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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP 21 and CMP 11 GUIDE TO THE NEGOTIATIONS | 17 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP 21 and CMP 11 2015: PARIS AGREEMENT 30 November to 11 December 2015 Paris, France United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP 21 and CMP 11 2015: PARIS AGREEMENT 30 November to 11 December 2015 Paris, France EDITORIAL COMMITTEE AND DRAFTING COMMITTEE Publication Director Jean-Pierre Ndoutoum, Director of IFDD Drafting Division (ENERGIES 2050) Stéphane Pouffary Authors Stéphane Pouffary, ENERGIES 2050 Frédéric Gagnon-Lebrun, IISD Cécile Bredelet, ENERGIES 2050 Yanick Touchette, IISD Caroline De Vit, ENERGIES 2050 Coordination Arona Soumare, Programme Specialist, International Negotiations on the Environment and Sustainable Development, IFDD Editorial Assistant Issa Bado, Programme Assistant, International Negotiations on the Environment and Sustainable Development, IFDD IFDD Information and Documentation Department Louis-Noël Jail, Communication Officer Marilyne Laurendeau, Communication Assistant Chédrak De Rocher Chembessi, Communication Assistant Translation Sue Esplan REVIEW Committee: Joint Chairmen: Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, Democratic Republic of Congo Seyni Nafo, Mali Arona Soumare, IFDD Members: Issa Bado, IFDD Maâzou Kamayé, Niger Mohamed Benyahia, Morocco Mohamed Khalil, Egypt Madeleine Diouf Sarr, Senegal Hery A. Rakotondravony, Madagascar Kamal Djemouai, Algeria Komi Tomyeba, Togo Mamadou Honadia, Burkina Faso Gervais Ludovic Itsoua Madzous, Congo Layout Perfection Design, Québec (Qc), Canada This document has been prepared by ENERGIES 2050 on behalf of the Institut de la Francophonie pour le Développement Durable (IFDD - Institute of the French-speaking world for Sustainable Development). It does not necessarily represent the viewpoint of one or other of these organisations, nor that of the presidency of the COP 21. The ENERGIES 2050 Association has contributed to the production of the Guide to the Negotiations and the Summary for policymakers. In partnership with: ISBN: 978-2-89481-206-8 ISBN web version: 978-2-89481-207-5 The Guide to the Negotiations and its Summary for policymakers can be accessed online at: http://www.ifdd.francophonie.org/ressources/ressources-pub.php?id=13 © Institut de la Francophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD) 2015 56 rue Saint-Pierre, 3e étage, Quebec City (Quebec) G1K 4A1, Canada Telephone: 418 692-5727 – Fax: 418 692-5644 [email protected] – www.ifdd.francophonie.org How to use this guide he Guide to the Negotiations and the Summary for policymakers is enhanced year Ton year and goes beyond the climate change negotiating structure. Academics, public or private figures and representatives of civil society organisations or inter- national institutions – they are all using the Guide and the Summary increasingly as an independent, factual and up-to-date source for the negotiations with an exhaustive, dynamic review of issues, challenges and opportunities for action. The editorial team has decided to innovate this year. It wished to boost access to the documents for readers with varying degrees of knowledge about the negotiation process – whether they are first-time attendees or have in-depth knowledge. The aim is still for each individual to access all the information he needs in this guide, but also that every person can dip into it based on his/her priorities and the time he/she can give to it. Efforts have therefore been made to engage more with the general public compared with previous years. Outreach boxes support the descriptions and detailed analyses of the various questions addressed in the negotiations.The notion addressed can thus be seized immediately. Themed sheets and summary tables round out the whole and aim to give the reader all the keys he needs to understand what is happening within the negotiation chamber. The Guide is also benefiting this year from input from a review committee comprising eminent members from different French-speaking countries involved in the Climate negotiations. This review committee has made the work even more relevant, productive and fully engaged with the reality of negotiators and actors implementing concrete projects resulting from the negotiations. Part I of this work summarises the historical context of the Paris Conference by retracing the key dates in the negotiation process since the Rio Summit in 1992. It also reports on the outcome of the Lima Conference and negotiation sessions known as “intersessions” in 2015. The intention of this first part is to put into perspective the main negotiating issues of the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP 21) and the 11th Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 11), both of which are being held in Paris on 30 November-11 December 2015. Part II discusses the climate negotiation issues in detail, whether addressed under the Durban Platform (section A) or the permanent subsidiary bodies (section B). A box summarises the issues likely to be addressed during COP 21 and CMP 11 at the end of each sub-section. The authors conclude with an overview summarising the main climate nego- tiation issues this year. iii Large boxes relating to major questions are found in the text. Written to be accessible to the broadest audience, they give everyone a clear vision of the topic addressed. The Table summarising the main questions that will be examined during the Paris Conference below aims to help Conference attendees to find their way in the session agendas. They summarise the main questions that will be addressed by the various decision-making bodies in Paris. Lastly, the themed sheets should provide the reader with invaluable bench- marks. They set out, among other things, the UNFCCC organisational aspects, the stances of the main Parties and coalitions present and the UNFCCC side discussion forums that have been held in 2015. Terminology sheets presenting the French and equivalent English vocabulary specific to the climate change nego- tiations and the abbreviations and acronyms currently used under the negotiations are also provided. Readers are referred to other sections of the guide and to the source documents the length of the text so that they can broaden their understanding of a topic if they so wish. Note that only the document listings are quoted when reference is made to UNFCCC documents. These listings, designed to make reading easier, can furthermore be used to find the documents referred to very easily on the UNFCCC website1. Sheet 11 indicates the cross-reference for each one. We hope that this guide will meet readers’ expectations. We ask them to share their assessment with us by filling in the form at the end of the guide. Climate change is a serious issue and must not remain within an inner circle of specialists. This Guide to the Negotiations and its accompanying Summary for policymakers augment the authors and editorial team’s firm commitment to give every reader the keys to act. 1. http://unfccc.int/documentation/items/2643.php. iv A few words from the Director of the IFDD he 21st session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations TFramework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21) being held on 30 November-11 December 2015 in Paris, France is an opportunity for the eighty member States and Governments of the Francophonie to make its mark on the history of international negotiations aiming to maintain the ceiling of global warming below 2°C. The Francophonie at the highest level is part of the drive to seek global and sustainable solutions to climatic disorders. The Conference of Heads of States and Governments, in its final Declaration of the 15th Summit of the Francophonie held in Dakar in November 2014, underlined “the dramatic consequences of climate change, especially on health, land and marine resources, access to water and food production and security”. In Dakar, the Francophonie through the voice of Heads of State and Government, committed to “backing a universal and ambitious agreement to combat climatic disorders effectively in 2015 in Paris”, whilst stressing “the need to support the countries in low-carbon development trajectories that are resilient to climate change”. More than ten thousand young French speakers took an active part in the “I have my planet at heart” campaign launched in March 2015 by Mrs Michäelle Jean, Secretary General of the Francophonie. The youngsters echoed this action by launching a call for a united, sustainable future last September on the fringes of the 70th session of the United Nations General Assembly, which saw the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). During the 31st session of the Ministerial Conference of the Francophonie held in Erevan, Armenia on 10-11 October 2015, the Francophonie also restated its commitment and support for an ambitious agreement in Paris, through a resolution on the issues of the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The SDG will enter into force in 2020. It is therefore important for the new post-Kyoto Protocol climate regime to be in step with the new Sustainable Development Agenda. The States must therefore maintain their efforts in this sense so that the climate negotiation process actually leads to in an agreement in Paris in 2015. The Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (International Organisation of the Francophonie), through its subsidiary body the Institut de la Francophonie pour le développement durable (IFDD), has underpinned the French-speaking countries in this drive, by supporting their national processes for preparing Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) Four workshops were organised in different regions between April and July 2015: West and North Africa (Dakar, 14-16 April), Central Africa and Indian Ocean (21-23 April), v Caribbean (20-22 May 2015) and Asia and Pacific (20-22 July 2015). This contri- bution by the Francophonie was greatly appreciated by the delegates, who continue to share their experiences on the French-speaking INDC experience and information sharing network set up by the IFDD.
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