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Chapter 3 - Caseflow Management

Docket Call

Civil Docket Call is a method used to call pending civil cases for the purpose of setting trial dates.

Note: Not all courts may conduct a civil docket call. In some courts, cases are set by praecipe or pretrial scheduling orders. Civil Docket Call is often referred to as “term day.” Virginia Code § 17.1-517 provides that the chief judge of each circuit shall specify, through a court order, the terms of court for each court within his/her circuit. A “term of court” is the period of time during which the circuit court is in session. Terms may vary in length among courts, but no court may have less than four terms of court each year. Any change in the terms of court is to be reported by the chief judge of the circuit to the Office of the Executive Secretary by January 1 of each year. Va. Code § 17.1-517.

Civil and Criminal Terms are often combined, however several courts have set terms for civil cases and separate terms for criminal cases. Some examples of civil terms throughout the Commonwealth are:

• “First Monday in March, June and December and Third Monday in September”; • “Third Wednesday in each month except August”; • “Third Wednesday in February, April, June, August, October and December”; • “First Tuesday in each month”

Again, “Term day” refers to the day on which a term of court commences. The times for commencement of terms for each circuit court are set out in Rule 1:15. Term day is also the day on which the docket of pending cases is usually called.

Docket Preparation

Virginia Code § 8.01-331 states that “when any civil action is commenced in a circuit court, or any such action is removed to such court and the required writ tax and fees thereon paid, the clerk shall enter the same in the civil docket.” Note: Effective July 1, 2007, removals from general district court to circuit court were eliminated. These dockets may be either (i) a substantial, well-bound loose-leaf book, (ii) a visible card index or (iii) automated data processing media such as the Supreme Court Case Management System.

The form of a civil docket may vary. However, each case that is entered on the civil docket must contain the following:

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• The short style of the suit or action; • The names of the attorneys; • The nature of the suit or action; and • The date filed and case file number.

In addition the docket may contain the following information applicable in an individual case as deemed appropriate:

• The names of the parties; • The date of the issuance of process; • A memorandum of the service of process; • A memorandum of the orders and proceedings in the case; and • The hearing date(s) and type(s) of hearing(s) conducted on such date(s).

Cases appealed from the juvenile and domestic relations district courts shall be docketed as provided above and as prescribed by Va. Code § 16.1-302.

Below are typical practices followed when the docket is prepared.

Civil Docket Procedures

Step 1 Clerk checks for all cases that have been filed bur have not been placed on the docket because of no service being requested, or due to all parties having not been served, etc.

J&DR Court appeals are placed on the docket after notice to all parties in interest.

Note: Protective Orders take precedence on the Circuit Court docket and notice should be given to the parties and the case docketed without delay.

Step 2 Declaratory Judgment cases are placed on the docket after a Summons is issued and the response time has passed.

Step 3 Other cases are placed on the docket upon written request.

Step 4 Cases are “flagged” by date on the case management system, if used, for Term Docket date.

Step 5 Cases disposed of from a prior docket for which a final order has been entered are removed from the prior docket.

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Step 6 Cases not disposed of from the prior docket are continued and given the new Term Docket date.

Step 7 Term Docket is prepared or generated from computer system prior to docket call.

Step 8 Copies of docket are made for the Judge, Judge’s staff and attorneys based on local practice.

Step 9 Copies of the docket for attorneys are placed in the courtroom on Docket Call day.

Step 10 Cases will then be called by the judge or the clerk on Docket Call day. Clerk present in court notes all assignments for trial.

Caseflow Management

Elements of successful caseflow management programs in circuit courts include the desire for finding better ways of handling increasing workloads in the trial courts which has prompted judges and court officials throughout the country to reexamine their case processing customs and practices and to search for new techniques to resolve disputes fairly and more expeditiously. Within the past decade, numerous delay reduction programs have been undertaken in courts of varying sizes and their results have become more readily available.

Whether they are called caseflow management, docket control, litigation management or by other terms, the research conducted to date confirms that there is no single solution or model program that has been proven successful in all courts. However, what has been proven time and again is that in every successful program certain basic elements or themes have been found to be present.

Defining Delay

A range of opinions exist on the question of what constitutes delay. In fact, some bar members and court leaders have asked “What do you mean the public is complaining about delay? What delay? Nobody’s complained to me about their cases taking too long. What litigants are concerned about is the outcome of their case.”

The experiences related by Virginia judges and clerks of court, in particular, suggest that the picture is far larger than that. First, among the most well-documented facts about the court system is the public’s apprehension about having to go to court, even as a juror, combined with a reverence for the court’s authority.

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Therefore, it is not surprising that litigants usually are less vocal to the court and even to their lawyers than under other circumstances. If a complaint is lodged, it generally is to court staff, unless the matter for which they are in court is to be taken care of by such staff. Thus, while case outcome is of primary importance, litigants, witnesses and jurors also evaluate the legal system and the courts on the basis of how they were treated during the entire litigation process, the inconveniences they perceived to exist, and the costs of doing business with lawyers and the court.

Among the ways the public (both individuals and the business community) perceives court delays are:

• The number of days, weeks, or months that it takes to conclude a civil case from the time the perceived civil wrong happened to them; and, in a criminal case, from the arrest date to the date the court adjudicates the case; • The number of times litigants, witnesses, and jurors are required to appear in court and the number of times after having appeared, the scheduled event does not occur, or the case has been settled. • Within the business community particularly, the costs incurred due to the amount of time they and/or their lawyers spend in court, as well as the time lawyers have to wait for cases to be called or motions to be argued.

In contrast, judges and clerks, and many lawyers of court are much more likely to view delays in case processing from the time the case was filed in the court. The concerns, if not fears, they express generally relate to the increasing number of months in advance cases are having to be set in some areas, particularly if the trial is going to last more than one day. In other areas the problems are increased criminal caseloads, particularly drug cases, the lack of capacity in the court’s schedule for handling emergency cases, the indiscriminate scheduling between simple and complex cases, the resulting bumping of cases or continuance of cases bumped (angering and inconveniencing lawyers, litigants and experts); and finally, the increase of motions, particularly those filed immediately prior to trial.

Considerations in Developing Caseflow Management Prevention Efforts

The current situation on delay reduction efforts suggests several key findings that should be considered from the outset by courts interested in assessing the condition of their civil or criminal dockets and/or developing caseflow management plans.

1. The keys to effective caseflow management and delay reduction programs are court control of the pace of litigation and committed leadership by the court in developing and sustaining effective caseflow management systems.

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2. Given the shared responsibilities for successfully introducing and maintaining an effective caseflow management plan, a “team” approach is recommended. In this way, the court ensures that there is a method of consulting with others, such as the clerks of courts and their personnel as well as the bar, law enforcement and others involved in case processing. Cooperation, particularly between the court and the clerk’s office is required in order to gather information to assess the current status of the court’s caseloads, including identifying where any delays may be occurring, to determine what changes would be mutually beneficial, and to build support for any program that may be developed. In addition, it is essential that the need for additional resources, where needed, be examined prior to the introduction of new case processing procedures. 3. Caseflow management programs can be developed either by individual courts or circuits. To avoid confusion by the bar, litigants and others, any new procedures developed should be discussed with and/or circulated prior to their introduction.

Forming a Team

Two interrelated principles are involved in answering the question of who should take the lead in organizing docket management programs. These are court control of the pace of litigation and committed leadership by the bench in developing and implementing delay reduction efforts.

Judges are responsible for the effective administration of justice within their courts and for taking action to ensure the timely disposition of civil and criminal matters. However, through procedures such as the praecipe system, Virginia lawyers traditionally have set the pace for litigation to proceed through the courts, particularly for civil cases. Thus, while adopting these principles marks a change in philosophy, the evidence suggests that when caseflow management programs are developed cooperatively and there is reasonable accommodation of the bar, judicial control of the dockets is evaluated favorably by lawyers. In addition, it has long been noted in the Commonwealth that judges set the “attitudinal” pace of litigation. Thus, where the expectation is that cases will move forward and not languish on the dockets, the legal community responds accordingly.

As almost every program reflects, a strong judicial commitment is essential to reducing delay and, once achieved, maintaining a current docket. Since it is the judges who must be responsible for the pace of litigation, it is the judges who must be the formal leaders of the reform effort. Although others will play vital roles in the delay reduction programs, judges must take the lead.

Most of the successful delay reduction efforts to date have included a core team of people led by judges. Because of this fact, the information that follows relates primarily to efforts undertaken with this approach. At the nucleus of the team are judges and clerks or their

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deputies and other court staff. In addition, interested bar members, sometimes either the local bar president or the chairman of the bench-bar committee, have participated on the teams. Sometimes lay citizens have served on the teams. When possible, circuit-wide teams should be created for multiple locality jurisdictions. If a court/clerk’s office/bar team is not formally appointed, there must exist a mechanism for extensive consultation with these persons throughout the development, implementation and monitoring of any new delay reduction measures.

At least three objectives should be considered if a team or committee is appointed. First, the members must be selected carefully, considering that the team is the logical base upon which to build acceptance of the program. Second, the team must evaluate current case processing procedures based upon the information objectively obtained from the gathering of statistics, not through the preexisting conceptual lens of its members. Third, the team should plan systematically, considering the impact of change on the entire system.

The “ownership” of the program should be broadly based. Every successful program has enjoyed the early and enthusiastic support of the chief judge of the jurisdiction where the change is sought.

Although success depends upon commitment from the leadership, it cannot become the leaders’ program. “Ownership” of the program must be as broadly based as possible. Although the spokesperson for the program should be a judge, the team members must be appropriately recognized for their contribution. Even if the team members are not involved in the day-to-day operation of the program, they should be kept informed of its progress. If unanticipated problems arise during implementation, or if changes are needed, the team members most familiar with the area should be consulted.

Steps Taken by the Court or Team to Assess Delay

Whether as an informal group or as a team, there are several recommended actions for those involved to undertake:

1. Conduct a thorough review of the condition of the civil and criminal dockets, including numbers of cases pending.

To do so, the court and/or team members can consult the court’s monthly and quarterly caseload reports. These reports contain information on the number of cases commenced, concluded, and pending for each court as well as the percentages of cases disposed through different methods of adjudication, such as settled or dismissed cases, and jury trials. The annual State of the Judiciary reports also contains this information. Judges also should work with personnel in the clerks’ offices so that members of the court may have a thorough understanding of how the

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statistical information is compiled.

Additional information is available particularly for automated courts through the case management system of the Courts Automated Information System (CAIS). Examples of those reports including the age of pending cases, “speedy trial reports”, and concluded case reports by age can be found in the “batch reports” sections of the Case Management System User’s Guide. These manuals are available to all automated courts and are maintained in the clerks’ offices. In addition, examples of “calendar management” reports currently available as well as those under development by the Executive Secretary’s office are contained in this document.

2. Review trends in case filings as well as demands being placed on the resources of the court and clerks’ offices.

Again, the State of the Judiciary reports can be consulted for trend information over a period of years for a particular court or circuit. In addition, sample questions that can be asked about caseload trends appear in the document. Clerks of the court and their deputies must be consulted for information on resource demands.

3. Conduct a “walking the tracks” exercise.

A “walking the tracks” exercise can be held with the team or by the judges and clerks to review every step of the current case processing system to determine where delays, if any, may be occurring. In doing so, consideration should be given to such potential causes as procedures, customs and traditions in the handling of different types of cases. For instance, consider the charts below. What case processing problems, if any, are occurring between the identified intervals or any of the steps along your court’s case processing steps? Are there any other steps where inactivity on the part of the court, the clerk’s office, the Bar or others causes delays in concluding the cases?

As examples, in civil cases, delays may be occurring when service of process is not requested at case filing and thus the case can languish for considerable periods of time with no further actions, pleadings or orders filed. Delays also may result from discovery not being completed in a timely fashion or when last minute motions or continuances require postponement of the trial.

4. Ask the following questions:

a. Local Practices • Are there local practices that speed or slow disposition of cases?

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• Are attorneys cooperating sufficiently in the discovery process? • Where praecipes are used, what is estimated to be the time from case filing to the filing of the praecipe? b. Expediting Trials • Are there any actions taken by the court to ensure that cases, once filed, do not languish on the docket for long periods of time before the case is set for trial? Are there any monitoring events or methods used by the court to require counsel to open their files and prepare the case once it is filed? • Have any stages of case processing been expedited by innovative techniques? • What techniques should be considered to expedite cases, if any? c. Clerks’ Offices • Are there any practices that could be expedited within the clerks’ offices? • Does the court regularly purge under the two and three-year rules? d. Nature of Case • Are there any case characteristics that speed or slow case processing? • If so, what reasonably could be done to expedite discovery in these cases? (i.e., filing pre-trial scheduling orders) • What are the voir dire practices and do they speed (or slow) trial process? e. Trial/Post-Trial • Is the pace of trials affected on a regular basis by any specific events (examples: daily commencement time, lawyer estimates of length of trials or hearings, last minute pretrial motions, continuances or trial interruptions)? • If so, please explain. • How long are cases generally held under advisement? • How long does it take between adjudication and sentencing or submission of final order in a criminal case? Are there any time guidelines for probation officers on preparing presentence investigation orders? • Does the court have any policies on the length of time allowed to file the final order in a civil case? f. Evidence

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• Is the pace of trials affected on a regular basis by practices regarding evidence (examples: stipulations, expert testimony, or limitations on certain types of evidence)? • If so, please explain.

Conducting a walking the tracks exercise provides an opportunity for those involved to review the current situation. The key results of such reviews will be the discussions and the assembling of information on the present status of the court’s dockets.

Assessing the current status of the docket and determining where delays may be occurring can be done expeditiously, but not “overnight.” Part of the responsibility of the team leader or the judge heading up an internal review is to work with others involved to determine: (1) a schedule of possible meeting dates; (2) how the work involved can be accomplished; and, (3) who should be responsible for each task.

Developing Caseflow Management Programs

Once the profile suggested has been completed, several options are available. If the analysis was developed internally, it can be reviewed with local bar members, law enforcement, probation offices, and others for their feedback. A bench-bar committee can join in the efforts of the internal working group (judges, clerks, court staff), at this point, if desired. The next step is determining what actions, if any, are needed to improve the court/circuit’s caseflow management procedures, or to address any identified delay problems. The court may decide to establish a docket management program or to initiate use of additional actions or specific techniques to expedite litigation.

Although many techniques exist to attack delay, the heart of all of the programs reviewed is active caseflow management. So important is this concept that many would describe it as a specific “delay reduction technique” in and of itself. In fact, it is the technique credited for the success in reducing delay in many jurisdictions.

Essential elements of active caseflow management are as follows:

• Court supervision and control of the movement of all cases from the time of filing through final disposition. • Monitoring of case processing time guidelines for the overall disposition of cases. • By conferences or other techniques, establishing times for concluding the critical steps in the litigation process, including the discovery phase. • Developing procedures for early identification of cases that may be

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protracted, and for giving them special administrative attention where appropriate (differentiated treatment of cases). • Adopting a policy on the number of hearings or trials to be set per day that schedules a sufficient number of cases to ensure efficient use of judge time while minimizing the bumping of cases caused by over scheduling. • Commencing trials on the original date scheduled with adequate advance notice. • A firm, consistent policy for minimizing continuances. • Reasonable accommodation of the bar. • Prompt determination of matters submitted to the judge. Examples of Caseflow/Calendar Management Programs

Praecipe System

According to the 1994 edition of the “General Information Relating to the Courts within each Circuit and District in Virginia”, prepared annually by the Supreme Court of Virginia, approximately 33% of all circuit courts set their respective pending civil cases for trial by employing some form of praecipe system. Generally, a praecipe is a written request to the court to set a case for trial at the next docket call.

The praecipe is filed with the clerk by either the plaintiff or defendant, without first seeking the concurrence of the opposing party. If the opposing party objects to setting the case for trial at the court’s next civil docket call, a formal objection is usually tendered the court, sometimes in the form of a motion to quash the opponent’s praecipe.

This method of setting cases for trial relies heavily on the good faith of attorneys and pro se parties to voluntarily move their respective cases along as expeditiously as possible. In a pure praecipe system, the court often exercises little oversight or control over its civil docket, preferring the parties to the action to decide when a case has matured for trial or settlement.

Pretrial Scheduling Order - Rule 1:18.

In any civil case the parties, by counsel of record, may agree and submit for approval and entry by the court a pretrial scheduling order. If the court determines that the submitted order is not consistent with the efficient and orderly administration of justice, then the court shall notify counsel and provide an opportunity to be heard. See Section 3 of the Appendix of

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Forms at the end of Part I of the Rules of Court (Uniform Pretrial Scheduling Order).

In any civil case in which a pretrial scheduling order has not otherwise been entered pursuant to the court’s normal scheduling procedure, the court may, upon request of counsel of record for any party, or in its own discretion, enter the pretrial scheduling order contained in Section 3 of the Appendix of Forms at the end of Part I of The Rules of Court (Uniform Pretrial Scheduling Order). The court shall cause copies of the order so entered to forthwith be transmitted to counsel for all parties. If any party objects to or requests modification of that order, the court shall (a) hold a hearing to rule upon the objection or request or (b) with the consent of all parties and the approval of the court, enter an amended pretrial scheduling order.

With the exception of domestic relations cases, a court may not enter a scheduling order which deviates from the terms of the Uniform Pretrial Scheduling Order unless either (1) counsel of record for all parties agree to different provisions, or (2) the court, after providing an opportunity for counsel of record to be heard, makes a finding that the scheduling order contained in the Appendix is not consistent with the efficient and orderly administration of justice under the specific circumstances of that case.

Requests For Subpoenas, Production Of Documents, Etc.

Definitions

A subpoena is a “process to cause a witness to appear and give testimony”... Black’s Law Dictionary. A more technical and descriptive term for the ordinary subpoena is subpoena ad testificandum.

A subpoena duces tecum is “a process by which the court, at the instance of a suitor, commands a witness who has in his/her possession or control some document or paper that is pertinent to the issues of a pending controversy, to produce it at trial.” Black’s Law Dictionary (3) Virginia Code § 8.01-2 (8) states that “‘summons’ and ‘subpoena’ may be used interchangeably and shall include a subpoena duces tecum for the production of documents and tangible things.”

Subpoena

1. How Issued. To Whom According to Va. Code § 8.01-407, a subpoena may be issued to command a person to attend to give evidence before a court, notary, or commissioner or

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other person appointed by a court or acting under its process or authority in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity.

If attendance is desired in a civil proceeding pending in a court or at a deposition in connection with such proceeding, a subpoena may be issued not less than five business days prior to the date attendance is desired by an attorney-at-law who is an active member of the Virginia State Bar at the time of issuance. This also allows attorneys to issue subpoenas duces tecum. Some civil proceedings, such as abuse and neglect proceedings, habeas corpus and protective orders, are excluded from the provisions of this legislation. Any attorney-issued summons or subpoena is required to be on a form approved by the Supreme Court, signed by the attorney, and shall include the attorney’s address. The attorney-issued summons shall be deemed to be a pleading. A copy of the summons and, if served by a sheriff, all service of process fees, shall be mailed or delivered to the clerk’s office of the court in which the case is pending. Va. Code § 8.01-407.

Convicts or persons incarcerated in a correctional or penal institution may be summonsed to appear in a civil action, upon the entry of an order by the court directed to the Department of Corrections commanding the attendance of the convict or prisoner, per Va. Code § 8.01-410.

Witnesses may be compelled to attend depositions by subpoena, per Rule 4:5(a). The place of taking a deposition is set by Va. Code § 8.01-420.4. Further, witnesses may be compelled to produce documents and other tangible things per Rule 4:5(b)(5).

No subpoena shall, without first obtaining a court order for same, issue for the attendance of the persons listed in Va. Code § 8.01-407 (B). If any subpoena is served less than five calendar days before appearance is required upon any judicial officer generally incompetent to testify pursuant to Va. Code § 19.2-271, such subpoena shall be without legal force or effect unless the subpoena has been issued by a judge. Va. Code § 8.01-407 (A).

Requests for issuance of witness subpoenas are usually presented to the clerk by written request letter or memorandum from counsel of record or by pro se parties.

Virginia Code § 8.01-407 (C) provides that a clerk may issue a summons to compel attendance of a citizen of the Commonwealth before commissioners or other persons appointed by authority of another state when the summons requires the attendance of such witness at a place not out of his county or city. The code provides no direction on how to handle the paperwork in these instances. Most clerks place these documents in a miscellaneous file. Clerks may charge a Clerk’s

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fee of $10 pursuant to Va. Code § 17.1-275 (A)(18) plus “add-on” fees and service fees.

Witness Reimbursement Virginia Code § 17.1-612 provides how a witness may claim reimbursement for mileage, tolls and, in some cases, an attendance fee for compensation as an expert witness. Virginia Code § 17.1-613 prescribes that the sum to each witness is to be paid by the party for whom the summons issued; if the witness is compelled to attend by the Commonwealth, payment is made as required by that section.

Who May Serve Subpoena on the Witness Virginia Code § 8.01-293 prescribes that any sheriff within his/her territorial bounds or any person age eighteen years or older and who is neither a party or otherwise interested in the subject matter in controversy, are authorized to serve process.

Fee for Service of Witness Subpoena A sheriff’s fee is authorized for each service of a subpoena per Va. Code § 17.1- 272. No Clerk’s fee is authorized for issuing a subpoena.

Subpoena Duces tecum

1. How Issued. To Whom

Rule 4:9 prescribes the method by which a person can be compelled to produce documents and other tangible things, or to allow entry onto land for inspection or for other purposes. Virginia Code § 8.01-407 allows attorneys to issue subpoenas duces tecum. Any attorney-issued subpoena is required to be on a form approved by the Supreme Court, signed by the attorney, and shall include the attorney’s address. See form DC-498, Subpoena Duces tecum (Civil) - Attorney Issued.

Rule 4:9 (a) provides that a party to an action may be compelled to produce and permit inspection and copying of documents and other tangible things for the other party, or to produce documents in court at the time of trial, or to permit entry upon land or property for purposes of inspection, etc. The request document sent to the clerk is usually titled as a Request for Production of Documents, etc. The resulting summons is a subpoena duces tecum.

Rule 4:9 (c) provides how a subpoena duces tecum may be served on a person not a party to the action. The subpoena commands the person to produce documents or tangible things demanded in the request for inspection and

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copying, etc. A certificate is required from the requesting party that a copy of the written request for subpoena duces tecum has been mailed or delivered to counsel of record and to any pro se party. The request document sent to the clerk is usually titled as a Request for Subpoena Duces tecum. The resulting summons is a subpoena duces tecum.

Rule 1:12 requires any request for a subpoena duces tecum shall be served on each counsel of record by delivery or mailing a copy to him on or before the day of filing.

Per Va. Code § 8.01-413, any health care provider whose patient records or papers are subpoenaed for production may comply by timely mailing to the clerk who issued the subpoena or in whose court the action is pending, properly authenticated copies, photographs or microphotographs in lieu of the originals.

Copies of a health care provider’s records or papers shall be furnished within 30 days of receipt of such request to the patient, his attorney, his executor or administrator, or an authorized insurer upon such patient’s, attorney’s, executor’s, administrator’s, or authorized insurer’s written request, which request shall comply with the requirements of subsection E of Va. Code § 32.1-127.1:03. If a health care provider is unable to provide such records or papers within 30 days of receipt of such request, such provider shall notify the requester of such records or papers in writing of the reason for the delay and shall have no more than 30 days after the date of such written notice to comply with such request.

No subpoena duces tecum for records or papers shall set a return date by which the health care provider must comply with such subpoena earlier than 15 days from the date of the subpoena, except by order of a court or administrative agency for good cause shown. When a court or administrative agency orders that records or papers be disclosed pursuant to a subpoena duces tecum earlier than 15 days from the date of the subpoena, a copy of such order shall accompany such subpoena.

Motion to Quash

Any objection or motion to quash a subpoena duces tecum under Rule 4:9(c) may result in either annulment of the subpoena duces tecum or amendment as provided in this Rule.

As to a subpoena duces tecum issued with at least a 15-day return date, if no motion to quash is filed within 15 days of the issuance of the subpoena, the party requesting the subpoena duces tecum or the party on whose behalf the subpoena was issued shall certify to the subpoenaed health care provider that (a) the time

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for filing a motion to quash has elapsed and (b) no such motion was filed. Upon receipt of such certification, the subpoenaed health care provider shall comply with the subpoena duces tecum by returning the specified records or papers by either (1) the return date on the subpoena or (2) five days after receipt of such certification, whichever is later.

Who May Serve Subpoena Duces tecum on the Person

Virginia Code § 8.01-293 prescribes that any sheriff within his/her territorial bounds or any person age eighteen years or older and who is neither a party or otherwise interested in the subject matter of the controversy, may serve process.

When a Court Order is Necessary to Subpoena Records, etc.

Both the Federal Privacy Act [5 U.S.C.S. section 552 a. (b) (11)] and the confidentially Statute [38 U.S.C.S. section 7332 (b)(2)(D)] (dealing with certain Veterans Health administration records) require an order of a court of competent jurisdiction to command a federal agency to disclose any record, or the V.A. authority to release medical records concerning treatment, etc. of drug abuse, alcoholism or alcohol abuse, infection with HIV, or sickle cell anemia.

To subpoena the records, etc. of certain officials listed in Rule 4:9(c-1), a court order must first issue.

No subpoena duces tecum for records or papers shall set a return date by which the health care provider must comply with such subpoena earlier than 15 days from the date of the subpoena, except by order of a court or administrative agency for good cause shown. When a court or administrative agency orders that records or papers be disclosed pursuant to a subpoena duces tecum earlier than 15 days from the date of the subpoena, a copy of such order shall accompany such subpoena.

Fees for Service of Subpoena Duces tecum:

A sheriff’s fee is authorized for service of a subpoena duces tecum per Va. Code § 17.1-272. A clerk’s fee of $5.00 is authorized for issuing a subpoena duces tecum per Va. Code § 17.1-275 (23), but not for an attorney-issued subpoena duces tecum, as the Clerk neither prepares, nor issues it.

The clerk’s fee is not authorized for a subpoena duces tecum for medical records when it is requested in accordance with Va. Code § 8.01-413(C).

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Copies of Subpoenaed documents

Unless otherwise ordered for good cause shown, when one party to a civil proceeding subpoenas documents, the subpoenaing party, upon receipt of the subpoenaed documents, shall, if requested in writing, provide true and full copies of the same to any other party or to the attorney for any other party, provided the other party or attorney for the other party pays the reasonable cost of copying or reproducing the subpoenaed documents. This provision does not apply where the subpoenaed documents are returnable to and maintained by the clerk of court in which the action is pending. Va. Code § 8.01-417.

Procedures to issue a subpoena duces tecum

Step 1 Clerk receives written request (“Request for Production of Documents” or “Request for Subpoena Duces tecum”) to issue a subpoena duces tecum.

Comments: The request should be in writing and should indicate: The officer who is to serve the subpoena, The writings or objects to be produced or delivered, Whether the person on whom the subpoena is served is required to appear with the objects to be produced, The name of the court and title of the proceeding, Time and place at which the witness is to appear or deliver the items, and On whose application the subpoena was issued.

Step 2 Clerk checks to See if certificate is attached. Note: A certificate is required by the party requesting the subpoena duces tecum ensuring that a copy of the request has been delivered or mailed to counsel and to any pro se counsel. Rule 4:9(c).

Step 3 Clerk prepares subpoena duces tecum and signs.

Comments: See form CC-1437, SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM (CIVIL CASE). The subpoena may be prepared in triplicate or two copies of the signed original may be produced. The latter is recommended.

Any party filing a request for a subpoena duces tecum for a patient’s medical records shall include a Notice to Providers in the same part of the request where the provider is directed where and when to return the records. Va. Code § 32.1-127.1:03.

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Step 4 Clerk issues signed original and one copy of subpoena duces tecum to sheriff or serving officer; places second copy in case file with request for subpoena.

Step 5 Clerk enters the following information in the court’s process book or file: plaintiff name defendant name type of process issued date prepared date of issuance signature of issuing clerk or of sheriff who will serve process.

Comments: Every service of process must be entered in a process book or file (or automated system). Va. Code § 17.1-215.

The preferred practice in most jurisdictions is to place every process to be served locally in the process book or a file to be picked up daily by the local sheriff or serving officer. The sheriff or serving officer signs for the processes in the process book when collecting them for service.

A subpoena directed to another city or county in Virginia is mailed by the clerk’s office to the sheriff or serving officer of that jurisdiction. The date of mailing should be noted on the process book.

Step 6 The sheriff or serving officer executes the subpoena duces tecum and makes his/her return to the issuing court.

Comments: Return must be made within seventy-two hours of service. Service is due on next working day if otherwise due on Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday. Va. Code § 8.01-325.

Execution is effected by leaving a copy of the subpoena with the intended party or posting the subpoena on the door of his/her home. The original is returned to the court, showing the date and method of service. If the party could not be located, the copy is marked “not found” and returned with the original to the court.

Step 7 Clerk checks returned original to verify that the serving officer has entered the following: date of execution type of service serving officer’s signature

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Comments: If service made by private process server, the return should be stamped, typed or printed stating: that the process was served by a private process server; and name, address and phone number of the server.

Step 8 Clerk enters in process book or file the date the subpoena was returned to the court.

Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act

1. How Issued. To Whom

The creation of the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act in 2009 provided that a party may submit a subpoena issued by a court of record from another state to the clerk of the circuit court serving the jurisdiction in which discovery is sought in the Commonwealth. The foreign subpoena must be accompanied by a written statement that the law of the foreign jurisdiction grants reciprocal privileges for taking discovery by citizens of the Commonwealth. Upon receipt of the foreign subpoena, the clerk shall issue a subpoena for service upon the person to whom the foreign subpoena was directed. Form CC-1439, SUBPOENA/SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM TO PERSON UNDER FOREIGN SUBPOENA should be used

Any subpoena issued by the clerk shall incorporate the terms used in the foreign subpoena and contain or be accompanied by the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all counsel of record in the proceeding to which the subpoena relates, and of any party not represented by counsel. No civil action need be filed in the circuit court to utilize this discovery act. No subpoena issued in the Commonwealth pursuant to this article may be issued by any person other than the applicable circuit court clerk of court in the Commonwealth. Va. Code § 8.01-412.10

A subpoena issued under this article shall be served in compliance with applicable statutes of the Commonwealth for service of a subpoena. Va. Code § 8.01-412.11

The code provides no direction on how to handle the paperwork in these instances. Most clerks place these documents in a miscellaneous file.

Application to Court

An application to the court for a protective order or to enforce, quash or modify a subpoena issued by a clerk of court under Va. Code § 8.01-412.10 shall comply with the statutes and rules of court of the Commonwealth, and be submitted to

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the court in the circuit in which discovery is to be conducted. A separate civil action need not be filed. Va. Code § 8.01-412.13.

Fees for Service

a) Subpoena. A sheriff’s fee is authorized for each service of a subpoena per Va. Code § 17.1-272. Clerks may charge a Clerk’s fee of $10 pursuant to Va. Code § 17.1-275 (A)(18). b) Subpoena duces tecum. A sheriff’s fee is authorized for service of a subpoena duces tecum per Va. Code § 17.1-272. A clerk’s Fee of $5.00 is authorized for issuing a subpoena duces tecum per Va. Code § 17.1- 275 (23).

Jury Management

The right of trial by jury is declared in Article I, Section 11 of the Constitution of Virginia. Trial by jury is a common law right, however it can be waived. Any legal cause of action in which the recovery sought is greater than $20, exclusive of interest, may be heard and judgment entered by the court, unless one of the parties involved in the suit demands a trial by jury. If neither party requests a jury, the court may, on its own motion, direct that a jury be impaneled to hear and give judgment on one or more issues arising out of a legal cause of action.

Trial by jury in equity matters is typically not available except as provided in a few statutes, unless one of the parties or the judge requests a jury. If the defendant in equity responds to an equitable claim with a plea that is denied by the plaintiff, either party may have the issues tried by jury. Va. Code § 8.01-336 (D). In an action to establish or impeach a will (Va. Code § 64.2- 448) or an action to remove clouds on title (Va. Code § 55-153), parties have the right to a trial by jury. In an equitable claim where no right to a jury trial otherwise exists, where impaneling of an advisory jury pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-336 (E) to hear an issue will be helpful to the court concerning disputed fact issues, such a jury may be seated. Decision on such claims and issues shall be made by the judge.

Virginia Code § 8.01-353.1 provides that at the time of assembly for the purpose of juror selection, the clerk of court shall ensure that the identity of each member of the jury venire is verified. Acceptable forms of identification: Commonwealth of Virginia voter registration card; social security card; valid Virginia driver’s license, or any other identification card issued by a government agency of the Commonwealth, one of its political subdivisions, or the United States; or any valid employee identification card containing a photograph of the juror and issued by an employer of the juror in the ordinary course of the employer’s business. If the juror is unable to present one of these forms of identification, he/she shall sign a statement affirming, under penalty of perjury, that he/she is the named juror.

Civil Jury Composition

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The Code of Virginia provides for civil juries to be comprised of five (5), seven (7), or, in special situations, three (3) or twelve (12) persons. If the amount involved in the action, exclusive of interest, is less than $25,000.00 (Va. Code § 16.1-77 (1)), the jury will be five (5) persons selected from a panel of not less than eleven (11). Va. Code § 8.01-359. All other civil juries will be composed of a group of seven (7) selected from a panel of not less than thirteen (13), unless a special jury is allowed.

Virginia Code § 8.01-359 (D) provides for the selection of a jury of three (3). In any civil case where the plaintiff and defendant certify to the court that they wish to impanel a jury of three, the plaintiff and defendant may each choose a juror, and the two shall agree upon and select a third of similar qualifications. The impaneling of a special jury in civil actions is rare. A special jury is ordered by the court, on the motion of either party, in cases of unusual importance or complexity. Va. Code § 8.01-362. The special jury will be comprised of twelve (12) selected from a panel of not less than twenty (20).

When the court has selected six (6) veniremen more than are needed to constitute the appropriate size jury, the parties or their counsel, beginning with the plaintiff, will alternately strike off one name from the panel until the number remaining is reduced to the number required. Where there are more than two parties, all plaintiffs will share three strikes between them and all defendants and third-party defendants will share three strikes between them.

Virginia Code § 8.01-360 provides for additional jurors when the trial likely to be protracted. The court may direct the selection of additional jurors who shall be drawn from the same source, in the same manner and at the same time as the regular jurors. When one additional juror is desired, there shall be drawn three veniremen, and the plaintiff and defendant in a civil case or the Commonwealth and accused in a criminal case shall each be allowed one peremptory challenge. When two or more additional jurors are desired there shall be drawn twice as many venireman as the number of additional jurors desired. The plaintiff and defendant in a civil case or the Commonwealth and accused in a criminal case shall each be allowed one additional peremptory challenge for every two additional jurors.

Condemnation Juries

The jury commissioners established pursuant to Chapter 11 (Va. Code § 8.01-336 et seq.) of Title 8.01 shall select condemnation jurors. Therefore, a separate pool of condemnation jurors may be selected. The jury commissioners shall select as condemnation jurors persons who are residents of the county or city in which the property to be condemned, or the greater portion thereof, is situated. No person shall be eligible as a condemnation juror when he, or any person for him, solicits or requests a member of the jury commission to place his name on a list of condemnation jurors. All of the persons included on the list of condemnation jurors shall be freeholders of property within the

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jurisdiction. The list shall include a notation indicating those persons who are freeholders. Va. Code § 8.01-346. “Freeholder” means any person owning an interest in land in fee, including a person owning a condominium unit. Va. Code § 25.1-100. Except as otherwise provided, the provisions of Va. Code §§ 8.01-345, 8.01-346, 8.01-347, 8.01-356, and 8.01- 358 relating to procedures for preparing this list from which members will be chosen, penalties for failure to appear and voir dire examination shall apply to condemnation jurors mutatis mutandis. Va. Code § 25.1-229. Each juror receives $30.00 per day for being summoned and appearing, whether for regular jury service or for service as a condemnation juror. Va. Code §§ 25.1-235 and 17.1-618.

Creation of the Master Jury List/It’s Use in Jury Management

The method used to create the master jury list must not result in the exclusion or avoidable under-representation of any social, economic or racial group. Similarly, the opportunity for citizens to serve as jurors cannot be denied or limited on the basis of race, national origin, gender, age, religious belief, income, occupation or any other factor that discriminates against a cognizable group in the jurisdiction.

Who Liable to Serve As Jurors:

Any person over the age of eighteen who has resided in Virginia for one year and in his/her county, city or town for six months is eligible to serve on a jury. United States military personnel stationed in Virginia are not considered residents solely by reason of their being stationed in Virginia. Va. Code § 8.01-337.

Who Cannot Serve as Jurors:

• Any person who has been adjudicated mentally incompetent. Va. Code § 8.01-338. • Any person convicted of treason or a felony. Va. Code § 8.01-338. • Any person who solicits or requests a jury commissioner to designate him as a juror, or who has another person solicit or request a jury commissioner to designate him as a juror. Va. Code § 8.01-339. • Any person who is a party to any case that has been or is expected to be tried by a jury during the same term of court. Va. Code § 8.01- 340 • Any person under the age of eighteen. Va. Code § 8.01-337. • Any person under a disability as defined in Va. Code § 8.01-2. Va. Code § 8.01-338.

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• Any person has been called for and reported for jury duty within the last three years. Va. Code § 8.01-342.

Who Are Automatically Exempt from Jury Service:

The Code exempts certain individuals and permits others to claim exemption from jury service. The following individuals are automatically exempt from jury service pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-341: • The President and Vice-President of the United States, • The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Attorney General of the Commonwealth, • The members of both houses of Congress, • The members of the General Assembly, while in session or during a period when the member would be entitled to a legislative continuance as a matter of right under Va. Code § 30-5, • Licensed practicing attorneys, • The judge of any court, members of the State Corporation Commission, members of the Workers’ Compensation Commission (formerly the Industrial Commission), and magistrates, • Sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, state police, and police in counties, cities, and towns, • The superintendent of the penitentiary and his assistants and the persons composing the guard; and • Superintendents and jail officers, as defined in Va. Code § 53.1-1, of regional jails.

Who May Claim Exemptions/Not Automatically Exempt:

Pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-341.1, the following individuals are not automatically exempt but may claim exemptions from jury service: • Mariners actually employed in maritime service, • A person who has legal custody of and is necessarily and personally responsible for a child or children sixteen years of age or younger requiring continuous care by him during normal court hours, or any mother who is breast-feeding a child, • A person who is necessarily and personally responsible for a person having a physical or mental impairment requiring continuous care by him during normal court hours, • Any person over seventy (70) years of age, • Any person whose spouse is summoned to serve on the same jury panel,

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• Any person who is the only person performing services for a business, commercial or agricultural enterprise and whose services are so essential to the operation of the business, commercial or agricultural enterprise that such enterprise must close or cease to function if such person is required to perform jury duty, and • Any person who is the only person performing services for a political subdivision as a firefighter, as defined in Va. Code § 65.2-102, and whose services are so essential to the operations of the political subdivision that such political subdivision will suffer an undue hardship in carrying out such services if such person is required to perform jury duty.

Who May Asked To Be Excused During Specific Calendar Periods:

The following individuals are not exempt, but may be excused during specific calendar periods under Va. Code § 8.01-341.1.

• Any person employed by the Office of the Clerk of the House of Delegates, the Office of the Clerk of the Senate, the Division of Legislative Services, and the Division of Legislative Automated Systems, however, this exemption shall apply only to jury service starting (i) during the period beginning 60 days prior to the day any regular session commences and ending 30 days after the day of adjournment of such session and (ii) during the period beginning seven days prior to the day any reconvened or special session commences and ending seven days after the day of adjournment of such session. • Any general registrar, member of a local electoral board, or person appointed or employed by either the general registrar or the local electoral board, except officers of election appointed pursuant to Article 5 (§ 24.2-115 et seq.) of Chapter 1 of Title 24.2; however, this exemption shall apply only to jury service starting (i) during the period beginning 90 days prior to any election and continuing through election day, (ii) during the period to ascertain the results of the election and continuing for 10 days after the local electoral board certifies the results of the election under § 24.2-671 or the State Board of Elections certifies the results of the election under § 24.2-679, or (iii) during the period of an election recount or contested election pursuant to Chapter 8 (§ 24.2-800 et seq.) of Title 24.2. Any officer of election shall be exempt from jury service only on Election Day and during the periods set forth in clauses (ii) and (iii).

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• Any member of the armed services of the United States or the diplomatic service of the United States appointed under the Foreign Service Act (22 U.S.C. § 3901 et seq.) who will be serving outside of the United States at the time of such jury service.

The foregoing code sections should be consulted regularly to check for amendments.

Instead of completely discharging an individual who claims that serving on a jury would interfere with his/her work responsibilities, the judge (or a court official designated by the judge) may defer or limit his/her jury service for a reasonable period of time. Va. Code § 8.01-341.2. In such instances, the person is often excused from service until the next term of court. This also includes a full-time student at an accredited public or private institution of higher education and who is attending classes at such institution during such term.

Appointment of Jury Commissioners

Each circuit court shall appoint two (2) to fifteen (15) persons by July 1 of every year to serve as jury commissioners. The judge of the circuit court of a county having the urban county executive form of government may appoint jury commissioners at any time prior to the first day of November of each year. Jury Commissioners may be allowed a fee not exceeding $30 per day that they are actually engaged in such work as the court directs. Va. Code § 8.01-343. The order of appointment shall be certified by the judge to the clerk of the court who shall enter the same on the civil order book of such court. A jury commissioner shall be eligible for reappointment. The jury commissioners prepare a master list of persons eligible to serve as jurors. Va. Code §§ 8.01-343, 8.01-344, and 8.01- 345. The size of such list is specified by the particular court for which it is compiled. The commissioners, using random selection techniques, either manual, mechanical, or electronic, select persons for the master jury list from the list of current voters, telephone directories, the list of licensed drivers, and any other list approved by the chief judge of the circuit. Va. Code § 8.01-345

After such master list has been compiled, the commissioners must delete the names of those who are exempt and those who are statutorily accepted from jury service. The master list is then used for the selection of jurors for a twelve-month period beginning on the first day of the first term of court in the calendar year next succeeding December 1.

The Supreme Court of Virginia will provide to each locality, upon request, a list of the names and addresses of its residents who are listed as currently registered voters or as holders of drivers’ licenses. A request for this merged list should be directed to the Supreme Court by June 1 of the year for which the list is needed. Contact the Office of the Executive Secretary, Supreme Court of Virginia, (804) 786-6455, for more information.

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For courts not using automated processes for selecting potential jurors, each name on the master jury list is written on a separate ballot that is folded or rolled up so that the names are not visible. The ballots, with the master jury list, are then placed by the commissioners in a jury box that is locked and secured by the clerk of the court. Va. Code § 8.01-347.

Master Jury List

The Master Jury List is not a public record. The court, where good cause is shown, may permit an examination of the list, under the watchful eye of the court. Copying of this list is not permitted. The proper administration of justice requires that the jury list be kept secret until the jurors are drawn for service, unless good cause is shown. Archer and Johnson v. Mayes, 213 Va. 633, 194 S.E. 2d 707 (1973).

For many years, Jury Commissioners have obtained additional information on potential juror candidates, including information to disqualify or exempt them from service, by use of a pre-formatted Jury Questionnaire, usually mailed to all candidates. These questionnaires are a portion of the working papers of the Jury Commission.

Similar nondisclosure protection is extended to jury commissioner’s questionnaires. Refer to Opinion of the Attorney General to Ronald B. Hall, September 17, 1997, 1997 Va. AG 27.

When completed, the Master Jury List shall be delivered to the clerk to be safely kept by him. Va. Code § 8.01-346.

Preparing A Master Jury List

Step 1 Is master list to be created manually or by automation? If manually: GO TO STEP 3; If by automation: GO TO STEP 2

Step 2 Clerk coordinates development and implementation of computer programming with local government MIS/computer operations personnel, or with another third party automated jury services system.

Step 3 Clerk obtains supplies (capsules, ballot box), if needed for manual selection process.

Step 4 Clerk obtains, in the appropriate form (printed, computer tape or electronic download), the current voter registration list, driver’s license list, and any other court-approved source list for use by the commissioners in selecting juror names.

Comments: To obtain printed lists or lists on computer tape contact:

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Voter Registration List - Secretary, State Board of Elections Licensed Driver List - Secretary, Department of Motor Vehicles To participate in the automated Jury Services System (JSS), and to obtain a list of the residents of a locality whose names appear on the voter registration list or the list of licensed drivers, or a merged list contact the Department of Judicial Services at 804-371-2424. While these lists are not needed by the clerk until after July 1, the clerk or Jury Administrator must notify DJS through the JSS each year which list they need.

Step 5 Clerk receives a tape or list, or electronic data download for use by the jury commissioners.

Comments: If the master jury list is to be created by automation, clerk follows procedures discussed in STEP 2.

If the master jury list is to be created manually, clerk holds printed list for delivery to the jury commissioners.

Step 6 Judge makes annual appointment of jury commissioners.

Comments: Commissioner appointments must be made prior to July 1 of each year. Note: The judge of the circuit court of a county having the urban county executive form of government may appoint jury commissioners at any time prior to the first day of November of each year. Va. Code § 8.01-343.

Step 7 Clerk prepares order of appointment; obtains judge’s signature. Va. Code § 8.01-343.

Comments: The order must specify the number of persons the commissioners are to select for the master list for jury service for a twelve-month period. Va. Code § 8.01-345.

Step 8 Clerk images order; indexes and enters in the Civil Order Book. See the section in this chapter for court order processing.

Step 9 Clerk immediately notifies commissioners of their appointment; directs them to appear in the clerk’s office at a specific date and time for their swearing in. Va. Code § 8.01-344.

Step 10 Clerk administers oath to commissioners.

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Comments: See Va. Code § 8.01-344 for language of the oath.

Step 11 Clerk provides jury questionnaires or access to automated programming to jury commissioners.

Step 12 Commissioners select the names to be put on the master jury list and submit the list.

Comments: The master list must be compiled by December 1 of each year. The initial random selection of a pool of potential juror candidates for the Jury Commissioners to consider is accomplished by the Court, which decides the random selection techniques and selection pools to be used, and the initial number of names to be drawn. From the initial list of potential candidates, jury commissioners are required to exclude the names of deceased persons, unqualified persons, and apply statutory exemptions to the names so selected. A Master Jury List of potential jurors who are not disqualified or otherwise exempt will be prepared by the jury commissioners. Va. Code § 8.01-345.

Step 13 During the year, as directed by the judge, clerk amends the master jury list by deleting the names of those who are disqualified or exempt.

Comments: The judge may order the jury commissioners to add to the list as needed and to strike the names of persons who become disqualified or are exempt must be stricken from the list. Va. Code § 8.01- 346.

Step 14 If the Master Jury List is not stored electronically as provided in Va. Code § 8.01-350.1, the Clerk provides jury box to commissioners.

If names of jurors are to be placed in a jury box, as provided in Va. Code § 8.01-347, the Commissioners prepare a separate ballot or paper for each name listed on the master jury list; the master jury list and ballots are placed in the jury box which is locked and returned to the clerk for safekeeping. Va. Code §§ 8.01-346, 8.01-347.

Comments: Each ballot or paper must be folded or rolled so that the name written on each is not visible. Once the jury box is returned to the clerk, it must be placed in a secured area. The contents of the box are not open to public inspection and the box is to remain locked until the court instructs otherwise.

Term Jury List

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Prior to or during any term of court at which a jury may be necessary, the clerk or deputy clerk, in the presence of the judge or a commissioner in chancery appointed by the judge, will draw from the box the number of ballots necessary for the trial of all civil and criminal cases during the term or the number of ballots requested by the judge. Va. Code §§ 8.01- 348 and 8.01-355. Whenever the court feels that a particular trial of a criminal or civil case is likely to be protracted, the court may direct the selection of additional jurors from the same source as the regular jurors. Va. Code § 8.01-360. In automated courts, the computer randomly selects the potential jurors. Va. Code § 8.01-350.1. The clerk then prepares a list from the names on the ballots drawn or obtains a computer-generated list. A writ of venire facias, containing the names and addresses of potential jurors and notice to appear is prepared by the clerk and delivered to the sheriff. The sheriff then notifies the jurors of their selection by way of a summons, which may be served or mailed. Pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-354, mailing is equivalent to summoning such juror in execution of a writ of venire facias.

The Term Jury List, showing the name, age, address, occupation and employer of each juror, shall be available in the clerk’s office for inspection by counsel in any case to be tried by a jury during the term. Va. Code § 8.01-351.

Preparing A Term Jury List

Step 1 Is term list selected by random selection techniques, either mechanically or electronically? Va. Code § 8.01-350.1. If mechanically: GO TO STEP 2 ; If electronically: GO TO STEP 5

Step 2 The clerk, as directed by the court, draws from the jury box a specified number of ballots for the current or upcoming term of court. Va. Code 8.01- 348

Comments: The number of names to be drawn is based upon the number of jury trials scheduled for the term. Va. Code § 8.01-355.

Step 3 The clerk thoroughly mixes the ballots and draws the number of names specified.

Comments: The drawing of names for the term list shall be done by the clerk or deputy clerk in the presence of judge or a court-appointed commissioner in chancery who has no interest in any of the trials for which the names are being drawn. Va. Code § 8.01-348.

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Step 4 If a person whose name is drawn is known to be deceased, a non-resident, exempt or disqualified by law, clerk notes the fact on the ballot next to his/her name on the master jury list; places the ballot with other such ballots in an envelope marked “Ineligible Jurors.” Va. Code § 8.01-349.

Step 5 For all other names drawn, clerk writes “drawn” and the date drawn next to the name on both the ballot and master jury list; places such ballots in an envelope marked “Eligible Jurors.” Va. Code § 8.01-349.

Comments: If during the term, additional jurors are needed, names previously drawn may be drawn again. Va. Code § 8.01-349.

Step 6 Clerk has computer randomly select the necessary number of potential jurors.

Comments: Clerk deletes names of persons known to be deceased, non- residents, disqualified, or exempt

Step 7 Clerk prepares an alphabetical list of the names drawn; enters the following information next to each name on the list: address age occupation employer

Step 8 Clerk signs the list and obtains the judge’s signature or that of the commissioner in chancery. Va. Code § 8.01-351.

Step 9 Depending upon how juror names are stored by the Clerk (mechanically or electronically), jurors are randomly selected for individual jury trials, using similar techniques as described above for a Term Jury List.

Step 10 Clerk maintains original list in the clerk’s office and makes it available for inspection by counsel in any case to be tried by a jury during the term. Va. Code § 8.01-351.

Upon request, the clerk or sheriff or other officer responsible for notifying jurors to appear in court for the trial of a case shall make available to all counsel of record in that case, a copy of the jury panel to be used for the trial of the case at least three full business days before the trial. Such copy of the jury panel shall show the name, age, address, occupation and employer of each person on the panel. (Va. Code § 8.01-353)

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Petit Jury

From the Term Jury List, individual jurors are selected to appear in court on such day as the court may direct. Referred to as a “Petit Jury”, the court directs the clerk to notify a predetermined number of jurors from the Term Jury List for the trial of a civil or criminal action. The clerk normally prepares this list, and submits it to the sheriff, who notifies each juror of the time and date of the trial.

Upon request, the clerk or other officer responsible for notifying jurors to appear in court for the trial of a case shall make available to all counsel of record in that case, a copy of the jury panel to be used for the trial of the case at least three full business days before the trial. Va. Code § 8.01-353.

Preparing A Petit Jury List

Step 1 A petit jury list or jury panel is usually prepared employing the same software and server hardware and random selection method used to produce the Term Jury List, or is otherwise prepared as authorized by the court.

Step 2 Once created, the petit jury list, containing the name, age, address, occupation and employer of each person on the panel, shall be made available to all counsel of record in that case, and if requested, make available a copy of the jury panel to be used for the trial of the case at least three full business days before the trial.

Comment: Request to view Jury Questionnaires - Jury questionnaires are the work product of the Jury Commission and are not a public record. This request should be referred to the judge for consideration. See Attorney General Opinion to Hall, dated 9/17/97, (1997 Va. AG 27): Circuit court clerk may not release information contained on master jury list or jury commissioner’s questionnaires regarding potential jurors to law enforcement or Department of Motor Vehicles authorities without circuit court judge having determined that good cause has been shown by such authorities for obtaining such information.

Step 3 Jurors selected for call are notified by the sheriff in accord with Va. Code § 8.01-298. Writ of Venire facias requirements are satisfied by any procedure followed in Va. Code § 8.01-354.

Comments: See Form CC-1321, WRIT OF VENIRE FACIAS – PETIT JURY.

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Jury Orientation

Courts should provide some form of orientation to persons called for jury service. Orientation programs increase jurors’ understanding of the judicial system and prepare them to serve competently as jurors. Orientation may be effected by an oral presentation, written materials, audio-visual means, or through a combination of all three. The program should be presented in a consistent and efficient manner.

In some jurisdictions, a formal orientation program for all jurors is conducted at the commencement of each term. In others, the judge meets briefly with the jurors on their first day of service (at the beginning of the trial). Since jurors are paid for each day of service, the court should conduct orientation on a day on which jury trials are scheduled. The orientation should be completed before the first jury panel is needed. The judge or someone designated by him will normally acquaint jurors with the following:

• the names of court personnel (clerk, Commonwealth’s attorney, sheriff, bailiff) • how they were selected • their obligation for subsequent service • the length of their term of jury service and the division of caseload among the jurors • the types of cases to be heard by them and the number of jurors needed for each case • A Handbook for Jurors published by the Office of the Executive Secretary (Some courts have adopted a policy of having this pamphlet distributed to jurors with the summons.) • the daily procedures (time for opening, luncheon recess) • the layout of the court facility (location of parking area, restrooms) • the civic and patriotic obligation of citizens to serve on juries • how and when they will be compensated for their services

Jury orientation provides jurors an opportunity to state why they should not serve and to present exemption claims if not previously addressed. Jurors not excused by the court proceed to the next phase of the jury trial process, voir dire, which is discussed in “voir dire” below.

Clerk’s duties with respect to juror orientation

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Step 1 Person taking jury attendance shall ensure the identity of jurors. Each juror shall provide any of the following forms of identification: his Commonwealth of Virginia voter registration card; his social security card; his valid Virginia driver’s license or any other identification card issued by a government agency of the Commonwealth; or any valid employee identification card containing a photograph of the juror and issued by an employer of the juror in the ordinary course of the employer’s business. If the juror is unable to present one of these forms of identification, he shall sign a statement affirming, under penalty of perjury, that he is the named juror. Note: If person taking jury attendance is unable to give an oath, the clerk or deputy clerk should do so. Va. Code § 8.01-353.1

Step 2 Clerk has jurors complete qualification questionnaires if not received previously.

Step 3 Clerk ensures the comfort of the jurors whenever possible.

Comments: Some jurors, especially those serving for the first time, may be nervous, and every effort should be made to make them feel at ease.

Step 4 Clerk distributes copies of A Handbook for Jurors if not provided to the jurors with the summons.

Comments: These handbooks may be ordered through: Purchasing Department Office of the Executive Secretary 100 North 9th Street Richmond, VA 23219

Step 5 Clerk notes the names of all jurors who are excused from jury duty or who are exempt or disqualified as determined by the judge. See procedures discussed in “Civil Jury Composition.”

Step 6 Clerk conducts orientation program.

Comments: Depending on local practice, the presentation may be conducted by the clerk’s office, the sheriff’s department, or others. A “Juror Orientation Video“ is available from the Office of the Executive Secretary.

Step 7 For jurors temporarily excused from service until a subsequent term,

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ensure that their names are placed on the jury list for that term.

Step 8 Upon completion of orientation, jurors proceed to voir dire. See “Voir dire” below.

Voir dire

The term Voir dire comes from the French vrai dire meaning to speak the truth. It is the questioning of potential jury members by the court, lawyers or parties themselves if not represented by counsel. Voir dire is intended to determine the suitability of prospective jurors to hear a particular case.

Trial by jury is a common law right. All parties to civil litigation are entitled to a fair and impartial jury of persons who are impartial in the cause. “Voir dire” denotes the examination of prospective jurors (also called veniremen) to determine whether they are free from partiality and prejudice, and to assure that they are “indifferent in the cause” (impartial). Va. Code § 8.01-358. On the day on which jurors have been notified to appear, jurors not excused by the court shall be called in such a manner as the judge may direct to be sworn on the voir dire until a panel free from exception shall be obtained. Va. Code § 8.01-357.

Microfilming and Indexing Orders; Order Books

Microfilming

Microfilming is the process whereby all permanent records in the Clerk’s Offices are substantially reduced (35mm or 16mm film) for purposes of security and reproduction of documents. Rule 1:14 of the Virginia Supreme Court and Va. Code §§ 17.1-239, 42.1-82 and 42.1-86 set forth the standards and requirements for the micrographic process. The Library of Virginia has the responsibility for adopting and implementing standards for all writings required by law to be recorded and retained permanently in the Circuit Court Clerk’s Office.

Effective January 1, 1986, Virginia State Library & Archives (now known as the Library of Virginia) implemented a set of standards for records and plats, setting forth specific criteria for size, inscriptions, format, etc. A Manual for Public Records Management in the Commonwealth of Virginia, published in 1992 by the Library of Virginia, sets forth in detail the micrographic process, equipment needed, the quality control process used, security microfilm storage and reproduction process. Refer to appendix, “Records Retention and Disposition Schedule” of this manual for a schedule of record retention and disposition.

Clerks should develop a procedure for ensuring that all records to be permanently

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retained are microfilmed for security purposes. Land recordation has its own definite procedure. Clerks must organize court orders in chronological order for each Order Book. All orders making each day’s proceedings shall be recorded to conform to Va. Code § 17.1- 123. The clerk must ensure that order books have been microfilmed, converted to or created in an electronic format. Such microfilm and microphotographic processes and equipment must meet state microfilm standards, and such electronic format must follow state electronic records guidelines, pursuant to Va. Code § 42.1-82. The clerk must further provide the master reel of any such microfilm for storage in the Library of Virginia and must provide for the secured, off-site back up of any electronic copies of such records. Va. Code § 17.1-124.

Microfilming should be done in-house or by contract with an outside vendor who supplies hard copy and submits security film to the Library of Virginia. This decision is made by individual clerks based upon budgetary considerations, space, number of employees, etc. In either case, microfilm submitted to Library of Virginia must meet their criteria for quality control. If done in-house, reels of film are sent directly to the Library. If done by an outside vendor, the vendor must submit film to the Library of Virginia as a part of their contract. Refer to Va. Code § 42.1-86 and the Manual for Public Records Management in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Virginia Code § 17.1-213 allows the clerk of the circuit court to use an electronic format for the archival of records, papers, and documents of cases, as long as the clerk converts them in accordance with state electronic records guidelines. Such microfilm and microphotographic processes and equipment shall meet state archival microfilm standards pursuant to Va. Code § 42.1-82 or such electronic format shall follow state electronic records guidelines.

Note: Guidelines may be found at the following web site: Electronic Records

While filming original orders, a copy may be placed in the case file to temporarily preserve the history of the file. Hard copy microfilmed sheets should be checked for accuracy before placing in Order Book and returning the original to the case file. Orders may either be indexed prior to or after microfilming.

Security backup by micrographic process is vital to preserve integrity of all records permanently retained and in order to reconstruct records in the event of loss by catastrophic disaster.

Court Orders

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The function of a court order is to record what transpired and to memorialize the court’s disposition with respect thereto. A circuit court speaks only through its written orders. Hill v. Hill, 227 Va. 569 (1984). Civil orders are generally prepared by the attorney for the party seeking the order, depending on the type of relief sought and on local practice. All orders must contain the name of the court and the style of the case and should contain the case number. Each order must be submitted to the judge for his/her signature, after which the clerk assigns a book and page number, microfilms/scans it, and indexes and enters the order in an order book.

The clerk shall keep order books. All actions in civil proceedings shall be processed in the Civil Order Book while all actions in criminal proceedings shall be processed in the Criminal Order Book. Va. Code § 17.1-124. If the chief judge of the circuit court approves, the clerk may divide the order book into a civil section and a criminal section. Note: Prior to Senate Bill 1118, effective January 1, 2006, which merged chancery and law, the clerk was required to keep two order books, a Common Law Order Book and a Chancery Order Book. Effective January 1, 2006, the clerk is required to maintain a Civil Order Book. All orders that make up each day’s proceedings of every circuit court shall be recorded by the clerk in a book known as the order book. Orders that make up each day’s proceedings that have been recorded in the order book shall be deemed the official record pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-389 when (i) the judge’s signature is shown in the order, (ii) the judge’s signature is shown in the order book, or (iii) an order is recorded in the order book on the last day of each term showing the signature of each judge presiding during the term. Va. Code § 17.1-123.

Procedures listed below are typical when an order is prepared by the court:

Step 1 Clerk records information to be included in the court order.

Comments: The clerk of the court may keep a ledger of orders to be used by court personnel when preparing the order. Based on local policy, the court or the attorney for the party seeking the order prepares the order for the judge’s approval.

Step 2 Clerk or other court personnel prepares order and obtains judge’s signature, if directed by the Court.

Comments: Order must contain the name of the court, case number, style of the case and the judge present.

Step 3 Clerk stamps each page of court order with Order book and page number or instrument number.

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Step 4 Clerk images order and enters and indexes in order book; clerk places original in case file.

Comments: See “Indexing Orders” below. Clerk must ensure that order books are microfilmed , converted to or created in electronic format. The clerk must further provide the master reel of any such microfilm for storage in the Library of Virginia and provide for the secured, off-site back up of any electronic copies of such records. Va. Code § 17.1-124.

Indexing Orders

Orders are indexed using the respective systems adopted by each circuit court clerk’s office. Clerks using the Supreme Court of Virginia Case Management System (CMS) are advised of indexes that may be produced through that system. See the Circuit Case Management System User’s Guide, “Batch Reports” for more information.

Order Books and Other Information Found In the Clerk’s Office

Note: Virginia Code § 17.1-240 provides that a procedural microphotographic process, digital reproduction, or any other micrographic process which stores images of documents in reduced size or in electronic format, may be used to accomplish the recording of writings otherwise required by any provision of law to be spread in a book or retained in the circuit court clerk’s office, including but not limited to,

Adoption Order Book Va. Code § Record of all orders entered in adoption proceedings. 63.2-1245 Book is confidential.

Bond Books Va. Code § All bonds taken of officers, executors, administrators, 17.1-230 trustees or other fiduciaries and all bonds of commissioners and receivers, and all suspending bonds, appeal bonds, injunction bonds, attachment bonds, cost bonds, and all other bonds required to be recorded, shall be recorded in a book known as the bond book.

Certificate of Persons Va. Code Record all certificates of persons, partnerships, or Corporation §§ 59.1- corporations, limited partnerships or foreign limited Transacting Business 69, 59.1- partnerships transacting business under an assumed under an Assumed 70 and name Name 59.1-74

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Chancery Order Book Va. Code § Record of orders of the Judge of the Circuit Court arising (Maintained Prior To 17.1-124 from suits involving land disputes; matters of divorce, January 1, 2006) support and child custody; suits to construe a will, etc.

Civil Order Book Va. Code § Records of civil cases, whether legal or equitable in (Maintained Effective 17.1-124 nature. Prior to January 1, 2006, these orders were January 1, 2006, In Lieu processed in the Common Law Order Book or Chancery Of The Common Law Order Book. Order Book Or Chancery Order Book) Note: If the chief judge of the circuit court approves, the clerk may divide an order book into a civil section and a criminal section.

Clerk’s Order Book Va. Code § Record of orders appointing guardian ad litem, 17.1-124 administrators of estates; taking oaths of notaries public and other public officials, etc.

Common Law Order Va. Code § Record of civil cases in matters of common law involving Book (Maintained Prior 17.1-124 an aggrieved party suing a defendant for money To January 1, 2006) damages etc., evidenced in the Order Book by Orders of the Judge of the Circuit Court; records of orders of the Judge of the Circuit Court in all criminal actions arising from criminal indictments or appeals from inferior courts.

Criminal Order Book Va. Code § Records of orders of the Judge of the Circuit Court in all 17.1-124 criminal actions arising from criminal indictments or appeals from inferior courts.

Note: If the chief judge of the circuit court approves, the clerk may divide an order book into a civil section and a criminal section.

Deed Books Va. Code Deeds; Homestead Deeds; Deeds of Trust; Easements; §§ 17.1- Agreements; Contracts affecting interests in real or 227, 17.1- personal property; Certificates of Assignment, Partial or 229 Full Satisfaction of Deeds of Trust; Powers of Attorney; Lis Pendens; Memorandum of Mechanic’s Lien; Escheator’s Certificate; Bankruptcy Orders; Name Changes; etc.

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Financing Statements Title 8.9a Records to perfect a security interest against a debtor in favor of a secured party if: (1) the collateral is as- extracted collateral (oil, gas, and other minerals); (2) the collateral is timber to be cut, or (3) filed as a fixture filing (goods that are or will become fixtures).

Judgment Lien and Va. Code § Record of all judgment records as entered by order of Execution Books 17.1-232 the court or by abstract of judgment from another court; recorded by the creditor against the debtor; recording places a lien upon real estate owned by the debtor located within the jurisdiction of the court; assignments, partial and full releases or satisfaction of docketed judgments; etc.

Land Books Va. Code § Assessments of lands located within the jurisdiction of 17.1-243 the city or county. Land Book contents are prepared by local Commissioner of Revenue or Finance Department and bound and stored by the clerk.

Map Books and State Va. Code Recorded maps-of parcels and subdivisions of land Highway Plat Books §§ 17.1- located within the jurisdiction, and maps of roads and 236 and rights-of-way taken for use by the State Highway 17.1-238 Department and the locality; maps of easements, etc.

Marriage Register Va. Code § Records of all applications and returned licenses to 17.1-233 marry issued by the clerk to persons registering in the Clerk’s Office.

(Military) Discharge Va. Code Records of discharges for all persons honorably And Induction Records §§ 17.1- discharged from any branch of the armed services, etc. 261, 17.1- 262, 17.1- 263, 17.1- 264, 17.1- 265 Notary Oath Book Va. Code § Record of all oaths of notaries given before clerk before 47.1-9 receiving his/her commission.

Process Book Va. Code § A book, file or automated system in which every 17.1-215 process, order or decree of court is delivered or mailed to the officer/person to affect service thereof.

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Settlement of Va. Code § Record of reports and receivers and commissioners Receivers and 8.01-619 approved by the court. Commissioners (Fiduciary Book) Trust Fund Order Book Va. Code § The clerk shall record (i) trust fund orders pursuant to 17.1-125 Va. Code §§ 17.1-123 and -124 and (ii) the annual trust fund report required pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-600 in a book known as the civil order book, in which shall be recorded all reports, orders and decrees concerning money received and disbursed under Va. Code §§ 8.01- 582 and 8.01-600.

Will Books Va. Code § Wills, Clerk’s Orders; List of Heirs; Inheritance Tax 17.1-231 Certificates; Inventories; Accountings; Real Estate affidavits; Trustee, Guardian or Commissioner’s Accounting and Settlement.

Appeals

Once a final judgment, or other appealable order or decree, has been entered by a circuit court, either party to a case, plaintiff or defendant, may seek appellate review of such judgment, order or decree. The two tribunals which have appellate jurisdiction to review final judgments are the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. “Perfecting an appeal” refers to the legal process by which an appeal is taken to a higher court. The procedures relating to appeals to the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals are set out in Parts 5 and 5A, respectively, of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia.

In processing appeals, one of the most important considerations is the proper computation of the time limits for filing and transmitting required notices and documents. Most time limits are specified in the Rules; others are provided by statute.

The nature of a case dictates to which appellate court an appeal from a circuit court may lie. The following subsections address the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court and the procedures involved in filing an appeal from circuit court to these courts. For a discussion of procedures relating to appeals from the district court to the circuit court, see the “Appeals” chapter in this manual.

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Court of Appeals of Virginia

The Court of Appeals of Virginia is the intermediate appellate court with limited jurisdiction. In some cases, an appeal lies as a matter of right, i.e. the Court must hear the appeal. In other cases, whether to hear an appeal lies within the discretion of the Court. These are called discretionary appeals.

Appeal as A Matter of Right

An aggrieved party may appeal, as a matter of right, to the Court of Appeals from any final decision, judgment, order, or decree of a circuit court involving the following:

• an appeal from a decision of an administrative agency (Va. Code § 17.1-405); affirmance or annulment of a marriage; • divorce; • custody; • spousal or child support; • the control or disposition of a child; • any other domestic relations matter arising under Title 16.1 or Title 20; • adoption under Chapter 12 of Title 63.2 • judicial review of school board actions pursuant to Va. Code § 22.1- 87 and of hearing officer decisions pursuant to Va. Code §§ 22.1-214 and 22.1-214.1; or • any interlocutory decree or order entered in any of the cases listed above (i) granting, dissolving, or denying an injunction or (ii) adjudicating the principles of a cause.

a. Notice of Appeal A notice of appeal indicating one’s intention to appeal must be filed with the clerk of the trial court, and a copy of such notice must be mailed or delivered to all opposing counsel and the clerk of the Court of Appeals. Va. Code § 17.1-407. Oral intention to appeal may be given prior to the filing of a written notice of appeal in which case the trial judge commences with certain aspects of the appellate process (suspending execution of the sentence). However, a written notice of appeal must still be filed within thirty days after entry of a final judgment or other appealable order. Rule 5A: 6(a).

Notice:

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• Due thirty days from date of order appealed from. • Rule 5A:3; Turner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App.96,98, 341 S.E. 400, 401 (1986) • Form contained in Rules of Court following Rule 5A:6 • Accept notice of appeal from submittal • Give appropriate Code Sections in response to inquiries concerning correct court to which to appeal. o Jurisdiction of Supreme Court (Va. Code § 8.01-670) o Jurisdiction of Court of Appeals (Va. Code §§ 17.1- 405 and 17.1-406)

A 1998 statutory amendment directs that cases involving termination of parental rights in the Court of Appeals of Virginia “shall take precedence on the docket of the Court.” Va. Code Ann § 16.1-296 (D) (Repl. Vol. 1999). During 2001, a study was undertaken by the Court Improvement Program in the Office of the Executive Secretary to analyze implementation of this statute in the Court of Appeals. The significance of this law and the study is that while a termination of parental rights case winds through the court system toward a final decision, the child awaits a permanent home. A final report was produced in December 2001, which included recommendations for the Court’s consideration. Among these, it was recommended that a form Notice of Appeal from the trial court for use in termination of parental rights cases be developed as a circuit court form. The CC-1345, Notice of Appeal from Trial Court was designed to permit identifying that the appeal is a termination of parental rights case so that the Court of Appeals is notified of this in advance of receiving the record from the trial court. The objective is to permit the Court of Appeals to flag the case for preferential docketing as required by Va. Code § 16.1-296 (D). Other key points about the Notice of Appeal form and the termination of parental rights case process include:

• A de novo merits hearing of termination of parental rights cases appealed to the circuit court must be held within ninety days of the perfecting of the appeal. Va. Code § 16.1- 296. Circuit court clerks play a crucial role in making sure a child’s case is not delayed by getting the record to the Court of Appeals as promptly as possible when the record is assembled. • The Notice of Appeal from Trial Court (RULE 5A:6) may be used in other than termination of parental rights cases.

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• The form permits notifying the trial court whether a transcript or a statement of facts will be filed, which is designed to help the trial court anticipate those events. • The certificate, which is incorporated into the new form, indicates sending notice to the guardian ad litem for the child, when appropriate. A Court of Appeals decision dismissed an appeal for failure to do so.

A party filing a notice of appeal shall simultaneously file in the trial court an appeal bond in compliance with Va. Code § 8.01-676.1. Bond forms are set forth in the “Appendix of Forms” located in Part 5A of the Rules.

Failure to adhere to the thirty-day time limit is fatal to an appeal, Rule 5A:3(a), but the authority to reject an appeal on the basis of untimely filing of the notice of appeal rests solely with the Court of Appeals.

The notice of appeal must state whether any transcript or statement of facts, testimony, and other incidents of the case will be filed. Rule 5A:6(b). The notice of appeal must also contain a certificate stating:

• the names and addresses of all parties, the names, addresses and telephone numbers of counsel; • that a copy of the notice has been delivered to all opposing counsel; and • that if a transcript is to be filed, a copy has been ordered from the court reporter.

Rule 5A:6(d).

Unless the appellant is indigent, a $50.00 check or money order payable to the clerk of the Court of Appeals must accompany the copy of the notice of appeal when it is filed. If check is received by the clerk of the trial court, he/she will submit to the clerk of the Court of Appeals.

b. To appeal a civil case from a circuit court to the Court of Appeals, the appealing party or attorney must:

1) File a notice of appeal. Rule 5A:6

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• Due thirty days after entry of the judgment appealed • Original filed in the clerk’s office of the trial court (Va. Code § 17.1-407) • Copy filed in clerk’s office of the Court of Appeals, accompanied by $50 filing fee • The forms for a notice of appeal and for the required certificate are at Rule 5A:6

2) File bonds for costs. Va. Code § 8.01-676.1 • Due when notice of appeal is filed • Filed in circuit court clerk’s office • Amount of bond is $500 unless reduced by circuit court • May be waived if appellant is determined to be indigent • Forms for bond appear at the end of the Part 5A of the Rules of Court

3) File transcript or statement of facts. Rule 5A:8 • Transcript is due sixty days after entry of Judgment. (extensions only by the Court of Appeals. Rule 5A:8(a); See also Jordon v. Price, 3 Va. App 672, 353 S.E. 2d 168 (1987)). Filed in the circuit court clerk’s office. Must send opposing counsel notice that transcript has been filed within 5 days. • Statement of facts (in lieu of transcript) due fifty-five days after entry of judgment appealed. See Rule 5A:8 for additional requirements.

The decision whether to file a transcript or written statement as part of the record is determined by the appellant. The Court of Appeals determines whether to dismiss an appeal because of the absence of a transcript or written statement. A transcript becomes part of the record when it is filed in the circuit court clerk’s office within sixty days after entry of final judgment in the trial court. Rule 5A:8(a).

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In lieu of a transcript, a party may file a written statement of facts, testimony, and other incidents of the case which becomes a part of the record when filed in the circuit court clerk’s office within fifty- five days from the date of entry of the final judgment. Rule 5A:8(c)(1). The Court of Appeals has no authority to extend the time for filing transcripts or written statements. The trial court alone has the authority to extend the time for filing transcripts and written statements. Rule 5A:3(b); Barrett v. Barrett, 1 Va. App. 378 (1986).

4) Circuit court clerk sends trial court record to Court of Appeals. Clerk of Court of Appeals notifies parties of the date on which record was filed.

5) File statement of Questions presented and designation of contents of appendix. Rule 5A:25. • Due no later than fifteen days after trial court record filed • Filed in Court of Appeals Clerk’s Office

6) File appendix and opening brief. Rules 5A:19, 20 and 25 • Due forty days after circuit court record filed. Files in the clerk’s office of the Court of Appeals. Seven copes must be filed; three copies must be sent to opposing counsel.

7) Oral argument is automatically scheduled on appeals unless counsel sends written notification that counsel waives the hearing, Rule 5A:28, or the Court affirms the trial court summarily, See Rule 5A:27.

c. Preparation of the Appeal Once a notice of appeal has been filed, the circuit court clerk is responsible for preparing the record on appeal and transmitting it to the Court of Appeals. The circuit court clerk receives a fee of $20.00 for preparing the record. Va. Code § 17.1-275(A) (32)

The record on appeal consists of:

• all pleadings and any attachments including warrants and indictments on criminal cases; • all orders entered by or presented to the court, especially orders appointing counsel for a party;

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• all exhibits offered in evidence, whether admitted or not, (or a reference to and description of those exhibits that cannot be transmitted with the record) and initialed by the judge; • all orders, memoranda, and opinions by the trial court; • any depositions and any discovery materials under Part 4 of the Rules offered into evidence (whether rejected or admitted) • any transcript or written statement of facts, or the official videotape recording of any proceeding in those circuit courts authorized to use videotape recordings (the Court of Appeals may require that any videotape proceedings be transcribed and made a part of the record) (Please indicate the date these were filed); • all jury instructions, marked “given” or “refused.” All instructions should be initialed by the judge; and • the notice of appeal. Rule 5A:7. An abbreviated record, consisting of only the pleadings, facts, and testimony germane to the issues on appeal, may be prepared upon consent of counsel and approval of the trial court. Rule 5A:10(c). The Court of Appeals may consider other parts of the record as it deems necessary. Rule 5A:10(c).

If disagreement arises as to the contents of any part of the record, the matter shall be submitted to and decided by the trial court. Rule 5A:7(b). The Rules of Court further provide that the clerk is not required to transmit exhibits of unusual bulk, weight, or character with the record, unless directed to do so by a party or by the clerk of the appellate court. Rule 5A:10(d)(4). The party desiring to make such exhibits part of the record must arrange for their transportation and receipt. Rule 5A:10(d)(4).

d. Transmission of Record on Appeal

• If the notice of appeal states that no transcript will be filed, send the record when the notice of appeal is filed; • If the notice of appeal states that a transcript or written statement of facts will be filed, wait until the time to file the transcript or written statement of facts has passed. • If no transcript or written statement of facts is filed within the time limit, send the record without it. • If a transcript or written statement of facts is filed, hold the record to wait for any objections. . if there are no objections, send the record twenty-one days

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after the filing of transcript or written statement of facts. . if there are objections, send the record 5 days after circuit court rules on the objections. • Forward the record immediately is such a request is filed and signed by all counsel; and • Send the record to the Court of Appeals within three months after the date of the order appealed unless an order is entered extending the time limit for filing the transcript (or statement of facts) to beyond three months. Remember that only the Court of Appeals may extend the time for filing a transcript. Notify the clerk’s office of the Court of Appeals of extensions for filing statements of facts and send a copy of the extension order. Then forward the record as soon as the transcript is filed (or the statement of facts is entered) or the period of extension ends.

e. Compiling the Record • Arrange papers in chronological order (except volumes of transcript and exhibits); • Number the pages of the record at the bottom. Include no more than 250 pages in a single volume. A copy of the relevant table of contents pages is helpful at the beginning of each volume. A complete table of contents indicating the divisions(s) by volume should appear on the first volume; • Include a table of contents listing each item included in the record and the page on which it begins. The table should be headed by the full, formal style of the case in the circuit court, with the circuit court’s case number. The last page of the table should contain a certificate that the foregoing list constitutes the true and complete record except for omitted exhibits. In listing the orders on the table, list the date on which the order was signed by the judge. This may be different from the date of the hearing. • Prepare and include a durable cover setting forth the name of the circuit and shot style of the case.

f. Multiple Cases Tried Together When combining cases tried together into one record (as allowed by Rule 5A:10(a), put all like items together. Alternatively, use a separate folder for each of your case numbers.

g. Exhibits (Rule 5A:10(c)(4)) • Put the exhibits in separate volumes or envelopes. Put sealed documents, such as presentence reports, into sealed envelopes and label the envelopes. Include the terms of the seal, of one and possible. The envelope may be

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then put in the record at the appropriate place. • Include a descriptive list of exhibits. Where the same exhibit is introduced at more than one hearing, the descriptive list should so indicate.

Do not send:

• Bulky items such as large graphs and maps, articles of clothing, heavy items: If the exhibits fit into a large envelope, send them. If not, retain them; • Items of value (jewelry, money, etc.); • Drugs; • Guns and other weapons or ammunition; • Omissions should be indicated on the descriptive list of exhibits sent; • Notify counsel which exhibits are retained in the circuit court. Counsel or the Court of Appeals will notify you when an exhibit is needed.

Discretionary Appeals

For the purposes of this manual, the Court of Appeals has the discretion to grant an appeal from any final order involving involuntary treatment of prisoners pursuant to Va. Code § 53.1-40.1.

When an appeal to the Court of Appeals is a discretionary one, the aggrieved party must file a petition of appeal with the clerk of the Court of Appeals. The petition must be filed not more that forty days after the filing of the record with the Court of Appeals. At the time the petition is filed, a copy shall be mailed or delivered to opposing counsel.

The petition shall contain the questions presented. At the end thereof, appellant shall include a certificate stating the date of mailing or delivery of a copy to opposing counsel and whether or not he desires to state orally the reasons his/her petition should be granted.

Appellee may file a brief in opposition to granting the appeal with the clerk of the Court of Appeals. It must be filed within twenty-one days after the petition for appeal is served on appellee’s counsel. A reply brief may be filed by appellant in lieu of oral argument.

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Subsequent Action in the Clerk’s Office Va. Code § 8.01-676.1

If a petition for appeal is granted, the clerk of the Court of Appeals must certify the granting of the petition for appeal to the trial court and to all counsel. Rule 5A:16(b).

Except in cases where the appellant is an indigent, the order granting the appeal will stipulate that a bond be posted by the appellant to cover the costs of the appeal. Such bond is called an appeal bond or costs bond and is generally set by the Court of Appeals in the amount of $500. Neither the Court of Appeals nor the Supreme Court requires a bond or security therefor for indigent appellants.

In any civil litigation under any legal theory, the amount of the suspending bond or irrevocable letter of credit to be furnished during the pendency of all appeals or discretionary reviews of any judgment granting legal, equitable, or any other form of relief in order to stay the execution thereon during the entire course of appellate review by any courts shall be set in accordance with applicable laws or court rules, and the amount of the suspending bond or irrevocable letter of credit shall include an amount equivalent to one year’s interest calculated from the date of the notice of appeal in accordance with Va. Code § 8.01-682. However, the total suspending bond or irrevocable letter of credit that is required of an appellant and all of its affiliates shall not exceed $25 million, regardless of the value of the judgment.

The bond or irrevocable letter of credit, if required, is filed in the clerk of the trial court with surety as approved by the clerk of the trial court or the clerk of the appellate court. All bonds required pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-676.1 must substantially conform to the bond forms set forth in the Appendix to Part 5A of the Rules of Court. See Rule 5A:17 (effective July 1, 1991).

Note: If the party required to post an appeal or suspending bond tenders such bond together with cash in the full amount required by this section to the clerk specified in this section, no surety shall be required.

In cases in which an appeal is denied and the appellant does not petition the court for a rehearing, the clerk of the Court of Appeals, within thirty- five days after entry of the order of denial, will transmit the case record, with the original order of denial of the petition for appeal, to the circuit court clerk. The order is then microfilmed/scanned by the circuit court clerk and placed in the file.

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Mandate The final decision in a case is called a “mandate.” The mandate may affirm or reverse the ruling of the trial court, or it may dismiss the appeal.

When there can be no further proceedings in the Court of Appeals, the clerk of the Court of Appeals must forward the mandate (final order) to the clerk of the circuit court, along with a certified copy of any written opinion and the case record. Rule 5A:31. A copy of the mandate is also sent by the Court of Appeals to all counsel. Rule 5A:29. The circuit court clerk must microfilm/scan the mandate which, along with the opinion, if any, is placed with the case record. Rule 5A:31.

Decisions of the Court of Appeals are usually final. However, See Va. Code § 17.1-410 (A).

Case Closing The vast majority of appeals end in dismissal or with the trial court’s ruling being affirmed. In either case, the circuit court clerk’s remaining responsibilities in the case are essentially limited to recording the appellate court’s final order or mandate, merging the case record returned by the appellate court into the circuit court case file and proceeding with normal case closing procedures.

Where an appeal ends in reversal of the trial court’s decision, the circuit court clerk’s administrative responsibilities in the case will vary depending on: (a) whether the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment or remanded the case to the trial court; and (b) the subsequent actions taken by the trial court. For example, in cases where the appellate court reverses and enters final judgment, the case ends, and the circuit court clerk may proceed with normal case closing procedures. On the other hand, if the appellate court reverses and remands the case for a new trial, the circuit court clerk’s administrative responsibilities in the case will be similar to those associated with a new case.

To summarize, the clerk should carefully review the mandate to determine his/her duties with respect to the case. The clerk should also consult with the trial judge as to further action necessary in the case.

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Supreme Court of Virginia

The Supreme Court of Virginia is the state court of last resort. It has appellate jurisdiction over an appeal directly from a final decision of a circuit court in civil cases where the matter in controversy exceeds $500, except:

• those cases which are appeals of decisions by an administrative agency; or • juvenile or domestic relations cases.

The procedure for perfecting an appeal to the Supreme Court is very similar to that outlined above for the Court of Appeals. See Part Five of the Rules of Supreme Court of Virginia.

In its discretion, the Supreme Court may require a costs bond with security, generally in the amount of $500, upon awarding the appeal. Va. Code § 8.01-676.1 (B). Any bond ordered must be filed and processed in the circuit court clerk’s office. All bonds required pursuant to Va. Code § 8.01-676.1 must conform to the bond forms set forth in the Appendix to Part 5 of the Rules of Court. Rule 5:24(a).

When there can be no further proceedings in the Supreme Court, the clerk thereof will forward a copy of the Court’s mandate to the clerk of the circuit court. If an aggrieved party appeals or seeks a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Virginia may defer the issuance of its mandate until proceedings in the United States Supreme Court have been terminated. Rule 5:41. Upon termination of any such proceedings, the Supreme Court of Virginia will forward a copy of the mandate to the circuit court clerk, along with a certified copy of any written opinion. Rule 5:38. The case record on appeal will be transmitted separately.

1. Notice of Appeal (Rule 5:9) • Due thirty days from date of order appealed from; accept notice of appeal upon submittal. (Appellant(s) or their counsel are not required to send a copy of the notice of appeal to the Supreme Court.); • Give appropriate Code Sections in response to inquiries concerning correct court to which to appeal: • Jurisdiction of Supreme Court. Va. Code § 8.01-670 • Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals. Va. Code §§ 17.1-405 and 17.1-406

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• In response to inquiries regarding appellate procedures to the Supreme Court, feel free to suggest that the litigant refer to Rule 5:9 (notice of appeal), Rule 5:11 (transcript/ statement of facts) and Rule 5:17 (petition for appeal).

2. Statement of Facts. (Rule 5:11(c)) • Due fifty-five days from the date of the order appealed from; • Date-stamp statement of facts on date you receive it; do not wait until judge signs it to mark it as filed; • Check that the statement of facts has been signed or ruled on by the judge before you forward the record to our Court. If this will cause the record to be late in being transmitted to this office, please notify the Supreme Court Clerk’s office as soon as possible. If the statement of facts is received after the record has been forwarded, present the statement to the judge (even if it is untimely filed) before you forward it to the Supreme Court as an addition to the record. • Include original submittal in the record being prepared even though statement of facts eventually signed by the judge may be different from one originally submitted.

3. Transcript. (Rule 5:11(a) and (b)) Due sixty days from date of order appealed from: • Date-stamp transcripts; • Only Supreme Court can extend time. Rule 5:5(a)

4. Record. (Rules 5:10 and 5:13) • Due three months from date of order appealed from; • Hold entire record if extension of time granted to file transcript or statement of facts; • Include items listed in Rule 5:10; • Format -See memo on preparing the record; and • If this Court specifically requests that a record be sent, even though no notice of appeal has been filed in your court, be sure to state in the table of contents that no notice of appeal was filed.

5. Problem Situations. • The clerk should use caution when accepting petitions for appeal from litigants. The petition for appeal must be filed directly with the Supreme Court or the appeal will be dismissed. Any petition for appeal filed with the

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clerk should be a courtesy copy only. • The clerk should not accept the Supreme Court’s $50 filing fee from an appealing party (or their counsel). If the fee is mailed to the clerk, it should not be forwarded with the record. Rather, the fee should be returned to the appealing party with directions that it must be sent directly to the Supreme Court with the petition for appeal.

6. Concluding the Appeal • When the Petition for Appeal is Refused: • Order is sent to counsel upon entry. • Once case is disposed of (time to file petition for rehearing has passed, nothing further is pending, etc.), order is returned to the circuit court with the record. • In Appeals Granted by the Supreme Court of Virginia: • Order granting the appeal is sent to circuit court except in appeals from the Court of Appeals where no bond is required. When an appeal bond is filed, send a copy of the bond to the Supreme Court. Always keep the original bond in your file. • Opinion sent to counsel and to trial judge upon issuance. Rule 5:36. • Original mandate with certified copy of opinion sent to clerk of circuit court and copies of mandate sent to counsel when case has been disposed of. • Record follows shortly thereafter.

7. Interlocutory Appeals Va. Code § 8.01-670.1. If a judge certifies an issue for an interlocutory appeal, the record must be sent as quickly as possible (within ten days or less of the judge’s certification) containing the judge’s certification and the appellant’s statement of reasons for certification. If the Supreme Court grants the appeal, it will need the complete record and will inform the clerk of that when the appeal is granted.

8. Clerk’s Procedures The procedures that follow are intended to provide the circuit court clerk with a reference for processing an appeal to the Court of Appeals or Supreme Court. These procedures should be followed in conjunction with the applicable Rules of Court and statutory provisions governing the appellate process.

Step 1 Written notice of appeal is filed with the circuit court clerk.

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Comments: Notice of intent to appeal is often given orally at the end of the trial hearing; however, written notice of appeal must be filed with the circuit court clerk within thirty days of the trial court’s ruling. Rules 5A:6 and 5:9). If appeal is being made to the Court of Appeals, See “Notice of Appeal from Trial Court” contained in Rule 5A:6.

Note: If oral intention to appeal is given prior to the filing of the written notice of appeal, the clerk may proceed to STEPS 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, as appropriate.

Step 2 Clerk notes on written notice of appeal the date of filing; clerk collects $20 fee for preparation of the record (unless the defendant is indigent or one of the fixed felony fees has been assessed) and issues receipt to payor.

Comments: The circuit court clerk is not authorized to reject a written notice of appeal on the grounds that it was not filed in a timely manner. Such decision rests with the appellate court. The $20 clerk’s fee allowed by Va. Code § 17.1-275 (32) is receipted under revenue code 304. The $50 filing fee required by Rule 5A:6 for the clerk of the Court of Appeals is mailed directly to the clerk of the appellate court by the defendant with a copy of the notice of appeal.

Step 3 Clerk assembles the record on appeal; pursuant to Rules 5A:7 and 5:10, the record on appeal should contain the following: • the original papers and exhibits filed or lodged with the clerk of the trial court and any reports or depositions; • all jury instructions marked “given” or “refused” and initialed by the judge; • all exhibits offered into evidence, whether rejected or admitted (exhibits should be initialed by the judge and any non-documentary exhibits tagged or labeled and initialed by the judge; • all orders entered by the trial court; • all transcripts and written statements of facts (with the date of filing indicated on same) or the official videotape recording of any proceeding where authorized; • any opinion or memorandum decision of the trial judge; • the notice of appeal.

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Step 4 The clerk should begin preparing the record as soon as possible following receipt of the written notice of appeal. The clerk should begin preparing the record promptly after he/she is aware an appeal is imminent.

Comments: The parties have up to sixty days in which to file a transcript and fifty-five days in which to file a written statement of facts. Such documents are often the last to be incorporated in the record on appeal, and the clerk should not wait for such documents to be filed before compiling the record on appeal. An abbreviated record may be prepared only in appeals to the Court of Appeals. Such record is prepared by counsel and filed with the circuit court clerk after being signed by all counsel and the trial judge. Rule 5A:10(c).

Step 5 If the clerk does not intend to transmit certain exhibits with the record due to unusual bulk, weight, or character, the clerk must notify all counsel in writing. Rules 5A:10(4) and 5:13(4).

Comments: Types of exhibits that should not be sent include: • bulky or heavy items and articles of clothing; • valuable items such as jewelry or money; • drugs, guns, ammunition, and other explosives; • any other items or materials which the clerk believes cannot be transported safely. Counsel or the appellate court may direct the clerk to transmit the exhibits. Counsel is responsible for making advance arrangements for the transportation and receipt of exhibits of unusual bulk, character or weight.

Step 6 Clerk prepares the record for transmission as follows: • arrange all case documents in chronological order (except transcripts, depositions and exhibits) Note: Clerk should retain a copy of the Table of Contents.

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