BGP Interconnection in the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean
Author: Augusto Mathurín Coordination/Revision: Guillermo Cicileo Edition and Design: Maria Gayo, Carolina Badano, Martín Mañana Project: Strengthening Regional Internet Infrastructure Department: Internet Infrastructure R&D
Contents
Contents 2
Introduction 4
Methodology 4
Stated Objectives 4
Data Sources 4
Data Processing 6
Generated Datasets 8
Data by Country 10
Argentina 10
Aruba 12
Bolivia 13
Brazil 15
Belize 17
Chile 19
Colombia 21
Costa Rica 23
Cuba 25
Dominican Republic 27
Ecuador 29
French Guiana 31
Guatemala 32
Guyana 34
Honduras 36
Haiti 38
Mexico 40
Nicaragua 42
Panama 44
2
Peru 46
Paraguay 48
Suriname 50
El Salvador 52
Trinidad and Tobago 54
Uruguay 56
Venezuela 58
Regional Data Analysis 60
Connection to the Other Regions 62
Conclusions and Future Work 65
3
Introduction
Internet development and the quality of user connectivity depend on the existence of good communications infrastructure and proper connectivity between countries. In Latin America, there are still some deficiencies in this regard which result in many people experiencing high latencies in their connections. The main reason for these latencies is the lack of local interconnection between different network operators, which means that traffic between nearby countries must often use distant Internet exchange points, located in the United States or Europe.
The deployment of various Internet exchange points (IXPs) has helped improve this situation, although the actual status of connectivity between countries and networks remains a mystery. To find answers to these unknowns, some time ago LACNIC created Simón1, a project that seeks to generate information by measuring latency levels between countries and in this way estimate traffic volumes.
To complement the information obtained by the Simón Project, this interconnection study will attempt to understand the current status of the connections between the countries of Latin America based on a different source of information, namely, the BGP routing tables registered and stored by global collectors. Methodology Objectives
This study seeks to analyze various characteristics of regional interconnection based on the processing of global BGP routing tables for the purpose of comparing the basic characteristics of route announcements in the region, deriving conclusions regarding operators’ behavior when publishing their prefixes, detecting locations where traffic is exchanged with the largest number of operators, determining the dominant upstream transit providers in each country, the average number of autonomous systems traversed by traffic flows and their impact on regional routing stability, among other factors.
Therefore, we determined a set of parameters that would allow us to compare the current status and evolution of the regional Internet with the following objectives:
● To understand the nature of the autonomous systems in each country, how many autonomous systems provide local transit service, and which are connected to the rest of the world. ● To obtain general data on regional routing tables, e.g., the number of announced prefixes, the average length of IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes, and the average length of AS paths. ● To obtain additional data that can help assess Internet development, including the number of IXPs. ● To obtain data on interconnection, both between different countries as well as within each country. Data Sources
Global BGP routing tables will be analyzed using RIPE NCC's RIS2 service. The Routing Information Service (RIS) collects and stores Internet routing information obtained from different parts of the world. This global network is comprised of Remote Route Collectors that are typically located at the IXPs.
1 < https://simon.lacnic.net/ > 2 < https://www.ripe.net/analyse/internet-measurements/routing-information-service-ris/ris-raw-data >
4
These collectors store the information in the MRT format described in RFC 63963. Every 15 minute, each collector stores all the BGP packets that have been exchanged (updates), plus a dump of its routing tables every eight hours (RIBs).
RIPE currently has 20 collectors in operation:
● rrc00 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands ● rrc01 in London, United Kingdom ● rrc04 in Geneva, Switzerland ● rrc05 in Vienna, Austria ● rrc06 in Otemachi, Japan ● rrc07 in Stockholm, Sweden ● rrc10 in Milan, Italy ● rrc11 in New York, USA ● rrc12 in Frankfurt, Germany ● rrc13 in Moscow, Russia ● rrc14 in Palo Alto, USA ● rrc15 in São Paulo, Brazil ● rrc16 in Miami, USA ● rrc18 in Barcelona, Spain ● rrc19 in Johannesburg, South Africa ● rrc20 in Zurich, Switzerland ● rrc21 in Paris, France ● rrc22 in Bucharest, Romania ● rrc23 in Singapore ● rrc24 in Montevideo, Uruguay
For this study, we used the routing table dumps (RIBs) of collector rrc00. The data was processed with pyBGPStream4, a Python library to use CAIDA BGPStream's BGPReader5, which allows the data published by RIPE collectors to be processed simply and efficiently.
In addition to the routing tables, in order to conduct a study that considers the countries of Latin America, we need to map allocated number resources to the different countries. To do so, we will use the delegated-extended file. This record contains a daily updated report of the distribution of Internet number resources (IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, autonomous system numbers). Each Regional Registry generates a file in a standardized format defined by the Number Resource Organization (NRO)6 and these files are then consolidated to obtain a single file.
Finally, to determine which Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) operate in each country or territory, we will use the CAIDA Internet eXchange Points Dataset7, which uses PCH8 as its data source. Compared with other references such as IXPDB9, this source contains a smaller number of IXPs. At the moment, however, it is the only one that provides historical data and in an easy-to-obtain format.
3 < https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6396.html > 4 < https://bgpstream.caida.org/docs/api/pybgpstream > 5 < https://bgpstream.caida.org/docs/tools/bgpreader > 6 < https://www.nro.net/ > 7 < https://www.caida.org/data/ixps/ > 8 < https://www.pch.net/ > 9 < https://lac-ix.org/ixpdb/ >
5
Data Processing
Achieving our stated objectives requires defining how the autonomous systems in each country will be classified, and then processing our proposed data sources to obtain the desired parameters and indicators. The example below will allow us to establish this classification.
Figure 1: Representation of the BGP announcement of a route propagated between autonomous systems inside and outside a country or territory.
Figure 1 shows AS-1, which announces its prefixes via BGP to AS-2 which, in turn, propagates this announcement to the remaining autonomous systems. Here, it is important to classify the role they each play, which is why they have been represented using three different colors. AS-1 (orange) announces prefixes, therefore it will be classified as an origin AS within this country. The blue systems (AS-2, AS-3, AS-4) provide transit: they connect to AS-1 within the country's territory. Finally, AS-5 (red) also provides transit, yet it is located outside the country. This type of autonomous systems will be classified as upstream and they are the ones that provide connectivity to a country. The announcement may continue to propagate to other autonomous systems, but these paths are no longer relevant for the purpose of a local analysis within the country of the origin AS.
This information is obtained by processing the global routing tables stored and published by RIPE NCC collector rrc00. For each entry in the table, we are interested in the set of prefix/as-path pairs as follows:
Prefix1/length | AS-X … AS-3 AS-2 AS-1
We will analyze the AS path from right to left, as we want to determine the origin autonomous system and, from there, all other relevant systems as described in Figure 1.
6
However, in order to make sense of this information, we need to map each prefix and autonomous system to a country. To establish this link between resources and territories, we will use the delegated-extended statistics file published by the RIRs. Thus, each entry can be interpreted as follows: [Country of the prefix] | [Country of ASX] … [Country of AS-3] [Country of AS- 2] [Country of AS-1]
Now we can start filtering the routing table entries, leaving only those that correspond to prefixes registered in the countries of the LACNIC service region. The AS path must be analyzed from right to left. If the country of AS-1 matches the country of the prefix, it is a route we are interested in analyzing and AS-1 will be considered an origin autonomous system for that country. We must then analyze AS-2. If this AS also belongs to the same country, it is considered a transit AS. Next, we must analyze AS-3 using the same procedure we used for AS-2. If it belongs to another country, it is considered an upstream AS and it is no longer necessary to continue analyzing the AS path.
If we apply this logic to the example shown in Figure 1, we obtain the following result:
Prefix AS-X ... AS-5 AS-4 AS-3 AS-2 AS-1
Country 1 Country 2 Country 1 Country 1 Country 1 Country 1
Upstream Transit Origin
In other words, based on this entry contained in the routing table we analyzed, it is possible to establish that, for this particular country, AS-1 is an Origin AS; AS-2, AS-3 and AS-4 are Transit autonomous systems; and AS-5 is an Upstream AS.
7
Generated Datasets
All the data required to meet the stated objectives are stored in datasets, which opens up the possibility of conducting other, more in-depth studies or applying different approaches. Therefore, it was decided to develop a set of scripts that would process the data in stages, obtaining partial results before producing a final dataset with summary data, which, in turn, are the main source for this report.
Figure 2: Data sources and processing flow to obtain the desired information.
Figure 2 shows the data processing flow. The result is a set of datasets that contain routing information for the different countries of Latin America, i.e., a snapshot of routing information on a specific day. These datasets are as follows:
country-data-
prefix-data-
8
Specifies data for each prefix announced and registered at LACNIC, including the country and origin ASN as well as the number of routes and total hops.
as-data-
country-summary-
prefix-summary-
ixp-data-summary-
country-routing-stats-
The resulting data has all the necessary information, which we will now analyze in the following sections of this report.
9
Data by Country
In order to determine the interconnection status of each country or territory that is part of the LACNIC service region, we will show the most relevant data obtained during the processing stage. It is important to note that, because the data is calculated for a specific moment in time, in this case we used the data generated in July 2020 as representative of the year.
Only the countries that have been assigned sufficient resources to calculate the various indicators are listed below. Therefore, while Saint Eustatius (BQ), Curacao (CW), the Falkland Islands (FK), South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands (GS), and Sint Maarten (SX) are part of the LACNIC service region, they were not analyzed in this section.
Argentina AR Argentina
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 12,922 12,202 720
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
5.57%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.86 41.99
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 895 101 63
Average AS path length Total IXPs 6.26 27
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 7303 (Telecom Argentina S.A.) 1,601
2 AS 11664 (Techtel LMDS Comunicaciones Interactivas S.A.) 909
3 AS 10481 (Telecom Argentina S.A.) 318
... Other autonomous systems 10,094
10
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 10481 (Telecom Argentina S.A.) 261 1
AS 7049 (Silica Networks Argentina S.A.) 248 2
AS 7303 (Telecom Argentina S.A.) 223 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 896
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) 630 1
AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 390 2
AS 3356 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 375 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 896
11
Aruba AW Aruba
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 118 117 1
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
0.85%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.91 32.00
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 2 0 6
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.21 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 11816 (SetarNet) 112
2 AS 264645 (NEW MILLENNIUM TELECOM SERVICES N.V.) 4
... Other autonomous systems 2
Aruba does not have any transit autonomous systems.
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 12956 (TELXIUS), AS 1299 (Telia Carrier), AS 174 (Cogent Communications), AS 1239 (Sprint), 1 1 AS 33576 (Digicel Jamaica), AS 5511 (Orange S.A.)
Total number of active autonomous systems: 2
12
Bolivia BO Bolivia
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 863 823 40
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
4.63%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.91 41.38
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 34 9 17
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.03 2
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27882 (Telefónica Celular de Bolivia S.A.) 210
2 AS 26210 (AXS Bolivia S.A.) 184
3 AS 6568 (Entel S.A. - EntelNet) 93
... Other autonomous systems 376
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 6568 (Entel S.A. - EntelNet) 13 1
AS 27882 (Telefónica Celular de Bolivia S.A.) 12 2
AS 26210 (AXS Bolivia S. A.) 7 AS 27839 (Comteco Ltda) 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 34
13
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) 28 1
AS 262589 (INTERNEXA BRASIL OPERADORA DE TELECOMUNICACOES 12 S.A) 2
AS 262206 (COMCEL GUATEMALA S.A.) 11 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 34
14
Brazil BR Brazil
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 66,741 55,288 11,453
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
17.16%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.82 37.92
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 7,556 1,594 149
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.72 33
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 28573 (CLARO S.A.) 2,911
2 AS 26615 (TIM S/A) 981
3 AS 28202 (Rede Brasileira de Comunicaçao S/A) 922
... Other autonomous systems 61,927
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 16735 (ALGAR TELECOM S/A) 2,120 1
AS 10429 (TELEFÔNICA BRASIL S.A) 1,158 2
AS 267613 (ELETRONET S.A.) 969 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 7,558
15
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 6939 (Hurricane Electric LLC) 6,209 1
AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) 4,302 2
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 4,170 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 7,558
16
Belize BZ Belize
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 261 223 38
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
14.56%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.35 37.26
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 17 4 12
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.70 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 10269 (Belize Telemedia Limited) 34
2 AS 262254 (DDOS-GUARD CORP.) 29
3 AS 263824 (Central TV and Internet Limited) 25
... Other autonomous systems 172
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 10269 (Belize Telemedia Limited) 8 1
AS 265826 (BROADBAND BELIZE LTD) 4 2
AS 263824 (Central TV and Internet Limited) 2 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 17
17
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 9 1
AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 4 2
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) 3 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 17
18
Chile CL Chile
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 5,112 4,711 401
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
7.84%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.94 43.74
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 250 29 51
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.44 7
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 6471 (ENTEL CHILE S.A.) 755
2 AS 14117 (Telefonica del Sur S.A.) 609
3 AS 22047 (VTR BANDA ANCHA S.A.) 393
... Other autonomous systems 3,355
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 7004 (CTC Transmisiones Regionales S.A.) 72 1
AS 14259 (Gtd Internet S.A.) 65 2
AS 27978 (Telmex Servicios Empresariales S.A.) 40 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 252
19
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) 145 1
AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) 92 2
AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 81 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 252
20
Colombia CO Colombia
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 8,449 8,042 407
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
4.82%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.79 48.69
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 177 23 78
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.78 2
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 10620 (Telmex Colombia S.A.) 3,368
2 AS 3816 (COLOMBIA TELECOMUNICACIONES S.A. ESP) 1,113
3 AS 19429 (ETB - Colombia) 531
... Other autonomous systems 3,437
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 18678 (INTERNEXA S.A. E.S.P) 29 1
AS 52320 (GlobeNet Cabos Submarinos Colombia, S.A.S.) 28 2
AS 262191 (COLUMBUS NETWORKS COLOMBIA) 26 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 180
21
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 62 1
AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 57 2
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 46 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 180
22
Costa Rica CR Costa Rica
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 4,407 4,280 127
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
2.88%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.19 41.47
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 75 15 26
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.66 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 11830 (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y Telecom.) 2,699
2 AS 52228 (Cable Tica) 519
3 AS 262197 (MILLICOM CABLE COSTA RICA S.A.) 287
... Other autonomous systems 902
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 11830 (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y Telecom.) 15 1
AS 3790 (RADIOGRAFICA COSTARRICENSE) 5 AS 262202 (Telefonica de Costa Rica TC, SA) 2
52263 (Telecable Economico S.A.) 4 AS 28022 (CRISP S.A.) 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 75
23
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 22 1
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 18 2
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 17 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 75
24
Cuba CU Cuba
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 36 33 3
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
8.33%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 19.97 32
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 3 1 8
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.57 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27725 (Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba, S.A.) 31
AS 11960 (EMPRESA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES DE CUBA S.A. (IXP 2 3 CUBA))
3 AS 10569 (Red CENIAInternet) 2
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 11960 (EMPRESA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES DE CUBA S.A. (IXP 2 CUBA)) 1
Total number of active autonomous systems: 3
25
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) AS 6453 (TATA COMMUNICATIONS (AMERICA) INC) AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 3 1 AS 60725 (SES Networks - Internet Service Provider operating GEO and MEO satellite constellation) AS 5511 (Orange S.A.)
Total number of active autonomous systems: 3
26
Dominican Republic DO Dominican Republic
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 802 716 86
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
10.72%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.97 44.76
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 50 14 22
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.19 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 28118 (ALTICE DOMINICANA S.A.) 347
2 AS 12066 (ALTICE DOMINICANA S.A.) 76
3 AS 6400 (Compañía Dominicana de Teléfonos S. A.) 69
... Other autonomous systems 310
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 265721 (Cable Atlantico SRL) 8 1
AS 6400 (Compañía Dominicana de Teléfonos S. A.) 7 2
AS 28118 (ALTICE DOMINICANA S.A.) 6 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 50
27
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 38 1
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 10 2
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 9 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 50
28
Ecuador EC Ecuador
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 3,628 3,102 526
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
14.5%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.34 44.54
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 125 20 19
Average AS path length Total IXPs 6.05 5
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27738 (Ecuadortelecom S.A.) 851
AS 28006 (CORPORACION NACIONAL DE TELECOMUNICACIONES - CNT 2 734 EP)
3 AS 22724 (PUNTONET S.A.) 333
... Other autonomous systems 1,710
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27947 (Telconet S.A) 74 1
AS 27919 (IXP ECUADOR) 49 2
AS 264668 (NEDETEL S.A.) 47 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 125
29
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 91 1
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) 63 AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) 2
AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 41 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 125
30
French Guiana GF French Guiana
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 20 18 2
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
10%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.11 34
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 3 0 3
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.15 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27806 (WAYSCOM) 8
2 AS 263175 (GUYACOM) 4
AS 265745 (SOCIETE PUBLIC LOCALE POUR LAMENAGEMENT 3 1 NUMERIQUE DE LA GUYANE)
... Other autonomous systems 7
There are no transit autonomous systems in French Guiana.
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 3215 (Orange S.A.) 2 1
AS 21351 (Canal + Telecom SAS) 1 AS 11081 (United Telecommunication Services (UTS)) 2
Total number of active autonomous systems: 3
31
Guatemala GT Guatemala
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 771 672 99
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
12.84%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.56 41.12
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 45 15 16
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.89 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 14754 (Telgua) 170
2 AS 20299 (Newcom Limited) 154
3 AS 23243 (COMCEL GUATEMALA S.A.) 150
... Other autonomous systems 297
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 14754 (Telgua) 14 1
AS 262206 (COMCEL GUATEMALA S.A.) 11 2
AS 23243 (COMCEL GUATEMALA S.A.) 10 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 47
32
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 20 1
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 17 AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 2
AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 14 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 47
33
Guyana GY Guyana
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 120 106 14
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
11.67%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.65 38.93
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 4 1 4
Average AS path length Total IXPs 4.87 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 19863 (Guyana Telephone & Telegraph Co.) 75
2 AS 52253 (E-Networks Inc.) 30
3 AS 264694 (EGOVERNMENT UNIT) 6
... Other autonomous systems 9
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 19863 (Guyana Telephone & Telegraph Co.) 1 1
Total number of active autonomous systems: 4
34
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 3 1
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 2 2
AS 33576 (Digicel Jamaica) 1 AS 5639 (Telecommunication Services of Trinidad and Tobago) 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 4
35
Honduras HN Honduras
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 801 755 46
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
5.74%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.34 39.87
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 77 13 11
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.57 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27884 (CABLECOLOR S.A.) 158
2 AS 23383 (METRORED S.A. DE C.V.) 153
3 AS 27696 (Columbus Networks de Honduras S. de R.L.) 109
... Other autonomous systems 381
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27932 (Redes y Telecomunicaciones) 16 1
AS 27696 (Columbus Networks de Honduras S. de R.L.) 14 2
AS 265680 (HNTELCO S.A) 11 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 77
36
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 38 1
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 28 2
AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 18 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 77
37
Haiti HT Haiti
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 155 152 3
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
1.94%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.27 37.33
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 8 1 5
Average AS path length Total IXPs 4.48 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 52260 (Télécommunications de Haití (Teleco)) 90
2 AS 27759 (ACCESS HAITI S.A.) 32
3 AS 27653 (Alpha Communications Network) 20
... Other autonomous systems 13
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27759 (ACCESS HAITI S.A.) 5 1
Total number of active autonomous systems: 8
38
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 5 AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 1
AS 1239 (Sprint) 3 2
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 1 AS 33576 (Digicel Jamaica) 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 8
39
Mexico MX Mexico
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 20,704 17,077 3,627
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
17.52%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.54 47.23
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 310 48 37
Average AS path length Total IXPs 4.4 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 8151 (Uninet S.A. de C.V.) 7,077
2 AS 11172 (Alestra, S. de R.L. de C.V.) 3,291
3 AS 6503 (Axtel, S.A.B. de C.V.) 1,726
... Other autonomous systems 8,610
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 11172 (Alestra, S. de R.L. de C.V.) 87 1
AS 18734 (Operbes, S.A. de C.V.) 73 2
AS 8151 (Uninet S.A. de C.V.) 58 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 315
40
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 32098 (Transtelco Inc) 183 1
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 180 2
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 160 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 315
41
Nicaragua NI Nicaragua
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 376 357 19
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
5.05%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.45 36.32
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 21 6 11
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.6 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 19447 (ALFANUMERIC) 65
2 AS 18840 (EQUIPOS Y SISTEMAS S.A.) 62
3 AS 27742 (Amnet Telecomunicaciones S.A.) 60
... Other autonomous systems 189
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27742 (Amnet Telecomunicaciones S.A.) 6 1
AS 18840 (EQUIPOS Y SISTEMAS S.A.) 4 2
AS 263817 (REDCA - RED CENTROAMERICANA DE 3 TELECOMUNICACIONES) 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 21
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 12 1
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 9 2
AS 262206 (COMCEL GUATEMALA S.A.) 7 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 21
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Panama PA Panama
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 1,341 1,196 145
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
10.81%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.99 50.46
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 79 11 26
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.34 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 18809 (Cable Onda) 312
2 AS 3551 (Universidad Tecnologica de Panama) 247
3 AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 211
... Other autonomous systems 571
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 18809 (Cable Onda) 31 1
AS 26105 (Cable Onda) 27 2
AS 11556 (Cable & Wireless Panama) 22 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 80
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 44 1
AS 3356 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 36 2
AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 22 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 80
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Peru PE Peru
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 2,488 2,061 427
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
17.16%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.86 45.43
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 45 10 23
Average AS path length Total IXPs 4.66 2
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 6147 (Telefonica del Peru S.A.A.) 1,207
2 AS 12252 (America Movil Peru S.A.C.) 455
3 AS 27843 (OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES S.A.C.) 185
... Other autonomous systems 641
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27843 (OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES S.A.C.) 8 1
AS 262253 (ECONOCABLE MEDIA SAC) 7 2
AS 6147 (Telefonica del Peru S.A.A.) 6 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 45
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) 19 1
AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) 14 2
AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 13 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 45
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Paraguay PY Paraguay
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 900 784 116
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
12.89%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.34 37.27
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 72 9 44
Average AS path length Total IXPs 6.61 1
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 23201 (Telecel S.A.) 301
2 AS 27866 (CO.PA.CO.) 124
3 AS 27768 (CO.PA.CO.) 46
... Other autonomous systems 429
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 23201 (Telecel S.A.) 27 1
AS 61512 (GIGANET) 19 2
AS 27768 (CO.PA.CO.) 10 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 73
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) 33 1
AS 39533 (Asympto Networks Kft.) 28 2
AS 50629 (LWLcom GmbH) AS 48362 (Stadtwerke Feldkirch) AS 1836 (green.ch AG Autonomous System) AS 34549 (meerfarbig GmbH & Co. KG) AS 58299 (Openfactory GmbH) AS 34872 (Cedric Rossius) 24 AS 58057 (Securebit Autonomous System) 3 AS 29208 (Dial Telecom a.s.) AS 34019 (Hivane) AS 24724 (ATM S.A.) AS 12859 (BIT BV) AS 41327 (Fiber Telecom S.p.A.)
Total number of active autonomous systems: 73
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Suriname SR Suriname
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 312 273 39
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
12.5%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.21 47.59
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 3 1 4
Average AS path length Total IXPs 4.25 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27775 (Telecommunicationcompany Suriname - TeleSur) 302
2 AS 52398 (Digicel Suriname NV) 9
3 AS 263799 (CARIBBEAN COMMUNICATION SERVICES) 1
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27775 (Telecommunicationcompany Suriname - TeleSur) 1 1
Total number of active autonomous systems: 3
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 2 AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 1
AS 2914 (NTT America, Inc.) 1 AS 33576 (Digicel Jamaica) 2
Total number of active autonomous systems: 3
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El Salvador SV El Salvador
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 1,034 1,018 16
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
0.02%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 23.69 37.12
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 37 9 13
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.62 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 27773 (MILLICOM CABLE EL SALVADOR S.A. DE C.V.) 569
2 AS 16592 (ICOMSA S.A. de C.V.) 78
3 AS 17079 (Telemovil El Salvador S.A.) 48
... Other autonomous systems 339
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# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 262199 (Columbus Networks El Salvador SA de CV) 4 1
AS 264635 (CONECTIVE S.A. DE C.V.) AS 16906 (El Salvador Network, S. A.) 2 AS 263783 (Telefonica Moviles El Salvador S.A. de C.V.) 2 AS 27903 (DIGICEL S.A. DE C.V.)
AS 267752 (INTERNET TELECOMUNICATION COMPANY DE GUATEMALA S.A. , SUCURSAL EL SALVADOR) AS 262179 (Telenetwork de El Salvador) 1 3 AS 27708 (GCA Telecom) AS 16592 (ICOMSA S.A. de C.V.)
Total number of active autonomous systems: 37
# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) 10 1
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 7 AS 27729 (Globalnet.hn) 2
AS 263817 (REDCA - RED CENTROAMERICANA DE 5 TELECOMUNICACIONES) 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 37
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Trinidad and Tobago TT Trinidad and Tobago
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 420 390 30
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
7.14%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.26 35.2
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 13 5 10
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.33 2
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 5639 (Telecommunication Services of Trinidad and Tobago) 157
2 AS 27665 (Columbus Communications Trinidad Limited.) 62
3 AS 27800 (Digicel Trinidad and Tobago Ltd.) 51
... Other autonomous systems 150
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 27665 (Columbus Communications Trinidad Limited.) 7 1
AS 5639 (Telecommunication Services of Trinidad and Tobago) 4 2
AS 27924 (AMPLIA COMMUNICATIONS LTD.) AS 27800 (Digicel Trinidad and Tobago Ltd.) 1 3 AS 264811 (AIR LINK COMMUNICATIONS)
Total number of active autonomous systems: 13
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 11 1
AS 701 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business) 4 AS 209 (CenturyLink Communications, LLC) 2
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) AS 1239 (Sprint) 2 3 AS 33576 (Digicel Jamaica) AS 393434 (Air Link Networks)
Total number of active autonomous systems: 13
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Uruguay UY Uruguay
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 825 781 44
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
5.33%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 20.73 39.02
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 19 7 21
Average AS path length Total IXPs 4.19 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 6057 (Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones) 587
2 AS 20255 (Tecnowind S.A.) 49
3 AS 19422 (Telefonica Moviles del Uruguay SA) 48
... Other autonomous systems 141
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 6057 (Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones) 10 1
AS 19422 (Telefonica Moviles del Uruguay SA) 5 AS 20002 (Telstar S.A.) 2
AS 20255 (Tecnowind S.A.) 3 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 19
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 6939 (Hurricane Electric LLC) AS 1299 (Telia Carrier) 11 AS 2914 (NTT America, Inc.) 1 AS 6461 (Zayo Bandwidth)
AS 12956 (TELXIUS) AS 174 (Cogent Communications) 10 2 AS 1239 (Sprint)
AS 3356 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 9 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 19
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Venezuela VE Venezuela
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 1,860 1,812 48
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
2.58%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.36 33.33
Origin autonomous systems Transit autonomous systems Upstream autonomous systems 91 19 24
Average AS path length Total IXPs 6.05 0
# Most important origin autonomous systems Prefixes announced
1 AS 21826 (Corporación Telemic C.A.) 547
2 AS 8048 (CANTV Servicios, Venezuela) 443
3 AS 7908 (BT LATAM Venezuela, S.A.) 135
... Other autonomous systems 735
# Most important transit autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 8048 (CANTV Servicios, Venezuela) 26 1
AS 264628 (The Houses Television C.A. (ConexTELECOM)) 14 2
AS 28007 (Gold Data C.A.) 11 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 91
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# Most important upstream autonomous systems Downstream AS's
AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC) 39 1
AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A.) 29 2
AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc.) 27 3
Total number of active autonomous systems: 91
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Regional Data Analysis
Just as we calculated the data by country, we can calculate similar data for the region as a whole.
LAC LACNIC Service Region
Total number of prefixes announced IPv4 prefixes announced IPv6 prefixes announced 135,469 116,992 18,477
Percentage of IPv6 prefixes announced
13.64%
Average IPv4 prefix length Average IPv6 prefix length 22.81 40.82
Average number of Origin autonomous Average number of Transit Average number of Upstream systems by country autonomous systems by country autonomous systems by country 385 76 27
Average AS path length Total IXPs 5.51 89
Autonomous systems abroad (upstream) connecting to the largest number of countries in the region:
1. AS 12956 (TELXIUS, Telefonica) connects to 20 countries. 2. AS 6939 (TELXIUS, Telefonica) connects to 19 countries. 3. AS 174 (Cogent Communications, COGENT-174) connects to 18 countries. 4. AS 23520 (Columbus Networks USA, Inc., COLUMBUS-NETWORKS) connects to 18 countries. 5. AS 1299 (Telia Carrier, TELIANET) connects to 17 countries. 6. AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A., SEABONE-NET) connects to 15 countries. 7. AS 3356 (Level 3 Parent, LLC, LEVEL3) connects to 14 countries. 8. AS 1239 (Sprint, SPRINTLINK) connects to 14 countries. 9. AS 52468 (UFINET PANAMA S.A.) connects to 12 countries. 10. AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC, LVLT-3549) and AS 2914 (NTT America, Inc., NTT-COMMUNICATIONS- 2914) each connect to 11 countries.
Autonomous systems abroad (upstream) connecting to the largest number of autonomous systems in the region:
1. AS 6939 (Hurricane Electric LLC, HURRICANE) connects to 6,736 autonomous systems. 2. AS 6762 (TELECOM ITALIA SPARKLE S.p.A., SEABONE-NET) connects to 5,239 autonomous systems. 3. AS 3356 (Level 3 Parent, LLC, LEVEL3) connects to 4,734 autonomous systems. 4. AS 174 (Cogent Communications, COGENT-174) connects to 4,706 autonomous systems. 5. AS 1299 (Telia Carrier, TELIANET) connects to 4,496 autonomous systems. 6. AS 12956 (TELXIUS, Telefonica) connects to 2,958 autonomous systems. 7. AS 3549 (Level 3 Parent, LLC, LVLT-3549) connects to 2,935 autonomous systems.
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8. AS 50629 (LWLcom GmbH, LWLCOM) connects to 2,624 autonomous systems. 9. AS 3257 (GTT, GTT-BACKBONE) connects to 2,536 autonomous systems. 10. AS 39533 (Asympto Networks Kft., asympto) connects to 2,470 autonomous systems.
Both rankings are dominated by autonomous systems in Europe and the United States. Only AS 52468 belongs to the region (it is registered in Panama).
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Connection to the Other Regions
The processed data also allows us to determine to which other regions the countries of Latin America are connected and therefore assess whether local traffic exchange is adequate.
Figure 3: Flow of the prefixes announced outside each country.
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Figure 3 shows how most of the prefixes registered with LACNIC are announced to the regions serviced by ARIN (North America) and the RIPE NCC (Europe).
As for the other regions, it shows that only two countries —Brazil and Colombia— connect directly with AFRINIC (Africa). Likewise, seven countries — Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador— connect directly to APNIC (Asia Pacific).
Finally, while most of the countries have links with other countries in Latin America, the number of connected autonomous systems is considerably lower than for the case of ARIN and the RIPE NCC. This shows that the countries of our region are often fragmented and that there is little traffic between them. This probably translates into higher latency, as the connection between two Latin American users must often transit through links in the United States or Europe.
Instead of counting the number of announced prefixes, the same analysis can be made by processing the autonomous systems connected to other regions.
The same trend can be observed in Figures 3 and 4. In Figure 4, however, it is even more evident that Brazil dominates over all the other countries of the region. If we continue to analyze Brazil, we can see how the ARIN and the RIPE NCC service regions receive more than three times as many networks compared to AFRINIC, APNIC and LACNIC.
As Figure 4 shows, all the countries of Latin America except French Guiana (FR) have at least one AS connected to an AS in the ARIN region, while the only territories not directly connected to the RIPE NCC region are Suriname (SR), the Falkland Islands (FK) and Guyana (GY).
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Figure 4: Flow of autonomous systems connecting outside the borders of their countries.
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Conclusions and Future Work
An analysis of where the autonomous systems of each country connect when they leave their country shows that, generally speaking, less than a third of these autonomous systems connect directly with others in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is also evident in the fact that the autonomous systems that provide the largest transit capacity from the countries of the region to the rest of the world are registered either with ARIN or with the RIPE NCC. This involves certain problems. First, it discourages the implementation of highly interactive applications in the region, as latency is higher compared to connections with the United States or Europe. In addition, P2P applications consume large amounts of bandwidth in long-haul links instead of exchanging traffic locally at a lower cost. Finally, from a geopolitical perspective, in our region, connectivity depends heavily on countries of other regions.
All of the above presents an opportunity to generate new connections between peers and Internet exchange points, as well as potential investments by telecommunications companies wishing to develop regional traffic business opportunities.
In addition, this study also allowed us to analyze data on the IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes that are being announced. The fragmentation of IPv4 prefixes, which can be observed in countries with an average prefix length closer to 24 bits, is probably the result of new operators who appeared in recent years during the final phase of IPv4 exhaustion. As for IPv6, the results of this study showed lower deployment rates than those determined by other studies10. However, it should be noted that the data processed in this report include only the prefixes announced and registered by collectors, not all the prefixes that have been registered. In addition, IPv4 prefixes have a much higher level of disaggregation.
As for the data source used for this study, we only used the rrc00 collector to obtain routing information, and this collector is located in Europe. This may have created a certain bias, increasing the proportion of connections to this continent compared to the others. In this sense, other datasets could be generated using more than one collector and selecting them taking into account regional diversity so as to verify that the number of connections not considered in this analysis was not significant.
Another source of data that might be reviewed is the Internet exchange point (IXP) registry, which currently uses data collected by CAIDA11 with PCH as its source. Because this study analyzes the region of Latin America and the Caribbean, this source might be replaced by data provided by LAC-IX, the Latin American and Caribbean Association of Internet Exchange Point Operators.
As for the work we propose for the future, the same data could be calculated taking this study as a reference and similar reports could be prepared for the other four Regional Internet Registries (AFRINIC, APNIC, ARIN and RIPE NCC). This would allow directly comparing the different regions. It would also be possible to perform calculations backwards in time and compare our current data with the status of our region five or ten years ago.
It is important to continue to conduct similar studies in order to assess Internet resilience and development in our region based on different sources of information. Just as this study used as its main source of data the routing tables provided by the RIPE NCC route collectors, traceroutes from locations across the continent might also be analyzed. This would require measurement devices and vantage points that allow performing this type of analyses.
10 < https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html#tab=per-country-ipv6-adoption&tab=per-country-ipv6-adoption > 11 < https://www.caida.org/home/ >
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