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Brain Dynamics of Illusory Contour Perception and Perception Via Sensory Substitution in Healthy Subjects

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Brain Dynamics of Illusory Contour Perception and Perception Via Sensory Substitution in Healthy Subjects Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch RYear : 2017 BRAIN DYNAMICS OF ILLUSORY CONTOUR PERCEPTION AND PERCEPTION VIA SENSORY SUBSTITUTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. Anken Jacques Anken Jacques, 2017, BRAIN DYNAMICS OF ILLUSORY CONTOUR PERCEPTION AND PERCEPTION VIA SENSORY SUBSTITUTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive http://serval.unil.ch Document URN : urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_8A0C22C02A965 Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. Département des Neurosciences Cliniques BRAIN DYNAMICS OF ILLUSORY CONTOUR PERCEPTION AND PERCEPTION VIA SENSORY SUBSTITUTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. Thèse de doctorat en Neurosciences présentée à la Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine de l’Université de Lausanne par Jacques Anken Biologiste diplômé de l’Université de Lausanne, Suisse Jury Prof. Aki Kawazaki, Présidente Prof. Micah M. Murray, Directeur Prof. Olivier Collignon, Expert Prof. Daniel C. Kiper, Expert Thèse n° 202 Lausanne 2017 Programme doctoral interuniversitaire en Neurosciences des Universités de Lausanne et Genève Département des Neurosciences Cliniques BRAIN DYNAMICS OF ILLUSORY CONTOUR PERCEPTION AND PERCEPTION VIA SENSORY SUBSTITUTION IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. Thèse de doctorat en Neurosciences présentée à la Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine de l’Université de Lausanne par Jacques Anken Biologiste diplômé de l’Université de Lausanne, Suisse Jury Prof. Aki Kawazaki, Présidente Prof. Micah M. Murray, Directeur Prof. Olivier Collignon, Expert Prof. Daniel C. Kiper, Expert Thèse n° 202 Lausanne 2017 Programme doctoral interuniversitaire en Neurosciences des Universités de Lausanne et Genève Anken Jacques Département des Neurosciences Cliniques March 17 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before jumping into the thesis, I would like to acknowledge all the members of the Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology at the CHUV in Lausanne for their advice and shared ideas during coffee breaks. I would like to thank particularly some of them. First, Rosanna, for the ideas and discussions for developing the third paper presented in this thesis and for her friendship. Sandra for her friendship and the particular gift she has to tease me and others. The Foodies, they will recognize themselves, for their friendship, helping and cheering me up throughout my PhD thesis and improbable stories. David for his friendship, the multiples dinner, whiskey discoveries, and cycling experience up the “hill” for going to work in the early morning. Micky for friendship and all the hours spend redoing the world drinking a beer or two or vine/amaretto. Two persons remain that I would like to especially thank. First, my dear office mate, Jeff, for his patience because I know that sometimes it is not easy to cohabitate with me in an office. I would also thank him for all the help he provided during my thesis and the programming skills he taught me. Finally, I would like to thank him for the discovery of board games, because killing zombies alongside a dear friend is priceless! Second, I would like to thank my thesis director, Micah Murray for giving me the chance to do a PhD, his patience, knowledge transmission and finding the right words at the right time to cheer me up when I was in the writing process of the thesis and feeling overwhelmed. And last but not least, I would like to thank my parents and family who believed in me, gave me the chance to perform higher studies and their unconditional support throughout this thesis. I would like to conclude these acknowledgements by thanking a very special person for me, Anne-Laure for supporting since the first day we met to the final point of this thesis. I would like to thank her for the cheering words, the laughs and finally for the nights she has to bear that I work very late or early in the morning during the last days of my thesis. If I forget someone, I apologize! I Brain dynamics of illusory contour perception and perception via sensory substitution in healthy subjects ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) This thesis is based three scientific articles. It focuses on the visual system in healthy subjects as well as on the perception of auditory soundscapes coming from a visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device. The first two articles deal with the perception of Kanizsa-type illusory contours (IC) and the underlying brain mechanisms using electroencephalography (EEG). The first paper investigated the brain processes of illusory contours biased towards the magnocellular pathway or the parvocellular pathway of vision. It has shown that illusory contours are perceived independently of the stimulus cue. In addition, this study allowed to demonstrate a phase shift on the order of ~30ms for stimuli biased toward the magnocellular pathway of vision. Finally, the distributed source estimation localized the IC sensitivity within the Lateral occipital cortex (LOC) in both condition. All these data expand current models and demonstrate the existence of cue-dependent circuits in the brain for the generation of IC perception. The second paper investigated the perception of illusory contour forming lines in humans. This study demonstrated that sensitivity to IC forming lines starts around 200 ms post-stimulation and is localized within the LOC. These findings are coherent with a model of IC sensitivity starting within higher-level visual cortices. Finally, the third study focuses on orientation training with a visual-to- auditory sensory substitution device in healthy participants. By training subjects with simple stimuli in central frequency range, this study showed that participants can discriminate the orientation of more complex stimuli independently of their frequencies range (high, central or low) of presentation. The following introduction presents the essential concepts for understanding the 3 scientific articles that compose this thesis. The first part presents the structure of the eye and the visual tract as well as the cellular aspect, the organization of the visual regions in the cortex and their functional organization. A second part introduces illusory contours and the hypothesized processing models. A third part briefly present lines detection and their processing. Finally, sensory substitution devices are introduced. The results of the three articles are briefly presented in a chapter with the same name as well as unpublished results. The last part of this work is the discussion that will be divided along three axes: the discussion of the unpublished results, the discussion of the 2 neurophysiological articles which will propose new experiments and hypothesis to improve our understanding of IC sensitivity. Finally, the discussion of the article on sensory substitution which proposes a new experiment in healthy subjects to link the perception of ICs and sensory substitution devices to investigate whether ICs can be perceived when the stimuli are formed by auditory soundscapes. Anken Jacques Département des Neurosciences Cliniques March 17 ABSTRACT (FRENCH) Cette thèse est composée de trois articles scientifiques. Elle porte sur le système visuel chez les sujets en bonne santé ainsi que sur la perception de « paysage sonore » provenant d'un dispositif de substitution sensorielle de la vision par l’audition. Les deux premiers articles traitent de la perception des contours illusoires de type Kanizsa (CI) et des mécanismes cérébraux sous-jacents en utilisant l’électroencéphalographie (EEG). Le premier article a étudié les processus cérébraux de contours illusoires biaisés en faveur de la voie magnocellulaire ou la voie parvocellulaire de la vision. Il a démontré que les contours illusoires sont perçus indépendamment du type de stimulus. En plus de cela, cette étude a permis de montrer un retard de réponse l'ordre de ~ 30ms pour les stimuli biaisés pour la voie magnocellulaire de la vision. Enfin, l'estimation de la source localise la sensibilité au CI dans le cortex occipital latéral (LOC). Toutes ces données développent les modèles actuels et démontrent l'existence de circuits dépendant du stimulus dans le cerveau pour la génération de la perception de l'IC. Le deuxième article a étudié la perception de contours illusoires formant des lignes chez l'homme. Cette étude a démontré que la sensibilité aux lignées formant un CI commence environ 200 ms après la stimulation et est localisée dans le LOC. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec un modèle qui propose que la sensibilité au CI commence dans des cortex de niveau supérieurs. La troisième étude porte sur l’entraînement d’orientation avec un système de substitution sensorielle de la vision par les sons chez les sujets sains. En entrainant les sujets avec des stimulus simple dans des gammes de fréquence centrale, cette étude a permis de montrer que les participants sont capable de discriminer l’orientation de stimuli plus complexes indépendamment de la gamme de fréquence (haute, centrale et basse) à laquelle le stimulus est présenté.
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