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Colonization and Growth Dynamics of Three Species of Fucus

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Colonization and Growth Dynamics of Three Species of Fucus MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 15: 125-134, 1984 1 Published January 3 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1 l Colonization and growth dynamics of three species of Fucus M. Keser* and B. R. Larson** Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, University of Maine. Orono, Maine 04473, USA ABSTRACT: Colonization, growth and mortality of Fucus vesiculosus L., F. vesiculosus L. var. spiralis Farl. and F. distichus L. subsp. edentatus (Pyl.) Powell were investigated from August 1973 to April 1976. Grazing by Littorina littorea L. retarded but did not prevent colonization of Fucus. Growth of Fucus spp. was characterized by high variability both within and among sites. The general growth pattern consisted of slow to moderate growth during winter and early spring and rapid growth throughout summer and autumn. Growth was inversely proportional to intertidal height. Removing Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol., and Chondrus crispus Stackh., from protected rocky shores permitted colonization and development of F. vesjculosus throughout the intertidal region. Following colonization, the mortality of F. vesiculosus gerrnlings was high. Such losses were not reflected in area1 cover measurements, however, because of the continued growth of surviving thalli. Mortality of large plants occurred mainly during winter, owing to ice and storm damage. This mortality, as well as a reduced growth rate, was responsible for the slow increase in algal cover during winter. INTRODUCTION land (Munda, 1964), and in the British Isles (David, 1943; Walker, 1947; Knight and Parke, 1950; Schon- Several Fucus species and Ascophyllum nodosum beck and Norton, 1978). More exposed habitats in (L.) Le Jol. are the dominant intertidal algae along Maine are dominated by F. distichus L. subsp. eden- Maine's rocky coastline (Kemp, 1862; Johnson and tatus (Pyl.) Powell (Keser, 1978). The studies of Powell Skutch, 1928a, b; Taylor, 1957; Vadas et al., 1976; (1963) represent the best taxonomic review of the sys- Topinka et al., 1981). A. nodosum dominates sheltered tematics and world wide distribution of the genus. areas of the open coast but is gradually replaced by The present study examines the colonization, growth Fucus spp. as exposure increases. In Maine estuaries, and mortality of Fucus vesiculosus, F. vesiculosus var. F. vesiculosus L. and F. vesiculosus L. var. spiralis Farl. spiralis, and F. distichus subsp. edentatus in Maine. It are limited to small patches within the broad cover of also includes data from a large number of plants from a A. nodosum and to the upper and lower fringes of the population of known age structure. The extended A. nodosum zone (Vadas et al., 1976). F. vesiculosus period of the study (1973-1976) allows assessment of becomes more dominant as exposure increases to mod- seasonal and yearly variability. erate levels (Keser et al., 1981; Topinka et al., 1981); but F. vesiculosus var. spiralis is restricted to the estuaries. Similar fucoid distribution and abundance MATERIAL AND METHODS patterns have been observed in New England (Lamb and Zirnrnermann, 1964; Mathieson et al., 1981; Five study sites were designated in August 1973 Mathieson and Hehre, 1982), Canada (MacFarlane, (Fig. 1). Fucus vesiculosus was studied at 2 estuarine 1953; Berard-Therriault and Cardinal, 1973), Norway sites (Ferry Site and Foxbird Island in Montsweag (Baardseth, 1955, 1958), Sweden (Aleem, 1969), Ice- Bay), and at a moderately exposed site (Pemaquid Point-Sheltered). Another sheltered estuarine site Present addresses: (Bennett Neck in Damariscotta River) was used NU Environmental Laboratory, P.O.Box 128, Waterford, F. which has been " Connecticut 06385, USA to study a form of vesiculosus Marine Colloids Division, FMC Corporation. Rockland, attributed by previous authors (e.g. Taylor. 1957; Maine 04841. USA Mathieson et al., 1981) to var. spiralis Farlow. The O Inter-Research/Printed in F. R. Germany 126 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15: 125-134, 1984 previous summer's denudings, 3 additional strips were denuded at each site in August 1974. The denuded strips were divided into 3 zones repre- senting upper (Zone I), middle (Zone 11), and low inter- tidal (Zone 111) regions; the vertical tidal range aver- aged 2.7 m. Depending upon substratum slope at each site, the designated intertidal zones contained 3 to 9 quadrats (replicates),each measuring 0.5 X 1.0 m. The percentage of substratum coverage was estimated for each species in each quadrat. Owing to their phenoty- pic plasticity (Powell, 1957, 1963), specific identifica- tion of Fucus germlings was impossible; they were recorded as Fucus sp. Length measurements of the germlings were made monthly until subsequent development enabled specific identification; further growth was measured seasonally. Plant lengths were determined from holdfast to tip of the longest branch. Length increases were expressed as mean increase in mm mo-', obtained by dividing the length increase by time between consecutive sampling dates. Twenty Fucus plants quadrat-' were measured at each site during each census (therefore, because of differences in slope noted above, each zone Fig. 1. Location of sampling stations. FI Foxbird Island; FS was represented by 60 to 180 plants). Ferry Site; BN Bennett Neck; PE Pemaquid Point-Exposed; Grazer exclusion cages were placed at Bennett Neck PS Pemaquid Point-Sheltered in one of the strips denuded in June 1974 to determine the influence of grazing by Littorina littorea L. on the taxonomic status of this form needs investigation, but colonization and subsequent growth of Fucus ve- our data indicate a degree of distinctness, whether siculosus var. spiralis. A single cage and control area genotypic or phenotypic. F. distichus subsp. edentatus were located in each intertidal zone and a cover (cage was studied at Pemaquid Point-Exposed, an exposed with open sides) was placed in Zone 111. Exclusion site 400 m south-southeast from Pemaquid Point-Shel- cages measured 20 X 20 X 5 cm, and were con- tered. structed of stainless steel (mesh size 3 X 3 mm); each Prior to the experiment, substrata at Ferry Site, Fox- cage was fastened to the substratum with 4 stainless bird Island, and Bennett Neck were dominated by steel screws. Ascophyllum nodosum (78 to 92% of wet weight Plant density of Fucus vesiculosus at Ferry Site was biomass). At Pemaquid Point-Sheltered, Ascophyllum determined by counting germlings that colonized accounted for 47% of the algal biomass, Fucus ve- Zone 111 of the strips denuded in August 1974. Plants siculosus 33%, Chondrus crispus Stackh. 14%, and were counted in 10 randomly placed subquadrats Polysiphonia lanosa (L.) Tandy 6%; barnacles were (each 5 X 5 cm); counts were averaged and converted also common. Ascophyllum was absent from Pernaquid to number of plants m-2. Detailed descriptions of the Point-Exposed; there, Fucus spp. accounted for almost sites and environment (salinity, temperature, light, and 100% of the algal biomass, but only 20% of the sub- extinction coefficients) have been given by Vadas et al. stratum coverage (50% was barnacles, 15% mussels, (1976, 1978), Keser (1978),and Keser et al. (1981). the remainder bare rock and ephemeral algae). Three permanently marked strips of rocky shore (granitic and basaltic ledges), perpendicular to the RESULTS waterline, were scraped clean and burned with a pro- pane torch at each of the 5 sites in August 1973. Each Fucus vesiculosus at Ferry Site, Foxbird Island, strip was 0.5 m wide and extended from mean high and Pemaquid Point-Sheltered water (MHW) to mean low water (MLW) levels. Three additional strips were cleared and burned at each site Fucus vesiculosus was the only species of Fucus to in winter (December 1973 or January 1974) and in recover at these sites, and the time needed to colonize spring (June 1974) to study seasonal effects on coloni- most denuded substrata ranged from 3 to 21 mo at zation. To assess yearly variability and to replicate the Ferry Site, 4 to 9 mo at Foxbird Island, and 4 to 12 mo at PL6T 1sn6nv V !PL61 aunr r !&~61iaqwa3aa 0 !&~611sn6nv a :6u1pnuap l0 SaIea 'pala3IaqS-lu!od plnbewad pue pue~s~pitqxod '~IIShad le (,-our m~)~11~016 a6ela~v ,snso[rw,rsan smnd .Z '61d 128 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15: 125-134, 1984 Table 1. Fucus vesiculosus. Variability in length (mm) in Zone I11 at Ferry Site (based on 6 quadrats denuded in August 1973). Each mean based on measurements of 20 plants I Quadrat number Dec 73 Feb 74 Mar 74 May 74 Jun 74 Aug 74 Dec 74 Apr 75 Aug 75 Nov 75 May 76 a = Coefficient of variation b = Missing data Pemaquid Point-Sheltered (Fig. 2).Zone I at Pemaquid vesiculosus in Zones I1 and 111, at Ferry Site and Fox- Point-Sheltered had not been colonized by the end of bird Island, occurred in late summer or autumn regard- the experiment (May 1976; 33 mo after the first denu- less of the time of denuding. Colonization at Pemaquid ding). Zone I11 at Foxbird Island was a mudflat, with no Point-Sheltered appeared to be random, and was not substratum suitable for denuding or colonization by closely related to either time of year or time since Fucus. Rates of colonization and subsequent growth denuding. Zone I of most strips denuded at different were inversely related to intertidal height, i.e. fastest seasons were colonized by F. vesiculosus in late win- in Zone I11 and slowest in Zone I. Settlement of F. ter-early spring. Table 2. Growth, as increase in percent cover, of: Fucus vesiculosusat Ferry Site, Foxbird Island, and Pemaquid Point-Sheltered; F. vesiculosus var. spiralis at Bennett Neck; F. distichus subsp. edentatus at Pemaquid Point-Exposed August 73 December 73 June 74 August 74 ZI ZII ZIII ZI ZII 2111 ZI ZII ZIII ZI ZII 2111 Ferry Site May 74 0 0 1 0 0 0 - - - May 75 1 2 0 68 2 10 68 1 8 55 2 10 57 May 76 25 95 92 25 85 84 40 95 88 54 95 81 Foxbird Island May 74 0 - May 75 14 1 11 May 76 6 1 53 79 Pemaquid Point - Sheltered May 74 0 0 - May 75 2 28 0 0 1 5 May 76 9 49 0 0 28 43 Bennett Neck May 74 0 0 - - - May 75 6 14 1 0 1 2 Apr 76 30 5 1 1 9 21 24 Pemaquid Point - Exposed Apr 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - May 75 2 4 29 1 6 24 0 1 5 V 0 0 May 76 8 13 5 1 6 20 54 12 32 63 1 1 4 Keser and Larson: Colonization and growth of Fucus 129 Maximum growth ranged from ca.
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