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Open Data and Open Government Open Data and Open Government Information is a valuable national resource and a strategic asset to the Federal government, its partners, and the public. In order to ensure that the Federal government is taking full advantage of its information resources, executive departments and agencies...must manage information as an asset throughout its life cycle to promote openness and interoperability, and properly safeguard systems and information. OMB Open Data Policy — Managing Information as an Asset¹ Summary Responsibilities and governance are widely distributed in this “ policy area. Some initiatives are led by the Federal CIO, while others come directly from The White House. GSA manages Data. Stakeholders gov and Project Open Data. To date, over 185,000 government datasets have been posted on Data.gov. However, it can be difficult to measure the broader economic and civic impacts of open data and open government Impact efforts. While most CIOs reported interest in open government and open data initiatives, many expressed challenges in obtaining resources, navigating conflicts with existing policies, and balancing priorities against other efforts such as infrastructure Risk modernization and cybersecurity. Efficiently managing government data and information can increase operational efficiencies, reduce costs, improve services, and better safeguard personal information. Making information resources accessible, discoverable, and usable by the public can Policy help fuel entrepreneurship, innovation, and scientific discovery. STATE OF FEDERAL IT REPORT / PUBLIC RELEASE VERSION 1.0 C-1 POLICY PAPERS Open Data and Open Government Overview The Federal government creates and systems (see Figure C1) and weather collects a wide variety of valuable data and forecasting that fundamentally changed has long sought to provide citizens with the citizens lives and had a tremendous impact right and ability to access this information.² on the American economy. On the first full day of the Obama Administration, the President signed the Key to achieving both of these goals is Memorandum on Transparency and Open the effective and efficient management Government that recognizes information of government information. Improving Government and Open Data Open generated in the Federal government as the management of government data a national asset. The memo established and information can increase operational three central principles that set the tone for efficiencies, reduce costs, improve services, future efforts in this area: (1) transparency; and better safeguard personal information. (2) public participation; and (3) Furthermore, improved information collaboration.³ Making information and data management can allow for the efficient accessible, discoverable, and usable by the release and reuse of this data by others public can transform citizen-facing services outside of an agency. The next section and help fuel entrepreneurship, innovation, will discuss several of the strategies and and scientific discovery.⁴ For example, the initiatives that the Federal government has government’s release of weather data pursued to improve how agencies manage and the Global Positioning System (GPS) information and to provide more data to allowed for the creation of navigation the public. Figure C1: GPS Equipment Revenue in the United States between 2005 to 20105 STATE OF FEDERAL IT REPORT / PUBLIC RELEASE VERSION 1.0 C-2 POLICY PAPERS Policy Evolution Prior to 2009, government-wide efforts Key Initiatives to bring government data into the public Transparency and the Open sphere were largely focused on meeting 2009 Government Directive the requirements of the E-Government Lays out open government principles of being Act, which included establishing a public transparent, participatory, and collaborative. Establishes the Open Government Dashboard. domain directory of Federal websites. Requires agencies to post information online in open This period also saw the creation of formats, and to identify three high-value datasets to websites supporting a single business post on Data.gov. Government and Open Data Open function or dataset (e.g., Regulations.gov Data.gov and the IT Dashboard in 2003),⁶ and websites created as a result 2009— present of other legislation (e.g., USASpending. Citizen-facing websites designed to increase transparency and share government data directly gov in 2007).⁷ Later efforts included the with the public. increased sharing of public resources which could become platforms for 2011 Open Government National research, entrepreneurship, and innovation — 2015 Action Plans Launches the “We the People” online petitions (e.g. the release of structured, machine- platform, promotes public participation, modernizes readable data pertaining to weather records and information management, improves and climate).⁸ In 2016, the primary FOIA administration. government-wide strategy shifted “to focus more broadly on enterprise data 2012 Digital Government Strategy governance and to emphasize the message Directs the development and adoption of new that Open Data is an output of good data open data, content, and web API policies. Requires agencies to identify two major customer-facing management and critical to success in systems with information that can be exposed to the areas like cybersecurity, customer service, public via web-based APIs. and internal data-driven decisionmaking.”⁹ Open Data Policy — Managing The recurring theme throughout all of 2013 Information as an Asset Requires standard machine-readable and open data these efforts was to improve transparency, formats, supports interoperability and information accountability, and information accessibility, establishes the Enterprise Data Inventory and public data listing. management while providing the public with increased access to government Open Data Action Plan and information. 2014 CAP Goals Mandates collaboration with public and civil actors to identify and prioritize the release of new open data sets, incentivizes public outreach efforts such as challenges and industry roundtables, focuses Presidential Innovation Fellows on data innovation projects. STATE OF FEDERAL IT REPORT / PUBLIC RELEASE VERSION 1.0 C-3 POLICY PAPERS 2009 Transparency and the Transparency and the Open Open Government Directive • Jump-started the movement to release Government Directive government datasets On President Obama’s first day in office Key • Provided high-level executive support for government-wide efforts to improve he issued a Transparency and Open Strengths transparency and accountability Government memorandum based on • Shared performance data with the three principles: transparency, public public through web-based dashboards • Like many other initiatives, raised participation, and collaboration.¹⁰ Later expectations for agencies without that year, an Open Government Directive providing additional resources was issued that, among other things, Key • The focus of the initiative was Challenges frequently on counting the number of required the appointment of a senior shared datasets rather than the data agency official accountable for the quality quality, value, or impact of released datasets of information presented via public- Policy • Began the discussion of the potential facing websites.¹¹ In addition, the Open value of open government and open Government Directive tasked agencies Impact data to customers with creating an Open Government Plan, publishing agency information online Government and Open Data Open in “open formats”, and gave agencies a specific target of publishing three high- value data sets which were not previously publicly available, within 45 days. OMB later renewed agencies’ focus on these approaches by updating instructions for Agency Open Government Plans in 2016.¹² STATE OF FEDERAL IT REPORT / PUBLIC RELEASE VERSION 1.0 C-4 POLICY PAPERS 2009-present Data.gov Data.gov and the IT Dashboard • Provides a one stop shop for The Obama Administration launched government datasets several additional initiatives to improve Key • Made government data more easily Strengths discoverable and searchable the transparency ofgovernment spending • Supported the Obama Administration’s on major IT investments and to provide a open government objectives one stop shop for government datasets • Provides a one stop shop for ranging from census data to public health government datasets Key • Made government data more easily information. Challenges discoverable and searchable • Supported the Obama Administration’s Data.gov: Data.gov, launched in May 2009, open government objectives made an early push to publicize a broad • Signaled a new government-wide range of agency datasets, ranging from approach to opening up data to the Policy public consumer complaint data to information Impact • Created a public-facing portal for about 911 emergency service areas.¹³ government datasets to spark Currently, Data.gov lists 14 different sectors innovation (e.g., weather data) for which data is available.¹⁴ However, in Government and Open Data Open many cases the datasets are not available in open formats or easily machine-readable (e.g., PDF versus XML) or are not updated more often than once per year, limiting the usefulness of the data provided on the site.¹⁵ Finally, Agencies maintain their data listings (publicly) and Enterprise Data Inventory (usually not posted publicly) as structured data files which can be read by Data.gov and OMB. The “impact” section of the Data.gov website includes a number of anecdotal examples of
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