINDU: Erahmins m 16 16 45 43 2 Lingayat .) 2 2 1 Vokkaligd. 1>7 5 5 52 52 Adi\-ala 5 " :; :l 3 lievang Total 301 67 65 234 231 3 48 GOBUB TABLE XVIII Staple Diet and Food Habits of Communltles Households taking Community No. of Rice and Non-vege- Households Rice Ragi Ragi Jowar Wheat Vegetarian tarian 1 2 3 4 (; 6 'l 8 9 HINDU: Brahmins . 61 59 2 61 Lingayat 3 3 3 Vokkaliga 57 42 lIS 1 66 \ , Madiva)a 5 3 2 IS Devanga 14 2 4 8 3 11 • Ediga 5 3 2 IS Gangamatha 13 1 6 6 13 Ganiga 15 1 9 IS 15 Uppara 1 1 - 1 Nayanakshatriya • " 3 1 1 3 Majari 1 1 1 Vykanasa J 2 2 Banjara 1 1 1 Maratha 1 1 1 Banajiga 2 2 2 Viswakarma 8 1 2 Ii .. 'l 1 Adi-karnataka 80 1 73 8 .. 80 MUSLIMS : Patan 5 1 " 5 Labbe 1 1 .. 1 Shaik " " " Sunny 18 1 9 8 18 Total 801 72 157 72 76 'T ABLBS 4Q TABLE XIX Indebtedness " Income-Groups Average indebtedness Inoome group Total No. of No.ofho_ Amount Percentage ~f for households households holda indebted Col. 3 to Col. 2 in debt Remarb Re. PI. Re. Ps. 1 2 3 , 5 6 7 :Rs. 25 and below 3 2 2,588-00 66.67 1,4N-OO .Re. 26 to 50 39 11 2,850-00 28.20 259-lSlS Rs. 51 to 75 M 24 7,226-00 37.50 301-42 .Rs. 76 to 100 58 15 3,850-00 2UO .236-67 Rs. 100 and above 137 10 3,31Q-OO 7.30 331-00 Total 301 62 19,823-00 TABLE XIX-A Indebtedness b, causes IndebtllclDess by ea_ of debU Proportion of debt due to Cal18e Amount in debt No. of Families cause to the in debt. total amount of debt 1 2 3 4 Land Improvement 1,500 4 House construction, repairs to existing buildings 2,450 9 Marriage 5,700 11 Purchase of Bullocks 5,000 24 For Household Expenditure 3,823 10 • Household Cultivation . 150 1 Expenses of Marriage Cultivation E~penses • 500 I For Liv~ck pll1¥lhase 200 I Grand Total 19,828 100,00 7 50 GORUR:. TABLE XIX-B Sources of CredU Cultivators having land Non·cultivators Below 3 Acres 3 to 10 Acres 10 Acres and above Sources Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount· Amount . Amount Amount Amount Amount borrowed out· Borrowed out· Borrowed out- Borrowed out· Borrowed out· standing . standing standing standing standing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Society 410 410 500 500 400 400 1,310 1,310 Local Money lenders 200 200 200 200 L. S. c. S. 400 400 400 400 Banks 800 600 800 600 \ , Others 5,600 5,600 1,500 1,450 10,663 10,263 17,763 17,313 Total • 7,410 7,210 2,000 1,950 11,063 10,663 20,473 19,823 -ABLEs 51 J9AO co 10 1]91 9OU'BI"g .... poos co ...... ~ JOJ p9AJ9891I ...."'" ~ ....r;... 8.... !l89Ja'llIJ 811 P!"d ... '~ e')' c:> uOHonpqJd I1I'l0J. >0 8 co ' .; .; ~!Uil .; .; : : : : : : p:; p:; :s"d p:; ~ Po< 0 0...... +~ +1,9 "d ~ ~ IS ~ 0 .... ~ = ~ ~ U2 = 'C ~ ., = .,~ g g ~ .,s:I as .t' 4D 8 o .. 0 ~ ~ i ,~ '60 ~ IS g< g.'il~ t>O 0 ~ ., 0 .. p:; z 0 0 ~ ~ z ~ :a ~ ~ = <= QORUl\ TABLE Households owning or possessing Land or have- Number of Households. No *Nature No. of 5 cents No. of Cents No. of Cents No. of Cents No. of ~nta. Community land of Intrest Hhs. and Hhs. 5-10 Hhs. 10-20 Hhs. 20-50 Hhs. 5O-1O(~ . on land below 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BDfDU Brahmin 24 A ," 1 0.35 2 1.61 A+C B Lingayat 3 Vokkaliga 15 A 10 3.87 6 4.91 Madivala 5 Devanga 7 A\ 1 0.13 2 1.6& Ediga 3 A A+C Gangamata 10 A. A+C Ganiga 12 A C Uppara 1 Nayanakahatriya 1 A Majari 1 Vykanasa 2 Banjara 1 .. .. ~ .. Marathe. 1 Banajiga 2 Viswakarma 8 Adi·Karnataka 49 A 1 0.48 4 3.2~ C ldUSUMS Patan 3 A C Labbe 1 Shaik .- Sunny 10 A A+C • * Note : A-Owned and Cultivated B-Owned but Leased Out C-Taken on lease for Cultivation TABLES 53 XXI given out land to othen lor cultivation and extent of land No. of Cents No. of Cents No. of Cents No. of Cents Colll.munity Hbs. 1 to 2.4 Hbs. 2.5-4.9 Hbs. 6-10_ Hbs. 10 and above 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 HDlDU 8 11.51 11 34.59 7 51.85 6 268.89 Brahmin 1 19.35 1 2.63 Lingayat 16 26.27 10 30.47 Vokkaliga Madivala 2 3.53 1 4.13 1 5.00 Devanga 1 2.60 Ediga 1 4.25 1 2.65 Gangamatha 2 4.16 1 2.00 GaDiga 2 2.00 Uppara 3 5.61 Nayanakahatriy.. Majari Vykanaaa Banjara Maratha Ban&jiga Viswakarma 11 17.99 2 7.35 2 12.93 Adi-karnataka 3 4.12 8 30.27 MUSLIMS 22.25 Patan 1 1.00 Labbe Shaik 4 7.49 1 3.00 1 7.65 1 11.55 Sunny 1 6.00 54 GORUR TABLE XXI-A Ownership ot Land Number of Households and extent of land Community No. of 1 Acre No. of No. of 2 "'- No.of 5- No.of 7.5- No. of 10-15 No. of 15 acre.! Hhs. & Hhs· 1-2.49 Hha. ... J Hhs. 7.49 Hhs. 9.9 Hhs. Hhs. & below acres acres acres acres acres above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 HINDU Brahmins 3 1.96 8 11.41 12 37.22 4 24.57 3 27.26 1 11.70 6 276.« Lingayat .. Vokkaliga 16 8.78 16 26.27 10 30.47 .. Madivala Devanga 3 1.81 2 3.53 I" 4.13 1 5.00 Ediga 2,. 5.60 Gangamatha 2 1.76 ..\ 1 2.65 Ganig& 1 2.00 Uppara Nayanakehatrlya • 3 5.61 Majari Vykanae& Banjara Maratha Banajiga Viswakarma Adi-kp.rnataka 5 3.77 10 15.78 1. 2.70 2 12.93 MUSLIMS Patan 1 22.25 Labbe Shaik Sunny 4 7.49 2 7.00 1 7.65 1 11.55 TABLE XXI-B Table Showing the Land Owned Outside the Village Name oftbe villages and number of Households and its Acreage Community Kobitur Tyagatur Ramaghatta Banadase Devaraganahalli Channapura Udavara Hhs. Acreage Hhs. Acreage Hhs. Acreage. Hha. A«eage Hha. ·Acreage Hhs.. Acreage Hhs. Acreage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 HINDU Brahmins 1 4.00 2 9.75 3 17.08 2 46.10' 1 2.74 1 2.83 1 2.75 Vokkaliga 1 2.75 T ABLE XXII, General Number of Householda , , 'l'otal No, of HouseIiolda Reading daily newspaper Member or Members of Member or membera of Member or members of which work for social which take active part which have joined uplift, in politics Co.operative Societie8 1 2 3 4, 5 301 39 95 TABLE 1 C8ste/;Tribe or Community and Nature of Family TYPe- of families living in the households Caste/Tribe or Communi~y Total No. of households Simple Intermediate Joint Others 2 3 4, 5 6 HINDU' Brahmin8 61 41 15 1 Linga.yat 3 3 Vokkaliga 57 33 11 12 1 ~adiTala " 5 3 1 1 Devanga 14 11 2 1 Ediglli : . 5 3 2 Gang!lmatha 13 6 4, 3 Ganiga '15 13 1 1 Uppa¥a 1 1 Nayanakshatriya 4 2 _Majm 1 1 Vykanaaa 2 2 Banjl!ol'a ': ·1 1 Maratha 1 1 . Banajiga 2 2 Viswakarina 8 5 1 1 1 'Adi-kamaiaka ' 80 '64 is 19 2 IfUSLlMS' Patan 5 4 1 Labbe 1 1 Shaik 4, 3 1 Sunny 18 -l3 2 3 66 GOBUB I . . C> 'I{'8llV C!: 'I ...... , ... ..,("0 . '&m ..AlUlv Bu'IIU Oil Oil ... l"IVA'!l{S Oil ...... , V.1p .. qV.1OO,A Oil " Q .... !.1VAIUI9mV.1Vd Oil VU'8AV.1VN a> Oil Oil '. -nnl'lq;:> ... 00 '8A '8qB'll(VatI'Bq;:> ...00 ("0 "mmy ...("0 ... -m"U9ql"S ... AXV l(lIVqBVU'B{[ ...= Oil ... aQ j 'BqlU'BUJnU'BH ... e ...... ~ "mID"A"Ia ... 0 - .., ... Oil -Uco ' "qm!BVXVN ... 111 0 Oil "mm.. .1'BPl ...... ~ i'i! .., ~ !1IJ'qBl('8'l ...... ~-< I:;; ~ ::: Am" ...s "U'Bm'8'8: ...Q ...... , ...... ! -'B~'Bl(u'l ,A "0 a> ...... 8 "l,,&sapunf'BN J '8'11'l.. u nfu"Pl 00 .., ... 0 ...... -, A1IJVas ! ".. ... " unflVl(H1"Pl co A'II~Pl fi'BI!'B"X ...... 10 ... Oil /\ "1{9QU'8D .., UlVA9 --""\ ... .1"as:il .., 10 ...... . ".i,jN "SOX Oil Oil Q .., .., .... Oil eN eN ...... 10 .., ...... II ]' II II 1 II II .S ~ i ! II ~ I>t ~ i .!!P ~ ~ ; a :; j 1:)..9 -: li ~ '5 ~ m ~ ~ l! '1' ... f :a ... :a 1 ! ·i 1 :a I'> ;9 I';!Jr I;>- IQ ~ ~ :. ~ m~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ :a ii :a c! '1'ABLB8 51 TABLE 3 Awareness of Untouchabmty Olrences Act No. of No. of No. of No. of persons (heads of house- honae- households households holds) aware of Prohibition of Remarks holds interviewed not interviewed untouchability under Law 1 2 3 4 15 6 HINDU Brahmins 61 48 13 48 Lingayat 3 3 3 Vokkaliga 57 '7 50 7 Madivala 5 1 4 1 Devanga 14 4 10 4 Ediga 5 3 2 3 Gangamatha 13 6 7 6 Ganiga 15 4 11 4, Uppara 1 1 1 ;Nayanabhatriya 4 1 3 Majari 1 1 1 Vykan&B8 2 1 1 1 1rIaratha 1 1 1 Banajiga 1 1 Banjara 2 1 1 1 Vilnrakarma 8 2 6 2 Adi-kamataka 80 2 78 I 1dUSLIMS Patan 5 4 1 4 Labbe 1 1 1 Shaik 4 4 4 Sunny 18 1 17 1 TABLE 4 Contravention of l'tIarrlage Rules Frequencies of each type of contravention Caste(Tribe No. of marriages in contravention of Type I Type II .Type m Type IV Type V Type VI Caste (Tribal Rules 1 2 3 4 15 6 7 8 .AU IlQuseholds in the village were interviewed -nil- 8 58 30RU1l' TABLE 4-A Permissibility ollntercaste Marriage No. of persons who consider it is permissible to form marital ties with Caste/Tribe Number of pel"llOns Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Remarkll interviewed I II III IV Name - Name , Name Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The heads of all the 301 H01lB6holds in the village were interviewed. Intercaste marriages are not permitted among .my of the bastes in the village. TABLE 5 Awareness of changes In HIndu Laws of Succession and AdoptloD" - Number of Number of Number of Numbe~ aware Number aware Households persons pel"llOns that there have that there have Cute/Tribe/Community heads of households not interviewed ·been changes been changes interviewed . in Ilindu in Hindu Succession Act. Adoption Act 1 2 3 4 5 6 HINDU Brahmins 61 43 18 43 42 Lingayat 3 2 1 2 2 Vokkaliga 57 4 63 2 4: Madiva.la 5 5 Devanga 14 3 11 3 3 Ediga 5 1 4 1 Gangamatha 13 1 12 1 1 Ganiga. • 15 2 13 2 2 Uppara 1 ',' 1 Nayanakllhatriya 4 4: ... Majari 1 1 Vykanasa. 2 2 Banjara 1 1 1 1 Marathi 1 1 Banajiga 2 1 1 1 1 Viswakarma 8 3 5 1 2 Adi-Karnatska 80 80 JlUSLlMS Patan 6 6 Labbe 1 1 Shaik 4: 4: Sunny 18 18 'TABI;EI! 5~ TABLE 5-A Inheritance of Property 81 In Practice Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entitled to inherit property in their respective caste/tribe No. of Caste/Tribel persom Son De.ughter Wife Mother Brother Brother'. Son Sister's Son Others Community interviewed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .HINDU Brahmins 61 67 1 3 Lingaye.t 3 3 Vokkalige. 57 60 1 1 6 ~ 6 5 Devange. 14 13· 1 Ediga 6 6 Gangamatha • 13 13 Ganige. III 15 Uppara. 1 1 Naye.nakshe.triye. 4 4, Me.je.ri 1 1 Vyke.na.se. 2 2 Banje.re. 1 1 Mare.thi 1 1 :Banajige. 2 2 Viaw&ke.rme. 8 7 1 Adi·ke.rnate.ke. 80 79 1 :MUSLIMS Pe.te.n 6 II Labbe 1 1 She.ik 4 ·4 Sunny 18 14 2 2 60, GORUa TABLE 5-B Share 01 Property for ~erent categories of reJatlves-Sons Number indicating that eons inheJit property in the following manner Caste/Tribe/ No. of All eons gets Daughters Only wife Larger ehare If' there are children Ani other Community persons equal share gets equal . inherits is giveA to youngest by more than one manner interviewed share eon other wife, property first eons inherit divided per stripe equally among eons of different wives, and then per capita among eons of the same wife 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 HINDU Brahmins 61 57 1 3 Lingayat 3 3 Vokbliga 57 50 1 1 5 Madivala li li Devanga 14 13 1 Ediga 5 5 Gangamatha 13 13 Ganiga 15 15 • i Uppara 1 1 NayanskUatriya • , 4. Majari 1 1 Vykanssa 2 2 Banjara 1 1 Marathi 1 Banajiga 2 2 Viswakarma 8 7 1 Adi-kamat&b 80 79 1 lIUSLDIS Pa~ 5 5 Labbe 1 1 Shaik , , Sunny 18 14 2 2 - '1'ABLEB 61 TABLE 6 Reciprocal Aid In AgrlcultQral Practices No. of houaeholds that take No. of households that &88iet No. of ho~holds practising help of neighbourera at the neighbours and receive help at Ca&teJT~i'ooJCommunity agriciulture time of lOWing or harvesting the time of cultivation in the shape of manual labour 1 2 3 4 HINDU Brahmins 36 Vokhliga 42 Devanga '1 Gangamatha 3 Ganiga 3 1 1 Ediga 2 Nayanakshatriya 3 3 3 Adi-kamataka 31 1 1 MUSLIMS Paun 2 Sunny 8 riw 187 10 10 62 aORua ...... ...... 00...... .., o ...... ~ ... ....00 o ~ .... ""...... , ...... 10 co' o ~...... ~ ... ""...... IQ ..,o ...... 00 ...."" ....00 ...... 00 ..,...... ...~ ...... co ....o ...... "" ...... 00 .. 10 C':) .... o aD o co 'A ...... ~:xl '3o 0. 8Z ....10 .... . 0] ... co o:xl Z ... 'l'ABLlIlS 63 3. o 0 E- -;;.., 0. j ~Z o -...00 ...... o C'l 00 CQ ... o C'l I ...... 00 ...... I.s 10 ...... CQ ...... ....o .... >0 ...... I 64 .GORUR, TABLE 8 Village Industries-Products No. of Rice No. of Tailoring No. of Gold No. of Carpe- No. of Carpe- No. of Oil Gana No.of Soda No. of Beedi- Castes Hhs. Mill Hhs. Hhs. Smithy Hhs. ntry Hhs. entry Hhs. Hhs. Factory Hhs. Making Black- smithy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 HINDUS Brahmins. 1 Service Marathi . 1 Stitching clothes Viswakarma. 3 Jewels 2 Furni- 2 Carts and .. ture Iron Implements Devanga. . 3 Stitching clothes Ganiga. 8 Oil 1 Sooa (aerated water) MUSLIMS Sunny 1 Stitching 6 Beedies clothes TABLE 9 Land Reclamation and Development No. of Households benifited Brief description of Land Community by the Land Reclamation and Reclamation and Development Development Brahmins 1 Mud has been spread over the fields; chemical manure applied to the land 'TABLES 65 TABLE 10 Co-operative Societies Large sized Large Scale Gornr Society Hassan Co- Co-operative Community L. S. C. S. Co-operative Credit Co-op. operat.ive Society Credit Society Societies Societies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HINDUS Brahmilh! • 23 6 1 Vokkaliga 30 1 1 Devanga 3 1 Ediga 1 Oangamath", 3 1 1 Ganiga 1 1 Nayanakshatriya • 2 Banajiga. -' 1 Adi-karna.taka 10 -; lrfUSLIMS Sunny 1 Total 78 10 1 1 1 9 66 GORUR TABLE 11 Habit of taking Sugar as correlated to income No. of households taking sugar with No. of households not taking sugar with monthly income of monthly inoome of Caete/Tribe/Comlllunity Above Re. 101 Rs. 76 Rs. 51 Rs. 26 Re.25 Above Re.l01 Rs.76 Rs. 51 Rs.26 Rs.25 Rs. 150 to 150 to 100 to 75 to 50 orl_ Re.I50 to 150 to 100 to 75 to 50 or less 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HINDQ Brahm.ins 2 .. 5 1 41 10 · • 2 Lingayat 1 1 1· ... Vokkaliga 17 14 S 2 2 " 14. Madiv~la 1 2 2 '" .' y- Devan_ga .: 6 3 2. 2 1 Edig!l. 2 1· 1 1 Gan&~ma.tha. 1 5· 4 3 Ganig~ .: .. 1 2. 6 5 Uppara 1 ., Nay~naksha.triya .l .. 3 · < Majari_ 1 • Vykanasa 1 1 Maratha 1 Banjara 1 Banajiga 1 Viswakarma 4 3 1 Adi-karnataka 15 20 31 14 MUSLIM Patan 1 2 1 Labbe 1 Shaik 1 3 1 Sunny 7 3 2 3 3 "fABLES 67 TABLE ll-A Habit of taking Te~/CotIee as correlated to income No. of taking tea/coffee with monthly No. of households not taking tea/coffee with monthly households income of income of Caste/Tribe/Community Above Rs.101- Rs.76- Rs51- Re.26- Rs.25 Above Re.101- Re. 76- Re. 51- Rs. 26- Rs. 25 Re.150 150 100 75 50 or less Rs.150 150 100 75 50 or leBB 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HINDU Bl:2.h.mins 43 9 3 1 1 1 " 1 Lingayat 1 1 1 Vokkaliga 15 6 6 4 1 2 8 8 4 2 1 Madivala 1 2 2 Devanga 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 Ediga 1 1 1 1 1 Gangamatha 1 1 1 4 3 3 Ganiga 1 1 2 6 5 Uppara 1 Nayanakshatriya 3 1 Majari 1 Vykanasa 1 1 Maratha 1 Banjara 1 Banajiga 1 1 Viswakarma 4 3 1 Adi-karnataka 1 15 19 31 14 MUSLIM Patan 1 2 1 Labbe 1 Shaik 1 1 3 Bunny 6 2 2 1 2 1 1 , , 2 1 68 GORUlt. TABLE 12 Material Culture-Possession of furniture No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community Bed Chest Chair Table Mirror Bench Stool Desk Shelf Sofa Easy Cot Matl-ess Alaram stead drawer chair Clock 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 :unmU- Brahmins 1 1 40 40 11 2 1 :. 24 Lingayat 2 1 1 1 1 1 Vokkaliga. 12 4 3 Madivala 2 3 1 1 Devanga 4 2 1 Ediga 1 2 1 1 1 1 Gangamatha Ganiga 1 2 1 Uppara 1 1 Nayanakshatriya 1 1 1 Majari 1 1 ;. Vykanasllo 1 1 Banjara 1 1 Maratha 1 1 1 Banajiga 1 1 1 Viswakaf1lla 1 Adi_karnataka 1 1 MUSLIMS- Patan Labbe 1 1 Shaik 1 Sunny 6 1 3 1 4 1 '{ABLES 69 TABLE 12-A Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Good No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community Hurri. Petromux Battery Kerosene Bicycle Radio Watch Clock Iron cane or Hazak torch stove set Box Lantern light 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HINDU- Brahmins 1 1 7 11 10 18 31 15 Lingayat 1 - 2 1 1 3 .. Vokkaliga 3 11 4 1 3 .2 Madivala 1 1 1 Devanga 1 2 3 3 3 Ediga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gangamatha 6 '. Ganiga 3 1 1 Uppara 1 1 N a.yanakshatriya 1 i. Majari 1 Vykanasa Banjara 1 Marathi 1 1 Banajiga 1 Viawakarma. 1 2 2 Adi-karnata.ka. 2 1 MUSLIMS Patan .2 1 1 Labbe 1 1 1 1 1 Shaik 2 2 2 1 Sunny 1 1 1 1 1 0'0 GOa"uR TABLE Material Culture No. of households that use mosquito No. of households that do not use No. of households that use toilet curtain having monthly income of mosquito curtain having monthly soap/washing soap having monthly Caste/Tribe/ income of income of Community Rs.150- Rs.I01- Rs.51- Rs.50 Rs.150- Rs.lOl- Rs.51- Rs.50- Rs.I50- Rs.IOI- Rs.51- Rs.50 and 150 100 or and 150 100 or and 150 100 or above less above less above less 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BlNPU Brahmin 16 2 27 8 ,,7 1 40 9 1 1 Lingayat 1 1 ,.1 1 1 1 Vokkaliga. 1 16 14 22 4 1 2 3 Madivala 1 2 2 Devanga 6 3 4: 1 4 2 1 Ediga 2 2 1 Gangamatha 1 <.9 3 Ganiga 1 1 <.8 J.i 1 1 Uppara 1 CQ·· 1 Nayanakshatriya 3 1 Majari 1 1 Vykanasa 1 1 1 1 Maratha 1 1 Banjara 1 Banajiga 1 1 1 Viswakarma 4 3 1 3 2 Adi-karnataka • 15 51 14 1 MUSLIM Patsn 3 1 ... Labbe <,. 1 .. . Shaik 1 4 ... Sunny 1 6 3 5 3 2 2 Total 20 2 61 54 122 42 51 18 9 7 ".l'A BLE'S 71 12-B Habits No. of hOllllseholds that do not use No. of households that send clothes No. of households that do not send toilet/washing soap having monthly to washerman having monthly clothes to washerman having monthly income of income of income of Caste/Tribe Rs.150 Rs. 101 Rs.51 Rs.50 Rs. 150 Rs. 101- Rs.51- Rs.50 Rs.150 Rs. 101- Rs. 51- Rs.50 Community and above 150 100 or less and above 150 100 or less and above 150 100 or less 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 HINDU 3 1 6 4 3 1 ·39 7 7 Brahmin 1 1 1 Lingayat 16 14 20 1 'i7 14 22 4 Vokkaliga ' , 0' 1 2 2 1 2 2 Madivala ,. 2 4 6 3 4 1 Devanga 2 2 1 2 2 1 Ediga 1 9 3 1 9 3 Gangamatha 8 5 1 1 8 5 Ganiga 1 Uppara 0' 3 1 3 i Nayanakshatriya .' -' i Majari 1 i Vykanasa "1 Maratha 1 i Banjara 1 1 1 Banajiga I' 1 4 3 i Viswakarma 15 50 14 15 5i 14 Adi-kamataka MUSLIM 3' 1 3 1 Patan l' 1 Labbe 1 4 1 4 Shaik 5 :r 5 . 1 7 3 5 3 Sunny 30 38 113 35 6 3 1 75 53 122 41 Total 72 TABLE 13 House Type-Roof No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Hha. HhB. with HhB. with HhB. with HhB. with Hhs. with Hhs. with Hhs. with HhB. with Caste/Tribe/Community Mud Roof KC.C. Roof Thatched Bamboo Tile Roof Tin Roof Wooden Straw/grasa Roof Roof Roof C.T. M.T. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 HINDU Brahmin 61 1 43 15 2 Lingaya.t 3 3 Vokkaliga 57 1 1 52 3 MadivaJa 5, 5 Devanga 14 13 1 Ediga 5 4 1 Gangamatha. 13 12 1 Ganiga 15 14 1 Uppara 1 1 NayanakBhatriya 4 4 Majari 1 1 Vykanasa 2 2 Maratha 1 1 Banjara 1 1 .:Bana-jiga 2 2 Viswakarma 8 8 Adi·karnataka 80 2 1 1 48 25 a MUSLIM Pathan 5 1 4 Labbe 1 1 Shaik 4 4 Snnny 18 17 1 Toial 801 8 8 2 1 28849 2 8 "TABLES ;3 TABLE 13-A House Type-Wall Number of Households with Bamboo Mud plas- Wall of Wall of Reed Mud plas- Wooden Brick Straw Leaf Stone Other No. Mud wattled tered twigs & twigs & wall tered wall wall gran wall wall Types Caste/Tribe/ Hhs. wall wall Bamboo branches branches Reed wall wall of wall Community wattled plastered wall with mud 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14, 15 HINDU Brahmin 61 48 13 Lingayat 3 3 Vokkaliga 57 55 2 Madivala 5 5 Devanga 14 13 1 Ediga 5 4, 1 Gangamatha . 13 13 Ganiga 15 15 N ayanakshatriya 4, 4, Majari I Vykanasa. 2 2 Banjara I 1 Adi-kamata.ka. 80 79 1 Banajiga 2 2 Viswakarma . 8 8 MUSLIM Patan IS 5 Labbe 1 1 Shaik , , Sunny 18 18 Total 299 280 .. 19 10 '74 APPENDIX Extracts from "Archavatara Vilasa" a prose work in Kannada (dated 181M A. 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