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Boreal Wetlands Marsh

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Boreal Wetlands Marsh Fen Boreal Wetlands Marsh j 85 per cent of Canada’s wetlands are located in the boreal forest. j Canada’s boreal forest is water dominated. More than two-thirds is covered by aquatic systems including wetlands, lakes, rivers and deltas. What are Boreal Wetlands? j Areas that are seasonally or permanently waterlogged, up to 2 meters in depth Bog j Plants and trees adapted to wet conditions j May be covered with trees, shrubs, grass, sedge, moss & lichen j Often highly connected aquatic systems moving water and nutrients over long distances, making them vulnerable to developments that blocks their natural flow “Land that is saturated with water long enough to promote wetland or aquatic processes as indicated by poorly drained soils, hydrophytic vegetation and various kinds of biological activity which are adapted to a wet environment.” (official definition: Canadian Wetland Classification System, National Wetlands Working Group (1987)). Swamp Types of Boreal Wetlands Organic wetlands (bogs, fens) j Deep organic deposits (> 40cm) j Known as peatlands and sometimes called muskeg j Vegetation characteristics: open (no woody vegetation), shrubby (dwarf shrubs) or treed (stunted trees) j Most common wetlands in Canada’s boreal forest Mineral wetlands (swamps, marshes, open water) j Shallow organic deposits (<40cm) j Contain nutrient-rich soils and water j Vegetation characteristics: ranges from robust submerged plants and emergent reeds to tall shrubs and trees Open Water ducks.ca boreal wetlands Patterned fen Wetland Density by Ecodistrict Water Movement j Wetlands are often connected with each other j Water levels and flows may fluctuate j Water may flow laterally across the landscape between wetlands, at or below the surface j Water tables may rise and fall seasonally or after precipitation j Infrastructure such as roads may block the movement of water, damming it upstream while impacting road grades and drying downstream wetlands Environmental & Social Benefits map source Environment Canada (1997). j Vital habitat to thousands of species of Canadian wildlife, such as ducks, songbirds, beaver and the threatened woodland caribou j Store large amounts of carbon and help moderate climate change j Minimize soil erosion j Filter, store and transport large amounts of water and nutrients j Act like sponges Lesser Scaup Moose Fishing j Absorb precipitation and run-off to help prevent flooding j Release water during droughts Resources j Important areas for hunting, fishing j Ducks Unlimited Canada Natural Values factsheet series and other cultural activities (ducks.ca/naturalvalues) j Offer tremendous learning opportunities for people of all ages j Field Guide to the Wetlands of the Boreal Plains Ecozone of Canada (ducks.ca/boreal-field-guide) j Fact Sheets for Swamp, Marsh, Fen, Bog and Open Water wetlands are available at borealforest.ca ducks.ca boreal wetlands Bogs Treed Bog Bogs Bogs are peatlands that have deep deposits (>40 cm) of poorly decomposed organic material (referred to as peat). They are elevated above the surrounding terrain and receive water and most nutrients from precipitation. Bogs are the most nutrient-poor wetlands in the western boreal forest. Shrubby Bog Ecological Benefits Types of Bogs j Due to deep organic deposits, bogs store j Treed Bog: Sparsely vegetated and large amounts of carbon and help to stunted (<10 m) black spruce with moderate climate change sphagnum moss and low-lying shrubs j Important habitat for the threatened woodland caribou j Shrubby Bog: Low-lying shrubs j Important water storage/recharge areas and sphagnum moss on the landscape that release water in dry periods and store water in wet j Open Bog: sphagnum moss dominated Open Bog periods with sparse non-woody vegetation ducks.ca boreal wetlands Bogs Treed Bog (note >25-60% canopy closure) b black spruce b c bog cranberry d sphagnum moss e Labrador tea f cloudberry Sphagnum Moss e f c d Identifying Characteristics organic matter Vegetation water table mineral soil j Low plant diversity due to lack of nutrients 0 j Tree and ground lichens can be abundant 20 j Treed Bog: stunted black spruce acrotem (25- 60% canopy closure) with sphagnum 40 moss ground cover (>20%) 60 j Shrubby Bog: low-lying shrubs (e.g. 80cm catotelm Solitary Sandpiper Labrador tea, bog cranberry >25%) with Soil sphagnum moss (>20%) tree cover <25% j Peat deposits (> 40 cm) accumulating over j Open Bog: sphagnum moss dominated long periods of time because decomposition with scattered herbs/forbs, such as is very slow in the wet, cool, anoxic (oxygen cotton grass and sedges; tree and shrub deprived) environment cover <25% j Two distinct peat layers (above): • Acrotem - living top layer (30-50 cm) Hydrology • Catotelm - lower, non-living layer Woodland Caribou j Water source: precipitation from snow and rain j Stagnant, non-flowing systems isolated Resources from surface run-off and groundwater/ j nutrients Ducks Unlimited Canada Natural Values Fact Sheet Series j Capillary action of sphagnum moss (ducks.ca/naturalvalues) maintains the water table at or below j Field Guide to the Wetlands of the Boreal Plains Ecozone of Canada the ground surface (ducks.ca/boreal-field-guide) j Ducks Unlimited Canada Western Boreal Program (borealforest.ca) ducks.ca boreal wetlands Fens Fen Complex Fens Treed Fen Fens are peatlands with deep organic (peat) deposits (>40 cm) and are influenced by slow, lateral water movement. Water sources have been in contact with nutrient-rich surface and/or groundwater making fens more productive and biologically diverse than bogs. Fens can be treed, shrubby or open. Often referred to as “muskeg,” fens are the most extensive wetlands in the western boreal forest. Shrubby Fen Ecological Benefits Types of Fens j Known as the “green rivers” of the j Treed fens: Sparsely vegetated and boreal, fens transport large volumes stunted (<10 m) tamarack, sometimes of water and nutrients across the land- mixed with black spruce, shrubs, sedges scape; help to regulate water flow and mosses j Help prevent downstream flooding by j Shrubby fens: sparse to medium density; absorbing precipitation and run-off short (<2 m) shrubs (e.g. bog birch and j Due to deep organic deposits, fens store willow) mixed with sedges and mosses large amounts of carbon and help to j Graminoid (open) fens: dominated with moderate climate change sedges, mosses and herbs (e.g. buckbean) j Provide important habitat for the often interspersed with open water threatened woodland caribou Graminoid Fen ducks.ca boreal wetlands Fens Patterned Fen complex with treed, shrubby and open graminoid components b tamarack g brown mosses b Identifying Characteristics c willow h meadow horsetail d sphagnum moss i bog cranberry e j Vegetation dwarf bog-rosemary bog birch 1) f water sedge 1) black spruce j Plant species reflect nutrient and c j moisture gradients f j The plant communities of nutrient-poor e h i fens more closely resemble those of bogs, d g while rich fens have more diverse and robust vegetation water table j Treed Fens: organic material – trees (<10 m) make up 25-60% of mineral soil surface area – dominated by tamarack although black spruce can occur Soil j Shrubby Fens: j Deep peat deposits (>40 cm) – shrubs (<2 m) dominate (>25%) with j Similar to bogs but with greater composition of sedge peat less than 25% tree cover j Decomposition is slow due to the wet, cool, anoxic (oxygen- Woodland Caribou – common species are bog birch, deprived) environment, resulting in the accumulation of willow and sweet gale deep organic deposits j Graminoid (open) fens: j Depending on water sources and nutrient availability, 0 – dominated by sedges, mosses and fens can be either nutrient rich or nutrient poor 20 buckbean acrotem j Two distinct layers (right): 40 – Acrotem: the living layer, top 30-50 cm Hydrology 60 – Catotelm: the lower, non-living layer j Complex hydrology with surface, sub- 80cm catotelm surface and groundwater interactions j High water table (at or slightly below the surface) with lateral water flow often Resources connecting wetland systems over vast j Ducks Unlimited Canada Natural Values Fact Sheet Series distances (ducks.ca/naturalvalues) j Field Guide to the Wetlands of the Boreal Plains Ecozone of Canada (ducks.ca/boreal-field-guide) j Ducks Unlimited Canada Western Boreal Program (borealforest.ca) ducks.ca boreal wetlands Swamps Treed (Conifer) Swamp Fringe Treed (Hardwood) Swamp Treed (Tamarack) Swamp Swamps Swamps are a common, diverse group of wetlands occurring in a variety of landscapes. Soils are predominantly mineral based although the presence of peat can occur in some settings. They are often transition areas between upland forest and other wetland areas and typically have hummocky ground that may contain pools of water. Most commonly recognized as shoreline areas of streams, lakes and Treed (Mixed Wood) Swamp floodplains, swamps are either treed or shrubby. Ecological Benefits Types of Swamps j Moderate floods by slowing water flow j Treed swamp: j Fertile soils support a diversity of trees, – dense (>75% canopy closure) tall shrubs and other plants trees (>10 m) j Vegetation protects shoreline areas from – may be conifer dominated, hardwood erosion and sedimentation dominated or mixed wood j The variety of swamp wetlands provide Shrub Swamp a high diversity of habitat for many j Shrub swamp: dominated by tall shrubs species of wildlife (>2 m) such as willow and alder ducks.ca boreal wetlands Swamps Treed (Conifer) Swamp Identifying Characteristics i b d b tamarack f meadow
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