A CIDADE PARA O CIDADÃO O Legado Urbano Dos Jogos Olímpicos

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A CIDADE PARA O CIDADÃO O Legado Urbano Dos Jogos Olímpicos UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA FACULDADE DE ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO Ellayne Kelly Gama de Paiva A CIDADE PARA O CIDADÃO O legado urbano dos Jogos Olímpicos Tese de Doutorado Brasília 2013 1 Ellayne Kelly Gama de Paiva A CIDADE PARA O CIDADÃO O legado urbano dos Jogos Olímpicos Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Orientador: Prof. Paulo Castilho de Lima, Dr. Brasília 2013 2 Ellayne Kelly Gama de Paiva A CIDADE PARA O CIDADÃO O legado urbano dos Jogos Olímpicos Esta tese foi julgada e aprovada para obtenção do grau de Doutora em Arquitetura e Urbanismo pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de Brasília - UnB. Brasília, 20 de dezembro de 2013. BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Paulo Castilho de Lima Presidente – FAU UnB Prof. Dr. Oscar Luis Ferreira Examinador – FAU UnB Prof. Dr. Orlando Cariello Filho Examinador – FAU FACIPLAC Prof. Dr. Percy Coelho de Souza Examinador – SER UnB Prof. Dra. Thaís Trovão dos Santos Zenkner Examinadora – FAU UEMA 3 A Deus. À minha família. 4 AGRADEÇO... À DEUS, simplesmente por que Ele é. Ele sabe da sinceridade do meu coração e do quão impossível eu imaginei que fosse chegar até aqui! Coragem e força foram as respostas que Ele deu às minhas orações! Muito obrigada, Senhor! Aos meus pais, DALVA e ALCENOR, obrigada pelos limites impostos, pelas compreensões, por respeitarem meu jeito. Obrigada pela insistência em me ensinar o que é certo e pelo exemplo diário. O amor de vocês por mim os tornou incansáveis na minha educação e formação. Isso fez toda a diferença! Tudo (!) significa muito de mim, em mim, para mim. Às minhas irmãs “filhinhas” ANDRÉIA e NAYARA, obrigada por existirem. Vocês significam a maior proximidade com o meu passado, com as minhas raízes, com aquilo que eu sou. Nossa história me aproxima de mim e, assim, eu não me perco! A existência de vocês é grande responsável pelo que eu sou e pelo que eu me tornei. Eu amo vocês como extensão de mim! À minha grande família, que me apoiou e agora festeja mais uma etapa de vida vencida. Especialmente à TIA GLÓRIA e à VÓ CARMOZINA, pelos cafés que fortificaram a minha alma e me estimularam a continuar. Às duas, devo muito mais que este trabalho. Foi cuidado demais, carinho demais, ensinamento demais. E ao TIO CÉLIO, pelos gentis ‘empurrões’ que me ajudaram à ir em frente. Ao meu orientador, professor PAULO CASTILHO, por acreditar em mim, pela orientação, pela dedicação, (extrema) paciência e apoio na realização deste trabalho. Aos membros da banca, professores OSCAR FERREIRA, PERCI COELHO, ORLANDO CARRIELLO e THAÍS ZENKNER, que em meio a tantos compromissos da vida acadêmica, se dispuseram à leitura cuidadosa convertida em contribuições relevantes ao trabalho. 5 Aos PROFESSORES da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da UnB por ensinarem, cada um à sua maneira, grandes lições. Aos AMIGOS que estiveram ao meu lado, a me dar força sempre que precisei. Em especial aos AMIGOS DA GIDUR/SL, pelo incentivo, pela “propaganda” e por entenderem a minha ausência em nossas reuniões. Aos FUNCIONÁRIOS DA SECRETARIA DA PÓS DA FAU, que, apesar da distância, foram sempre tão atenciosos e prestativos. Agradeço ainda a LÚCIA e ao ROBERTO MOURA, do Ministério dos Esportes, pela gentileza e disposição em ajudar. À CAPES, pelo auxílio, ainda que por um breve período. Agradeço a TODOS os que, direta ou indiretamente, colaboraram para a concretização deste sonho, mesmo escapando à minha mente por um momento, estarão sempre em meu coração. Consegui! E a todos vocês, MUITO OBRIGADA! 6 De tudo ficaram três coisas: a certeza de que [...] estava sempre começando, a certeza de que era preciso continuar e a certeza de que seria interrompido antes de terminar. Fazer da interrupção um caminho novo. Fazer da queda um passo de dança, da procura um encontro. Fernando Sabino (O Encontro Marcado) 7 Resumo Palavras-chave: cidade, cidadão, jogos olímpicos, legado urbano Não há um único modo de se pensar a cidade. Trabalhar o espaço urbano é uma tarefa um tanto complexa, visto que cada sociedade vê o espaço de uma forma que diretamente estará ligada as suas concepções sociais e culturais. Entende-se que o espaço urbano é produto de acontecimentos políticos, histórico-culturais, socioeconômicos de várias gerações, desta forma, não faz sentido pensar gestão urbanística desarticulada da concretude espacial, porque sociedade e espaço caminham juntos desde os primórdios. O esporte, atualmente, reflete a forma como a sociedade vem se organizando, revelando as diferenças entre Estados, povos e classes sociais. A escolha das cidades olímpicas dá-se pelo fato de que a realização de megaeventos como os Jogos Olímpicos produz inúmeras transformações, em maior ou menor escala, resultando na atualização de desenhos urbanos. A seleção das experiências aqui apresentadas se pautou por dois critérios essenciais: cidades que foram, são ou virão a ser sede de Olimpíadas e que almejam ser reconhecidas pela qualidade do legado deixado aos seus cidadãos. Desta forma, o presente estudo apresenta os efeitos da realização dos Jogos Olímpicos nas cidades-sede Barcelona, Londres e Rio de Janeiro, buscando apurar a situação urbana que advêm o espetáculo. O que se pretende, em última instância, é compreender o processo por trás dos produtos visíveis, neste caso, as Olimpíadas. Mais especificamente, sob o viés do urbanismo. Neste contexto, buscamos identificar os ensinamentos e inspirações advindos de passagens positivas e negativas destas cidades, com perfis socioeconômicos e desafios distintos, que abrigaram os Jogos Olímpicos. 8 Abstract Key words: city, citizen, olympics, urban legacy There is only one way of thinking about the city. Working the urban space is a rather complex task, since each company has a space in a way that is directly linked to social and cultural conceptions. It is understood that the urban space is the product of historical - cultural, socioeconomic, political events in several generations, in this way, it makes sense to think disjointed urban management of spatial concreteness, because society and space go together since the beginning. The sport currently reflects the way society has been organizing, revealing differences between states, peoples and social classes. The choice of Olympic cities as a case study is given by the fact that the realization of mega-events like the Olympics produces numerous transformations, to a greater or lesser extent, resulting in upgrading urban designs. The selection of the experiments presented here was guided by two main criteria: cities that were, are or will be the site of the Olympics and who yearn to be recognized for the quality of the legacy left to its citizens. Thus, this study discusses the effects of the Olympic Games on host cities Barcelona, London and Rio de Janeiro, seeking to verify the urban situation arising from the spectacle. The aim, ultimately, is to understand the process behind the visible products in this case the Olympics. More specifically, the clipping of analysis is the urban space. In this context, we will seek to identify lessons and inspirations arising from positive and negative passages in these cities, with different features and socioeconomic challenges, which hosted the Olympic Games. 9 Resumen Palavrasclave: ciudad, ciudadano, olimpiadas, legado urbano Sólo hay una manera de pensar en la ciudad. Trabajar el espacio urbano es una tarea bastante compleja, ya que cada empresa cuenta con un espacio de una manera que está directamente vinculada a las concepciones sociales y culturales. Se entiende que el espacio urbano es el producto de los eventos histórico-culturales, socioeconómicos, políticos en varias generaciones, de esta manera, tiene sentido pensar que la gestión urbana inconexa de concreción espacial, porque la sociedad y el espacio van de la mano desde el principio. El deporte en la actualidad refleja la manera en la sociedad ha sido la organización, dejando al descubierto las diferencias entre los estados, los pueblos y las clases sociales. La elección de las ciudades olímpicas como un caso de estudio está dado por el hecho de que la realización de mega eventos como los Juegos Olímpicos produce numerosas transformaciones, en mayor o menor medida, lo que resulta en la mejora de los diseños urbanos. La selección de los casos presentados aquí se guió por dos criterios principales: ciudades que fueron, son o serán la sede de los Juegos Olímpicos y que anhelan ser reconocidos por la calidad de la herencia dejada a sus ciudadanos. Así, este estudio analiza los efectos de los Juegos Olímpicos en las sedes de Barcelona, Londres y Río de Janeiro, en busca entender la situación urbana que surge del espectáculo. El objetivo, en última instancia, es entender el proceso detrás de los productos visibles en este caso los Juegos Olímpicos. Más específicamente, el recorte de análisis es el espacio urbano. En este contexto, vamos a tratar de identificar lecciones e inspiraciones que surgen de pasajes positivos y negativos en estas ciudades, con diferentes características y desafíos socioeconómicos, que acogió los Juegos Olímpicos. 10 Résumé Résumé Mots-clé: ville, citoyen, jeux olympiques, l'héritage urbain Il n'ya qu'une seule façon de penser la ville. Travailler l'espace urbain est une tâche assez complexe, puisque chaque entreprise dispose d'un espace d'une manière qui est directement liée à des conceptions sociales et culturelles. Il est entendu que l'espace urbain est le produit d' événements politiques, socio- économiques, historiques et culturelles dans plusieurs générations, de cette manière, il est logique de penser la gestion urbaine décousue du concret spatiale, parce que la société et l'espace vont de pair depuis le début.
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