Leksički Sloj Imeničkih Složenica Tipa Imenica + Imenica U Savremenom Engleskom Jeziku

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Leksički Sloj Imeničkih Složenica Tipa Imenica + Imenica U Savremenom Engleskom Jeziku UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU FILOLOŠKI FAKULTET U BEOGRADU MR STANIMIR V. RAKIĆ LEKSIČKI SLOJ IMENIČKIH SLOŽENICA TIPA IMENICA + IMENICA U SAVREMENOM ENGLESKOM JEZIKU - DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA - BEOGRAD, 2013. UNIVERSITY OF BEOGRADE FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY STANIMIR V. RAKIĆ, M.A. THE LEXICAL LEVEL OF NOMINAL COMPOUNDS OF THE NOUN + NOUN TYPE IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH - DOCTORAL DISSERTATION - BELGRADE, 2013. Komisija za pregled i ocenu: MENTOR: Dr Biljana Čubrović, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu Filološki fakultet u Beogradu ČLANOVI KOMISIJE: 1. Dr Jelena Vujić, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu Filološki fakultet u Beogradu 2. Dr Tatjana Paunović, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Nišu Filozofski fakultet u Nišu DATUM ODBRANE: ........................ P O S V E T A Ovu disertaciju posvećujem svojoj sestri Radmili Rakić, bez čije velikodušne pomoći ona ne bi nikada bila napisana, niti bih ja zakoračio u svet lingvistike. LEKSIČKI SLOJ IMENIČKIH SLOŽENICA TIPA IMENICA + IMENICA U SAVREMENOM ENGLESKOM JEZIKU SAŽETAK U teoriji leksičke fonologije i morfologije, fonološka i morfološka pravila se dodeljuju odvojenim slojevima leksikona za koje se pretpostavlja da definišu njihov domen i način primene. Tako Kiparsky (1982) predlaže razlikovanje sledeća tri leksička sloja u engleskom jeziku: (1) 1. sloj : afiksi 1. reda i neregularna fleksija 2. sloj: afiksi 2. reda i slaganje 3. sloj: pravilna fleksija U ovoj disertaciji se razmatraju neki opšti problemi teorije o uređenju leksičkih slojeva i posebno problemi vezani za mesto složenica tipa imenica + imenica u hijerarhiji leksičkih slojeva. Tako npr. bilo je rano primećeno da u nekim primerima kao što su ungrammaticality, analyzability, standardization afiksi 1. reda mogu da slede afikse 2. reda (Selkirk 1982, Straus 1982). Primeri toga tipa su nazvani ‘paradoksi zagrađivanja’ i bili su dugo predmet diskusije i sporenja. Neki drugi problemi se odnose na mesto koje pripada slaganju u hijerarhiji (1). Takođe je rano primećeno da pravilna fleksija može u nekim slučajevima da učestvuje u gradnji složenica u engleskom jeziku, a to protivureči leksičkom uređenju (1) prema kojem pravilna fleksija pripada 3. leksičkom sloju, a slaganje 2. leksičkom sloju. Dalje su uočeni primeri da se u nekim složenicama u prvoj komponenti mogu javljati fraze - sintagme, što predstavlja ‘prodor’ sintakse u tvorbu reči. Na osnovu ovakvih pojava, neki lingvisti su čak tvrdili da se tvorba reči može shvatiti kao produženje sintakse, tj. da u tvorbi reči važe isti bazični principi kao u sintaksi (Lieber 1992). Svi ovi primeri narušavaju hijerarhiju leksičkih slojeva (1). Javljanje množinskih oblika reči na -s u prvoj komponenti složenica je upravo podstaklo neke lingviste da predlože postojanje samo 2 leksička sloja, tj. da spoje 2. leksički sloj, kojem pripadaju složenice, s 3. leksičkim slojem u kojem je pravilna fleksija. Tako Katamba i Stoneham (2006) smatraju da je dovoljno pretpostaviti postojanje samo dva leksička sloja. Prema Katambi i Stonehamu prvom leksičkom sloju pripadaju nepravilna fleksija i izvođenje sufiksima prvog reda, a drugom leksičkom sloju izvođenje sufiksima drugoga reda, pravilna fleksija i slaganje. Koliko ja znam, postavke leksičke morfologije nisu dosada empirijski proverene za engleski jezik na jednom korpusu. U pripremi ove teme ja sam ekscerpirao 6270 imeničkih složenica iz rečnika Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English sa namerom da izvršim njihovu morfološku analizu. Raspodelu sufiksa i prefiksa je moguće kompjuterski obraditi, što olakšava određivanje njihove distribucije u složenicama. Neophodno je da morfološka analiza pokaže raspodelu afiksa u obe komponente složenica jer se dosada raspodela množinskih oblika u drugoj komponenti složenica neopravdano zanemarivala. Rezultati ove analize treba da nam pomognu u odgovoru na pitanje da li su dovoljna dva leksička sloja, ili se mora pretpostaviti treći leksički sloj za pravilnu fleksiju kako je predlagao Kiparsky (1982). Jedan značajan rezultat ove analize je da se samo afiksi drugog reda mogu spolja dodavati složenicama. Taj rezultat se slaže s gledištem Kiparskog (1982) o leksičkom sloju engleskih složenica, mada neki drugi problemi ostaju otvoreni. Uprkos oštroj kritici koja je ukazala na znatan broj izuzetaka, teorija leksičke fonologije i morfologije se često još pretpostavlja u tekućim istraživanjima kada istraživači govore o “prvom/drugom redu afiksa” ili klasifikuju fonološko pravilo kao “postleksičko”. Izgleda da teorija uređenja leksičkih slojeva važi za dobar deo engleskog leksikona, mada su poslednjih decenija s teorijske tačke gledišta, uočene znatne protivurečnosti. U ovakvoj situaciji nameće se pitanje šta ostaje od teorije leksičke fonologije i morfologije, a šta se mora odbaciti. Radi odgovora na ovo pitanje u disertaciji se analiziraju problemi leksičke fonologije i morfologije s nastojanjem da se ukaže na najbolje moguće odgovore koji postoje za uočene probleme u savremenoj literaturi. Prozodijska fonologija (Selkirk 1978, 1980, Booij 1985a, Nestor i Vogel 1986) ubedljivo dokazuje da se fonološke i morfološke strukture reči ne moraju nužno poklapati. Na osnovu tog zapažanja, moguće je pojavu paradoksa zagrađivanja tumačiti kao posledicu nesaglasnosti morfološke i fonološke strukture reči. U disertaciji se prikazuju različita rešenja problema paradoksa predložena na osnovu teorije prozodijske fonologije. Takođe se navode testovi koji pokazuju da su komponente složenica u engleskom jeziku posebne prozodijske reči. Teorija konstruktivne morfologije (Booij 2005, 2009, 2010) otvara mogućnost da se složenice s frazama u prvoj komponenti opišu kao posebne morfološke konstrukcije. Time se ograničava 'prodor sintakse' u tvorbu reči jer prema evidenciji koju navodi Booij u engleskom i holandskom jeziku se u prvim komponentama složenica mogu pojaviti samo imeničke fraze (sintagme) tipa A+N. 'Prodor sintakse' u tvorbu reči se tako ograničava na sintagme vrlo jednostavne strukture. Psiholingvistički pristup obradi leksičkih jedinica koji je predložila Hay (2003) daje nov smisao teoriji o uređenju leksičkih slojeva, ali istovremeno ukazuje i na suštinska ograničenja te teorije. Još osamdesetih godina Selkirk (1982) je uočila primere tipa parks commissioner i programs coordinator koji pokazuju da se pravilna množina ipak javlja u prvim komponentama nekih složenica. Da bi izbegli protivprimere te vrste, neki lingvisti su sugerirali da i složenice i pravilna fleksija pripadaju drugom leksičkom sloju (Selkirk 1982, Borovsky 1986, Katamba 1993). Morfološka analiza pokazuje da samo vrlo frekventni množinski oblici imenica mogu da se jave kako u prvoj tako i u drugoj komponenti složenica. Konkurencija genitivskog ‘s, koju navode Hayes et al. (2002) i Murphy i Hayes (2010) kao odlučujući činilac, ne može da objasni ove odnose jer se u ispitivanom korpusu javlja samo mali broj složenica s množinskim oblicima u prvoj komponenti i u slučaju kada prve komponente označavaju nežive objekte s kojima se genitivsko ’s normalno ne slaže. Slično tome, u drugoj komponenti složenica se takođe javlja relativno mali broj množinskih oblika iako tu konkurencija genitivskog ’s uopšte nije moguća. Odavde proizilazi da konkurencija genitivskog ’s nije aktivan ograničavajući činilac. Analiza korpusa pokazuje da postoji značajna razlika u distribuciji množinskih oblika: 88 složenica ima množinske oblike u prvoj komponenti, a 156 složenica u drugoj komponenti. U oba slučaja to su najčešće imenice čiji množinski oblici prelaze prag učestalosti od 6 primera na milion reči koji su postulirali Alegre i Gordon (1999). Imenice čija je frekvencija manja od tog praga sporadično se takođe javljaju kao komponente složenica. U našem korpusu su to sledeće imenice: (2) brackets, capitals, crumbs, cakes, drafts, flakes, greetings, jewels, straps, rackets, vows. Sve ove imenice, sem drafts i greetings, pripadaju drugim komponentama složenica koje su u dosadašnjim istraživanjima bile neopravdano ignorisane. Imenice u (2) pretežno označavaju sitne stvari i javljaju se ili opažaju u grupama i parovima. Velika većina ovih imenice ima veću učestalost množine nego jednine. Primeri ovih imenica ukazuju na to da prag učestalosti može biti niži za druge komponente nego za prve, jer množina prve komponente mora biti dozvoljena značenjem druge komponente koja je glava složenice. To znači da u engleskim složenicama množinski oblici prve komponente moraju ispuniti jedan uslov više od množinskih oblika druge komponente što objašnjava činjenicu da se u prvoj komponenti složenica javlja manji broj množinskih oblika nego u drugoj. Odavde možemo zaključiti da engleske složenice imenica + imenica mogu biti pridružene drugom leksičkom sloju, a pravilna fleksija trećem leksičkom sloju. Ovo uređenje se međutim može primeniti samo na leksičke jedinice koje nisu frekventne. Vrlo frekventne leksičke jedinice se leksikalizuju kao celina i ne rastavljaju se na sastavne elemente. Odatle proizilazi da uređenje takvih jedinica ne zavisi od klasifikacije afiksa u različite klase. Tvrdnja nekih lingvista da regularna fleksija pripada drugom leksičkom sloju previđa tu bitnu razliku. Ovo zapažanje rešava problem množine imenica u komponentama složenica, ali striktno ograničava domen primene teorije uređenja leksičkih slojeva na manje frekventne leksičke jedinice. Istovremeno se pokazuje da postoji asimetrija između prve i druge komponente u imeničkim složenicama tipa imenica + imenica jer za drugu komponentu izgleda važi niži prag učestalosti nego za prvu. Ključne reči: engleski jezik,
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