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La Zona Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador: Su Potencial Para Participar En El Mercado Internacional

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La Zona Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador: Su Potencial Para Participar En El Mercado Internacional La Zona Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador: Su Potencial para Participar en el Mercado Internacional de Reducción de Emisiones Estudio preparado para el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Julio, 2002 1700 Connecticut Avenue N.W. · Washington, DC 20009 · USA Tel: 1-202-588-0155 · Fax: 1-202-588-0756 · www.csdanet.org RECONOCIMIENTO Este estudio fue contratado por el Departamento de Operaciones Regionales 3 del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), como un aporte al trabajo del Grupo Consultivo del Plan Binacional de Desarrollo de la Región Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador. El estudio fue preparado bajo la coordinación de Christiana Figueres, Directora del Centro de Desarrollo rganización sin fines de lucro dedicada desde 1994 al tema de cambio climático en América Latina. El estudio contó con la excelente participación del Ing. Marcos Castro, Director de la Corporación del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CORDELIM) en el Ecuador, y del Ing. Marco Aurelio González, Director de Finanzas Ambientales en Perú. La riqueza del estudio se debe a la generosa colaboración de muchas personas en ambos países quienes ofrecieron su perspectiva y su experiencia. En Perú queremos agradecerles a: Embajador Manuel Picasso, Director Ejecutivo, Plan Binacional Mario López, Director de Coordinación, Plan Binacional Mauro Mendoza, Medio Ambiente, Plan Binacional María Cecilia Rozas, Directora de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores Mariano Castro, Secretario Ejecutivo, CONAM Martha Peralta, Programa Nacional para el Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas y Suelos (PRONAMACHS) Alberto Gonzales, Fondo Nacional del Ambiente Ricardo Vega Llona, Director Ejecutivo, ProInversión Alberto Pasco-Font, Presidente del Comité de Promoción de la Inversión Privada, ProInversión Nils Erikson, Presidente Ejecutivo, DEVIDA Luis Felipe Noriega, Asesor del Presidente Ejecutivo, DEVIDA Bruno Paulsen, Asesor del Presidente Ejecutivo, DEVIDA Fernando Hurtado, Gerente de Desarrollo Alternativo, DEVIDA Gustavo Ascacibar, Jefe Unidad de Prevención, DEVIDA Tatiana Lapeyre, INRENA (Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales) Gonzalo Deustua, Especialista Sectorial, BID Paola Alfaro, Proyecto FAO-Holanda Luis Albán, Universidad de Piura Roberto Vargas, consultor En el Ecuador, deseamos agradecerles a: Lourdes Luque de Jaramillo, Ministra del Ambiente Lizette Torres, Subsecretaria de Protección Ambiental, Ministerio de Energía y Minas José Morillo Batlle, Coordinador General, Plan Binacional Juan Carlos Ramírez, Encargado de Proyectos Binacionales, Plan Binacional Juan Carlos Galarza, Director de Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética, Min. de Energía y Minas Milton Balseca, Director Saliente de Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética, MEM Patricio Oliva Cajas, Especialista Ambiental, CONELEC Rodney Salgado, Dirección de Planificación, CONELEC José E. Dulce, Consultor Electrificación, CONAM Luis Cáceres, Coordindor de Cambio Climático, Ministerio del Ambiente Duval Llaguno, consultor Servicios Ambientales, Ministerio del Ambiente Carlos Vicente Martínez, Especialista Sectorial Agrícola, BID En ambos países, en especial a todas y cada una de las personas y entidades que han presentado y discutido sus perfiles de proyectos con nosotros. Sin su valiosa colaboración este estudio no se hubiera podido realizar. Las opiniones expresadas aquí son de los autores, y no representan la posición del BID ni de los gobiernos INDICE 1. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO.............................................................................................................................................4 1.1 MAPA DE LA REGIÓN FRONTERIZA PERÚ- ECUADOR................................................................................. 6 2. INTRODUCCION........................................................................................................................................................7 3. EL CONTEXTO DEL MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DE REDUCCIONES ....................................................9 3.1 EL FENÓMENO DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO GLOBAL........................................................................................... 9 3.2 LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO........................................................................................ 10 3.3 EL PROTOCOLO DE KIOTO................................................................................................................................... 11 3.4 EL MECANISMO DE DESARROLLO LIMPIO.......................................................................................................... 12 3.5 EL CICLO DE PROYECTOS MDL........................................................................................................................ 12 3.6 TIPOS DE PROYECTO ELEGIBLES ........................................................................................................... 14 3.7 ADICIONALIDAD............................................................................................................................................ 14 4. POTENCIAL EN EL ECUADOR ..........................................................................................................................17 4.1 POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO.................................................................................................. 17 4.2 MARCO JURIDICO EXISTENTE................................................................................................................ 22 4.3 INSTITUCIONALIDAD NACIONAL PARA PROYECTOS DE MITIGACION.................................................. 23 4.4 POTENCIALES PROYECTOS FORESTALES Y ENERGÉTICOS.............................................................................. 31 4.5 FACTIBILIDAD DE EJECUCIÓN............................................................................................................................ 36 5. POTENCIAL EN PERU ...........................................................................................................................................39 5.1 POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO.................................................................................................. 39 5.2 MARCO JURIDICO EXISTENTE................................................................................................................ 44 5.3 INSTITUCIONALIDAD NACIONAL PARA PROYECTOS DE MITIGACIÓN............................................................ 44 5.4 POTENCIALES PROYECTOS FORESTALES........................................................................................................... 47 5.5 POTENCIALES PROYECTOS ENERGÉTICOS........................................................................................................ 52 5.6 FACTIBILIDAD DE EJECUCIÓN............................................................................................................................ 55 6. CONDICIONES ACTUALES DEL MERCADO ....................................................................................................57 6.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA DEMANDA................................................................................................................ 57 6.2 ALGUNOS AGENTES DE INTERMEDIACION ...................................................................................... 59 6.3 TRANSACCIONES EFECTUADAS............................................................................................................. 60 6.4 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA OFERTA EN LA ZONA FRONTERIZA........................................................................ 61 7. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................................................................63 FUENTES BIBLIOGRAFICAS .....................................................................................................................................64 ANEXO.............................................................................................................................................................................66 CONTEXTO POLÍTICO-ESTRATÉGICO ECUATORIANO............................................................................................. 66 Zona Fronteriza 3 CEDSA, junio 2002 1. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El Plan Binacional de Desarrollo busca acelerar el desarrollo productivo y social de la Región -Ecuador. La intención inicial del Plan fue reunir aportes financieros de los organismos internacionales y de entidades privadas. Sin embargo, desde su inicio la financiación se ha concentrado en donaciones de las agencias internacionales de cooperación. Aunque la primera Mesa de Financiamiento fue exitosa, los gobiernos de Perú y Ecuador reconocen que es poco probable que se logren donaciones similares en el futuro. Surge por lo tanto la inquietud de abrir otras ventanillas de financiamiento complementario. Los proyectos de cambio climático presentan tal oportunidad, al ser éstos proyectos que, para su implementación, tienen que ser financiados por entes privados, o bien por agencias públicas que dispongan de recursos adicionales a la ayuda oficial para el desarrollo. Bajo el Protocolo de Kioto, las empresas y los gobiernos de países industrializados necesitarán invertir en proyectos que reduzcan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Una vez certificadas, estas reducciones pueden ser comercializadas generando un flujo nuevo de ingresos para el proyecto. Este novedoso instrumento financiero presenta la oportunidad de saltar una de las principales barreras para la ejecución de proyectos: la barrera financiera.
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