Reading Answer Key Reading Diagnostic Pre-Test, Pp
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Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT® Test, 3e Answer Key (Rev. 05/2015) 1 Reading Answer Key Reading Diagnostic Pre-Test, pp. 2–5 1. Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice A is correct because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: What is key to the definition of aggression is that whenever physical or verbal harm is inflicted, it is intentional. Answer choice B is incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: verbal attacks such as… belittling and humiliating comments… can also be a type of aggression. Answer choice C is incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause… destruction. Answer choice D is incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause… injury. 2. Infer Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice C is correct because While aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression. Answer choice A is incorrect because the context of the paragraph provides for examples and a definition of aggression. It does not state how severe or how widespread aggression is. Answer choice B is incorrect because the paragraph does not categorize aggression into intentional and unintentional acts. Answer choice D is incorrect because While aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression.” 3. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “deliberate” fits the context of the sentence. Answer choice B is incorrect because “estimated” does not fit the context of the sentence. Answer choice C is incorrect because “forbidden” is not a synonym for “intentional.” Answer choice D is incorrect because “intermittent” is not a synonym for “intentional.” 4. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because Despite this, it is generally thought that aggressive behavior was not named as such before the seventeenth century. Answer choice A is incorrect because Aggression was likely an early survival mechanism for humans, much in the same way it was for animals. Answer choice C is incorrect because there is no information given on this in the paragraph. Answer choice D is incorrect because the paragraph states The term expanded beyond the description of purely physical aggression to include a psychological dimension in the early twentieth century. 5. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice C is correct because the original sentence states Theories about the causes of aggression cover a broad spectrum, ranging from those with biological or instinctive emphases to those that portray aggression as a learned behavior. Answer choice A is incorrect because the answer is incomplete; it does not mention theories of aggression as learned behavior. Answer choice B is incorrect because the original sentence does not state that one type of theory is more accepted. Answer choice D is incorrect because the original sentence does not compare the two types of theories. 6. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement. Answer choice A is incorrect because Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement. Answer choice B is incorrect because Aggression has been explained Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT® Test, 3e Answer Key (Rev. 05/2015) 2 as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement. Answer choice C is incorrect because there is no information on this in the sentence. 7. Make Inferences from Stated Fact Question Answer choice A is correct because it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. Answer choice B is incorrect because it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. Answer choice C is incorrect because ethologists… study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. Answer choice D is incorrect because no information is given about how to reinforce catharsis. 8. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. Answer choice A is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. Answer choice B is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. Answer choice C is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. 9. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice B is correct because the sentence has the key phrase for example followed by specific examples of sports and competitions, which links it to socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition. Answer choice A is incorrect because the sentence has the key phrase for example followed by specific examples of sports and competitions, not examples of natural aggressive instincts. Answer choice C is incorrect because the sentence does not give examples of animal behaviors or their natural environments. Answer choice D is incorrect because the sentence does not give examples of ethologists that support the view or observations of animals. Numerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and natural human instinct. 9A Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement, and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. One may, for example, release aggression by joining a football team or a debate team or even a cooking competition. 9B Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. 9C A number of ethologists have, based upon their observations of animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate instinct common to humans. 9D 10. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because Two different schools of thought exist among those who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously. The phrase holds the view is similar to “believes.” Answer choice A is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among those who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously. Answer choice B is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among those who view aggression Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT® Test, 3e Answer Key (Rev. 05/2015) 3 as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously. Answer choice C is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among those who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously. 11. Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because there is no mention of aggression being used to provoke behavior. Answer choice A is incorrect because aggression can build up spontaneously, with or without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of little or no provocation. Answer choice C is incorrect because aggression can build up spontaneously, with or without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of little or no provocation. Answer choice D is incorrect because aggression is indeed an instinctive response but that, rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response to provocation from an outside source. 12. Referent Question Answer choice A is correct because Another suggests that aggression is indeed an instinctive response but that, rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it [aggression] is a direct response to provocation from an outside source. Answer choice B is incorrect because in the original sentence, “an instinctive response” describes “aggression;” the pronoun refers to the original concept, not the description of it. Answer choice C is incorrect because it is a direct response to provocation. Answer choice D is incorrect because “a direct response” describes aggression; the pronoun refers to the original concept, not the description of it. 13. Infer Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice D is correct because In contrast to instinct theories, social learning theories view aggression as a learned behavior. The phrase in contrast to tells us that the writer is switching topics to discuss a different type of theory than in paragraph 5. Answer choice A is incorrect because paragraph 6 talks about theories that view aggression as “learned behavior” not instinct. Answer choice B is incorrect because paragraph 6 does not present contrasting theories. Answer choice C is incorrect because paragraph 6 does not discuss instinctive and biological theories of aggression. 14. Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because observing professional football games is not mentioned as a cause of learned aggression.