Badania Nad Biologią Nicieni Elaphostrongylus Cervi I Epizootiologią Elafostrongylozy 1

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Badania Nad Biologią Nicieni Elaphostrongylus Cervi I Epizootiologią Elafostrongylozy 1 Wiadomoœci Parazytologiczne 2009, 55(1), 67–68 Copyright© 2009 Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne Badania nad biologią nicieni Elaphostrongylus cervi i epizootiologią elafostrongylozy 1 Investigations on the biology of nematodes Elaphostrongylus cervi and epizootiology of elaphostrongylosis Izabela Kuligowska Praca doktorska wykonana w Instytucie Parazytologii im. W. Stefańskiego PAN w Warszawie i obroniona w styczniu 2008 r. Promotor: prof. dr hab. Aleksander W. Demiaszkiewicz Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Jan Dróżdż prof. dr hab. Andrzej B. Sadzikowski ABSTRACT. Elaphostron gylus cervi is a parasite of the family Protostrongylidae, occurring in cervids in Eurasia. This nematode has hitherto been recorded in some woodland areas in Poland. The current distribution of E. cervi in Poland was studied in the frames of the presently reported thesis. The above-mentioned nematode was found in deer in eight additional voivodeships, and in all thirteen forest management units examined. The prevalence values ranged from 66.7% to 100%. The above facts justify the statement that that E. cervi is a common parasite species in Poland. The dynamics of the larval shedding (L I) by deer was monitored and it turned out that there were two peaks – the first in February and the second in December. The identity of the intermediate hosts – terrestrial snails – has been established, as well as the prevalence and the infection intensity of their natural infections. The intermediate hosts of E. cervi are Succinea putris , Bradybena fruticum , Perforatella bidens , and Zonitoides nitidus . It was determined that the prevalence of snails, S. putris , infected with E. cervi larvae maintained a constant level from June to August and it decreased in September and October. Snails, B. fruticum , showed the highest prevalence in July – and it decreased in subsequent months. In the case of P. bidens the prevalence of E. cervi infection was the lowest in August, and than it increased, to reach the highest value in October. The prevalence of spontaneous infections of different snail species ranged from 7.6% to 20.6%. For the first time the highest prevalence of spontaneous infection was found in P. bidens . Till now the most infected species of snail has always been S. putris . The highest intensity of infection – 242 larvae – was found in B. fruticum , and little lower – 202 in S. putris . In two other species the intensity ranged from 1 to 23 larvae. The most significant role in spreading of E. cervi in the Białowieża Forest is performed by S. putris and B. fruticum , because of their high abundance and P. bidens , because of their highest infection intensity. Also the penetration of the first stage larvae of E. cervi into the intermediate host and their development there throughout the third infective stage were studied. The first stage larvae of E. cervi enter the body of snail through the muscle of foot. The period of their development to the second stage is 7 to 9 days, and to the third stage is 21 to 28 days. E. cervi is a parasite that under intensive infections is very dangerous for domestic ruminants in which in evokes neurological symptoms or even death. Because huge numbers of E. cervi larvae are shed by dear into the environment, homeothermic vertebrates, birds and wild boars can accidentally infect themselves with infective larvae of this parasite. To explain the course of such infections, fish, chickens, and Vietnamese pigs were experimentally infected. In fish and chickens the infective larvae of E. cervi were not able to cross the intestinal barrier, arrested their development, and were digested. Infected pigs produced no clinical symptoms of the infection. In those animals larvae were retained in mesenteric lymphatic nodes and were not able to cross the mesenteric barrier. None of the experimentally infected animals became paratenic hosts and their meat poses no threat to human health. Key words: Elaphostrongylus cervi , Cervides, Protostrongylidae, nematodes, intermediate hosts 1 Praca zrealizowana w ramach projektu badawczego nz 2PO6K03927 68 I. Kuligowska Streszczenie nia osią ga ją cą 242 lar wy stwier dzo no u śli ma ków B. fru ti cum a tro chę ni ższą – 202 lar wy u S. pu tris. Ela pho stron gy lus ce rvi jest wy stę pu ją cym w Eu - In ten syw ność za ra że nia po zo sta łych ga tun ków wa- ra zji pa so ży tem je le nio wa tych na le żą cym do ro dzi - ha ła się od 1 do 23 larw. Naj istot niej szą ro lę w roz - ny Pro to stron gy li dae. Do tych czas ni cień ten był prze strze nia niu ni cie ni E. ce rvi w Pusz czy Bia ło - stwier dza ny w Pol sce w kil ku re jo nach le śnych. wie skiej od gry wa ją śli ma ki S. pu tris i B. fru ti cum ze Zba da no roz prze strze nie nie ni cie ni E. ce rvi na te re - wzglę du na naj licz niej sze wy stę po wa nie, oraz P. bi - nie Pol ski. Stwier dzo no wy stę po wa nie E. ce rvi dens z po wo du naj wy ższej eks ten syw no ści za ra że- w ko lej nych ośmiu wo je wódz twach oraz od no to wa - nia. Zba da no dro gę wni ka nia larw E. ce rvi do or ga - no je go wy stę po wa nie we wszyst kich trzy na stu ba - ni zmu ży wi cie la po śred nie go, a na stęp nie prze śle - da nych nad le śnic twach o eks ten syw no ści in wa zji dzo no roz wój larw I sta dium do sta dium in wa zyj ne - od 66,7% do 100%. W związ ku z tym mo żna stwier - go w śli ma ku S. pu tris . Lar wy I sta dium E. ce rvi dzić, że E. ce rvi jest ga tun kiem po wszech nie wy stę - wni ka ją do or ga ni zmu śli ma ka przez mię sień sto py. pu ją cym w Pol sce. Zba da no dy na mi kę wy da la nia Okres roz wo ju larw E. ce rvi do II sta dium wy no sił larw I sta dium E. ce rvi przez je le nie i stwier dzo no od 7 do 9 dnia, a do sta dium in wa zyj ne go od 21 wy stę po wa nie dwóch szczy tów. Pierw szy szczyt do 28 dni. E. ce rvi jest pa so ży tem nie bez piecz nym ob ser wo wa no w lu tym, na stęp nie wy da la nie larw dla do mo wych prze żu wa czy, a w in ten syw nych in - zmniej sza ło się do naj ni ższe go po zio mu w lip cu, wa zjach wy wo łu je ob ja wy ner wo we pro wa dzą ce po czym wzra sta ło i osią ga ło dru gi szczyt w grud - na wet do śmier ci. W związ ku z tym, że lar wy E. ce - niu. Usta lo no ga tun ki ży wi cie li po śred nich – śli ma - rvi są wy da la ne w ol brzy mich ilo ściach przez je le - ków lą do wych, eks ten syw ność i in ten syw ność ich nie do śro do wi ska, krę gow ce zmien no ciepl ne, pta ki za ra że nia w na tu ral nych in wa zjach. Ży wi cie la mi i dzi ki mo gą za ra zić się przy pad ko wo lar wa mi in - po śred ni mi E. ce rvi są: Suc ci nea pu tris, Bra dy ba - wa zyj ny mi E. ce rvi. W ce lu wy ja śnie nia, co dzie je ena fru ti cum, Per fo ra tel la bi dens i Zo ni to ides ni ti - się z lar wa mi E. ce rvi w ich or ga ni zmie za ra żo no dus . Usta lo no, że od czerw ca do sierp nia pro cent śli - do świad czal nie ry by, kur czę ta i świn ki wiet nam - ma ków S. pu tris za ra żo nych lar wa mi E. ce rvi utrzy - skie. Stwier dzo no, że lar wy in wa zyj ne E. ce rvi my wał się na zbli żo nym po zio mie, a we wrze śniu w prze wo dzie po kar mo wym ryb i kur cząt nie po ko - i paź dzier ni ku wy ka zy wał ten den cję spad ko wą. Śli - nu ją ba rie ry je li to wej, nie roz wi ja ją się i ule ga ją ma ki B. fru ti cum naj wy ższą eks ten syw ność in wa zji stra wie niu. Za ra że nie do świad czal ne świ nek wiet - wy ka zy wa ły w lip cu, a w ko lej nych mie sią cach ule - nam skich lar wa mi in wa zyj ny mi E. ce rvi wy ka za ło ga ły ob ni że niu. W przy pad ku P. bi dens eks ten syw - brak ob ja wów kli nicz nych u tych zwie rząt. Lar wy ność in wa zji lar wa mi E. ce rvi by ła naj ni ższa pa so ży ta zo sta ły za trzy ma ne na po zio mie wę złów w sierp niu, na stęp nie wzra sta ła i osią ga ła naj wy ższą chłon nych i nie prze kra cza ły ba rie ry krez ko wej.
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