Speciale 15.Januarny

Religionsfrihed, tolerance og religiøs oplæring: En normativ politisk analyse af reguleringen af trossamfunds forkyndelsesfrihed Speciale af Søren Dyrbye Øhrstrøm 1 Indholdsfortegnelse Indhold Indholdsfortegnelse ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Indledning .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Problemfelt .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Problemformulering .......................................................................................................................... 12 2. Design og metode .................................................................................................................................... 13 3. Teorier og begreber ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.1 Religionsfrihed ifølge grundloven ...................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Ideer om religionsfrihed og tolerance ............................................................................................... 20 3.3 Max Weber om autoritetstyper......................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 31 4. Regulering af trossamfund i Danmark uden for Folkekirken – især om godkendelse/anerkendelse af trossamfund ................................................................................................................................................ 33 4.1 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 35 5. Enighedspapirets initiativer om vielsesret og debatten herom .............................................................. 36 5.1 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 38 6. Enighedspapirets initiativer vedrørende de religiøse samfunds drift af frie skoler og debatten herom 39 6.1 Forslag om konkrete stramninger af tilsynet med friskoler .............................................................. 42 6.2 Folketingets debat om tilsyn og demokratisk dannelse .................................................................... 43 6.3 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 46 7. Enighedspapirets initiativer vedrørende de religiøse samfunds økonomi (herunder skatteregler) og debatten herom........................................................................................................................................... 48 7.1 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 51 8. Enighedspapirets initiativer vedrørende begrænsning af de religiøse samfunds muligheder for at invitere udenlandske forkyndere til Danmark og debatten herom (herunder debatten om såkaldte ”hadprædikanter”). ..................................................................................................................................... 52 8.1 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 54 9. Enighedspapirets initiativer vedrørende de religiøse samfunds forkyndelse og debatten herom (herunder initiativerne om forbud mod religiøs billigelse af ulovlige handlinger) ..................................... 55 9.1 L18 – set i forhold til principperne om religionsfrihed og ytringsfrihed ........................................... 55 9.2 Afgræsningsproblemer i forbindelse med L18 .................................................................................. 57 9.3 Begrundelserne for L18 – og kritikken heraf ..................................................................................... 60 9.4 Begrænser L18 forkyndernes rolle på urimelig vis? .......................................................................... 64 2 9.5 Svækker L18 de religiøse miljøers mulighed for at bruge religiøse tekster? .................................... 66 9.6 Bidrager L 18 til en generel mistænkeliggørelse af religiøse miljøer? ............................................... 68 9.7 Delkonklusion .................................................................................................................................... 69 10. Afsluttende analyse og vurdering .......................................................................................................... 70 10.1 Den hidtidige holdning til tolerance og religionsfrihed sammenlignet med holdningen til Enighedspapiret ....................................................................................................................................... 70 10.2 Argumenterne for og imod de lovforslag som Enighedspapiret har ført til .................................... 73 10.3 Principielle problemer som har vist sig i debatten om Enighedspapiret mm. ................................ 75 10.4 Samlet konklusion: Svar på problemformuleringens hovedspørgsmål ........................................... 76 11. Litteraturliste ......................................................................................................................................... 78 11.1 Faglitteratur og aviser mm. ............................................................................................................. 78 11.2. Dokumenter fra den politiske behandling i Folketinget ................................................................. 81 3 Abstract This thesis sets out to investigate recent political developments in the status of religious communities in Denmark. The newly adopted legislation covers a multitude of areas such as changes in laws regulating religious schools, changes in the conditions for religious communities receiving tax deductions from gifts, changes in the demands for religious communities to attain permission to marry people, a sanction list for banning particular foreign preachers’ entrance to Denmark and criminalization of approbation of particular criminal acts in the context of religious instruction. These new laws are in their width and their depth remarkable and deserve attention in their own right. For what does these legislative tightenings mean (if anything) for the otherwise constitutionally defined commitment to religious liberty and tolerance? My research question is as follows: Is the newly adopted legislation, which derives from the “Agreement paper” (31/5-16), an expression of a significant change in the previously held democratically-institutionalized conviction about religious freedom and tolerance towards religious groups and preachers? In order to answer the question I employ a document analysis and qualitative content analysis on primarily the official legislative documents as well as the transcripts of the debates in the parliament. Occasionally the consultation of different religious communities and policy advisers are included. These documents are read through “the lens” of a number of theories, which I assessed could develop the different normative meanings and aspects of the concepts of religious freedom and tolerance (and in the case of Weber, the nature of authority). This “theoretical toolbox” consists of Rainer Forst’s four conceptions of tolerance, Rawls’ ideas of liberal democracy, Philip Pettit’s concept of freedom as non-domination, Will Kymlicka’s concept of cultures as “contexts of choice” and Max Weber’s ideas about authority. The theories are used in order to evaluate political changes in a normative perspective. I argue that especially the new legislation that criminalizes approbation of particular criminal acts in the context of religious instruction, is a definitive break from the previously held, democratically- institutionalized convictions about religious freedom and tolerance. This is because this initiative makes it possible to prosecute preachers who are considered “extremist” and anti-democratic. Although the criminal acts that are banned from being approved are very severe, the distinction between speech and acts is blurred one further step than it already is in the legislation. This is uncommon in Danish law since Denmark has a tradition for tolerating even extreme political groups like the Nazis. Since religious instruction is a central part of religious practice and what is allowed in religious instruction is decreased, it seems to be a reasonable conclusion that this does alter the conviction about religious freedom so that religious freedom is compromised to some extent. This is not to say that this is normatively a wrong law. 4 The theories show that this case just illustrates the same old paradox of tolerance: What is a tolerant society to do with the intolerant? To a lesser degree,

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