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Programmation 3 Programmation 3 Charg´ee de cours : Ir`ene Durand Charg´ede TD : Kahn Le Ngoc Kim Cours 7 s´eances de 3h : Cours (1) 8h30-11h30, du 15/12, 16/12, 19/12, 20/12 Cours (2) 13h00-16h00 les 14/12, 16/12 et 19/12 http://dept-info.labri.fr/~idurand/Enseignement/PFS/vietnam.html 1 Objectifs Maˆıtriser un certain nombre de m´ethodes et tech- niques de programmation — symbolique, fonctionnelle — imp´erative, objet dans le but de Ecrire´ des applications — maintenables, r´eutilisables, — lisibles, modulaires, — g´en´erales, ´el´egantes. Aspects de la programmation non enseign´es : — Efficacit´eextrˆeme — Temps r´eel — Applications particuli`eres (jeu, image, num´erique, ...) 2 Contenu Langage support Langage Common Lisp — SBCL: Steele Bank Common Lisp http://www.sbcl. org/ Support de cours — Robert Strandh et Ir`ene Durand : Trait´ede programmation en Common Lisp — Transparents Pourquoi Common Lisp ? — Langage tr`es riche (fonctionnel, symbolique, ob- jet, imp´eratif) — Syntaxe simple et uniforme — S´emantique simple et uniforme — Langage programmable (macros, reader macros) — Repr´esentation de programmes sous la forme de donn´ees 3 — Normalis´epar ANSI — Programmation par objets plus puissante qu’avec d’autres langages Bibliographie Peter Seibel Practical Common Lisp Apress Paul Graham : ANSI Common Lisp Prentice Hall Paul Graham : On Lisp Advanced Techniques for Common Lisp Prentice Hall Sonya Keene : Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp A programmer’s guide to CLOS Addison Wesley David Touretzky : Common Lisp : A Gentle introduction to Symbolic Computation The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc 4 Autres documents The HyperSpec (la norme ANSI compl`ete de Common Lisp, en HTML) http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/index.htm SBCL User Manual http://www.sbcl.org/manual/ CLX reference manual (Common Lisp X Interface) Guy Steele : Common Lisp, the Language, second edition Digital Press, (disponible sur WWW en HTML) David Lamkins : Successful Lisp (Tutorial en-ligne) 5 Historique de Common Lisp Langage con¸cu par John McCarthy entre 1956 et 1959 au MIT pour des applications li´ees `al’intelligence artificielle (avec Fortran l’un des plus vieux langages toujours utilis´es) — Issu de la th´eorie du Lambda-Calcul de Church — Dans les ann´ees 1970, deux dialectes : Interlisp et Maclisp — Aussi : Standard Lisp, NIL, Lisp Machine Lisp, Le Lisp — Travail pour uniformiser les dialectes : Common Lisp — Normalis´epar ANSI en 1994 6 Common Lisp aujourd’hui Conf´erences — ELS (Bordeaux 08, Milan 09, Lisbone 10, Ham- bourg 11, Zadar 12, Madrid 13, Paris 14, Londres 15, Cracovie 16) http://www.european-lisp-symposium.org/ — Lisp50@OOPSLA http://www.lisp50.org/, 08 — ILC (Standford 05, Cambridge 07, MIT 09, Reno 10, Kyoto 12, Montr´eal 14) http://www.international-lisp-conference.org/10 Forums fr.comp.lang.lisp Chat (avec xchat par exemple) /serveur: irc.freenode.net /join #lisp http://webchat.freenode.net/ #lisp 7 Logiciels/Entreprises utilisant CL — Entreprises et Logiciels commerciaux ITA Software http://www.itasoftware.com Igor Engraver Editeur´ de partition musicales http://www.noteheads.com RavenPack International http://www.ravenpack.com/aboutus/employment.htm — Plate-forme Web : BioCyc Plate-forme d’acc`es BD biologiques (voies m´etaboliques/g´enome) http://www.biocyc.org — Logiciels libres CARMA Case-based Range Management Adviser http://carma.johnhastings.org/index.html BioBike Base de connaissance programmable pour la biologie http://biobike.csbc.vcu.edu OpenMusic Langage visuel pour la composition musicale http://repmus.ircam.fr/openmusic/home GSharp Editeur´ de partitions musicales http://common-lisp.net/project/gsharp Liste de logiciels libres http://www.cliki.net/index 8 Calcul Symbolique num´erique/symbolique Avec des bits on peut coder des nombres mais aussi des objects de type mot ou phrase En Lisp, — objects de base : sortes de mots appel´es atomes, — groupes d’atomes : sortes de phrases appel´ees listes. Atomes + Listes = Expressions symboliques (S-expr) — Lisp manipule des S-expr — un programme Lisp est une S-expr, donc mˆeme repr´esentation pour les programmes et les donn´ees. — Cons´equence : possibilit´ed’´ecrire des programmes qui se modifient ou modifient ou produisent des programmes. 9 Applications de Calcul Symbolique Toute application non num´erique, en particulier — Intelligence artificielle (syst`emes experts, interfaces en langages naturel,...) — Raisonnement automatique (preuves de th´eor`emes, preuves de programmes,...) — Syst`emes (impl´ementation de langages, traitement de texte,...) — Calcul formel — Jeux Voir http://www.cl-user.net 10 Comment faire pour apprendre `a programmer ? Il faut surtout lire beaucoup de code ´ecrit par des experts. Il faut lire la litt´erature sur la programmation. Il n’y en a pas beaucoup (peut-ˆetre 10 livres). Il faut programmer. Il faut maintenir du code ´ecrit par d’autres personnes. Il faut apprendre `aˆetre bien organis´e. 11 Standards de codage Il faut s’habituer aux standards de codage Pour Common Lisp, suivre les exemples dans la litt´erature, en particulier pour l’indentation de programmes qui est tr`es standardis´ee (et automatis´ee). Il faut pouvoir comprendre le programme sans regarder les parenth`eses. L’indentation n’est donc pas une question de goˆut personnel. Il faut utiliser SLIME (Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs) http://common-lisp.net/project/slime/ 12 Common Lisp est interactif Common Lisp est presque toujours impl´ement´esous la forme de syst`eme interactif avec une boucle d’interaction (read-eval-print loop ou REPL). Une interaction calcule la valeur d’une S-expression, mais une S-expression peut aussi avoir des effets de bord. En particulier, un effet de bord peut ˆetre de modifier la valeur d’une variable, de cr´eer une fonction, d’´ecrire sur l’´ecran, dans un flot... Le langage n’a pas la notion de programme principal. Il est n´eanmoins possible de pr´eciser la fonction `aex´ecuter quand l’application est lanc´ee. Normalement, on lance Lisp une seule fois par s´eance. 13 Common Lisp est interactif (suite) Au CREMI, une s´eance est un TD ou une demi-journ´ee de travail. Sur un ordinateur personnel, une s´eance peut durer des mois. Le langage est con¸cu pour le d´eveloppement interactif. Les instances d’une classes sont mises `ajour quand la d´efinition d’une classe change, par exemple. La programmation fonctionnelle (sans effets de bord) est elle-mˆeme adapt´ee `al’´ecriture d’applications interactives. 14 Lancer le syst`eme Lisp irdurand@mcgonagall:~$ sbcl This is SBCL 1.0.15, an implementation of ANSI Common Lisp. More information about SBCL is available at <http://www.sbcl.org/>. SBCL is free software, provided as is, with absolutely no warranty. It is mostly in the public domain; some portions are provided under BSD-style licenses. See the CREDITS and COPYING files in the distribution for more information. * 1234 1234 * (+ 3 4) 7 * 15 Quitter le syst`eme Lisp * hello debugger invoked on a UNBOUND-VARIABLE in thread #<THREAD "initial thread" The variable HELLO is unbound. Type HELP for debugger help, or (SB-EXT:QUIT) to exit from SBCL. restarts (invokable by number or by possibly-abbreviated name): 0: [ABORT] Exit debugger, returning to top level. (SB-INT:SIMPLE-EVAL-IN-LEXENV HELLO #<NULL-LEXENV>) 0] 0 * (quit) [email protected]: 16 Lisp sous Emacs avec le mode SLIME Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs Beaucoup plus riche que le mode Lisp d’Emacs Mˆeme aspect et fonctionnalit´es quelque soit le Lisp utilis´e Pour entrer, M-x slime Pour sortir, taper une virgule (,) puis quit dans le mini- buffer — Aide `al’indentation et `ala syntaxe — Compilation interactive de fonctions, de fichiers — Documentation, compl´etion de symboles — D´ebogage Voir les modes (REPL) et (Lisp Slime) avec c-h m 17 Programmation fonctionnelle Common Lisp est un langage mixte (fonctionnel, imp´eratif, orient´eobjets) mais ses ancˆetres ´etaient purement fonc- tionnels. Programmation fonctionnelle : — entit´ede base = fonction — pas d’effets de bord (pas de variables) — structure de contrˆole = si-alors-sinon + r´ecursivit´e Pour obtenir rapidement des programmes corrects, utiliser la programmation fonctionnelle le plus possible — Les programmes sont plus faciles `atester — Programmation ascendante (bottom-up) — Param`etres sont souvent des fonctions (fermetures) Inconv´enients : efficacit´e 18 Expressions Un atome peut-ˆetre — un objet auto-´evaluant, — ou un symbole Une expression (en anglais form) Common Lisp peut ˆetre : — un atome — ou une expression compos´ee (avec des parenth`eses). 19 Expressions, analyse syntaxique Une expression tap´ee `ala boucle d’interaction est d’abord lue et analys´ee syntaxiquement. Le r´esultat de cette analyse est une repr´esentation interne de l’expression (S-expression). La fonction responsable de cette analyse s’appelle read. Cette fonction est disponible `al’utilisateur. 20 Expressions, ´evaluation La S-expression est ensuite ´evalu´ee, c’est `adire que sa valeur est calcul´ee. Cette ´evaluation peut donner des effets de bord. Le r´esultat de l’´evaluation est un ou plusieurs objets Lisp. La fonction responsable de l’´evaluation de S-expressions s’appelle eval. Cette fonction est disponible `al’utilisateur. 21 S-expressions, affichage Les objets r´esultant de l’´evaluation sont ensuite affich´es (ou imprim´es) en repr´esentation externe. La fonction responsable de l’affichage s’appelle print. Cette fonction est disponible `al’utilisateur. (+ 3 4) 7 Monde extérieur read print Monde intérieur 7 eval + 3 4 22 Objets auto-´evaluants Un objet auto-´evaluant est la mˆeme chose qu’une constante. Le plus souvent, il s’agit de nombres, de caract`eres ou de chaˆınes de caract`eres. CL-USER> 1234 1234 CL-USER> 6/8 3/4 CL-USER> #\c #\c CL-USER> "bonjour" "bonjour" CL-USER> #(1 2 3 4) #(1 2 3 4) 23 Symboles Si l’expression est un symbole, il sera consid´er´ecomme le nom d’une variable.
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