ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN AFRICA An Africa Watch Report March 1991 ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN AFRICA An Africa Watch Report March 1991 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW Third Floor Suite 910 New York, NY 10017 Washington, DC 20005 (212) 972-8400 (202) 371-6592 90 Borough High Street London SEI ILL United Kingdom (071) 378-8008 Copyright 8 March 1991 by Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-929692-77-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-86085 Cover Design by: AFRICA WATCH Africa Watch was established in May 1988 to monitor and promote respect for internationally recognized human rights in Africa. The Chairman of Africa Watch is William Carmichael. The Executive Director is Rakiya Omaar; Richard Carver is the Research Director; Alex de Waal is Research Consultant; Janet Fleischman and Karen Sorensen are Research Associates; Richard Dicker is an Orville Schell Fellow; and Jo Graham and Ben Penglase are Associates. Africa Watch is part of Human Rights Watch. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch is composed of five Watch Committees: Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch and Middle East Watch. Executive Committee: Chairman, Robert L. Bernstein; Vice Chairman, Adrian DeWind; Members: Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Peter Bell, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Jonathan Fanton, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen Kass, Marina Kaufman, Jeri Laber, Aryeh Neier, Bruce Rabb, Kenneth Roth, Orville Schell, Sophie S. Silverberg, Gary Sick, Nadine Strossen. Staff: Executive Director, Aryeh Neier; Deputy Director, Kenneth Roth; Washington Director, Holly J. Burkhalter; Press Director, Susan Osnos; California Director, Ellen Lutz; Counsel, Jemera Rone; Business Manager, Stephanie Steelle; Women's Project Director, Dorothy Q. Thomas; Prison Project Director, Joanna Weschler; Research Associate, Allyson Collins; Orville Schell Fellows, Richard Dicker, Robert Kushen, Dinah PoKempner. Executive Directors: Africa Watch Americas Watch Asia Watch Rakiya Omaar Juan E. Méndez Sidney Jones Helsinki Watch Middle East Watch Jeri Laber Andrew Whitley AFRICA WATCH BOARD OF DIRECTORS William Carmichael, Chairman Roland Algrant Robert L. Bernstein Alice Brown Julius Chambers Michael Clough Roberta Cohen Carol Corillon Alison L. DesForges Adrian W. DeWind Thomas M. Franck Gail Gerhart Jack Greenberg Alice Henkin Richard A. Joseph Thomas Karis Russell Karp Stephen Kass Randal Kennedy John A. Marcum Gay McDougall Toni Morrison James C.N. Paul Robert Preiskel Norman Redlich Randall Robinson David S. Tatel Claude E. Welch, Jr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All the research staff of Africa Watch contributed to this report: Richard Carver; Richard Dicker; Janet Fleischman; Rakiya Omaar; Karen Sorensen; and Alex de Waal. Richard Dicker had overall responsibility for the report, which was edited by Rakiya Omaar. We are grateful to a number of our board members who provided us with invaluable information and contacts, and who encouraged us in undertaking this project. They are: William Carmichael, Roberta Cohen, Tom Karis, Gail Gerhart, James Paul and Claude Welch, Jr. We are especially indebted to the many African academics and students who shared their experiences with us. It is their information and their concerns which have enriched this report. Many of them requested anonymity, and we have respected that wish. i We dedicate this report to Dr. Ushari Ahmed Mahmoud, linguistics researcher, former lecturer at the University of Khartoum, and human rights activist who is now detained at Shalla Prison, Darfur. He documented human rights abuses in Sudan, and has now become a victim himself. TABLE OF CONTENTS: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY IN AFRICA......................................... 9 ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES: COUNTRY CHAPTERS CAMEROON........................................................................................... 15 KENYA ................................................................................................... 19 LIBERIA....................................................................................................29 MALAWI................................................................................................. 35 NIGERIA................................................................................................. 41 SOMALIA ............................................................................................... 53 SOUTH AFRICA..................................................................................... 73 The Impact of Apartheid Legislation............................................... 73 The Security Laws........................................................................... 76 Police Violence and State Interference on the Campuses................ 78 Attempts to Cut University Subsidies.............................................. 82 SUDAN.................................................................................................... 85 Background ..................................................................................... 85 The Present Military Government ................................................... 87 Detention of Academics and Teachers ............................................ 89 Dismissals of Academics................................................................. 92 Other Restrictions on Academics .................................................... 93 SWAZILAND.......................................................................................... 97 TANZANIA........................................................................................... 107 TOGO .................................................................................................... 113 UGANDA .............................................................................................. 117 ZAIRE.................................................................................................... 121 ZIMBABWE.......................................................................................... 127 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................ 133 APPENDIX A: Rwanda ................................................................................ 139 APPENDIX B: Zambia ....................................................................................143 APPENDIX C: African Academics Listed in the Report, Currently in Detention................................................................................................ 147 INTRODUCTION * Dr. Farouk Ibrahim el Nur is a lecturer in the Faculty of Science at the University of Khartoum. He was arrested on November 30, 1989, at a time of widespread anti-government civil disobedience. The principal reason for his detention was probably his left-wing political views. During his detention, he was tortured by security officials who were offended by Farouk's courses on the Darwinian theory of evolution, which they decided was incompatible with Islam. The torture was a means to force him to recant his views. He refused to comply. In a letter to the head of the regime, Lt-Gen al Bashir, Dr. Farouk described his experiences: I was flogged, kicked, hit on the face, head, and other parts of the body by professional torturers. I was threatened with death, humiliated and subjected to other types of torture ... Afterwards, I was transferred to a small toilet that was flooded with water where I spent three days, during which time I was beaten, humiliated and deprived of sleep. Then I was taken to a bathroom with five detainees where the same process of torture was repeated for nine days. * Jack Mapanje was the Head of the Department of English Language at Chancellor College in Malawi when he was arrested on September 25, 1987. A published poet of international reputation, he is also a respected theoretical linguist. He is the chairman of the Linguistics Association of SADCC Universities.1 He has edited two anthologies of African poetry, broadcast for the British Broadcast Corporation (BBC) and acted as judge in BBC and Commonwealth poetry competitions. He is held without charge or trial at Mikuyu Prison. 1 SADCC is the Southern African Development Coordination Conference, an organization that aims to reduce the extent to which the independent countries of the region are dependent on South Africa. 1 The government has given no reasons for his detention. However, it is widely believed that his writings, critical of the government, prompted his arrest. For the first twenty months of his detention, Mapanje was not allowed visits from his family or friends. * Mahmood Mamdani is a Ugandan political scientist at Makerere University. In 1985, he presented a paper at a conference in Kampala, criticizing the government's policy of creating national parks on the grounds that it interfered with peasant food production. The Acting Minister of Wildlife and Tourism, who owned Uganda's largest tour company and who had just ordered the creation of a new national park, was a participant. He also happened to be the Minister of Security. He did not appreciate Mamdani's comments and promptly deprived him of his citizenship. These cases typify some of the human rights abuses documented in this report.