DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of Exomorphic Characters of Some Indian Species of Cassia Occuring in and Around Kolkata, West Bengal with an Overview on Cytotaxonomy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of Exomorphic Characters of Some Indian Species of Cassia Occuring in and Around Kolkata, West Bengal with an Overview on Cytotaxonomy IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 2, February 2015. www.ijiset.com ISSN 2348 – 7968 Evaluation of exomorphic characters of some Indian species of Cassia occuring in and around kolkata, west bengal with an overview on cytotaxonomy. Sanghamitra Sanyal* *UG and PG Department of Botany, Bethune College, affiliated to University of Calcutta, 181, Bidhan Sarani, Kolkatta- 700 006, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT: The genus Cassia exhibits a great deal of diversity and is taxonomically complex; there has been considerable divergence of opinion concerning the delimitation and taxonomic status of this group of plant. In the present study, morphological characters of the taxa has been used for the construction of keys for the easy identification and the Cytological features of the genus Cassia were also reviewed. Key words: Cytotaxonomy, Cassia, Chromosome number, Cytological features. INTRODUCTION:- Cassia L. is one of the twenty-five largest genera of dicotyledonous plants in the world (Acharya Laxmikanta and Chandra Panda Pratap).The taxa have expanded greatly from the Miocene onwards and the versatility of the taxa enhances their great economic importance which is increasing as human pressure demands more effective use of marginal lands. In the long term a much wider and more subtle use of immense natural variation may be harnessed to fix nitrogen, conserve soil, provide timber, fuel, pesticides and amenity value, as well as more carbohydrate , proteins and oils. Besides their immense floricultural values, these find effective utilization in indigenous systems of medicine. The species under this taxon have wide variability in habit ranging from tree to delicate annual herbs. Despite several studies by taxonomists, either on the whole family Caesalpiniaceae in restricted area of certain genera throughout the world there is still great deal of taxonomic work to be done at the level of genus and tribe. The plants of Cassia L. are used as fodder, purgatives, timber and medicine (Tomlinson, 1981; Tiwari, 1983). The genus Cassia of the family Leguminosae represents one of the largest and more diverse group of flowering plants including herbs to trees that are well-known for their beauty and utility. The genus Cassia exhibits a great deal of diversity and is taxonomically complex; there has been considerable divergence of opinion concerning the delimitation and taxonomic status of this group of plants. The taxonomy and nomenclature of Cassia L. species are quite complex and intriguing. Bentham(1871) divided the genus Cassia into three genera and nine sections. Britton and Rose(1930) splitted the genus Cassia into twenty-eight genera. Recently Irwin and Barneby(1982) splitted the genus Cassia L. into three subgenera; Cassia L., Senna Mill and Chamaecrista Moench. Irwin and Baneby(1981-1982) realizing diversity and complexity and proposed an improved classification proposing new delimitation based on persistent suit of characters. They have raised the genus Cassia L. to the levels of subtribe (Cassiinae) and raised the subgenera Senna Mill. and C. Moench to genetic level. Structural changes in DNA, that is, translocation, deletion, inversion mutation have been able to change the genomic constitution of species. In decades, these changes in the genome of species, separate the particular species from their ancestors. To assess these 414 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 2, February 2015. www.ijiset.com ISSN 2348 – 7968 changes, parameters based on morphological characters are not sufficient. Now it is possible to single out differences on the basis of molecular markers, which is authentic and less affected by environmental factors. Hence characterization of species at the genetic level supplemented efficient conservation, maintenance and utilization of the existing genetic diversity The genus Cassia constitutes taxonomically complex group of plants. There is great potential for Cassia utilization as a dietary supplement or as a protein bank and this explains the interest of other group in this genus. There is still a gap in the cytogenetic data of this genus since most of the available information is restricted to chromosome counts of the species. The main reasons for this scarcity of information include small chromosome size and heavy cytoplasmic contents, which makes chromosome counting difficult, and lack of a defined taxonomy, until recently REVIEW OF LITERATURE: It is remarkable to mention that the family Caesalpiniaceae has attracted an array of workers from various disciplines e.g. anatomy (Tripathy and Mondal,2012; Kanak Sahai,2001);Ramadan and Ibrahim,2013)), molecular (Tripathi and Goswami,2011) palynology (Aftab and Parveen,2006; Mohammad Quadeer Butt,1989); phytochemical (Shailesh M. Kewatkar,2012), pharmacological (Sumi S. and Oommen P.Saj; Mohammed and Aboki et al,2012). It is thus evident from perusal of above literature that no work has been done on statistical analysis of some morphological characters of some members of the family of Caesalpiniaceae. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present investigation the following species of taxa were taken: 1. Cassia fistula L. 2. Cassia glauca Lam. 3. Cassia javanica L. 4. Cassia occidentalis L. 5.Cassia siamea Lamk. 6.Cassia sophera L. Various localities were exposed for collection of plant materials during the course of investigation. For collection of specimens and respective field data, several attempts were made in different seasons of each year. In each collection trip, assistance of local people was sought. During the field trip, 3 to 5 samples of each species were taken. The place of collection of plants were carefully marked in such a manner that these could be easily spotted out during flowering and fruiting time. 415 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 2, February 2015. www.ijiset.com ISSN 2348 – 7968 After collection, these specimens were pressed, preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets following the standard and modern herbarium techniques (Jain and Rao,1977). For identification purpose, collected specimens were matched with the specimens at the Central National Herbarium(CAL) and the Calcutta University Herbarium(CUH). During floristic survey fruits and or seeds were procured from different taxa as and when became available. After harvesting, fruits and or seeds were air-dried at room temperature for 2-3 weeks. The clean seeds were kept in glass vials with proper labelling for study. Seeds for each taxa were air-dried for 2 weeks and weighed individually using an electronic balance. The plant parts were figured, characterized from fresh specimens immediately after collection and subsequently scanned from dry specimens. Colour photographs were taken for each specimen. In this case close-up views were taken mostly with scale. Out of the collections, a comprehensive list of species was prepared. Then search of relevant literature including recent ones for determining correct names of taxa was followed. In the systematic enumeration of the taxa, the arrangement of species were considered in an alphabetical order for the sake of convenience. For morphological diagonoses, the characters of stem, leaf, stipules, bracts, nectaries, stamen, anther, ovary, style, stigma, fruit and seed were taken into consideration. In mentioning the locality under “specimen examined”, the collector’s name, field number and name of the sector were used. Out of the several specimens examined, only few have been cited. Detailed artificial keys for the species were developed as in floristic studies for the identification of investigated taxa using diagnostic morphological characters(Table.1). In preparing these keys, important distinguishing features and also some additional characters were used to ensure the identity of a taxon. After describing the plants, the traits were coded as binary alternatives. Diagnostic characters were scored for cluster analysis and phenogram was prepared using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group method for Arithmetic Average) method with the assistance of STATISTICA program (StatSoft, 1995). With regards to cytological data on the investigated taxa, all works are based on review work. DIAGONOSES OF PLANTS Cassia fistula L, Sp, Pl.377.1753; Baker in Hook.f , Fl. Brit. India 2:261.1878; Prain, Bengal Pl.1:427.1903;Haines, Bot. Bihar and Orissa pt.3:302.1922. Local name- Sundaraj, Amaltas It is a moderate sized deciduous tree, perennial, erect around 15-20 m tall. Stem-It is 12-15 ft in girth, brownish grey in colour. Leaf -Pinnately compound, paripinnate, about 6.5-12.5 cm long and 5.5-6.5 cm wide, stipulate, stipules deltoid, acute 1-2mm long, caduceus; leaflets 6 pairs, oppositely arranged; margin entire;lamina ovate; basal leaves are smaller and wide ovate while upper leaves are larger and ovate;Base and apex acute;primary vein 1,secondary veins 12-24 pairs per leaflet, mostly alternate, more prominent on abaxial surface. Inflorescence-Racemose corymb;Flower-Zygomorphic, bracteates, pentamerous and complete; pedicel green, sparcely pubescent, 6cm long.Sepals pubescent, greenish-yellow, 416 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 2, February 2015. www.ijiset.com ISSN 2348 – 7968 connate at the base, pentamerous, ovate, 0.4-1.2 cm long and 0.3-0.6 cm wide; petals brilliant-yellow, 2.1cm long, pentamerous, elliptic, obovate, distinctly veined. Androecium-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cassia Fistula (Golden Shower): a Multipurpose Ornamental Tree
    Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology ©2007 Global Science Books Cassia fistula (Golden Shower): A Multipurpose Ornamental Tree Muhammad Asif Hanif1,2 • Haq Nawaz Bhatti1* • Raziya Nadeem1 • Khalid Mahmood Zia1 • Muhammad Asif Ali2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad - 38040, Pakistan 2 Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad - 38040, Pakistan Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT Cassia fistula Linn is a multipurpose, ornamental, fast growing, medium sized, deciduous tree that is now widely cultivated world wide for its beautiful showy yellow fluorescent flowers. This paper reviews the phenolic antioxidants, metal sorption, medicinal and free radical propensities of plant parts and cell culture extracts. This paper also appraises antimicrobial activities and commercial significance of C. fistula parts. The main objectives of present review study are to: (1) critically evaluate the published scientific research on C. fistula, (2) highlight claims from traditional, tribal and advanced medicinal lore to suggest directions for future clinical research and commercial importance that could be carried out by local investigators in developing regions. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: antioxidant, medicinal plant, water treatment CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of the Stem-Leaf Transitional Zone in Some Species of Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae)
    Turk J Bot 31 (2007) 297-310 © TÜB‹TAK Research Article Characteristics of the Stem-Leaf Transitional Zone in Some Species of Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) Abdel Samai Moustafa SHAHEEN Botany Department, Aswan Faculty of Science, South Valley University - EGYPT Received: 14.02.2006 Accepted: 15.02.2007 Abstract: The vascular supply of the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the petiole were studied in 11 caesalpinioid species with the aim of documenting any changes in vascular anatomy that occurred within and between the petioles. The characters that proved to be taxonomically useful include vascular trace shape, pericyclic fibre forms, number of abaxial and adaxial vascular bundles, number and relative position of secondary vascular bundles, accessory vascular bundle status, the tendency of abaxial vascular bundles to divide, distribution of sclerenchyma, distribution of cluster crystals, and type of petiole trichomes. There is variation between studied species in the number of abaxial, adaxial, and secondary bundles, as seen in transection of the petiole. There are also differences between leaf trace structure of the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the petioles within each examined species. Senna italica Mill. and Bauhinia variegata L. show an abnormality in their leaf trace structure, having accessory bundles (concentric bundles) in the core of the trace. This study supports the moving of Ceratonia L. from the tribe Cassieae to the tribe Detarieae. Most of the characters give valuable taxonomic evidence reliable for delimiting the species investigated (especially between Cassia L. and Senna (Cav.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby) at the generic and specific levels, as well as their phylogenetic relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Senna Obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby
    Crop Protection Compendium - Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby Updated by Pierre Binggeli 2005 NAMES AND TAXONOMY Preferred scientific name Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby Taxonomic position Other scientific names Domain: Eukaryota Cassia obtusifolia L. Kingdom: Viridiplantae Cassia tora var. obtusifolia (L.) Haines Phylum: Spermatophyta Emelista tora (L.) Britton & Rosa Subphylum: Angiospermae Cassia tora L. Class: Dicotyledonae Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Order: Myrtales Family: Fabaceae BAYER code Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae CASOB (Cassia obtusifolia) Common names English: bicho Mauritius: sicklepod chilinchil cassepuante Cuba: herbe pistache Australia: guanina Pacific Islands: Java bean Dominican Republic: peanut weed Bolivia: brusca cimarrona Paraguay: aya-poroto brusca hembra taperva moroti mamuri El Salvador: taperva Brazil: comida de murcielago taperva sayju fedegoso frijolillo Puerto Rico: fedegoso-branco Guatemala: dormidera mata pasto ejote de invierno Venezuela: matapasto liso ejotil chiquichique Colombia: Madagascar: bichomacho voamahatsara Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature Many recent floras use the new nomenclature which puts many former Cassia spp. including C. obtusifolia and C. tora, into the genus Senna, and the new classification of Irwin and Barneby (1982) is used here. However, where acknowledging these two species as separate (following Irwin and Barneby 1982), in terms of their agronomic importance and control, there is probably little difference between S. obtusifolia and S. tora, and both are included together for the purpose of this datasheet. Thus, whereas S. tora (and C. tora) are included here as non-preferred scientific names, they are not strictly synonyms. Binggeli updated 2005 Crop Protection Compendium - Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby 1 There has been much debate on the classification of S. obtusifolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Senna – a Medical Miracle Plant
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year: 2013, Volume: 1, Issue: 3 First page: (41) Last page: (47) ISSN: 2320-3862 Online Available at www.plantsjournal.com Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Senna – A Medical Miracle Plant D. Balasankar1, K. Vanilarasu2, P. Selva Preetha, S.Rajeswari M.Umadevi3, Debjit Bhowmik4 1. Department of Vegetable Crops, India 2. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, India 3. Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 4. Karpagam University,Coimbatore, India [E-mail: [email protected]] Senna is a small, perennial, branched under-shrub. It is cultivated traditionally over 10,000ha in semi-arid lands. Since its leaves and pods are common laxatives, they are widely used in medicine and as a household remedy for constipation all over the world. India is the main producer and exporter of senna leaves, pods and sennosides concentrate to world market. Basically, the senna leaves that are used for medication are dried leaflets belonging to species of Cassia. For ages, senna has been used as a potent cathartic or purgative. Several scientists and researchers are of the view that the senna possesses this property owing to the apparent presence of elements and compounds such as dianthrone glycosides (1.5 to 2 per cent), main sennosides A and B along with minor quantities of sennosides C and D and other intimately associated amalgams. Besides being a laxative, senna is used as a febrifuge, in splenic enlargements, anaemia, typhoid, cholera, biliousness, jaundice, gout, rheumatism, tumours, foul breath and bronchitis, and probably in leprosy. It is employed in the treatment of amoebic dysentery as an anthelmintic and as a mild liver stimulant.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Senna Obtusifolia (L.) Invasion on Herbaceous Vegetation and Soil Properties of Rangelands in the Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Maru G
    Gebrekiros and Tessema Ecological Processes (2018) 7:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0121-0 RESEARCH Open Access Effect of Senna obtusifolia (L.) invasion on herbaceous vegetation and soil properties of rangelands in the western Tigray, northern Ethiopia Maru G. Gebrekiros1 and Zewdu K. Tessema2* Abstract Introduction: Invasion of exotic plant species is a well-known threat to native ecosystems since it directly affects native plant communities by altering their composition and diversity. Moreover, exotic plant species displace native species through competition, changes in ecosystem processes, or allelopathic effects. Senna obtusifolia (L.) invasion has affected the growth and productivity of herbaceous vegetation in semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Here, we investigated the species composition, species diversity, aboveground biomass, and basal cover of herbaceous vegetation, as well as soil properties of rangelands along three S. obtusifolia invasion levels. Methods: Herbaceous vegetation and soil properties were studied at two locations, Kafta Humera and Tsegede districts, in the western Tigray region of northern Ethiopia under three levels of S. obtusifolia invasion, i.e., non-invaded, lightly invaded, and heavily invaded. Herbaceous plant species composition and their abundance were assessed using a1-m2 quadrat during the flowering stage of most herbaceous species from mid-August to September 2015. Native species were classified into different functional groups and palatability classes, which can be useful in understanding mechanisms underlying the differential responses of native plants to invasion. The percentage of basal cover for S. obtusifolia and native species and that of bare ground were estimated in each quadrat. Similar to sampling of the herbaceous species, soil samples at a depth of 0–20 cm were taken for analyzing soil physical and chemical properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Cassia Grandis Fabaceae
    Cassia grandis L.f. Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae pink shower, carao LOCAL NAMES English (coral shower,apple blossom cassia,pink shower,liquorice tree,horse cassia); French (bâton casse,casse du Brésil); Lao (Sino- Tibetan) (may khoum); Malay (kotek mamak); Spanish (sandal,carao,carámano,cañafistula,cañadonga); Thai (kanpaphruek (Bangkok)); Trade name (pink shower,carao); Vietnamese ([oo] m[oo]I) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Cassia grandis is a medium-sized tree, up to 20(-30) m tall, semi- deciduous, young branches and inflorescence covered with rusty lanate indumentum. Leaves with 10-20 pairs of leaflets, petiole 2-3 cm long, lanate, leaflets subsessile, elliptical-oblong, 3-5 cm x 1-2 cm, subcoriaceous, rounded at both ends. Inflorescence a lateral raceme, 10-20 cm long, 20-40-flowered; flowers with sepals 5-8 mm long, petals initially red, fading to pink and later orange, the median one red with a yellow patch, stamens 10 with hirsute anthers, 3 long ones with filaments up to 30 mm and anthers 2-3 mm long, 5 short ones with filaments 7-9 mm and anthers 1-1.5 mm long, 2 reduced ones with filaments about 2 mm long. Fruit pendent, compressed, 20-40(-60) cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter, blackish, glabrous, woody, rugose; seeds 20-40 per pod, surrounded by sweetish pulp. The roots of C. fistula and C. javanica lack nodulating ability, but for C. grandis this is not clear. BIOLOGY It is reported evergreen in Java and deciduous in northern Malaysia and Indo-China, where the leaves fall at the beginning of the dry season.
    [Show full text]
  • Laxative, Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Cassia Siamea Lam (Fabaceae) Leaves Aqueous Extract
    IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 13, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. – Feb. 2018), PP 06-15 www.iosrjournals.org Laxative, Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Cassia Siamea Lam (Fabaceae) Leaves Aqueous Extract Nsonde Ntandou G.F 1 , Etou Ossibi A.W. 2, Elion Itou R.D.G.3, Boumba S.L. 12, Ouamba J.M. c, Abena A. A.12 1Laboratoire de Biochimie et Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, B.P. 69, Congo 2Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie Animales, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, BP 69, Congo 2Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, B.P. 69, Congo Corresponding Author: Nsonde Ntandou G.F Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate laxative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extract of C. siamea leaves to contribute to the development of an improved traditional phytomedicine based on this plant. Material and Methods: At doses of 400 and 800 mg / kg administered orally, the aqueous extract of Cassia siamea (Fabaceae) leaves was evaluated in rats. Results: in normal and constipated rats the aqueous extract of the leaves of Cassia siamea significantly decreases, the latency of the first fecal excretion (*** p <0.001) and significantly increased the fecal excretion rate (** * p <0.001), and the total amount of excreted feces (*** p <0.001 and * p <0.05). This extract, also, showed interesting activity against acute inflammation of the paw edema induced by carrageenan, very significant after 1:00 (*** p <0.001), and against chronic inflammation of the granuloma cotton pellet (***p <0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 ENUMERATION
    Chapter 6 ENUMERATION . ENUMERATION The spermatophytic plants with their accepted names as per The Plant List [http://www.theplantlist.org/ ], through proper taxonomic treatments of recorded species and infra-specific taxa, collected from Gorumara National Park has been arranged in compliance with the presently accepted APG-III (Chase & Reveal, 2009) system of classification. Further, for better convenience the presentation of each species in the enumeration the genera and species under the families are arranged in alphabetical order. In case of Gymnosperms, four families with their genera and species also arranged in alphabetical order. The following sequence of enumeration is taken into consideration while enumerating each identified plants. (a) Accepted name, (b) Basionym if any, (c) Synonyms if any, (d) Homonym if any, (e) Vernacular name if any, (f) Description, (g) Flowering and fruiting periods, (h) Specimen cited, (i) Local distribution, and (j) General distribution. Each individual taxon is being treated here with the protologue at first along with the author citation and then referring the available important references for overall and/or adjacent floras and taxonomic treatments. Mentioned below is the list of important books, selected scientific journals, papers, newsletters and periodicals those have been referred during the citation of references. Chronicles of literature of reference: Names of the important books referred: Beng. Pl. : Bengal Plants En. Fl .Pl. Nepal : An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Fasc.Fl.India : Fascicles of Flora of India Fl.Brit.India : The Flora of British India Fl.Bhutan : Flora of Bhutan Fl.E.Him. : Flora of Eastern Himalaya Fl.India : Flora of India Fl Indi.
    [Show full text]
  • South West Queensland QLD Page 1 of 89 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region South West Queensland, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Interfamilial Relationships and Patterns of floral Evolution in the Eudicot Order Fabales
    Cladistics Cladistics 1 (2012) 1–29 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00392.x Combined phylogenetic analyses reveal interfamilial relationships and patterns of floral evolution in the eudicot order Fabales M. Ange´ lica Belloa,b,c,*, Paula J. Rudallb and Julie A. Hawkinsa aSchool of Biological Sciences, Lyle Tower, the University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6BX, UK; bJodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; cReal Jardı´n Bota´nico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, CP 28014 Madrid, Spain Accepted 5 January 2012 Abstract Relationships between the four families placed in the angiosperm order Fabales (Leguminosae, Polygalaceae, Quillajaceae, Surianaceae) were hitherto poorly resolved. We combine published molecular data for the chloroplast regions matK and rbcL with 66 morphological characters surveyed for 73 ingroup and two outgroup species, and use Parsimony and Bayesian approaches to explore matrices with different missing data. All combined analyses using Parsimony recovered the topology Polygalaceae (Leguminosae (Quillajaceae + Surianaceae)). Bayesian analyses with matched morphological and molecular sampling recover the same topology, but analyses based on other data recover a different Bayesian topology: ((Polygalaceae + Leguminosae) (Quillajaceae + Surianaceae)). We explore the evolution of floral characters in the context of the more consistent topology: Polygalaceae (Leguminosae (Quillajaceae + Surianaceae)). This reveals synapomorphies for (Leguminosae (Quillajaceae + Suri- anaceae)) as the presence of free filaments and marginal ⁄ ventral placentation, for (Quillajaceae + Surianaceae) as pentamery and apocarpy, and for Leguminosae the presence of an abaxial median sepal and unicarpellate gynoecium. An octamerous androecium is synapomorphic for Polygalaceae. The development of papilionate flowers, and the evolutionary context in which these phenotypes appeared in Leguminosae and Polygalaceae, shows that the morphologies are convergent rather than synapomorphic within Fabales.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Trees of Bangalore by S. Karthikeyan
    FLOWERING TREES OF BANGALORE S.Karthikeyan Email : [email protected] Website : www.wildwanderer.com 1 FFFLOWERING TTTREES Bangalore’s charm as a Garden City may have diminished. However, some of the trees that perhaps earned its name are still to be seen and cherished. For those of us who would want to simply immerse ourselves in that moment appreciating the beauty of each of these flowering trees that dot Bangalore it really does not matter …we will continue to do so. For those who would want to have more information about these trees, I have tried to put together some, along with pictures for 56 species that are often seen. This includes similar / related species that are dealt under a main species. Hope you find it useful. Note : • Flowering seasons mentioned in the following pages are from available literature. Onset of flowering is, however, subject to prevailing environmental conditions and location. • All vernacular names mentioned are Kannada names. 2 AAACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This compilation is a result of several years of observation, reading books on the topic, and interacting with experts and other like-minded people. The effort started with a series of postings on bngbirds as and when I observed a species in bloom. In the process about two dozen species were covered. Due to popular request from several subscribers to bngbirds this series was repeated with some additions. And recently the same content was suitably edited and posted on www.wildwanderer.com . Here again, it met with an overwhelming response. This prompted and encouraged me to add some more species taking the total to over 50 species.
    [Show full text]
  • Palm Beach County Preferred Plant Species List
    Preferred Species List The Palm Beach County Zoning Division has prepared the following list of plants to assist industry and the public with selecting the right plants for the appropriate location. The list contains trees, pahns, shrubs and groundcovers. (ffl}.. PZB, ZONING DIVISION ---------------------------------------~--------------------------~~ Table of Contents Trees Palms Shrubs Groundcovers Trees Monday, October 18, 2004 11:28:28 A Palm Beach County Trees Common Name Scientific Salt Light Mature Growth Type Comments FL Native FL Recommended Flowering Name Size Hardiness Species Street Tree Range Acacia, Sweet Acacia farnesiana H Sun 15x20' M Evergreen Small, thorny, bushy. Fragrant 9b-11 flowers. Native to So. Florida, occasionally in Panhandle. New growth and leaves damaged at 20°F, severe damage at 15°F. Recommended small tree. African Tulip Tree Spathodea M Sun 50x50' F Evergreen Requires little maintenance but is 10b-11 campanulata a messy tree. Has big orange and yellow flowers during winter and spring. Black Olive Bucida buceras H Sun 30x45' M Evergreen An overused tree, can be spiny, 10a-11 leave stain surfaces. Will suffer freeze damage. Large street tree. Moderate value as a street tree. Key: Salt Tolerant L-Low, M-Medium, H-High Light P-Partial, L-Low, Sun-Full, Sh-Shade Native checked=yes; not checked=no "Plant List" Fla Hardiness Range - Plant Zone in Palm Beach County 9b to 10b Common Name Scientific Salt Light Mature Growth Type Comments FL Native FL Recommended Flowering Name Size Hardiness Species Street Tree Range Blolly Guapira discolor H Sun 30x40' M Evergreen A drought tolerant native tree. 9b-11 Smooth gray bark & attractive leaves.
    [Show full text]