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Habitat Restoration Plan for the Middle Rio Grande

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Habitat Restoration Plan for the Middle Rio Grande Habitat Restoration Plan for the Middle Rio Grande Prepared for: MIDDLE RIO GRANDE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT COLLABORATIVE PROGRAM HABITAT RESTORATION SUBCOMMITTEE SEPTEMBER 2004 Funding Provided by the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission Tetra Tech EM Inc.6121 Indian School Rd., Suite 205, Albuquerque, NM 87110(505) 881-3188 Report Qualification The Middle Rio Grande ESA Collaborative Program (Program) is composed of federal, state, tribal, and local governments and nongovernmental entities with interests in finding solutions that contribute to the survival and recovery of the silvery minnow and flycatcher, while protecting existing New Mexico water rights and obligations under the Rio Grande Compact. The New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, as part of its commitment to the Program, retained Tetra Tech EM, Inc. to develop this plan with input from the Program’s Habitat Restoration Subcommittee. The intent of the plan is to present a framework for the Program to implement and integrate actions needed to address both water and endangered species management issues in the Middle Rio Grande. Many of the Habitat Restoration Subcommittee participants and reviewers are representatives of state, federal, and municipal entities and non-governmental organizations. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of these entities and may not fully represent the opinions of individual participants. Pueblo and tribal lands and resources occur within the Program area but are not included in activities under the Program without the express written consent of these entities. This document has not been formally reviewed by tribal entities and it is not intended to represent the policies and views of the Middle Rio Grande Pueblos. Front Cover: Middle Rio Grande at Los Lunas (Mike Marcus); Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service); Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Tucson Citizen) Back Cover: Portion of the first official soil map of the Middle Rio Grande valley below Albuquerque, circa 1912. Map highlights groundwater depths, overflow areas, gravel bars and islands. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. 1914. Soil Survey of the Middle Rio Grande Valley Area, New Mexico. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. MIDDLE RIO GRANDE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT COLLABORATIVE PROGRAM HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN FINAL CONTENTS SECTION PAGE LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................................iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 MRG Endangered Species Act Collaborative Program...................................................... 1 1.2 Critical Habitat and Constraints on Habitat Restoration..................................................... 2 1.3 2003 Biological Assessment and Biological Opinion......................................................... 4 1.4 Habitat Restoration Subcommittee Planning Objectives.................................................... 6 1.5 Document Organization and Structure................................................................................ 7 2.0 PROFILE OF THE MIDDLE RIO GRANDE BASIN ..................................................................... 8 2.1 Overview of the Rio Grande and Rio Chama ..................................................................... 8 2.2 Regional Climate ................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Geology............................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Geomorphology ................................................................................................................ 26 2.6 Vegetation......................................................................................................................... 32 2.7 Depletions ......................................................................................................................... 33 3.0 HABITAT NEEDS AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS...................................................... 37 3.1 Rio Grande Silvery Minnow............................................................................................. 37 3.2 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher...................................................................................... 52 3.3 The Riparian Forest Ecosystem of the Rio Grande........................................................... 61 4.0 RESTORATION TECHNIQUES ..................................................................................................... 75 4.1 Project-Specific Restoration Considerations .................................................................... 76 4.2 Passive and Active Restoration Approaches..................................................................... 76 4.3 Channel Maintenance versus Habitat Restoration ............................................................ 77 4.4 Aquatic Habitat Restoration Techniques .......................................................................... 78 4.5 Riparian Vegetation Restoration Practices ..................................................................... 104 4.6 Depletions and Habitat Restoration ................................................................................ 118 4.7 Costs Associated with Habitat Restoration Projects....................................................... 119 5.0 PRIORITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HABITAT RESTORATION PROJECTS...... 120 5.1 Habitat Requirements and Restoration Priorities............................................................ 120 5.2 Habitat Restoration Evaluation Criteria.......................................................................... 123 6.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 126 i MIDDLE RIO GRANDE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT COLLABORATIVE PROGRAM HABITAT RESTORATION PLAN FINAL LIST OF FIGURES PAGE 1-1: Middle Rio Grande watershed..............................................................................................................3 2-1: Average mean daily flow for the period 1971 to 1999.......................................................................17 2-2: Flow-duration curves for the Rio Grande near Bernardo. ..................................................................18 2-3: Flow-duration curves for the Rio Grande at San Acacia....................................................................19 2-4: Flow-duration curves for the Rio Grande near the San Marcial gage. ...............................................19 2-5: Conceptual model of the shallow hydrological cycle in the MRG.....................................................25 2-6a: Rio Grande between Isleta and Belen with mid-channel and lateral (1917/1918) ...........................28 2-6b: Rio Grande between San Felipe and Angostura showing an anastomosed planform with one dominant channel (1917/1918)....................................................................................28 2-7a: Rio Grande between Isleta and Belen with mid-channel and lateral bars (1917/1918)....................29 2-7b: Rio Grande between Belen and Canada Ancha showing a variable-width, braided channel with mid-channel and lateral bars (1917/1918). ...................................................29 2-8: Annual Compact allocation ................................................................................................................34 2-9: Mean total depletions in the MRG under present land use and groundwater development conditions. ..........................................................................................................................35 3-1: Silvery minnow monitoring site map for MRG..................................................................................42 3-2: Silvery minnow capture data between Corral and Angostura ............................................................43 3-3: Analysis of silvery minnow spawning peaks downstream from San Marcial....................................45 3-4: Relationship of water velocity to potential distance of egg transport.................................................46 3-5: Flow-velocity and depth profiles at the Bernardo pilot modeling site. ..............................................51 3-6: Location of flycatcher population sites. .............................................................................................54 3-7: General nesting chronology for southwestern willow flycatchers......................................................55 3-8: Soil electrical conductivity values for mature cottonwood and saltcedar stands................................66 3-9: Flow frequency and duration for the Rio Grande at three gages........................................................69 3-10: Peak annual flow (>5,000 cfs) for gages vs. riparian seed dispersal................................................73 4-1: Passive restoration,
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