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Lessons Learnt from the Snow Emergency Management of Winter Season 2008–2009 in Piemonte

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Lessons Learnt from the Snow Emergency Management of Winter Season 2008–2009 in Piemonte Adv. Geosci., 26, 149–153, 2011 www.adv-geosci.net/26/149/2011/ Advances in doi:10.5194/adgeo-26-149-2011 Geosciences © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Lessons learnt from the snow emergency management of winter season 2008–2009 in Piemonte R. Pelosini, S. Bovo, and M. Cordola Arpa Piemonte, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Torino, Italy Received: 8 March 2010 – Revised: 7 May 2010 – Accepted: 28 June 2010 – Published: 16 February 2011 Abstract. The winter season 2008–2009 has been character- As shown in the Fig. 2, the gap of the mean daily new ized by heavy snowfalls over the western Alps. The snow- snow accumulation with respect to the climatology started falls have been exceptional because of their earliness, per- from November, increased in December significatively and sistence, intensity and territorial spread. The impact on the persisted throughout the spring season. regional environment and territory has been relevant, also As the snow in the mountain is concerned, see Fig. 3, the from the economical point of view, as well as the effort of 2008–2009 winter has been characterized by a large amount the people involved in the forecasting, prevention and fight- of new snow with respect to the climate, with snow amount ing actions. The environmental induced effects have been up to the 99% above the average. In three alpine sectors it shown until late spring. Several snowfall events affected also has been the snowiest season since 1966. the plains and the main towns, causing social impacts. The Several snowfall events affected also the plains and main purpose of this work is to describe the overall effects of the towns. 14 significant snow events have been recorded in Cu- anomalous snowfalls and the emergency response by the lo- neo and 9 in Torino from December 2008 to March 2009. cal government and institutions to face the hazard scenario The main one was in January 2009: 35 cm of new snow in and mitigate the risk for people, properties and environment. 36 h, with an intensity of 25 cm/24 h, the maximum intensity Arpa Piemonte (Regional Agency for Environmental Protec- recorded in the last 20 yr (the previous one was 17 cm/24 h in tion) gave the technical support to the snow emergency man- 1997). The intensity value is above the 90th percentile of the agement borrowing the expertise acquired during the heavy new snow measured in 24 h distribution considering only the hydrological events occurred in the Piemonte region and con- snowy days. These results agree with the 2008–2009 winter tributing to minimize losses. A short list of recommendations season snow anomaly studies on the southern alpine range came out from the experience, as well as the technical tools (e.g., Valt and Cianfarra, 2009). and products, all highlighting the emergency preparedness relevance. 2 Societal impacts of the snowfalls 1 The winter 2008–2009 heavy snowfalls The impact scenarios related to the snow emergency are dif- ferent according to the geographical and anthropic territory The main critical situations have been arisen from the snow- features. During the winter 2008–2009 in the mountains, falls earliness in season, the several snow precipitation events several natural avalanche releases, characterized frequently over the plains, the big amount of snow accumulation on the by large size and heavy destroying power, affected villages ground, as well as the anomaly with respect to the last 30 yr and caused interruptions of the main and secondary road sys- climatic trend of snow conditions in the western Alps. The tems both down in the valleys and in small villages road ac- high-density snow depth manual station network (see Fig. 1) cess, requiring a long time for the complete and safe snow allows performing a reliable climatological analysis. removal and road re-opening. The avalanches often caused the service breakdowns and damages to the infrastructures in the built-up areas and to the forest heritage. The destruc- Correspondence to: R. Pelosini tive power of the avalanches was due to their characteristics: ([email protected]) the large amount of new snow triggered powder avalanches, Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 150 R. Pelosini et al.: Lessons learnt from the snow emergency management 1000 900 800 700 600 500 cm 400 300 200 100 0 01-dic 11-dic 21-dic 31-dic 09-feb 19-feb 29-feb 09-apr 19-apr 29-apr 01-nov 11-nov 21-nov 10-gen 20-gen 30-gen 10-mar 20-mar 30-mar 09-mag 19-mag 29-mag 1 Figure 2. TheFig. daily 2. amountThe daily of new amount accumulated of new snow accumulated measured by snow mountain measured weather by stations in mountain weather stations in winter 2008–2009 (pink line) and the 2 winter 2008-200930 yr climatology(pink line) and averaged the 30 years over clim theatology western averaged Alps (blue over line).the western Alps (blue 3 line). 4 As the snow in the mountain is concerned, see Fig. 3, the 2008-2009 winter has been characterized 5 by a large amount of new snow with respect to the climate, with snow amount up to the 99% above 6 the average. In three alpine sectors it has been the snowiest season since 1966. 1 Figure 1. The snow depthFig. 1.manualThe snow stations depth (blue manual dots) stations cons (blueidered dots) in considered this study. in In colours the Alpine this study. In colours the Alpine sectors (grey: Northern sector, light 2 sectors (grey: Northernblue: sector, North-western light blue: sector, North-western green: Western sector, sector, green: pink: Western South- sector, pink: South- western sector). 3 western sector) 4 As shown in the Fig.2, the gap of the mean daily new snow− accumulation withFig. respect 3. The to total the amount of new accumulated snow in the period characterized by high speeds (up to 350 km h 1) and strong 1 Figure 3. The total amount of new accumulated snow in the period November 2008 - May 2009 November 2008–May 2009 (blue) and in the 1996–2009 climatol- 5 climatology started frompressure November, over chalets, increased houses, in December mountain huts, significatively rural and graz- and persisted2 (blue) and throughoutin the 1996-2009 clim atology (red) for four alpine sectors (N, NW, W, SW) 3 ogySeveral (red) snowfall for events four affected alpine also sectors the plains (N,and main NW, towns. W, 14 SW). significant snow events have 6 the spring season. ing huts. For example, in the area around Ceresole Reale, a small village at 1570 m a.s.l. in the upper Orco Valley, in 4 been recorded in Cuneo and 9 in Torino from December 2008 to March 2009. The main one was in 5 January 2009: 35 cm of new snow in 36 h, with an intensity of 25cm/24h, the maximum intensity the period between the 15 and the 16 December 2008 many 6 telephone),recorded in the last determining20 years (the previous a one widespread was 17cm/24h in critical1997). The in situation.tensity value is above The avalanches occurred. Some of them have been classified as 7 urbanthe 90th percentile and commuting of the new snow measured traffic in during 24h distribution the considering snow emergency only the snowy days. en- extreme avalanches and flowed in areas where no avalanches 8 hancesThese results the agree difficultieswith the 2008-2009 related winter season to snow the anomaly road studies management on the southern alpine and 9 range (e.g., Valt M. and P. Cianfarra, 2009). were reported in the past, over crossing the limits of the offi- traffic control over the whole road system in the plains, even cial avalanche map. In particular, 4 simultaneous avalanches 10 with2 Societal little impacts snow of accumulationthe snowfalls on the ground. In the towns 3 11 The impact scenarios related to the snow emergency are different according to the geographical and occurred just above the village and destroyed 6 houses and the snowfalls determined several impacts: the urban traffic 12 ha of forest (Maggioni et al., 2009). 12 anthropic territory features. During the winter 2008-2009 in the mountains, several natural 13 slowedavalanche releases, up until characterized the completefrequently by large blockage, size and heavy the dest snowroying power, accumu- affected Moreover, the hydrogeological risk increased: the rocks 14 latedvillages and on caused the interruptions sidewalks of the andmain an parkingd secondary road areas systems for both several down in the days,valleys and wood transportation by canalized avalanches caused con- 15 theand in sidewalk small villages road iced, access, the requiring snow a long fell time from for the complete the roof, and safe tree snow branches removal and ditions prone to debris flows triggering (Tiranti, 2008) in the 16 crashedroad re-opening. along The avalanches the roads often andcaused temporarythe service breakdowns infrastructures, and damages to in-the 17 infrastructures in the built-up areas and to the forest heritage. The destructive power of the late spring and compacted snow accumulations caused the volving a large amount of people directly (discomforts, side- 18 avalanches was due to their characteristics: the large amount of new snow triggered powder water bags formation inside the snowpack, very dangerous walks snow removal, habit changes, difficulties in getting in case of sudden release (Bosco et al., 2007). Strong im- workplace, school closing. ) and asking for unexpected salt4 pacts have been recorded on the mountain wildlife also. supply. Critical situations due to the snow loading and the snow Negative indirect effects also arose from the road frost removal involved all the mountain people directly.
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