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The Highway and Economy Development a Historical Study of the Development of Economical Knots at the North Coastal of Java (Pantura) in 1930S - 1980S

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The Highway and Economy Development a Historical Study of the Development of Economical Knots at the North Coastal of Java (Pantura) in 1930S - 1980S Paramita:Paramita: Historical Historical Studies Studies Journal, Journal, 28 28(1), (1), 2018: 2018 80-91 ISSN: 0854-0039, E-ISSN: 2407-5825 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v28i1.13243 THE HIGHWAY AND ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT A HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL KNOTS AT THE NORTH COASTAL OF JAVA (PANTURA) IN 1930S - 1980S Endah Sri Hartatik History Department, Faculty of Cultural Science, Diponegoro University ABSTRACT ABSTRAK This article analyze the relationship between Artikel ini menganalisis hubungan antara jalan Pantura (the north coastal) highway in Central raya Pantura (pesisir utara) di Jawa Tengah Java and the economy development society in dan masyarakat pengembangan ekonomi di those areas at the Dutch Colonial era. The daerah-daerah di era Kolonial Belanda. Ko- Dutch Colonial on the land transportation, lonial Belanda pada transportasi darat, teruta- especially in highway could open an oppor- ma di jalan raya bisa membuka peluang bagi tunity for the development of industries sector. pengembangan sektor industri. Di pesisir utara In the north coastal of Java, some cities Jawa, beberapa kota muncul, seperti Sema- emerged, such as Semarang, Pekalongan and rang, Pekalongan dan Kudus. Kota-kota indus- Kudus. Those industrial cities became a mag- tri tersebut menjadi magnet bagi masyarakat net for urban people to appear. They came to urban untuk tampil. Mereka datang ke kota- those cities for venturing as industrial laborers, kota tersebut untuk menjelajah sebagai buruh construction workers, blue-collar workers, industri, pekerja konstruksi, pekerja kerah such as housemaids, porters in terminal, mar- biru, seperti pembantu rumah tangga, kuli di ket and harbor. The better highway, the in- terminal, pasar dan pelabuhan. Jalan raya crease of factory production, and the provided yang lebih baik, peningkatan produksi pabrik, workers led the cities from Tegal to Semarang dan pekerja yang diberikan membawa kota- being the developed cities which never slept kota dari Tegal ke Semarang menjadi kota for 24 hours because they were a main road of maju yang tidak pernah tidur selama 24 jam goods transportation from the producers to the karena merupakan jalur utama transportasi consumers. Thus, this condition caused an barang dari produsen ke konsumen. Dengan adequate high mobility in the areas. demikian, kondisi ini menyebabkan mobilitas tinggi memadai di daerah. Keywords: highway, industries, magnet, cities, factory production, consumer. Kata kunci: jalan raya, industri, magnet, kota, produksi pabrik, konsumen. Author correspondence Email: hartatikendah67@gmail.com 80 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 28(1), 2018 INTRODUCTION transportations, especially trains. In Cen- Transportation is an interesting study for tral Java, Pantura road supports the knots many historians. However, the historical in the big cities and becomes social and study of transportation more focuses in economy connectors in the hinterland are- the water transportation until now, espe- as. There are two important cities in Cen- cially which is through sea, and train for tral Java which become a city connection the study of land transportation. The between other cities in the northern coast study of the land transportation concern- of Java and the hinterland areas. The de- ing the history of the highway is a new velopment of Pantura road causes a huge study which is also interesting. This is so effect towards the Javanese society’s life, strange because the importance of the especially in economy sector (Hartatik, highway becoming a public transportation 2016: 156-164).. in Indonesia, especially in Java, is certain- In the historical perspective, Pantura ty. There is a plan to build toll road at that highway is a reality of a necessary trans- time, that is trans-Java which is a monu- portation which exists till now, and it is mental project at this century. Then, the also used together with railway. Addition- raised question is how is the past experi- ally, it has function as the media connect- ence of Indonesia society, especially Cen- ing goods and people from a place to other tral Java about the use of highway in this places. Its emergence has encouraged an transportation? economy development in several areas Based on the literary reviews, it which become knots media, whether it is shows that a study of the way of the north- in coast areas or the hinterland areas. ern coast of Java (Pantai Utara Jawa, ab- Therefore, it is necessary to analyze those breviated as Pantura) in a historical per- historical development. spective is rarely observed (Sri Hartatik. Based on those problems, there are 2011), especially a study of the highway some research questions which become a transportation in a long period to post- framework in this research, namely (1) independence period. Besides, the study of How is the development of Pantura high- Pantura road at this time which is fre- way from the traffic highway and types of quently written, is about the technical transportation which were crossed above highway field, such as the bridge damage, in the end of the Dutch-Colonial govern- the length and shoulder of the road, the ment, the Old Order and the New Order; material requirement for road, etc. This (2) How is the development of the central research, the history of the historical high- cities in Pantura, Cental Java which were way in the northern coast of Central Java passed by those lands; (3) How are the from the early twentieth century to the effects of the emergence of the highway New Order, is never written before. towards the economy society in the north- Hence, in this historical research, it will be ern coast of Central Java from the end of analyzed the dynamics of the highway Dutch colonialization to Soeharto reign? construction development which has a function as an alternative transportation to RESEARCH METHODS change trains, and its effects towards the The data were gathered using several tech- social-economy development in those are- niques. The first technique was documen- as. tation. Documentation was conducted by Pantura road still overcomes several observing the documents which had infor- problems nowadays, such as traffic jam, mation about the highway. Those docu- traffic accident, etc. The road develop- ments investigated both in Indonesia and ment and maintenance were still done for in the Netherlands. The locations of data two centuries after Daendels had built collection in Indonesia included The Ja- those post highways. Roads are an im- karta National Archives, The Archives portant choice for transportation mode Institution and The Local Library in Cen- towards the other undeveloped public tral Java, Suara Merdeka Library, The Ja- 81 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 28(1), 2018 karta National Library, The Press Monu- roots of the social phenomena in the high- ment in Surakarta, The Central Bureau way. On the other hands, chronological Statistics in Central Java, some libraries in analysis included the exposition of time Yogyakarta, etc. The data in the Nether- chronologically about the development of lands gathered from the Den Haag Na- highway and other aspects related to the tional Archives (ARA), KITLV library in emergence of Pantura highway. Leiden, and Leiden University Library (Kuntowijoyo, 2004; Lombard, 1999). through a friend who was studying and The provided model uses the the- conducting research in the Netherlands matic model combined with a chronologi- because the self-investigation would spend cal model. The thematic model meant that expensive costs. the title of the chapters referred to themes The second technique was interview and sub-titles in the form of chronology. of the verbal history. The verbal history interview was used to reveal unrecorded RESULT AND DISCUSSION facts in the written documents or to pro- Transportation Network vide deeper information from the data col- The development of Semarang as a harbor lected from the sources. city was related to the development of There are two aspects of conducting trade in the northern coast in Java. About interviews, namely a topic interview and a 1412, there was a Chinese community in life story interview (Chew, 1998 : 47-48). Semarang which lived in Gedung Batu The topic interview focused in the certain area or Simongan and in the side of Sema- topics related to the history of Pantura rang river. Those areas werere chosen as highway, for instance traffic policy, driv- living places for the Chinese community er’s habit, environment changes, etc. The because they were the best and the most life story interview revealed a person’s life strategic areas. Simongan area included related to the context of the observed his- the bay located between the estuary of Se- tory. Due to the context concerning the marang river and Semarang harbor highway history, the revealed life story (Suliyati, 2011:9). Along with the devel- through interview was people who were opment of Semarang as a harbor city, on 5 involved in Pantura highway activities, October 1705, an agreement was arranged starting from the policy takers to its users, between Paku Buwono I and VOC for example police officials, bina marga, (Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie) in weighbridge and transport drivers. This Kartasura which decided a law status of interview was conducted to some inter- Semarang for VOC government as the viewees, namely both the history agents second city after Batavia. This agreement and the history witnesses who saw, lis- led an effect of economy development in tened, or gathered information from other the areas around Semarang, indicated by people, for example their superior, par- many emergences of onderneming- ents, or best friends concerning the rele- onderneming, the sugar factories, and other vant information related to those topics. trades which attract traders to earn living The individual interview was con- in Semarang coming from various ethnics ducted to gather information individually and areas.
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