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Analyses Archéobotanique Et Archéoentomologique D'une Structure Datant Du Tournant Du Xixe Siècle, Au Site De L'îlot Des Palais (Ceet-30), À Québec

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Analyses Archéobotanique Et Archéoentomologique D'une Structure Datant Du Tournant Du Xixe Siècle, Au Site De L'îlot Des Palais (Ceet-30), À Québec Analyses archéobotanique et archéoentomologique d'une structure datant du tournant du XIXe siècle, au site de l'îlot des Palais (CeEt-30), à Québec Mémoire Solène Mallet Gauthier Maîtrise en archéologie - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Solène Mallet Gauthier, 2019 Analyses archéobotanique et archéoentomologique d’une structure datant du tournant du XIXe siècle, au site de l’îlot des Palais (CeEt-30), à Québec Mémoire Solène Mallet Gauthier Sous la direction de : Allison Bain, directrice de recherche Résumé Des analyses archéobotaniques et archéoentomologiques ont été réalisées sur des sédiments provenant d’une structure datée du tournant du XIXe siècle, retrouvée au site de l’îlot des Palais (CeEt-30), à Québec. Les macrorestes végétaux et les restes entomologiques retrouvés nous permettent d’en apprendre davantage sur les habitudes alimentaires et la vie quotidienne des habitants de Québec durant une période d’importants changements politiques, économiques et sociaux. En effet, le début du XIXe siècle est marqué par une augmentation de la population de la ville, l’arrivée d’un grand nombre d’immigrants anglophones et le développement accéléré de l’industrie navale. Nous soutenons la thèse voulant que, malgré la mise en place de nouveaux réseaux d’échanges et de nouvelles traditions culinaires, une partie des pratiques alimentaires des Canadiens français de la Basse- Ville de Québec soient restées relativement inchangées. Grâce à cette recherche, nous sommes en mesure de mieux comprendre l’influence des premières décennies du Régime britannique sur l’ancienne capitale de la Nouvelle-France ainsi que sur la vie quotidienne de ses habitants. ii Abstract Archaeobotanical and archaeoentomological analyses were conducted on soil samples taken from an early 19th century privy found at the îlot des Palais site (CeEt-30) in Quebec City. The insect and seed remains identified inform us about the consumption habits and the daily lives of the city’s inhabitants, during a period of great political, economic and social changes. In fact, the early 1800’s were marked by a population increase, the arrival of a large number of Anglophone immigrants and an accelerated development of the shipbuilding industry. We argue that despite the implementation of new trade networks and culinary traditions, a part of the the French Canadian foodways remained relatively unchanged. Thanks to this research, we now have a better understanding of the impact the first decades of the British rule have had over New France’s old capital and the daily lives of its inhabitants. iii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. iii Table des matières ........................................................................................................................................... iv Liste des figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii Liste des tableaux .......................................................................................................................................... viii Liste des abréviations ...................................................................................................................................... ix Remerciements .................................................................................................................................................. x Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Présentation du sujet ................................................................................................................................... 1 État de la question : l’alimentation en contexte colonial nord-américain ........................................... 3 Grands thèmes ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Constats.................................................................................................................................................... 9 Problématique de recherche ..................................................................................................................... 10 Hypothèse ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Cadre théorique ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Plan de rédaction ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapitre 1 – Méthodologie ........................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Méthodologie d’acquisition ........................................................................................................ 16 1.2 Méthodologie d’analyse .............................................................................................................. 22 1.2.1 Études précédentes ............................................................................................................. 22 1.2.2 Traitement en laboratoire ................................................................................................. 23 1.2.3 Identification ....................................................................................................................... 24 1.2.4 Quantification ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.2.5 L’analyse des résultats ....................................................................................................... 27 1.2.6 Limites de l’archéoentomologie et de l’archéobotanique ........................................... 29 Chapitre 2 – Contexte historique ................................................................................................................. 31 2.1 Les origines du contexte sociopolitique à Québec au début du XIXe siècle ........................ 32 2.1.1 Les dernières années de la Nouvelle-France et le début du Régime britannique (1760-1791) ........................................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Le Bas-Canada (1791-1820) ............................................................................................. 35 2.1.3 Et la ville de Québec dans tout ça? ................................................................................. 36 2.2 Le nord-est de l’îlot des Palais et la rue Saint-Nicolas ........................................................... 44 iv 2.2.1 Les sources écrites .............................................................................................................. 44 2.2.2 Les données archéologiques ............................................................................................. 51 2.3 L’alimentation et la gestion des déchets à Québec .................................................................. 53 2.3.1 Sous le Régime français .................................................................................................... 53 2.3.2 Sous le Régime britannique .............................................................................................. 55 2.4 Retour sur le contexte historique ............................................................................................... 59 Chapitre 3 - Résultats .................................................................................................................................... 61 3.1 Contexte 1 : le dépôt organique (44B4, 44B6, 44B7 et 44B8) .............................................. 62 3.1.1 Les restes botaniques ......................................................................................................... 62 3.1.2 Les restes entomologiques................................................................................................. 69 3.2 Contexte 2 : le dépôt argilo-sableux (44B9, 44B11 et 44B12) .............................................. 71 3.2.1 Les restes botaniques ......................................................................................................... 72 3.2.2 Les restes entomologiques................................................................................................. 74 Chapitre 4 – Interprétations .......................................................................................................................... 77 4.1 À quoi servait la « structure » de la sous-opération 44B? ...................................................... 77 4.1.1 Hypothèses de Ponton et Prévost (2010) ........................................................................ 77 4.1.2 Apports des analyses archéobotaniques ......................................................................... 81 4.1.3 Apports des analyses archéoentomologiques ...............................................................
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