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Frog Leg Newsletter of the Amphibian Network of South Asia and Amphibian Specialist Group - South Asia frog leg Newsletter of the Amphibian Network of South Asia and Amphibian Specialist Group - South Asia No. 13, December 2007 Eggs, hatching and larval development in Ichthyophis cf. malabarensis (Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) In this issue - - Eggs, hatching and larval devel- 1 1 1 1 2 Bapurao V. Jadhav ,*, D.D. Thorat , S.D. Kadam , L.S. Bhingardeve and S.S. Patil opment in Ichthyophis cf. mala- 1 barensis (Gymnophiona: Ichthyo- Department of zoology, Balasaheb Desai College, Patan, Satara 415206, India phiidae) 2 Department of zoology, Krishna Mahavidyalaya, Retare Bk., Satara 415108, India Bapurao V. Jadhav, D.D. Thorat, Email: * [email protected] S.D. Kadam, L.S. Bhingardeve & S.S. Patil, Pp. 1-3. Biology of Western Ghats caecilians is a less explored subject with - - Diversity and distribution of amphibian fauna in Nagarjuna- very rare studies on reproductive behaviour. We describe egg laying, hatching sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, and early development of Ichthyophis cf. malabarensis from Koyana region in Andhra Pradesh C. Srinivasulu, Manju Siliwal, A. northern Western Ghats where a single female with 144 eggs were observed Rajesh, Bhargavi Srinivasulu, P. in captivity. As per our knowledge this is the first complete description of Venkateshwarulu & V. Nagulu, Pp. 3-6. initial developmental in caecilians of Western Ghats. Studies on reproductive biology and reproductive behaviour of cae- - - The comments on record and farther distribution of the Ornate cilians are rare with very few studies from the Western Ghats (Sheshachar, Microhylid Microhyla ornata from 1933, 1942, 1982; Balakrishna et al., 1983). Ichthyophis of family Ichthyo- Gujarat Raju Vyas, P. 6. phiidae and order Gymnophiona is oviparous with internal fertilization (Sheshachar, 1942, 1982; Balakrishna et al., 1983; Pillai & Ravichandran, - - Status and morphometric data of some anurans with reference to 1999). Females lay eggs in burrows in moist soil close to water. Female Ich- Agra district, Uttar Pradesh Ravi Kumar Singh & Sant Prakash, thyophis show parental care by guarding eggs until hatching. Earlier studies Pp. 7-8. on Gegenophis carnosus are restricted to egg and embryo morphology - - Record of Sylvirana leptoglossa (Sheshachar, 1942). Similar studies have been carried out on I. malabarensis (Cope, 1868) (Anura: Ranidae) from (Sheshachar, 1982; Balakrishna et al., 1983). As per our knowledge this is Kolasib district, Mizoram, north- eastern India the first attempt to describe egg, hatching and larval development of I. cf. H.T. Lalremsanga, Saipari Sailo, B. malabarensis from Patan situated in Koyana region of northern Western Kharbuli & R.N.K. Hooroo, Pp. 9-10. Ghats. - - Basking in Indian Pond Frogs Koyana region (17023’N & 73053’E) is situated at an altitude 580m Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson) at Pulicat Lake, Andhra Pradesh, on the eastern border of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra. The soil of this India region is red loamy, porous and is rich in humus, the pH is 6.2. Average V. Kannan, P. 10 temperature and rainfall of this region are 230C and 1240mm. Vegetation is - - One eye frog, Sphaerotheca mainly of paddy, sugarcane and groundnut fields. rufescens (Jerdon, 1854) from Konaje, Mangalore, Karnataka A female Ichthyophis cf. malabarensis with 144-egg cluster was Vijay Mala Nair & Santhosh Kumar, collected from a burrow near a rivulet in wet soil. The egg cluster along with Pp. 10-11. the adult was brought to the laboratory and was kept in an artificial tank of - - Need of anuran studies in habi- 88.2 x 58.5 x 58.5cm. The bottom bed of decomposed leaves, agricultural tats of southern Rajasthan, India K.K. Sharma1 and Satya P. Mehra, wastes and sand was prepared and was placed in the tank. The height of soil Pp. 12-16. bed was 35cm. In this bed a round pit was made, resembling the pit present in natural conditions, with the diameter of 17.5cm and depth of 12.5cm to keep the egg cluster. In this pit the female and her egg clutch was released. Water was sprinkled on the bed every 3-4days. The female was fed with earthworms released in the bottom bed. Daily observations on the behaviour of female were noted. The newly hatched larvae were kept in a 3-4cm-deep plastic tub containing water. Food in the form of finely chopped liver, heart and meat of goat were provided once a day and the water of the tub was changed after 1 frog leg Newsletter of the ANSA & ASG SA 2007 December every two days for up to a round and prominent. The month. Photographic and live embryonic larva had three pairs video recordings of the entire of external gills; each external event were made. gill having median axis sur- We observed 144 rounded by lamellae. The eggs in the cluster, which is lengths of the three gills were around 1.5 times more than 8mm, 17.2mm and 10.3mm. A B the suspected maximum num- The ventral side of the larva ber of eggs in Gymnophiona by showed faint white coloured Seshachar (1982). Eggs in a yolk. Tail was laterally com- single clutch were connected pressed with caudal fin in de- together by median cord and veloping stage. the cluster looked like black Balakrishna et al. grapes (Fig.1A). Each egg was (1983) mentioned that the em- covered with transparent, elas- bryo of I. malabarensis did not tic and gelatinous membrane, show any movement. On the which was continuous with contrary, we observed rapid cords at both ends (Fig 1B). movement of embryos in the The length of each cord was eggs with irregular jerks. The 13mm. Both cords were female was found to be coiled straight, thin, hollow, un- around the eggs (Fig. 3) in the twisted and elastic and their pit until the hatching of the last tips coiled together to from egg. This parental care is a Figure 1. Egg clutch (A), a single egg (B) and structure of attach- hooks for firm attachment to well-known phenomenon in ment by cord (C) of I. cf. malabarensis. (D) shows the attachment in I. malabarensis as per Seshachar (1982) median cord during the early caecilians (Pillai & Ravi- stage (Fig.1C). After embryonic chandran, 1999; Daniel, 2002). development, one end of cord Hatching took place in was detached from median the night from 0930 to 1130hr cord due to increase in size of and in three successive stages. the eggs, while the other side In the first stage, rapid jerky remained attached to the me- movements were observed in dian cord until the eggs the egg, which was followed by Figure 3. Parental care in I. cf. hatched (Fig. 1C). This obser- emergence of head from the malabarensis. vation was inconsistent from egg (Fig. 4A). Stretching of the Figure 2. Early hatched larva the earlier observation by Se- body could have facilitated the with yolk and external gills shachar (1982) who mentioned break in the membrane. After a straight chain of eggs con- the emergence of the head, we nected end to end by cords observed a gap of a few sec- (Fig. 1D) in I. malabarensis. onds when the larva showed no The eggs were oval in shape movements. In the second with average weight of 750mg stage more than two-third of and average size of 14.2 - the body emerged from the 13.2mm. Details of the eggs egg (Fig. 4B), followed by an- A B C are given in Table 1. The de- other pause. In the third stage veloping larva with external the tail portion came out and Figure 4. Three stages in the hatching of the larva from the egg. Refer to the text for details of each stage. gills, yolk and amniotic fluid the newly emerged larva coiled could be seen through the thin around itself (Fig. 4C). The transparent membrane of the average hatching time for each eggs. A prematurely hatched larva was approximately 2- larva is shown in Fig. 2. The 3min. Just hatched larva was early-hatched larva died while black in colour and 75.2mm in handling within 30min. It was length. The eyes were promi- elongated, black in colour with nent and round, mouth was white strip on the ventral side sub-terminal and tail, with and about 65mm in length and caudal fin, was laterally com- weighed 584mg. The eyes pressed. The caudal fin had were situated on the dorso- broad dorsal and short ventral Figure 5. Physical mouth-to-mouth contact between larvae before lateral side of head and were lobes. The vent was situated at entry into the water. 2 frog leg Newsletter of the ANSA & ASG SA 2007 December Table 1. Details of egg clutch and eggs of Ichthyophis cf. malabarensis unique feature of egg laying Oxford University Press, Mum- Values 12 days before On the day and reproduction in Ichthyo- bai. hatching of hatching phis malabarensis (Taylor) (Apoda- Amphibia). Current Acknowledgements: 1 Weight of single egg 843mg 620mg Science 51: 32-34. We are grateful to Dr. Mark 2 Weight of total egg mass 121392mg 89280mg Balakrishna T.A., K.R. Gun- Wilkinson and Dr. David Gower, 3 Length of one cord 13mm 13mm 4 Length of total cord of egg clutch. 1853mm 1853mm dappa & K. Shakuntala (1983). The Natural History Museum, 5 Weight of single egg coat - 34mg Observation on the eggs and London; Dr. Anil Mahabal, Dr. 6 Weight of total egg coat - 4896mg embryo of Ichthyophis mala- Satish Kamble and Dr. Yadav, 7 Diameter of egg at cord 44.1mm 38.2mm barensis (Taylor) (Apoda: Am- Zoological Survey of India, 8 Diameter of egg opposite to cord 40.1mm 35.6mm phibia), Current Science 52: Pune, and Shri. Varad Giri, 9 Width of egg at cord 14.2mm 13.2mm 990- 991.
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