DOCSLIB.ORG

World Happiness Report 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Happiness Report 2013 WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2013 Edited by John Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2013 Edited by John Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. World Happiness: Trends, Explanations and Distribution 3. Mental Illness and Unhappiness 4. The Objective Benefits of Subjective Well-Being 5. Restoring Virtue Ethics in the Quest for Happiness 6. Using Well-being as a Guide to Policy 7. The OECD Approach to Measuring Subjective Well-Being 8. From Capabilities to Contentment: Testing the Links Between Human Development and Life Satisfaction The World Happiness Report was written by a group of independent experts acting in their personal agency or programme of the United Nations. WORLD HAPPINESS R EPORT 2013 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION JOHN F. HELLIWELL, RICHARD LAYARD AND JEFFREY D. SACHS 3 23 John F. Helliwell: Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Richard Layard: Director, Well-Being Programme, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics Jeffrey D. Sachs: Director, The Earth Institute, Columbia University WORLD HAPPINESS R EPORT 2013 The world is now in the midst of a major policy terms of emotion might inadvertently diminish debate about the objectives of public policy. What society’s will to fight poverty. should be the world’s Sustainable Development Goals for the period 2015-2030? The World Fortunately, respondents to happiness surveys do Happiness Report 2013 is offered as a contribution not tend to make such confusing mistakes. As we to that crucial debate. showed in last year’s World Happiness Report and again in this year’s report, respondents to surveys In July 2011 the UN General Assembly passed a clearly recognize the difference between happiness historic resolution.1 It invited member countries as an emotion and happiness in the sense of life to measure the happiness of their people and satisfaction. The responses of individuals to these to use this to help guide their public policies. different questions are highly distinct. A very poor This was followed in April 2012 by the first UN person might report himself to be happy emotion- high-level meeting on happiness and well-being, ally at a specific time, while also reporting a much chaired by the Prime Minister of Bhutan. At the lower sense of happiness with life as a whole; and same time the first World Happiness Report was indeed, people living in extreme poverty do express published,2 followed some months later by the low levels of happiness with life as a whole. Such OECD Guidelines setting an international answers should spur our societies to work harder standard for the measurement of well-being.3 to end extreme poverty. The present Report is sponsored by the Sus- tainable Development Solutions Network. As with last year’s report, we have again assembled the available international happiness data on how people rate both their emotions and their lives as a Happiness whole. We divide the available measures into three main types: measures of positive emotions (positive The word “happiness” is not used lightly. Happiness affect) including happiness, usually asked about is an aspiration of every human being, and can the day preceding the survey; measures of negative also be a measure of social progress. America’s emotions (negative affect) again asked about the founding fathers declared the inalienable right to preceding day; and evaluations of life as a whole. pursue happiness. Yet are Americans, or citizens Together, these three types of reports constitute of other countries, happy? If they are not, what if the primary measures of subjective well-being.4 anything can be done about it? The three main life evaluations are the Cantril ladder of life,5 life satisfaction,6 and happiness with life as a whole.7 Happiness thus appears The key to proper measurement must begin twice, once as an emotional report, and once as with the meaning of the word “happiness.” The part of a life evaluation, giving us considerable problem, of course, is that happiness is used evidence about the nature and causes of happiness in at least two ways — the first as an emotion in both its major senses. (“Were you happy yesterday?”) and the second as an evaluation (“Are you happy with your life as a whole?”). If individuals were to routinely mix Outline of Report 34 up their responses to these very different questions, then measures of happiness might tell us very The first World Happiness Report presented the little. Changes in reported happiness used to widest body of happiness data available, and track social progress would perhaps reflect little explained the scientific base at hand to validate and more than transient changes in emotion. Or understand the data. Now that the scientific stage has impoverished persons who express happiness in been set, we turn this year to consider more specific issues of measurement, explanation, and policy. WORLD HAPPINESS R EPORT 2013 t In Chapter 2 we update our ranking of life supports for better lives in Sub-Saharan Africa, evaluations from all over the world, making and of continued convergence in the quality of primary use of the Gallup World Poll, since it the social fabric within greater Europe, there has continues to regularly collect and provide com- also been some progress toward equality in the parable data for the largest number of countries. distribution of well-being among global regions. We also present tentative explanations for the levels and changes of national-level and regional There have been important continental cross- averages of life evaluations. currents within this broader picture. Improvements in quality of life have been particularly notable in t In Chapter 3 we learn that mental illness is the Latin America and the Caribbean, while reductions single most important cause of unhappiness, have been the norm in the regions most affected but is largely ignored by policy makers. by the financial crisis, Western Europe and other western industrial countries; or by some combi- t Chapter 4 adopts a different perspective, looking nation of financial crisis and political and social at the many beneficial consequences of well-being instability, as in the Middle East and North Africa. (rather than its causes). Mental health and unhappiness Chapter 5 discusses values; returning to the t The next chapter focuses on mental health. It ancient insights of Buddha, Aristotle, and others shows that mental health is the single most teachers and moralists, that an individual’s values important determinant of individual happiness and character are major determinants of the (in every case where this has been studied). individual’s happiness with life as a whole. About 10% of the world’s population suffers from clinical depression or crippling anxiety disorders. t Chapter 6 looks at the way policy makers can They are the biggest single cause of disability and use well-being as a policy goal. absenteeism, with huge costs in terms of misery and economic waste. t Chapter 7 presents the OECD’s Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being and general approach, and; Cost-effective treatments exist, but even in advanced countries only a third of those who need it are in t Chapter 8 explores the link between the UN’s treatment. These treatments produce recovery rates Human Development Index and subjective of 50% or more, which mean that the treatments well-being. can have low or zero net cost after the savings they generate. Moreover human rights require that treatment should be as available for mental illness as We briefly review the main findings of each chapter. it is for physical illness. Trends, explanations and distribution Effects of well-being Chapter 2 presents data by country and continent, Chapter 4 considers the objective benefits of and for the world as a whole, showing the levels, subjective well-being. The chapter presents a broad 4 explanations, changes and equality of happiness, range of evidence showing the people who are mainly based on life evaluations from the Gallup emotionally happier, who have more satisfying lives, World Poll. Despite the obvious detrimental and who live in happier communities, are more happiness impacts of the 2007-08 financial likely both now and later to be healthy, productive, crisis, the world has become a slightly happier and socially connected. These benefits in turn flow and more generous place over the past five years. more broadly to their families, workplaces, and Because of continuing improvements in most communities, to the advantage of all. WORLD HAPPINESS R EPORT 2013 The authors of Chapter 4 show that subjective of the OECD approach are laid out more fully in well-being has an objective impact across a broad the recent OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective range of behavioral traits and life outcomes, and Well-being. The chapter also outlines progress that does not simply follow from them. They observe has been made by national statistical offices, both the existence of a dynamic relationship between before and after the release of the guidelines. happiness and other important aspects of life with effects running in both directions. Human Development Report Chapter 8 investigates the conceptual and empirical Values and happiness relationships between the human development Chapter 5 discusses a riddle in the history of and life evaluation approaches to understanding thought. In the great pre-modern traditions human progress. The chapter argues that both concerning happiness, whether Buddhism in the approaches were, at least in part, motivated by a East, Aristotelianism in the West, or the great desire to consider progress and development in religious traditions, happiness is determined not ways that went beyond GDP, and to put people at by an individual’s material conditions (wealth, the center.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Applying a Discrete Emotion Perspective
    AROUSAL OR RELEVANCE? APPLYING A DISCRETE EMOTION PERSPECTIVE TO AGING AND AFFECT REGULATION SARA E. LAUTZENHISER Bachelor of Science in Psychology Ashland University May 2015 Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY At the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY May 2019 We hereby approve this thesis For SARA E. LAUTZENHISER Candidate for the Master of Arts in Experimental Research Psychology For the Department of Psychology And CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY’S College of Graduate Studies by __________________________ Eric Allard, Ph.D. __________________________ Department & Date __________________________ Andrew Slifkin, Ph. D. (Methodologist) __________________________ Department & Date __________________________ Conor McLennan, Ph.D. __________________________ Department & Date __________________________ Robert Hurley, Ph. D. __________________________ Department & Date Student’s Date of Defense May 10, 2019 AROUSAL OR RELEVANCE? APPLYING A DISCRETE EMOTION PERSPECTIE TO AGING AND AFFECT REGULATION SARA E. LAUTZENHISER ABSTRACT While research in the psychology of human aging suggests that older adults are quite adept at managing negative affect, emotion regulation efficacy may depend on the discrete emotion elicited. For instance, prior research suggests older adults are more effective at dealing with emotional states that are more age-relevant/useful and lower in intensity (i.e., sadness) relative to less relevant/useful or more intense (i.e., anger). The goal of the present study was to probe this discrete emotions perspective further by addressing the relevance/intensity distinction within a broader set of negative affective states (i.e., fear and disgust, along with anger and sadness). Results revealed that participants reported relatively high levels of the intended emotion for each video, while also demonstrating significant affective recovery after the attentional refocusing task.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes Toward Emotions
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology © 2011 American Psychological Association 2011, Vol. 101, No. 6, 1332–1350 0022-3514/11/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0024951 Attitudes Toward Emotions Eddie Harmon-Jones and Cindy Harmon-Jones David M. Amodio Texas A&M University New York University Philip A. Gable University of Alabama The present work outlines a theory of attitudes toward emotions, provides a measure of attitudes toward emotions, and then tests several predictions concerning relationships between attitudes toward specific emotions and emotional situation selection, emotional traits, emotional reactivity, and emotion regula- tion. The present conceptualization of individual differences in attitudes toward emotions focuses on specific emotions and presents data indicating that 5 emotions (anger, sadness, joy, fear, and disgust) load on 5 separate attitude factors (Study 1). Attitudes toward emotions predicted emotional situation selection (Study 2). Moreover, attitudes toward approach emotions (e.g., anger, joy) correlated directly with the associated trait emotions, whereas attitudes toward withdrawal emotions (fear, disgust) correlated inversely with associated trait emotions (Study 3). Similar results occurred when attitudes toward emotions were used to predict state emotional reactivity (Study 4). Finally, attitudes toward emotions predicted specific forms of emotion regulation (Study 5). Keywords: discrete emotions, approach motivation, withdrawal motivation, emotion regulation, behav- ioral activation system (BAS) Emotions pervade subjective experience (Izard, 2009), and al- theory by assessing relationships between attitudes toward specific though often perceived as a single subjective state, emotional emotions and emotional traits, emotional reactivity, emotional experience is likely composed of many different elements. Tom- situation selection, and emotion regulation. kins (1962, 1963) and others (Ellsworth, 1994; Izard, 1971) sug- gested that the evaluation of an emotion is part of the experience of emotion.
    [Show full text]
  • Slice Proof Swing Tony Finau Take the Flagstick Out! Hot List Golf Balls
    VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 1 MAY 2019 `150 THINK YOUNG | PLAY HARD PUBLISHED BY SLICE PROOF SWING TONY FINAU TAKE THE FLAGSTICK OUT! HOT LIST GOLF BALLS TIGER’S SPECIAL HERO TRIUMPH INDIAN GREATEST COMEBACK STORY OPEN Exclusive Official Media Partner RNI NO. HARENG/2016/66983 NO. RNI Cover.indd 1 4/23/2019 2:17:43 PM Roush AD.indd 5 4/23/2019 4:43:16 PM Mercedes DS.indd All Pages 4/23/2019 4:45:21 PM Mercedes DS.indd All Pages 4/23/2019 4:45:21 PM how to play. what to play. where to play. Contents 05/19 l ArgentinA l AustrAliA l Chile l ChinA l CzeCh republiC l FinlAnd l FrAnCe l hong Kong l IndIa l indonesiA l irelAnd l KoreA l MAlAysiA l MexiCo l Middle eAst l portugAl l russiA l south AFriCA l spAin l sweden l tAiwAn l thAilAnd l usA 30 46 India Digest Newsmakers 70 18 Ajeetesh Sandhu second in Bangladesh 20 Strong Show By Indians At Qatar Senior Open 50 Chinese Golf On The Rise And Yes Don’t Forget The 22 Celebration of Women’s Golf Day on June 4 Coconuts 54 Els names Choi, 24 Indian Juniors Bring Immelman, Weir as Laurels in Thailand captain’s assistants for 2019 Presidents Cup 26 Club Round-Up Updates from courses across India Features 28 Business Of Golf Industry Updates 56 Spieth’s Nip-Spinner How to get up and down the spicy way. 30 Tournament Report 82 Take the Flagstick Out! Hero Indian Open 2019 by jordan spieth Play Your Best We tested it: Here’s why putting with the pin in 60 Leadbetter’s Laser Irons 75 One Golfer, Three Drives hurts more than it helps.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 01 Nov 23.Indd
    ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED NEWSPAPER Friday 23 November 2012 9 Muharram 1434 - Volume 17 Number 5527 Price: QR2 QInvest, Qatari Real and PSG investors in deal qualify as City with Citadel crash out Business | 13 Sport | 21 www.thepeninsulaqatar.com [email protected] | [email protected] Editorial: 4455 7741 | Advertising: 4455 7837 / 4455 7780 The Repentant wins CMC members Best Narrative Feature Film blast shortage award at DTFF BY RAYNALD C RIVERA DOHA: Algerian filmmaker of wedding halls Merzak Allouache bagged the coveted Best Narrative Feature Film award for the second time in a row, with his moving High rents cause of delayed marriages film ‘The Repentant’ winning unanimous nod from the jury at DOHA: Some members of the youth prefer to get married to this year’s Doha Tribeca Film Public representative body, foreign women. Festival (DTFF), during the the Central Municipal Council Hamad Lehdan Al Mohannadi, Arab Films Competition awards (CMC), have lambasted the another CMC member, said that ceremony last night at the Al Ministry of Municipality and the worrisomely rising rate of Rayyan Theatre in Souq Waqif. Urban Planning and said it was divorce in the Qatari community Allouache was also declared delaying building affordable could be largely attributed to winner at the DTFF last year for marriage halls for nationals. bank loans a man takes to spend his narrative feature film Normal Soaring costs of weddings, on his marriage. whose $100,000 prize was used to which high-rent marriage halls The loan becomes a vicious trap finance The Repentant. “I want are a major contributor to, are and a newly married man must to dedicate this award to those responsible for delayed mar- forego a major portion of his fighting for freedom and democ- riages of Qatari men, CMC monthly salary to repay it with racy in Algeria,” said Allouche, members said.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reliability of Subjective Well-Being Measures by Alan B
    The Reliability of Subjective Well-Being Measures by Alan B. Krueger, Princeton University David A. Schkade, University of California, San Diego CEPS Working Paper No. 138 January 2007 The authors thank our colleagues Daniel Kahneman, Norbert Schwarz, and Arthur Stone for helpful comments and the Hewlett Foundation, the National Institute on Aging, and Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School and Center for Economic Policy Studies for financial support. Reliability of SWB Measures – 2 Introduction Economists are increasingly analyzing data on subjective well-being. Since 2000, 157 papers and numerous books have been published in the economics literature using data on life satisfaction or subjective well-being, according to a search of Econ Lit.1 Here we analyze the test-retest reliability of two measures of subjective well-being: a standard life satisfaction question and affective experience measures derived from the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM). Although economists have longstanding reservations about the feasibility of interpersonal comparisons of utility that we can only partially address here, another question concerns the reliability of such measurements for the same set of individuals over time. Overall life satisfaction should not change very much from week to week. Likewise, individuals who have similar routines from week to week should experience similar feelings over time. How persistent are individuals’ responses to subjective well-being questions? To anticipate our main findings, both measures of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and affective experience) display a serial correlation of about 0.60 when assessed two weeks apart, which is lower than the reliability ratios typically found for education, income and many other common micro economic variables (Bound, Brown, and Mathiowetz, 2001 and Angrist and Krueger, 1999), but high enough to support much of the research that has been undertaken on subjective well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguishing Neurotic from Prosocial "Guilt": Evidence for the Conceptual
    Distinguishing Neurotic from Prosocial “Guilt”: Evidence for the Conceptual Distinctiveness of Checklist and Scenario Measures by Stefanie M. Tignor B.A. in Psychology, Binghamton University M.A. in Psychology, Northeastern University A dissertation submitted to The Faculty of the College of Science of Northeastern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 28, 2016 Dissertation directed by C. Randall Colvin Associate Professor of Psychology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, thank you to my advisor, Randy Colvin, for your ever-impressive expertise, guidance, and support. From my first day to my last you’ve made the Personality Lab feel like home, and I deeply appreciate all that you have taught me. Thanks for always being willing to chat about research or life, and thanks for always cheering me on. To Judy Hall, thank you for all of your support and mentorship over these past few years. Your immense knowledge of psychology and skills as a researcher are an inspiration to me. And of course, thank you for helping me fall in love with meta-analysis. To Nancy Kim, thank you for your insightful and helpful comments on this dissertation, in meetings and via email. It has been much improved thanks to your guidance, and I have greatly appreciated your help throughout the process. Thanks to the many research assistants who helped with this project: Emily Burke, David Kramer, Megan Pinaire, Christina Tebbe, Ronnie Lo, Simone Grant, Alexa Lambros, Fae Kayarian, Kristen Laws, Catherine Martin, Heather Offermann, and Sangjukta Sen Roy. Thank you to my research “brother” and “sister” Sun Park and Krista Hill; your welcoming nature and willingness to help a lost first-year will never be forgotten.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2013 Current Affairs
    February 2013 Current Affairs =Union Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal presented the Union Railway Budget for 2013-14 in Lok Sabha on 26 February 2013. Some of the New Plans and Schemes proposed in Railway Budget 2013-14 are as under: • Proposal for setting up of Railway Tariff Regulatory Authority formulated and at inter-ministerial consultation stage. • To provide a memorable experience to the visitors especially the children, a revamp plan will be rolled out for National Railway Museum in 2013-14. • To create a corpus for meeting IR’s committed liabilities for debt servicing of JICA and World Bank loans taken for the DFC Project, it is proposed to set up a new Debt Service Fund. • In order to meet the growing demand, 72 additional services in Mumbai and 18 in Kolkata are being introduced. Besides, rake length is being increased from 9 cars to 12 cars for 80 services in Kolkata and 30 services in Chennai. • A target to complete 500 km of new lines has been set for 2013-14. • There is target to convert 450 km of MG/NG lines to broad gauge during 2013-14. • Announcement of resumption of work on new line projects of Chickmagalur - Sakleshpur and Bengaluru - Satyamangalam, which were pending for want of resources and other mandatory clearances, after State Government of Karnataka agreed to give land free of cost and bear 50% of the cost. =Union Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal presented the Union Railway Budget for 2013-14 in Lok Sabha on 26 February 2013. Some of the major Initiative proposed in Railway Budget 2013-14 are as under: Anubhuti • Indian Railways will introduce one coach in select trains which will provide an excellent ambience and latest modern facilities and services responding to the Increased Popularity of Shatabdi and Rajdhani Trains.
    [Show full text]
  • Trait Positive and Negative Emotionality Differentially Associate Withdiurnal Cortisol Activity Karissa G
    Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Psychology Faculty Research and Scholarship Psychology 2016 Trait positive and negative emotionality differentially associate withdiurnal cortisol activity Karissa G. Miller Aidan G.C. Wright Laurel M. Peterson Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Thomas W. Kamarck Barbara A. Anderson See next page for additional authors Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/psych_pubs Part of the Psychology Commons Custom Citation Miller et al. "Trait positive and negative emotionality differentially associate withdiurnal cortisol activity." Psychoneuroendocrinology 68 (2016); 177-185. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/psych_pubs/47 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Karissa G. Miller, Aidan G.C. Wright, Laurel M. Peterson, Thomas W. Kamarck, Barbara A. Anderson, Clemens Kirschbaum, Anna L. Marsland, and Matthew F. Muldoon This article is available at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/ psych_pubs/47 Psychoneuroendocrinology 68 (2016) 177–185 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychoneuroendocrinology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psyneuen Trait positive and negative emotionality differentially associate with diurnal cortisol activity a,∗ a b a Karissa G. Miller , Aidan G.C. Wright , Laurel
    [Show full text]
  • Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience
    This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18548 Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience ISBN Arthur A. Stone and Christopher Mackie, Editors; Panel on Measuring 978-0-309-29446-1 Subjective Well-Being in a Policy-Relevant Framework; Committee on National Statistics; Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and 204 pages Education; National Research Council 6 x 9 PAPERBACK (2013) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience Subjective Well-Being Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience Panel on Measuring Subjective Well-Being in a Policy-Relevant Framework Arthur A. Stone and Christopher Mackie, Editors Committee on National Statistics Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • It's Complicated: a Literature Review of Happiness and the Big Five
    Bengtson 1 Lilly Bengtson PSYC330 It’s Complicated: A Review of Literature on Happiness and the Big Five One of the great quests of an individual’s life is often to find happiness. But what does “happiness” mean? Can it even be “found?” These questions and more have been addressed with the growth of the positive psychology movement, a modern attempt to examine happiness from a scientific perspective. A natural first step in the study of happiness is evaluating exactly who is happy, and why. While a great many factors influence one’s satisfaction with life, personality is an especially relevant contributor to consider. Personality factors influence how people see the world, how they behave, and how they move through life, so it follows that these same factors would strongly influence one’s ultimate failure or success in achieving happiness. The Five Factor model of personality is a tried-and-true trait model which breaks personality down into five basic components: extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism. This empirically-validated model has been combined with the relatively recent positive psychology movement to study how personality traits affect individuals’ overall happiness. The Big Five traits of neuroticism and extraversion have been shown to correlate strongly with measures of individual happiness, but this effect is moderated by both internal and external factors of an individual’s life circumstances. In order to study the relationship between personality traits and happiness, one must first establish exactly how to evaluate this concept. A common measure for happiness is subjective well-being, which can be broken down into individual scales of life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Esteem Level, Lability, and Depressive Symptoms In
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Vanderbilt Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive SELF-ESTEEM LEVEL, LABILITY, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN LATE ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD by Cynthia Flynn Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Psychology December, 2005 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor Judy Garber Professor Andrew J. Tomarken Professor Steven D. Hollon Professor David A. Cole Professor Bahr Weiss Professor Kathleen V. Hoover-Dempsey ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was made possible in part by a Dissertation Enhancement Award from Vanderbilt University. The author would like to acknowledge the students from Vanderbilt and Middle Tennessee State Universities who participated in the Hassles and Self-Esteem Project, and the subject pool directors from each university, David Zald, Ph.D. and William Langston, Ph.D., respectively. The author would like to thank Laurel Duncan, Katie Hart, and Elizabeth Johnson, who generously contributed their time and considerable talents to assist with data collection for the project, and Ricardo Marte, Jon Tapp, and David Bass for their technical guidance with the development of the study website. The author would like to acknowledge her dissertation committee, David Cole, Ph.D., Steven Hollon, Ph.D., Kathy Hoover-Dempsey, Ph.D., Andy Tomarken, Ph.D., and Bahr Weiss, Ph.D. for their guidance in the development of the study. Finally, the author would like to thank Judy Garber, Ph.D., dissertation committee chair and advisor, for her excellent mentorship and preparation for a career in the science of psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Emotions and the Emotional Disorders: a Quantitative
    International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology ISSN: 1697-2600 [email protected] Asociación Española de Psicología Conductual España Watson, David; Clark, Lee Anna; Stasik, Sara M. Emotions and the emotional disorders: A quantitative hierarchical perspective International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, vol. 11, núm. 3, 2011, pp. 429-442 Asociación Española de Psicología Conductual Granada, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33719289001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology ISSN 1697-2600 print ISSN 2174-0852 online 2011, Vol. 11, Nº 3, pp. 429-442 Emotions and the emotional disorders: A quantitative hierarchical perspective David Watson1, Lee Anna Clark, and Sara M. Stasik (University of Notre Dame, USA) ABSTRACT. Previous evidence has established that general negative affect represents a non-specific factor common to both anxiety and depression, whereas low positive affect is more specifically related to the latter. Little is known, however, about how specific, lower order affects relate to these constructs. We investigated how six emotional disorders—major depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder — are linked to both general and specific types of affect in two samples (Ns = 331 and 253), using the Expanded Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS- X). Replicating previous results, the General Negative Affect scale was nonspecifically related to the emotional disorders, whereas General Positive Affect had a specific (inverse) association with major depression.
    [Show full text]