nutrients Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation Edited by Louise Brough and Gail Rees Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation Special Issue Editors Louise Brough Gail Rees MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Louise Brough Gail Rees Massey University University of Plymouth New Zealand UK Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/ special issues/Micronutrients Pregnancy Lactation) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-840-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897–841-1 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation” ......... ix Priya M. Gupta, Jaime J. Gahche, Kirsten A. Herrick, Abby G. Ershow, Nancy Potischman and Cria G. Perrine Use of Iodine-Containing Dietary Supplements Remains Low among Women of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES 2011–2014 Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 422, doi:10.3390/nu10040422 ................... 1 Claudia Savard, Simone Lemieux, S. John Weisnagel, B´en´edicte Fontaine-Bisson, Claudia Gagnon, Julie Robitaille and Anne-Sophie Morisset Trimester-Specific Dietary Intakes in a Sample of French-Canadian Pregnant Women in Comparison with National Nutritional Guidelines Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 768, doi:10.3390/nu10060768 ................... 9 Martina Barchitta, Andrea Maugeri, Maria Clara La Rosa, Roberta Magnano San Lio, Giuliana Favara, Marco Panella, Antonio Cianci and Antonella Agodi Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Receptor Gene Affect Birth Weight and the Risk of Preterm Birth: Results From the “Mamma & Bambino” Cohort and A Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1172, doi:10.3390/nu10091172 .................. 23 Aaron Thokozani Chikakuda, Dayeon Shin, Sarah S. Comstock, SuJin Song and Won O. Song Compliance to Prenatal Iron and Folic Acid Supplement Use in Relation to Low Birth Weight in Lilongwe, Malawi Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1275, doi:10.3390/nu10091275 .................. 41 Ellen C. Francis, Stefanie N. Hinkle, Yiqing Song, Shristi Rawal, Sarah R. Donnelly, Yeyi Zhu, Liwei Chen and Cuilin Zhang Longitudinal Maternal Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy Is Associated with Neonatal Anthropometric Measures Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1631, doi:10.3390/nu10111631 .................. 53 Jole Martino, Maria Teresa Segura, Luz Garc´ıa-Vald´es, M C. Padilla, Ricardo Rueda, Harry J. McArdle, Helen Budge, Michael E. Symonds and Cristina Campoy The Impact of Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Weight and Gestational Diabetes on Markers of Folate Metabolism in the Placenta Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1750, doi:10.3390/nu10111750 .................. 65 Ying Jin, Jane Coad, Janet L Weber, Jasmine S Thomson and Louise Brough Selenium Intake in Iodine-Deficient Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in New Zealand Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 69, doi:10.3390/nu11010069 ................... 76 K. Ryan Wessells, Rebecca R. Young, Elaine L. Ferguson, C´esaire T. Ou´edraogo, M. Thierno Faye and Sonja Y. Hess Assessment of Dietary Intake and Nutrient Gaps, and Development of Food-Based Recommendations, among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Zinder, Niger: An Optifood Linear Programming Analysis Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 72, doi:10.3390/nu11010072 ................... 87 v Daniel R. McKeating, Joshua J. Fisher and Anthony V. Perkins Elemental Metabolomics and Pregnancy Outcomes Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 73, doi:10.3390/nu11010073 ...................110 Maude Perreault, Caroline J. Moore, Gerhard Fusch, Koon K. Teo and Stephanie A. Atkinson Factors Associated with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Two Cohorts of Pregnant Women in Southern Ontario, Canada Reprinted from: Nutrients 2019, 11, 123, doi:10.3390/nu11010123 ...................128 vi About the Special Issue Editors Louise Brough is a Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Her main research interest is micronutrient deficiency in pregnancy, lactation, and early life. She is currently focused on iodine, selenium, folate, and iron deficiency, both in developed and developing countries. She has research experience in the UK and New Zealand, and has collaborated on research endeavours focused in Africa. Dr Brough is currently a co-leader of the Massey Mother and Baby Nutrition Research Group Gail Rees, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Human Nutrition at the University of Plymouth, UK. She is a registered nutritionist and dietitian. She has worked as a dietitian at the NHS for several years before taking a postdoctoral position at London Metropolitan University to work on a maternal micronutrient supplementation study in East London. A/Prof Rees currently teaches undergraduate and postgraduate nutritionists and dietitians, and leads the BSc (Hons) Nutrition Exercise and Health programme. Her research interests are in the field of maternal and child nutrition, and current research projects focus on obesity in pregnancy. She is also involved in the analysis of dietary data throughout childhood from the EarlyBird cohort study in Plymouth. vii Preface to ”Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation” Optimal nutrition is important during pregnancy and lactation for the health of both the mother and infant. Chronic deficiencies in both macronutrients and micronutrients are well recognised in developing countries. Although overconsumption of macronutrients is a major issue in developed countries, micronutrient deficiencies—which occur concomitantly—are no less of a concern. Furthermore, in developed countries, there is also the risk of excessive micronutrient intake from dietary supplements. Micronutrients have a role in foetal and neonatal health and, also, health in later life. Micronutrient deficiency or toxicity during pregnancy or early life can permanently affect developing tissues, resulting in adverse growth and development of the infant, which is associated with chronic diseases in adulthood. An aberrant micronutrient intake during pregnancy or lactation can also have a detrimental effect on the mother, both in the neonatal period and in later life. This book brings together some of the latest original research regarding micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation. Included are recent studies assessing the adequacy of the whole diet in both developing and developed countries. These studies consider a range of micronutrients consumed by pregnant and breastfeeding women. Other articles focus on micronutrients of particular concern among populations, such as iron, iodine, selenium, folate, and vitamin D, and investigate habitual intake, nutritional supplementation, and metabolism. The research presented in this book includes studies of pregnant and breastfeeding women at risk of nutritional deficiency and, also, micronutrient status and metabolism in women with obesity and gestational diabetes, and their effects on the neonate. Louise Brough, Gail Rees Special Issue Editors ix nutrients Article Use of Iodine-Containing Dietary Supplements Remains Low among Women of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES 2011–2014 Priya M. Gupta 1,*, Jaime J. Gahche 2, Kirsten A. Herrick 3, Abby G. Ershow 2, Nancy Potischman 2 and Cria G. Perrine 1 1 Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; [email protected] 2 National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; [email protected] (J.J.G.); [email protected] (A.G.E.); [email protected] (N.P.) 3 National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+1-908-418-0970 Received: 5 March 2018; Accepted: 27 March 2018; Published: 29 March 2018 Abstract: In the United States, the American Thyroid Association recommends that women take a dietary supplement containing 150 μg of iodine 3 months prior to conception and while pregnant and lactating to support fetal growth and neurological development. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 to describe the use of dietary supplements with and without iodine in the past 30 days among 2155 non-pregnant, non-lactating (NPNL) women; 122 pregnant women; and 61 lactating women. Among NPNL women, 45.3% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 42.0, 48.6) used any dietary