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Sand Tiger Sharks [=Squalini, Antacea, Odontaspidini, Triglochidini, Carchariae, Eugomphodidae] Notes: [ICZN Opinion 723] Squalini Rafinesque, 1810A:10 [Ref

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Sand Tiger Sharks [=Squalini, Antacea, Odontaspidini, Triglochidini, Carchariae, Eugomphodidae] Notes: [ICZN Opinion 723] Squalini Rafinesque, 1810A:10 [Ref FAMILY Odontaspididae Müller & Henle, 1839 - sand tiger sharks [=Squalini, Antacea, Odontaspidini, Triglochidini, Carchariae, Eugomphodidae] Notes: [ICZN Opinion 723] Squalini Rafinesque, 1810a:10 [ref. 3594] (ordine)? Carcharias Rafinesque [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Antacea Rafinesque, 1815:93 [ref. 3584] (subfamily)? Carcharias Rafinesque [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Odontaspidini Bonaparte, 1835:[4] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Odontaspis [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; as Odontaspididae Müller & Henle, 1839 on Official List ICZN Opinion 723; stem sometimes seen as Odontasp-] Triglochidini Bonaparte, 1837:[5] [ref. 32243] (subfamily) Triglochis Müller & Henle [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; invalid, Article 39, ICZN Opinion 723] Carchariae Müller & Henle, 1838–41:XV, 27 [ref. 3069] (family) Carcharias Rafinesque [stem Carchariconfirmed by Bleeker 1859d:XI [ref. 371] and by Günther 1870:357 [ref. 1995]; on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ICZN Opinion 723, but family name not invalid, see ICZN Opinion 1459 on Carchariidae; family name sometimes seen as Carcharidae] Eugomphodidae Applegate, Espinosa, Menchaca & Sotelo, 1979:130 [ref. 32832] (family) Eugomphodus [family name sometimes seen as Eugonphodidae GENUS Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810 - sand tigers [=Carcharias Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:10, Eugomphodus Gill [T. N.], 1861:60, Triglochis Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.], 1837:113] Notes: [ref. 3594]. Masc. Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. Placed on Official Index (Opinion 723) but subsequently repealed (Opinion 1459) and put on Official List. Carcharias of Müller & Henle 1839, and Risso 1827 are junior homonyms on Official Index (Opinion 723). •Synonym of Eugomphodus Gill, in Compagno, 1984:215 [ref. 6474], but Opinion 1459 (in 1987) makes Carcharias available if regarded as distinct from Odontaspis. •Valid as Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:63 [ref. 12442], Compagno 1999:477 [ref. 25589], Compagno 2001:57 [ref. 26323], Compagno 2003:420 [ref. 26984], Hoese & Gates 2006:64 [ref. 28997], White 2008:32 [ref. 30617], Castro 2011:206 [ref. 31457], Moore et al. 2012:6 [ref. 31771]). Current status: Valid as Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. (Eugomphodus) [ref. 1766]. Masc. Carcharias griseus Ayres, 1843. Type by monotypy. Appeared first as above, with mention of Eugomphodus griseus. Opinion 1459 (reversing Opinion 723) makes Carcharias Rafinesque, 1809 available over Eugomphodus when recognized as congeneric. •Valid as Eugomphodus Gill, 1861 -- (Bass & Compagno 1986:104 [ref. 5637], but should be regarded as a synonym of Carcharias). •Synonym of fossil genus Synodontaspis (Cappetta 1987:90 [ref. 6348]). •Valid as Eugomphodus Gill, 1861 -- (Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:72 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:215 [ref. 6474], Grande & Eastman 1986:122 [ref. 6054]). •Synonym of Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Compagno 2001:58 [ref. 26323]). Current status: Synonym of Carcharias Refinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. (Triglochis) [ref. 3067]. Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Type by monotypy. Suppressed for purposes of priority but not homonymy and placed on Official List (Opinion 723). Also appeared in synonymy of Odontaspis Agassiz, in Müller & Henle, 1839:73 [ref. 3069]. •Apparently wrongly treated as a synonym of Synodontaspis by Cappetta 1987:90 [ref. 6348]. •Synonym of Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810 -- (Compagno 2001:58 [ref. 26323]). Current status: Synonym of Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Species Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 - sand tiger shark, grey nurse shark, spotted ragged-tooth shark, blue-nurse sand tiger [=Carcharias taurus Rafinesque [C. S.], 1810:10, Pl. 14 (fig. 1), Squalus americanus Mitchill [S. L.], 1815:483, Carcharias arenarius Ogilby [J. D.], 1911:37, Odontaspis cinerea Ramsay [E. P.], (ex Maclay), 1880:96, Lamna ecarinata Hemprich [F. W.] & Ehrenberg [C. G.], 1899:8, Pl. 6 (fig. 1), Carcharias griseus Ayres [W. O.], 1843:293, Pl. 12 (fig. 4), Squalus littoralis Mitchill [S. L.], 1818:328, Squalus littoralis Lesueur [C. A.], 1818:224, Squalus lixa Larrañaga [D. A.], 1923:391, Squalus macrodus Mitchill [S. L.], 1818:328, Carcharias owstoni Garman [S.], 1913:24, Odontaspis platensis Lahille [F.], 1928:324, Figs. 13-16, Pl. 3 (upper fig)] Notes: [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical through warm temperate seas (including Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea), but except eastern and central Pacific. Habitat: marine. (americanus) [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York v. 1; ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (arenarius) [Annals of the Queensland Museum No. 10; ref. 3290] Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (cinerea) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 5 (pt 1); ref. 17590] Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. (ecarinata) [Symbolae physicae; ref. 4977] Alexandria, Egypt, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (griseus) [Boston Journal of Natural History v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 15929] Brookhaven, Long Island, New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (littoralis) [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review No. 6; ref. 30214] Near New York City, New York, U.S.A., from Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque, 1810). Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (littoralis) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 1 (pt 2); ref. 2735] New York fish market, New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (lixa) [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Current status: Synonym of Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque, 1810). Odontaspididae. (macrodus) [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review No. 6; ref. 30214] New York, U.S.A., from Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (owstoni) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Sagami Sea, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque, 1810). Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. (platensis) [Anales del Museo Nacional Hist. Nat. "Bernardino Rivadvia", Buenos Aires v. 34; ref. 17487] Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810. Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. GENUS Odontaspis Agassiz, 1838 - sand tigers [=Odontaspis Agassiz [L.], 1838:87] Notes: [ref. 13390]. Fem. Carcharinus ferox Risso, 1827 (= Squalus ferox Risso, 1810). Type by monotypy. Type confirmed by ICZN, on Official List (Opinion 723); type equals Squalus ferox Risso, 1810 (Compagno 1984:219 [ref. 6474]); Odontaspis to take precedence over Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810 when considered synonyms (Opinion 1459). Also appeared as Odontaspis Agassiz, in Müller & Henle, 1839:73 [ref. 3069]. •Valid as Odontaspis Agasssiz, 1838 -- (Springer 1973:11 [ref. 7162], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:80 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:219 [ref. 6474], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Bass & Compagno 1986:104 [ref. 5637], Cappetta 1987:88 [ref. 6348], Paxton et al. 1989:64 [ref. 12442], Compagno 1999:477 [ref. 25589], Compagno 2001:63 [ref. 26323], Hoese & Gates 2006:65 [ref. 28997], White 2008:35 [ref. 30617], Castro 2011:206 [ref. 31457]). Current status: Valid as Odontaspis Agassiz, 1838. Odontaspididae. Species Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) - bumpytail ragged-tooth shark, smalltooth sand tiger shark [=Squalus ferox Risso [A.], 1810:38, Odontaspis herbsti Whitley [G. P.], 1950:234, Pl. 17 (fig. 1); Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810). Odontaspididae. Distribution: Nearly circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters (including Mediterranean Sea, Hawaiian Islands). Habitat: marine. (herbsti) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 4712] 3 miles north of Gabo Island, New South Wales, Australia, depth 75 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810). Odontaspididae. Habitat: marine. Species Odontaspis noronhai (Maul, 1955) - bigeye sand tiger shark [=Carcharias noronhai Maul [G. E.], 1955:3, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 279; ref. 12673] Off Câmara de Lobos, Madeira, eastern Atlantic, depth 600-1600 meters. Current status: Valid as Odontaspis noronhai (Maul, 1955). Odontaspididae. Distribution: Nearly worldwide, scattered records (including Hawaiian Islands). Habitat: marine.
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  • Sand Tigers (Carcharias Taurus) Along the East Coast of the USA
    ! "#$%$&&$' 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Mar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00227-014-2407-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Movement patterns of juvenile sand tigers (Carcharias taurus) along the east coast of the USA Jeff Kneebone · John Chisholm · Gregory Skomal Received: 1 November 2013 / Accepted: 5 February 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract To date, movement patterns of juvenile sand Given the extensive movements and continuous utilization tigers (Carcharias taurus) along the east coast of the of relatively shallow (<80 m) nearshore waters exhibited USA have been loosely defined. Given the magnitude of by these relatively small individuals throughout their first the purported decline in the sand tiger population in the years of life, it is imperative that precautions be taken to western North Atlantic (WNA), characterization of the limit negative effects of anthropogenic interactions on this species’ movement patterns throughout this broad area species (i.e., fisheries bycatch, coastal degradation) in an is essential for the effective management and recovery of effort to rebuild and sustain the WNA population.
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