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PROJECT DOCUMENT SECTION 1: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Project title: Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation and sustainable landscape management of watersheds containing wetlands within Chile's South Center Biodiversity Hotspot through reformed coastal planning frameworks 1.2 Project number: GEF ID 9766 GFL/ PMS: 1.3 Project type: FSP 1.4 Trust Fund: GEF 1.5 Strategic objectives: GEF strategic long-term objective: BD-4, Program 9; LD-3, Program 4 Strategic programme for GEF VI: 1.6 UNEP priority: Ecosystem Management 1.7 Geographical scope: National 1.8 Mode of execution: External 1.9 Project executing organization: Ministry of the Environment (EM) 1.10 Duration of project: 60 months Commencing: July 2019 Completion: June 2024 1.11 Cost of project US$ % Cost to the GEF Trust Fund 5,146,804 20,3 Co-financing Cash EM (Ministry of Environment) 4.516.613 17,8 MINVU (Ministry of Housing and Urbanization) 583.333 2,3 MOP –DGA (General Water Department) 48.333 0,2 1 MOP – DOP (Port Works Department) 8.166.667 32,2 MBN (Ministry of Public Property) 214.955 0,8 MINAGRI (Ministry of Agriculture) 880.417 3,5 SUBDERE (Under ministry for regional development) 102.667 0,4 Arauco Forest Company 68.333 0,3 Audubon International 205.000 0,8 Centro Neotropical de Entrenamiento en Humedales 356.026 1,4 Sub-total Cash 15.142.344 59,6 Co-financing In-kind EM (Ministry of Environment) 2.986.287 11,8 MINVU (Ministry of Housing and Urbanization) 0 0 MOP –DGA (General Water Department) 12.500 0,0 MOP – DOP (Port Works Department) 890.000 3,5 MBN (Ministry of Public Property) 396.900 1,6 MINAGRI (Ministry of Agriculture) 45.834 0,2 SUBDERE (Under ministry for regional 116.667 0,5 development) Arauco Forest Company 6.667 0,0 Audubon International 295.000 1,2 Centro Neotropical de Entrenamiento en Humedales 99.792 0,4 UN Environment 250.000 1,0 Sub-total In-kind 5.099.646 20,1 Sub-total Co-financing 20.241.990 79,7 Total Project Cost 25.388.794 100,0 1.12 Project summary Chile is one of only five places in the world with a Mediterranean climate, where the Project area is located, recognized as one of the 35 biodiversity Hotspots, not only for their high levels of wealth and endemism in plant and animal species, but also for being regions with high risk of species extinction. This is especially relevant regarding coastal landscapes and ecosystems, having in this area several types of coastal wetlands, such as salt marshes, brackish and salty coastal lagoons, tidal plains and estuaries and with the presence of different gradients, making for a high level of time-space heterogeneity and therefore the availability of habitats for a wide range of aquatic and shoreline species, in particular migratory birds. 2 The threats and environmental degradation factors in the Chilean Mediterranean Eco-Region, are for the most part the result of human activities, which play a key role in the advancing deterioration of the coastal ecosystem functions and habitats. The main factors are habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation caused by agricultural activities, urban expansion and infrastructure, and the scarce legal protection given to these ecosystems. The objective of the Project is to improve the ecological condition and degree of conservation of ecologically valuable coastal ecosystems in South-Central Chile, including the wetlands and associated watersheds, incorporating them into local development efforts through sustainable management, improving coastal landscape management, reducing pressures on these habitats occupied by diverse migratory species with different conservation problems, and reducing threats to and pressures on the supporting watersheds that contribute to locally significant human activities. This Project contributes to fulfilling the GEF VI objectives BD-4 Program 9 and LD-3 Program 4, which will be undertaken through three components. The first seeks to mainstream the importance of BD conservation and LD problems in coastal landscapes to decision-makers and relevant stakeholders, the second to strengthen political and regulatory frameworks regarding coastal conservation among the diverse institutions with mandates in coastal and watershed areas, and the third, to implement and systematize an array of initiatives in five pilot landscapes to be replicated at the national level by the main institutions involved. The pilot ecosystems are located between Coquimbo and Araucania, representing different socio- environmental conditions, and these will play a relevant role in generating the data and evidence necessary for demonstrating the need to apply a focus that considers the whole watershed, with strengthened inter-institutional coordination and with productive sectors applying environmentally sustainable practices for conserving and sustainably managing coastal landscapes when these are not protected areas. Each one of the pilots will contribute concrete evidence according to their individual realities regarding threats and present circumstances and will make it possible to have a wide range of options that can be replicated in similar situations. This project will bring together stakeholders from various national, regional and local institutions, committed for the duration of Project implementation, and led by a Steering Committee, which will be in charge of monitoring fulfilment of objectives, a process that will be supervised by the implementing agency, UN Environment. The Project includes a gender focus, where equal opportunity and development actions are proposed for both men and women, and also as a contribution to women’s empowerment, for the purpose of increasing their participation and decision-making, as well as their access to the Project’s socio-economic services and benefits. The aims and objectives of this project are consistent with the commitments made by Chile as signatory of the Ramsar Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Convention on the Conservation of Wild Migratory Species (CMS). Chile has been making efforts to comply with these commitments, approving in the year 2003 its National Biodiversity Strategy (ENB), which led in 2005 to the National Strategy for the Conservation and Rational Use of Chile’s Wetlands (ENH), with its respective Action Plan. Later, the National Wetlands Committee was created, formally in 2013, as well as the National Committee for Ecological Recovery (2017) by means of a framework document, for the purpose of achieving effective ecological recovery in degraded areas. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................... 1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................ 5 SECTION 2: BACKGROUND AND SITUATION ANALYSIS (BASELINE COURSE OF ACTION) ................ 7 2.1. Background and context ....................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Global significance .............................................................................................................. 12 2.3. Threats, root causes and barrier analysis ......................................................................... 15 2.4. Institutional, sectorial and policy context.......................................................................... 21 2.5. Stakeholder mapping and analysis .................................................................................... 26 2.6. Linkages with other GEF and non-GEF interventions .................................................... 42 SECTION 3: INTERVENTION STRATEGY (ALTERNATIVE) ................................................................. 44 3.1. Project rationale, policy conformity and expected global environmental benefits........ 44 3.2. Project goal and objective ................................................................................................... 45 3.3. Project components and expected outcomes ..................................................................... 46 3.4. Intervention logic and key assumptions ............................................................................ 57 3.5. Risk analysis and risk management measures .................................................................. 59 3.6. Consistency with national priorities or plans ................................................................... 62 3.7. Incremental cost logic.......................................................................................................... 64 3.8. Sustainability ....................................................................................................................... 66 3.9. Replication ........................................................................................................................... 67 3.10. Public awareness, communications and mainstreaming strategy ............................... 68 3.11. Environmental and social safeguards ............................................................................ 73 SECTION 4: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS .................. 75 SECTION 6: MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN .......................................................................... 82 SECTION 7: PROJECT FINANCING AND BUDGET ............................................................................... 84 7.1. Overall project budget .......................................................................................................
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    Reassessment of a Fossil Specimen of Rhinella Marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Early Pleistocene of Bolivia

    Zootaxa 4830 (2): 392–400 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4830.2.10 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9D649276-C626-483D-A05E-A933E7AA4722 Reassessment of a fossil specimen of Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Early Pleistocene of Bolivia LUCAS A. BARCELOS1,2 *& VANESSA K. VERDADE1,3 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC, Al. da Universidade s/n (09606- 045), São Bernardo do Campo, SP—Brazil. 2Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 (14040-901), Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP—Brazil. 3 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8990-0571 *Corresponding author. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-1695 Bufonidae is a cosmopolite and speciose clade that is currently hypothesized to have originated in Gondwana around 78–99 Ma (Pramuk et al. 2008). The systematics of the family was assessed using morphological and molecular data, alone or in a total evidence analysis (Pramuk 2006; Pramuk et al. 2008; Bocxlaer et al. 2010; Pyron & Wiens 2011). Due to taxonomic changes, most of the South American species of Bufo Garsault were relocated to the genus Rhinella Fitz- inger, currently the second most speciose genus with 92 scientifically named and valid species (Frost 2020). The species in the genus are arranged in six taxonomic groups (crucifer, granulosa, margaritifera, marina, spinulosa, veraguensis species groups [Frost 2020]); the Rhinella marina group is characterized by specimens with well-ossified and exostosed skull, ornamented with deep striations, pits, and rugosities (Maciel et al.