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A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Efficacy Of ORIGINAL RESEARCH A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Varenicline Tartrate for Alcohol Dependence Raye Z. Litten, PhD, Megan L. Ryan, MBA, Joanne B. Fertig, PhD, Daniel E. Falk, PhD, Bankole Johnson, MD, Kelly E. Dunn, PhD, Alan I. Green, MD, Helen M. Pettinati, PhD, Domenic A. Ciraulo, MD, Ofra Sarid-Segal, MD, Kyle Kampman, MD, Mary F.Brunette, MD, Eric C. Strain, MD, Nassima A. Tiouririne, MD, Janet Ransom, PhD, Charles Scott, PhD, and Robert Stout, PhD; for the NCIG (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Clinical Investigations Group) Study Group α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine agonist approved by the Food and Drug Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of varenicline (Chantix) Administration for smoking cessation. It has reduced drinking in for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Varenicline is a partial animal studies and in small studies of humans who were both heavy drinkers and smokers. This is the first multisite clinical trial of From the Division of Treatment and Recovery Research (RZL, MLR, JBF varenicline in a population of smokers and nonsmokers with alcohol DEF), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatric Medicine (BJ, NAT), University of Vir- dependence. ginia, Charlottesville, VA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Methods: Men and women (n = 200) meeting the criteria for alcohol (KED, ECS), Baltimore, MD; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth dependence were recruited across 5 clinical sites. Patients received (AIG, MFB), Lebanon, NH; University of Pennsylvania Treatment Re- double-blind varenicline or placebo and a computerized behavioral search Center (HMP, KK), Philadelphia, PA; Boston University School of Medicine (DAC, OS-S), Boston, MA; Fast Track Drugs and Biologics intervention. Varenicline was titrated during the first week to 2 mg/d, (JR, CS), North Potomac, MD; and Decision Sciences Institute/Pacific which was maintained during weeks 2 to 13. Institute for Research and Evaluation (RS), Pawtucket, RI. and NCIG Results: The varenicline group had significantly lower weekly Study Group members are as follows: Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA and Quincy, MA (Joanna Piechniczek-Buczek, MD, Chris Streeter, percent heavy drinking days (primary outcome) (adjusted mean MD, Eric Devine, PhD, Courtney Richambault, Laurie Sickles-Colaneri, difference = 10.4), drinks per day, drinks per drinking day, and RN); University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (Eva Jenkins-Mendoza, alcohol craving compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05). The Sean Sembrowich, RN, Jennifer Kim Penberthy, PhD, Amanda Nizam, average treatment effect on alcohol use was similar for smokers and Nicole Fischer, Shari Steinman, Mindy Borszich); University of Virginia, Richmond, VA (Esther Makanjuola, RN, Tricia Schirmer, Kathryn Polak, nonsmokers. Varenicline was well-tolerated; adverse events were Christina Hill, Kathryn Conley, Alison Eonta, Kasy Serdar, Aubrey Gart- expected and mild. ner, Amy Madigan); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, Conclusions: Varenicline significantly reduced alcohol consumption NH and Bedford, NH (Audrey Kern, MD, Christopher O’Keefe, MS, Mir- and craving, making it a potentially viable option for the treatment of randa Boshart, Suzanne Miller, Shannon Rondeau, RN, Marjorie Weeks, Pamela Geiger); University of Pennsylvania, Treatment Research Center, alcohol dependence. Philadelphia, PA (Jennifer Plebani, PhD, William Dundon, PhD, Eliza- beth Mahoney, MA, Gail Kaempf, CRPN, Brenda Beitler, APRN, Cynthia Key Words: alcohol dependence, alcohol use disorder, Champix, Clark, CPRN, Kelly Griffin, Joshua Lachewitz, Elizabeth Wilson, Margo Chantix, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, varenicline Hendrickson, Tamara Roth, Laurie Downing, NP); and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Joseph Harrison, MS, Kimberly Nelson, (J Addict Med 2013;00: 1–10) LPN, Ashley Bathgate, Connie Lowery, RN, Elana Schwartz, Torran Clai- borne, Sarah Hersh). Received for publication January 24, 2013; accepted April 6, 2013. lcohol use disorders (AUDs) (abuse and dependence) Supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism affect 18 million Americans, causing a wide range (NIAAA) (Contract No. HHSN27200900005C); ClinicalTrials.gov NCT A 01146613. of medical, psychological, social, personal, and economic Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL ci- problems (Grant et al., 2004; Rehm et al., 2009). This hetero- tation appears in the printed text and is provided in the HTML and geneous disorder is characterized by compulsive alcohol use PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.journal and an inability to stop drinking despite harmful consequences addictionmedicine.com). The authors declare no conflicts of interest. (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Alcohol use has Send correspondence and reprint requests to Raye Z. Litten, PhD, Division of recently been identified as the third leading risk factor for Treatment and Recovery Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse global burden of disease and injury (Lim et al., 2012). The total and Alcoholism, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail: rlitten economic cost of excessive alcohol consumption in the United @mail.nih.gov. States is estimated to be $224 billion annually (Bouchery Copyright C 2013 American Society of Addiction Medicine ISSN: 1932-0620/13/000000-0001 et al., 2011). Currently, only 3 medications are approved by DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e31829623f4 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for r J Addict Med Volume 00, Number 00, 00 2013 1 Copyright © 2013 American Society of Addiction Medicine. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. r Litten et al. J Addict Med Volume 00, Number 00, 00 2013 the treatment of alcohol dependence: disulfiram, naltrexone other than alcohol and nicotine (MINI), psychiatric disorders (oral and injectable), and acamprosate. Though effective for including major psychotic disorders (MINI), undergone some, these drugs do not work for everyone, and they remain medical detoxification during the screening phase, previous underutilized by clinicians (Litten et al., 2012). treatment with varenicline, and history of atherosclerotic Varenicline (Chantix) (Pfizer, New York) is a partial cardiovascular disease. In addition, subjects who had ever α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine agonist used in aiding smoking attempted suicide or had current (past year) suicidality risk cessation. Since being approved by the FDA in 2006, it has (based upon the MINI) were excluded (see Supplemental been prescribed for 8.9 million people in the United States Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JAM/A9, for full list (SDI, 2011). Converging lines of data suggest that nicotinic of inclusion and exclusion criteria). acetylcholine receptors may play a significant role in the rewarding effects of both nicotine and alcohol (Le et al., Study Design and Oversight 2000; Tizabi et al., 2002; Ericson et al., 2009), indicating a The study was a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, promising molecular target for the treatment of both disorders. placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multisite 13-week treat- Alcohol and tobacco use often occur in tandem (Hurley ment trial. Interested candidates responded by telephone et al., 2012), with interactions occurring at the pharmacologic, to advertisements at 5 academic sites in the United States genetic, and neurochemical levels. Preclinical studies demon- between February 2011 and February 2012. strated decreases in alcohol consumption in rodents that were In addition to screening and baseline visits, 5 in-clinic given varenicline (Steensland et al., 2007; Ericson et al., visits (weeks 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14) and 8 telephone visits (weeks 2009; Wouda et al., 2011). A human laboratory study (McKee 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13) were conducted. As follow-up, a et al., 2009) of smokers who also were heavy drinkers reported telephone interview was conducted at week 16, approximately a reduction in alcohol drinking, craving, and the pleasant 2 weeks after the last in-clinic visit, to assess drug safety and subjective and reinforcing effects of alcohol when subjects to determine any changes in drinking. Patients were required were given varenicline. More recently, in a preliminary study, to have a BAC ≤ 0.02% to complete the in-clinic assessments. 15 heavy drinking smokers treated with varenicline for 3 Patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to weeks reported a greater reduction in alcohol craving and receive either varenicline or placebo using a permuted fewer heavy drinking days compared with placebo (Fucito stratified block randomization procedure. The stratification et al., 2011). Similarly, in another small study (n = 64), variables were clinical site and regular smoking (≥10 vs <10 varenicline reduced alcohol consumption in heavy drinking cigarettes smoked per day for the past week) (Gonzales et al., smokers (Mitchell et al., 2012). 2006). Randomization was implemented via a telephone- or The study reported here represents the first multisite Web-based system. clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of varenicline in The medication was dispensed using a double-blind an alcohol-dependent population of smokers and nonsmokers. method to patients at scheduled visits over the 13 weeks. Heavy-drinking, alcohol-dependent patients who are actively Varenicline was supplied in 0.5 mg overencapsulated tablets drinking were
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