War Memorials in Wales Technical Guidance CARING FOR Cadw, Welsh Government Photography for this booklet was provided Plas Carew by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW); Parc Nantgarw all images are © Crown copyright: RCAHMW Cardiff CF15 7QQ unless otherwise specified. Cadw gratefully 01443 336000 acknowledges the help of Phil Parkes (Cardiff [email protected] University), Cyllene Griffiths (Powys County www.cadw.wales.gov.uk Council), and staff at RCAHMW, Historic Scotland, English Heritage and War Memorials Cadw is the Welsh Government’s historic Trust in the preparation of this booklet. environment service working for an accessible The content is based on Advice on Maintenance and well-protected historic environment for of War Memorials (English Heritage and War Wales. Memorials Trust) and Short Guide 3: The Repair and Maintenance of War Memorials (Historic War Memorials Trust Scotland and War Memorials Trust). 2nd Floor These documents can be accessed from the 42a Buckingham Palace Road War Memorials Trust website. London www.warmemorials.org/a-z SW1W 0RE Conservation advice/grants: 020 7233 7356 [email protected] This publication is available in alternative formats. www.warmemorials.org For details please contact Cadw at the above address or telephone 01443 336000. War Memorials Trust is a national charity which works for the conservation and protection of Cover photograph: The weary face of war, Lampeter. war memorials in the UK. Contents photograph: The Royal Welch Fusiliers memorial, Wrexham. First published by Cadw 2014 ISBN 978 1 85760 318 7 (PDF) © Crown copyright 2014 WG 19995 Caring for War Memorials in Wales Technical Guidance
Contents
Introduction 3 Ironwork 20 Repair and Maintenance 5 Lead 22 Stone 5 Gilding 22 Stone decay 6 Wood 22 Surface soiling 7 Paper 23 Plant growth 7 Mosaics 23 Moss 8 Painted decoration 23 Algae 8 Stained and decorative glass 23 Lichens 8 Buildings 24 Use of biocides 8 Protecting against theft of metals 24 Stone cleaning 9 Graffiti and vandalism 25 Re-pointing masonry 11 Removing graffiti 25 Specifying mortar for repairs 12 Preventative measures 26 Stone repairs 13 Bird control 26 Eroding inscriptions 15 Summary of Common Defects 27 Concrete 15 Grants, Advice and Useful Resources 29 Metal 16 Grants 29 Bronze 16 Advice 29 Brass 20 Useful Resources 29 Copper 20 Introduction
ar memorials continue to be a focal Wpoint in towns and villages throughout Wales for commemorating two world wars and other conflicts. It is important that these memorials are properly maintained and conserved for the benefit of future generations. This technical guidance explains in detail how best to care for war memorials in Wales. It is intended mainly for custodians to help them identify what maintenance work can be done by non-specialists, including volunteers, and when they should seek professional help with specialist maintenance or remedial work. In general, any specialists or contractors should have experience of working with historic structures. Specialist contractors and conservators may also find the guidance useful. Introduction
ar memorials continue to be a focal The companion publication, Caring for War Wpoint in towns and villages throughout Memorials in Wales, explains the special interest Wales for commemorating two world wars of war memorials in Wales and provides a and other conflicts. It is important that these general introduction to their maintenance for memorials are properly maintained and custodians, local authorities and local people Below: War memorials conserved for the benefit of future generations. interested in the conservation of this unique are found in every part of This technical guidance explains in detail how legacy. Wales. They are a unique best to care for war memorials in Wales. It is The emphasis of both publications is on record of the impact of war and their long-term intended mainly for custodians to help them freestanding memorials and plaques rather than conservation ensures that identify what maintenance work can be done by larger structures such as buildings or parks and the memory of those who non-specialists, including volunteers, and when gardens for example. War memorials may be lost their lives endures (By they should seek professional help with specialist statutorily protected by listing or scheduling courtesy of Media Wales maintenance or remedial work. In general, so it is best to seek guidance from your local Ltd). any specialists or contractors should have planning authority Conservation Officer before Opposite: This memorial experience of working with historic structures. you begin any work to find out if any consents at Aberbanc, near Llandysul, was erected to Specialist contractors and conservators may also are required. There is more information about commemorate the First find the guidance useful. consents in Caring for War Memorials in Wales. World War.
3 hen planning works to a war memorial, Wit is important to have a clear understanding of the materials the memorial is made from and to understand the specific conservation requirements relevant to them. This technical guidance looks at the different materials used for the construction of war memorials, the risk of damage caused by physical, biological or atmospheric agents and the appropriate care and maintenance necessary to ensure their long-term survival. Specialist advice should be available from your local planning authority Conservation Officer and War Memorials Trust and there is a list of useful resources and contact details on page 29. Stone Sandstone, limestone and granite are the most common types of stone used for war memorials in Wales. Alongside other stone types, imported marble was occasionally used for sculptures and slate was sometimes used for roofing and inlaid panels with inscriptions. Repair and Maintenance
hen planning works to a war memorial, Stone can vary widely in quality, appearance Wit is important to have a clear and durability. Where repairs are required, understanding of the materials the memorial you may need to identify the source of the is made from and to understand the specific stone, either from records or by using a stone- conservation requirements relevant to them. matching service. Unlike granite, which is hard, This technical guidance looks at the different other stones are softer and more porous and, materials used for the construction of war therefore, more vulnerable to damage from memorials, the risk of damage caused by inappropriate cleaning, poor detailing and physical, biological or atmospheric agents and weathering. Some types of stone can be prone the appropriate care and maintenance necessary to delamination, where layers flake away from Below left: Slate was to ensure their long-term survival. the surface. This normally occurs when the sometimes used for carved Specialist advice should be available from stone has not been laid correctly with respect panels like this at Capel Baladeulyn, Nantlle. The your local planning authority Conservation to its grain but can be a natural occurrence that carved detail shows a scene Officer and War Memorials Trust and there is cannot be prevented. from the lives of the slate a list of useful resources and contact details on Granite was frequently used for war workers. page 29. memorials even when it was not found Below right: Marble was locally. This may be because its durability and often used for memorial panels inside places of aesthetic qualities were considered particularly Stone worship and civic buildings. appropriate for war memorials. Granite has This poignant memorial is in Sandstone, limestone and granite are the most a crystalline structure which can take a high Pendref Methodist Chapel, common types of stone used for war memorials polish making it particularly suitable for interior Denbigh. in Wales. Alongside other stone types, imported memorials. External memorials may use a Opposite: War memorials marble was occasionally used for sculptures and combination of finishes and were often left rustic are often made of a number slate was sometimes used for roofing and inlaid of different materials. deliberately. If appropriately treated, granite Here, at Ebbw Vale, the panels with inscriptions. memorials can have a long lifespan and require bronze statue, the granite relatively little maintenance. But, they can still be pedestal and pillars, and iron chain-link each has its harmed by aggressive cleaning methods or the own specific conservation use of inappropriate repair materials. requirements.
5 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
Below left: When properly Conservation and repairs to stonework on Stone decay maintained, stone is one war memorials should follow the principles of Stone is one of the most stable building of the most stable building minimum intervention and maximum retention materials and can be materials when it is properly maintained of original fabric. Cleaning, re-pointing, indent used for both building providing that it has been correctly selected repairs or re-facing should only be considered and decoration. Erected in and bedded, and designed to shed water. 1919, the intricate carved where the condition or structural integrity of the However, over time all types of stone will erode sandstone head of the memorial is compromised, or where the defects memorial at Hanmer has and weather. The rate of decay depends on detract from its significance and status. withstood almost 100 years the type of stone and the level of exposure. Historic structures often lean and usually this of exposure to the elements. Deterioration can also be affected by the way is not a problem or sign of structural instability. Below right: Not all stone, the stone has been dressed and laid, or by Unless it is clear that the memorial is at risk of however, survives well. natural variations within individual pieces of The deterioration of the collapse, you should monitor it to see whether masonry. columns and inscription on or not movement is still active. Where there is a the limestone memorial at Common causes of damage to stone war cause for concern, you should seek the advice of Abercynon is likely to result memorials: a suitably experienced conservation architect or from a number of different • atmospheric pollutants factors. structural engineer. • biological growths, made worse by cleaning or persistent damp conditions • physical damage from wear, collisions, vandalism or theft • chemical cleaning • the use of hard, dense cement mortars for re-pointing and repair works • abrasive cleaning techniques • cracking from frost action or expansion of ironwork • salt damage • graffiti • natural weathering and faults in the stone • poor architectural design or detailing.
6 Repair and Maintenance
Surface soiling Plant growth Atmospheric pollutants, such as soot and Where sites are neglected or where fractures industrial chemicals, have been significantly in stonework or pointing allow vegetation to reduced over recent years, but increasing vehicle grow, small plants and tree saplings can readily emissions continue to be a common cause of take a hold. Buddleia and ivy are common and stone soiling and decay in urban areas. Stone can cause serious damage if not removed or memorials may also be soiled and discoloured controlled. Plants can bury roots within the by both natural and artificial biological or joints or under the base of war memorials and chemical agents. cause fractures, jacking or instability. It is perfectly natural for a stone to gradually In severe cases the memorial may have to War memorials often change colour from its pristine new state when be dismantled and rebuilt, but, usually, you can attract growths of algae, it is exposed to the elements and develops a weed out the plants, remove the roots and get lichens and moss, which the voids re-pointed. Where the plants are well may require removal. Check natural patina on its surface. The patina begins if you need specialist help. to form when the fresh stone is cut from the established, a biocide may be needed to kill off The discoloration on this war quarry. A thin crust is formed when soluble the root network and remove the rest of the memorial looks like an algal minerals are deposited on the surface as the plant, but care must be taken not to use biocide growth. stone dries out. The wetting and drying cycles caused by exposure to the weather continue the mineralogical changes near the stone surface which, combined with particulate matter in the atmosphere, develop into a stable surface zone, usually only a few millimetres thick. This patina acts as a protective layer and its removal by inappropriate cleaning methods can expose softer stone which deteriorates and decays. Patina also gives the stonework much of its character and can be appreciated as an indication of the memorial’s permanence and endurance. The appearance of old stonework can be beautiful and stone should never be cleaned simply to refresh the appearance of the memorial. Generally, soiling is only a problem if it is causing damage to the fabric, spoils its appearance, makes it impossible to assess the condition of the memorial or to read the inscriptions. Algae, lichens and mosses can be common on external stonework, especially in rural areas. Such growths are not necessarily harmful and may even improve how the memorial looks. However, biological growths may encourage soiling by providing a suitable surface for pollutants to stick to. If they are damaging the stone or obscuring inscriptions or decorative detail on a war memorial their removal may be desirable. Removal of biological growths may also be necessary to assess the surface. Some species are protected by law. More information on protected species is available from Natural Resources Wales www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk.
7 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
on the memorial itself. Application of a biocide You can reduce or prevent algae by should be undertaken by a specialist. reducing surface moisture. Organise the repair The best way to avoid plant growth is to of architectural details to control run-off and make sure that the pointing is sound and to the cutting back of sheltering vegetation to repair broken stone. encourage quicker drying. When dry, algae can be removed by brushing Moss with a stiff natural bristle brush or scraping Moss will only grow where it is persistently damp with a wooden spatula. Sometimes, additional and sheltered, so it may grow on memorials that cleaning with a non-ionic detergent may be are overshadowed by buildings or trees, or where required to remove any residue. In general, this heavy rainfall combines with poor drainage. Small type of work should be done by a contractor amounts of moss are not harmful but in greater with appropriate experience. quantities it can cause deterioration of stonework or pointing. This is because moss retains moisture Lichens and may make the stone vulnerable to frost Lichens are a combined growth made up of fungi damage. Where moss is growing mainly along and algae. They are extremely slow growing joints it normally means that the joints are open and often a sign of a clean atmosphere. The and trapping water, so this should be investigated. subtle colours and mellowing effect of lichens on Moss is not aggressive and you can easily stonework can be very beautiful. Most lichens are remove it by gently scraping with a wooden harmless but there are some species which can spatula as part of your regular maintenance damage the surface of vulnerable stone types by programme. You do not need a specialist unless causing blistering or pitting. the stone is in a poor condition. If it is, you should As the removal of lichens can damage the seek specialist advice to find out whether removal stone, it is recommended that you remove it is appropriate or may cause damage. Biocides are only when the stone is being harmed or where not usually necessary and should be used by a inscriptions are obscured. If this is the case, specialist. However, some species of moss may remove the lichens with a stiff natural bristle be protected or be of regional importance. More brush. For particularly hard lichens, a water information is available from Natural Resources saturated cotton cloth should be applied for a Wales www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk. minimum of an hour before attempting to brush or scrape it off. When the stone is generally in Algae good condition you do not need a specialist. (use a specialist contractor) However, if the stone is very old or in a poor The growth of algae on a stone surface is condition you should consult a specialist. common and indicates water. Algal growths are Steam cleaning can also be effective and has usually green and slimy when fresh and change the added benefit of a sterilising effect which to black when the surface dries out. Algae may delays re-growth. Steam cleaning should only be Most lichens — like the undertaken by a specialist contractor (see p. 10). yellow growth on this plinth colonise a memorial in a very wet area, or Some species of lichen may be protected or be — are harmless but should where it is overshadowed by trees or buildings be monitored. and remains damp for extended periods. of regional importance. More information is available from Natural Resources Wales www.naturalresourceswales.gov.uk. Use of biocides (use a specialist contractor) The application of a biocide may be specified for the removal of biological growths and after stone cleaning, but it should only be applied by a specialist contractor. Biocides are generally only effective for a short period of time unless the underlying reason for the growth has been
8 Repair and Maintenance
addressed. The dead growth that results from equipment selection of the operator and the using biocide can also provide a nutrient layer correct specification. on which new growth will re-establish itself at an Although non-specialists, including accelerated rate. volunteers, may be able to use some basic Biocides with a neutral pH are preferable water cleaning methods on stone in good on stone memorials as natural stone can be condition, most cleaning should be done by affected by acid- or alkali-based products. conservation specialists. However, cleaning stone structures may actually promote the development of biological growths, Trial panels particularly algae. This may be due to the Before cleaning stone on any memorial, a small phosphates in some chemical cleaning agents, trial panel should be prepared in a discreet area or the creation of a rougher surface on the to assess the impact of the cleaning method on cleaned stone to which plants can more easily the stonework, starting with the least aggressive attach. Therefore, biocides should only be used and invasive method. On memorials made up of when necessary and the benefits outweigh the different stone types or where there is a variety The polished granite war potential harm. of soiling, several trial panels may be necessary. memorial on Church Island, When a biocide is used — perhaps where Once the procedure and level of cleaning have Menai Bridge, should be cleaned using appropriate been agreed, the trial panel should remain as a extensive or persistent plant growth is present techniques to preserve — the treatment must destroy the problem ‘control’ until the majority of the work has been its character and the organism effectively without harming other completed. This can also help to avoid disputes. inscriptions. flora and fauna in the vicinity, or entering water sources. It should not leave deposits on the stone, alter the natural colour of the stone or affect the stone in any permanent way that could lead to further deterioration. Any metal elements should be protected during the use of biocides. Household bleaches, patio cleaners and weedkillers should not be used on war memorials. They often contain harsh chemicals and can deposit salts which cause further decay. There is specific guidance aboutbiocides and detergents on the War Memorials Trust website. Stone cleaning Where soiling has a significant detrimental effect on stonework, either physically or aesthetically, it may be appropriate to clean the stone. Opinions vary on the appropriate appearance of war memorials: weathered or pristine. However, an aged surface should not be confused with soiling and any cleaning should conserve the existing patina. Decorative elements and inscriptions in bronze or other materials should be carefully protected from damage during all cleaning processes. When stone cleaning is necessary, the least aggressive method should always be the starting point to minimise the risk of damage to the memorial. The success of all methods depends on the skill, experience and
9 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
Dry brushing should not be done in very cold weather as it Manually brushing the stone with a natural will leave the stone vulnerable to frost attack. bristle or nylon brush to remove organic growth Basic water cleaning of relatively sound stone and loosely bound surface dirt is a gentle and does not need a specialist contractor but you effective method of cleaning. It can be effective should consult a specialist if you plan to use on rubble and rock-faced ashlar memorials. If more sophisticated methods. the stone is in good condition you do not need Steam cleaning a specialist to do this work. However, if the (use a specialist contractor) stone is friable even manual brushing can cause loss of surface detail. If you are uncertain about Steam cleaning is often used in conjunction the condition of the stonework, you should with other methods such as bristle brushing consult a specialist. Wire brushing is not suitable or low-pressure abrasive cleaning. The steam for war memorials. loosens surface-bound dirt so that it swells and detaches. It is not suitable for the removal of Low-pressure water washing carbon-based pollution deposits which are not This is one of the least aggressive methods of generally water soluble and tend to penetrate cleaning stone. It is commonly used to clean the matrix of more porous stone. When used stone where dirt is bound to relatively soluble in conjunction with mild detergents, steam chemical compounds. It is particularly effective cleaning can be effective at removing grease and on limestone and granite. More stubborn soiling oil deposits. Newer proprietary steam-cleaning processes use pressurised, super-heated water can be softened with water and then removed directed onto the surface which softens surface with natural bristle brushes or a wooden deposits allowing easy removal. This process is scraper. Water washing can also be effective on effective at removing organic growth, paint and marble, combined with a non-ionic detergent for some types of graffiti and is particularly effective more difficult or greasy deposits. on limestone and granite. Steam cleaning should Water washing should only use enough water Steam cleaning can be be undertaken by specialist contractors. effective to remove a to wash away the deposits, or loosen them surface build up of dirt, so they can be removed manually. Too much Low-pressure abrasive cleaning but a specialist contractor water can cause over-saturation or staining of should be employed to do (use a specialist contractor) the stone, particularly on marble. Begin cleaning the work like that seen here Proprietary low-pressure cleaning systems use at the top of the memorial to avoid washing dirt at Pontarddulais (© Elliott a specialised nozzle that delivers water mixed Ryder Conservation). onto previously cleaned surfaces. Water washing with a very fine abrasive powder. The process tends to be less aggressive than other forms of pressure washing as the powder particles are very fine and applied in a vortex rather than directly onto the surface. This method can also be used without water to deliver a low-pressure abrasive clean and can be effective at removing pollution crusts, particularly from sandstone. It is essential that a skilled person does the cleaning to make sure that the memorial is not damaged. Used incorrectly, such methods can cause loss of definition to tooled finishes and roughening of the stone.
Abrasive cleaning (avoid these methods) There are other methods that are sometimes used for cleaning stone which are not suitable
10 Repair and Maintenance
for war memorials. These include dry or wet staining will re-appear. Cleaning using poultices grit blasting, disc cleaning and high-pressure should be undertaken by specialist conservators. water washing. Such methods carry a high risk of damaging the surface of the masonry and joints, Re-pointing masonry and cause further deterioration. (use a specialist contractor) It is important to make sure that pointing Chemical cleaning remains sound as defective joints can allow (use a specialist contractor) water to penetrate the memorial. Cycles of Many acid and alkaline chemical cleaning freezing and thawing can result in damage The stonework here has agents are available and they vary in strength to the stonework. Defective pointing, which been stained by metal and effectiveness. Detergents and biocides allows moisture retention, can also encourage run-off from the bronze are sometimes added. Chemical cleaning is biological growth and lead to further damage statue above. A specialist particularly damaging for porous stones, such to the memorial. Re-pointing will be needed conservator may use a poultice to remove the stain. as limestone and sandstone, and can cause when the bedding or jointing mortar is washed A new protective coating for severe staining on marble, but even very hard out or loosened, leaving gaps that water can the statue should prevent impermeable stones such as granite can be penetrate. Where pointing has deteriorated further staining. harmed. Chemicals can penetrate the stone resulting in efflorescence (salts) and decay over subsequent years. Often, chemical cleaning is combined with pressure washing to remove residues, which can cause further damage. Because of the risks attached, chemical cleaning is not normally recommended for stone war memorials. In exceptional circumstances the use of chemical cleaners may be appropriate; for example, for some types of graffiti and severe staining on sandstone which are not soluble in water. Cleaning trials using different chemical strengths and concentrations are essential to establish the best option for the stone type. Acidic products should never be used on limestone and marble. Chemical cleaning should be undertaken by specialist conservators.
Poultices (use a specialist contractor) Some types of staining can penetrate the stone, such as staining caused by metal run-off, iron oxide (rust) or copper compounds from bronze and brass. Cleaning techniques, which act on the surface of the stone, will not be effective in these cases and a poultice is the best option. Poultices are typically applications of fibrous or clayey materials containing water and/or other solvents. They work by drawing the stain out of the stonework. Poultices containing sequestering agents are available for the removal of metallic stains. Run-off staining from metal is normally a result of lack of maintenance of the protective coating (wax, paint or patination oils). If this coating is not maintained after cleaning, the
11 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
Re-pointing may be very badly, stones may become loose and or vibrating cutter) to cut out fine joints. But, as necessary to prevent water require re-setting. a rule of thumb, if a mortar needs a mechanical from penetrating stonework, In general, lime mortar is suitable to use tool to remove it, it is unlikely to require but care must be taken to specify the correct mortar with historic stone. Cement mortar can replacement unless it is causing problems. and style of pointing as seen cause damage because it is inflexible and The joints should normally be raked out to a here at Towyn. impermeable. minimum depth of 25mm, or twice the width of War memorials are important monuments the joint, whichever is greater. To ensure that all and were often built from high-quality ashlar the loose and decayed mortar is removed, the masonry with fine joints, or from coursed, joints should be carefully flushed out with water, squared and dressed stone. Re-pointing taking care that the debris does not collect dressed stone requires a high level of skill as elsewhere on the memorial. conventional methods and tools can easily damage the stone. You should seek contractors Specifying mortar for repairs with suitable skill and experience but, before (use a specialist contractor) starting any re-pointing work, you should Natural stone should not be re-pointed using commission a detailed evaluation to determine cement-based mortars. These are normally the full extent of the work required and the too inflexible and impervious to allow thermal specification of the mortar mix. movement and vapour transfer. As granite is Re-pointing should only be done where hard and dense, it suffers less from sacrificial the existing pointing is defective and there weathering when a strong mortar is used is evidence of, or a risk of, damage to the compared with softer stones; however, the stonework. Slightly or partially eroded pointing hardness of the stone is not the only aspect to is often still effective and over-zealous re- consider when specifying a mortar. pointing may do more harm than good, both When cement-based or other inflexible aesthetically and functionally. It is important mortars are used with a hard stone, the structure to take photographs of the memorial before cannot easily accommodate thermal movement. beginning any stone repair work to use as a The stone resists cracking so that as the body of reference for the repair and to avoid disputes the structure expands and contracts with natural over workmanship. changes in temperature and humidity, the mortar Decayed and loose mortar should be joints will absorb the strain and may crack. Cracks removed carefully using a thin steel hook or in the mortar joints allow water to get into the knife. If absolutely necessary, a skilled contractor structure. This can become trapped and lead to can use an oscillating disc (not an angle grinder damage from frost and vegetation growth.
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Lime mortars are more flexible and can sprayed with a fine water mist. If the pointing accommodate movement more readily so is allowed to dry too rapidly it is likely to fail. there is less likelihood of cracking. Lime mortars Failed pointing is crumbly and may have a white also allow moisture to evaporate. A degree of ‘bloom’ of free lime on the surface. Where this permeability in the mortar joints is important occurs the pointing will have to be removed even with very hard stones, as the only way and re-done. moisture can move through the memorial is Re-pointing and the use of lime mortar are via the joints. For hard stones, such as granite, specialist skills and should be carried out by an a stronger lime mortar can often be used experienced contractor who is aware of their without risking damage to the stone, but a high functional and aesthetic impact. compressive strength or cement-based mortar is not necessary and may cause problems in the Stone repairs long term. (use a specialist contractor) New mortar should match the colour and Where an individual stone has decayed or texture of the original mortar. Pointing should been damaged to the point that it is causing a generally be finished flush or slightly recessed problem to the memorial, replacement may be behind the face of the stone. It must not be considered. Alternatives, such as over-wintering overworked when it is first applied as this will boxes, should also be considered. This is a bring the lime to the surface. Instead, it should simple wooden box built to cover a memorial, be finished by brushing or tapping it with a stiff which protects it from harsh weather during bristle brush once it has achieved its preliminary the winter months. It is a good idea to consult set. This will help to tighten the joints and with the local community before covering a war expose the texture of the aggregate. Care memorial in this way. should be taken to avoid smearing mortar over Stone should not be renewed simply because the face of the stone and any excess should be it is weathered. Over time, all natural stone will cleaned up immediately. weather and take on an established appearance. Lime mortar work is best avoided during This is not a sign of decay and can contribute to very cold weather or on very warm, dry, or the character of the war memorial, signifying its windy days. The fresh pointing should be age and sense of timelessness. protected from drying out too quickly by placing sheets of damp hessian against the stone face Surface repairs until the mortar is cured. In warm weather In some cases it may be possible to prolong the conditions, the hessian should be regularly life of limestone by applying lime treatments
When stone replacement is essential, the new stone should be dressed to match the original. In this example from St Fagans, the top surface is smooth and the facing edge has been rusticated to match the stone alongside (© War Memorials Trust).
13 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
There are also several types of stone consolidant available, but these must be used with extreme care and only by an experienced stone conservator as choice of the wrong material or application can cause additional problems. Water repellents are generally best avoided as they can alter the colour of the surface or, worse still, trap moisture in the stone, causing the surface to spall through the action of freezing and thawing and the build up of salts.
Stone replacement In some cases, partial stone indents may be specified so that as much original fabric as possible can be retained. When removing the damaged or decayed stone, care must be taken to ensure the surrounding stones are not chipped or damaged. Power tools should not normally be used as they significantly increase the risk of damage to surrounding stonework. The exception to this is the careful use of an oscillating disc cutter by a skilled contractor for cutting out stone or joints. A sufficient depth of the decayed stonework should be removed in order to ensure that the replacement stone can be fitted securely into the space. This would normally be a minimum of 100mm. The new stone should be dressed to match the tooling on the original stone, but should not be artificially weathered or distressed to blend in with the surrounding stones. Over time, new stones will weather and blend in if they have been well matched and dressed. If individual stones or sections of stonework are to be replaced, it is important to specify a correct match with both the geological properties and physical appearance of the stone. Indenting with incompatible stone may cause further problems in the future due to differential weathering, performance and appearance. Where possible, a stone sample should be analysed to identify the quarry it came from. Records may also show from where the stone was sourced. Where an exact War memorials vulnerable to or carefully colour-matched lime shelter coats match is not available, a conservation specialist damage from passing traffic to form a sacrificial layer. These treatments should advise on appropriate alternative stone can be protected by bollards. can be particularly useful in extreme choices. The low bollards around the war memorial at Rhayader environments. However, shelter coats must Where war memorials are vulnerable to protect the monument, but be kept in good condition as they are not a impact damage, such as on a busy street, pose little risk to traffic. permanent repair. discreet bollards can provide some protection.
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Eroding inscriptions Concrete structures can be vulnerable to Left: The clarity of cracking caused by corrosion of ferrous fixings, inscriptions is important, (use a specialist contractor) but cleaning or repair work freeze/thaw expansion or structural damage. Where names are illegible through erosion or should not damage the Concrete structures can also be disfigured by memorial. The lettering damage, letters may need to be sharpened or staining caused by salt efflorescence or biological on the Blackwood war re-cut. However, if this is likely to cause more agents. Where concrete has developed cracks, it memorial is clearly cut and damage to the memorial, or if the substrate is important to identify the cause and, if possible, coloured. is too delicate, then re-cutting the names on remedy this before attempting to repair the Right: In contrast, the letters to a different part of the memorial or on a damage. This may involve cutting out ferrous on this Portland Stone replacement panel may be more appropriate. memorial are eroding. They fixings and replacing them with stainless steel Alternatively, it may be possible to record the may need to be re-cut equivalents, improving weathering details or eventually or the stone names elsewhere. The solution will depend on repairing damaged or missing elements that are may need to be replaced the specific circumstances. If the inscription is causing structural damage. if this is the cause of the the work of a notable artist it may be desirable deterioration rather than Cast concrete can be difficult to repair and to retain the original work and allow it to erode natural weathering (© War repairs will often be visible. Obtaining a close naturally and provide an alternative method of Memorials Trust). match to the original mix in terms of strength, reinstating the list of names. A balance needs to colour and texture will help minimise the visual be struck between conserving the memorial and impact. Unless the original specification is known ensuring that the list of names is preserved. Plaques of different stone should not be from records, analysis of the concrete will added as they will affect the appearance of the probably be necessary to determine the most memorial and may cause damage to the original appropriate repair specification. stonework from differential weathering. Analysis and repairs can be carried out by specialist materials consultants or conservators. Samples of the proposed mix should be Concrete produced to ensure a suitable match and to (use a specialist contractor) avoid disputes. Small cracks can sometimes It is not unusual to find concrete as part of a war be effectively repaired using a grout based on memorial. Often it was used for steps, bollards Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine or other boundary elements. Sometimes the mastic sand, various types of proprietary resins entire memorial may be concrete. or lime mortar.
15 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
Metal Bronze Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It is a very The most frequently used metal in war common feature of war memorials either as cast memorials is bronze, but copper, brass, iron statues, which make up the whole memorial, and lead elements are also found. In some or plaques or decorative panels. The surface of cases gilding may be present. Repair methods bronze statues was often treated to create a Bronze is a common to historic or artistic metalwork should always certain aesthetic effect. This is called patination feature of war memorials be chosen to minimise risk of damage to the and can be either natural or applied chemically. and was used for plaques material and to retain as much of the original as and statues. These figures The patina can vary across the metal surface to have weathered to a green possible. The advice of a specialist should always accentuate certain features or to create optical streaky surface finish, which be sought and, in most cases, work should be highlights. Dark brown is the most common is probably unintentional. carried out by a metals conservator. patination finish for war memorials and plaques (see p. 18). Sometimes, sculptures were treated with chemicals that hasten or simulate the corrosion process to create a variegated finish which was then stabilised using oils or wax. This could produce an antique appearance. Raised letters on memorials were often polished to a sheen to highlight them. After patination, a protective microcrystalline wax was applied to the bronze and this needs to be regularly re-applied by a specialist conservator to maintain the protective coating. ‘Bronzing liquid’ is not an appropriate finish for traditional bronze because it is the wrong colour, obscures detailing — particularly of the raised letters — and does not offer adequate protection to the metal.
Surface deterioration (use a specialist contractor) When bronze corrodes it leaves corrosion products on the surface. The deposits are normally copper compounds (carbonates and sulphates), which create the familiar green surface finish sometimes known as verdigris. Although the green colour is a result of corrosion, it is slow forming and stable and can be maintained as long as an appropriate protective wax is applied. Where bronze has not been regularly re- waxed, the natural processes of weathering can accelerate corrosion and loss of the applied patina. This will lead to a change in appearance and, over time, the bronze may become vulnerable to damage and decay. Vehicle emissions and environmental pollution can accelerate the deterioration of bronze. Bronze exposed to a salty, marine environment is particularly vulnerable and bird droppings can also be highly corrosive.
16 Repair and Maintenance
Active corrosion, which appears as bright bronze elements such as plaques. Normally, this green pitting, powdering and pustules, should be is all that is required for a maintenance regime. treated urgently by a metals conservator. For any works more advanced than this basic Wrought-iron armatures may be found maintenance, or if you are concerned about within bronze statues, left over from the casting The bright green pustules process or as structural support. Wrought iron shown in the detail from expands considerably as it corrodes in damp or this statue suggest active wet conditions, which can cause ‘oxide jacking’ corrosion. of the surrounding material and consequent structural damage to the bronze elements. If water has reached internal armatures the surface of the bronze needs to be checked for physical damage or corrosion and a specialist metals conservator should repair it to prevent further water penetration. Sometimes, bronze is painted over with gloss or ‘bronze’ paint in an attempt to minimise maintenance or arrest deterioration. This will significantly change the appearance of the memorial and store up future problems. Where paint has been applied in the past, it should be removed if possible and a suitable patination finish and wax applied by a conservator. Cleaning bronze Generally, cleaning of bronze should be done by a specialist but you can do basic cleaning using low-pressure mains water, non-ionic detergents and natural bristle brushes on site for simple The brush strokes on this memorial suggest that bronze paint has been used either to try to restore or arrest deterioration of the bronze. This has probably changed the appearance of the memorial and is not a recommended treatment for bronze.
17 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
which can damage or discolour stone plinths. Where bronze elements have graffiti damage, the use of chemical cleaning materials may be required. Such specialist cleaning should always be entrusted to a conservator.
Other methods (use a specialist contractor) Other types of cleaning such as blasting with particulate matter or high-pressure water washing are not recommended as they can be excessively abrasive and may cause damage to the bronze or surrounding masonry. War memorials should never be cleaned with household brass or metal cleaning products, acid- or alkali-based cleaners, or abrasive processes such as sanding or wire brushing. These methods are likely to damage the metal. DArk Brown Phosphor bronze brushes are sometimes specified, but these can also damage the surface patination and are not recommended unless used by a metals conservator when a less abrasive method is not suitable.
Re-patination and re-waxing (use a specialist contractor) Re-patination of bronze memorials is a specialist process which should be undertaken by a conservator. It involves cleaning back corrosion products and re-applying patination over the existing finish. In extreme cases of active corrosion, it is necessary to clean back to bare metal and re-patinate. Re-patination can be a controversial area of conservation so professional advice should be sought on what is appropriate for a specific memorial. Where re-patination is agreed and unless there is severe corrosion, your conservator should take a moderate approach that preserves any original surviving patination layers. After cleaning and re-patination works, the bronze should be protected with a microcrystalline wax. Re-waxing should be carried out at least every three years as part of your maintenance programme. This will avoid the need for expensive repair and conservation work in the future. The old wax will need to be removed before new wax is applied. There is a help sheet, Conservation: Bronze, on the War Memorials Trust website.
18 Repair and Maintenance
the condition of the bronze, you will need to which can damage or discolour stone plinths. engage a metals conservator. More extensive Where bronze elements have graffiti damage, bronze conservation is normally done off site the use of chemical cleaning materials may be in workshop conditions. If this is not possible, required. Such specialist cleaning should always extra care must be taken to protect against be entrusted to a conservator. damage. Patination requires heat to be applied which could cause the bronze to expand and Other methods crack surrounding masonry. (use a specialist contractor) Most cleaning methods followed by Other types of cleaning such as blasting with re-patination and waxing will result in a particulate matter or high-pressure water slightly patchy appearance. This is normally washing are not recommended as they can be acceptable and will present the memorial in excessively abrasive and may cause damage its conserved state. To achieve a restored or to the bronze or surrounding masonry. War ‘as new’ appearance, the bronze will have to memorials should never be cleaned with be stripped back to bare metal using abrasive household brass or metal cleaning products, cleaning and then re-patinated and waxed. This acid- or alkali-based cleaners, or abrasive will result in the loss of any remaining traces of processes such as sanding or wire brushing. the original surface finish and should only be These methods are likely to damage the metal. undertaken in exceptional circumstances, such Phosphor bronze brushes are sometimes as where there is active corrosion. specified, but these can also damage the surface patination and are not recommended Steam cleaning unless used by a metals conservator when a (use a specialist contractor) less abrasive method is not suitable. Steam cleaning can be an effective technique for removing corrosion products and surface Re-patination and re-waxing deposits when used at low to medium (use a specialist contractor) pressures. It may not remove all traces of Re-patination of bronze memorials is a corrosion products so the surface should be specialist process which should be undertaken carefully checked over after cleaning. Steam by a conservator. It involves cleaning back cleaning should always be undertaken corrosion products and re-applying patination by specialists. over the existing finish. In extreme cases of active corrosion, it is necessary to clean back Low-pressure abrasive cleaning to bare metal and re-patinate. Re-patination (use a specialist contractor — see p. 10) can be a controversial area of conservation so Low-pressure abrasive cleaning should only professional advice should be sought on what be used locally to remove active corrosion is appropriate for a specific memorial. deposits and severe soiling from bronze Where re-patination is agreed and unless sculptures as they can also remove original there is severe corrosion, your conservator patination layers. You should use a metals should take a moderate approach that conservator because such methods can preserves any original surviving patination damage the original surface finish if used layers. After cleaning and re-patination incorrectly. works, the bronze should be protected with a microcrystalline wax. Re-waxing should be Opposite: Dark brown is the most common Chemical cleaning carried out at least every three years as part of patination finish for bronze (use a specialist contractor) your maintenance programme. This will avoid and requires regular re- The use of chemical cleaning agents, normally the need for expensive repair and conservation waxing to keep it in good acid- or alkali-based products, are not generally work in the future. The old wax will need to condition, like this war suitable for cleaning bronze on war memorials. be removed before new wax is applied. memorial at Pontmorlais, Merthyr Tydfil. Waxing These products are likely to cause damage to There is a help sheet, Conservation: Bronze, should only be done by a the patination and may affect rainwater run-off on the War Memorials Trust website. specialist conservator.
19 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
Brass Lacquer is prone to crazing as it ages. In such cases the lacquer will need to be removed and It is quite common to find brass memorial replaced by a specialist conservator. panels within a church or chapel, or town or Un-lacquered brass can be gently buffed with village hall. Brass panels may have embossed or a soft cloth but frequent polishing, particularly inlaid lettering and sometimes hammered relief with the use of abrasive polishes, will erode the decoration. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc surface and may damage inscriptions and other and can be polished to a high shine. However, detail over time. Household brass cleaners Brass is most commonly it can corrode or tarnish if unprotected, should not be used as they can leave a salt used for memorial panels particularly in a damp atmosphere. Brass is often within buildings. Light residue. The application of a microcrystalline lacquered to inhibit tarnishing and to retain a dusting should be sufficient wax can help inhibit corrosion and retain a shiny appearance. Overzealous cleaning can to maintain the brass in shiny appearance. Brass can be prone to dents good condition. damage the lacquer and cause deterioration. or scratches, so careful handling is required if the memorial is moved for cleaning or repair, or if it is in a vulnerable location. Your annual maintenance strategy for brass should consist of inspection, light dusting and cleaning with distilled water and a non- ionic detergent — if necessary. Take care not to leave any residue and dry the surface afterwards. Dirt can be removed from crevices and inscriptions using a soft natural bristle brush. You do not need a specialist unless there is severe soiling or deterioration, then specialist conservation work may be required to remove old lacquer and re-finish. Copper Copper may be used as a roofing material on some war memorials but it is more likely to be used for inlaid or embossed panels inside a building. Like bronze, copper may be pre- patinated for artistic effect, or polished and lacquered to prevent corrosion and retain a shiny metallic appearance. Copper left untreated will gradually acquire a green patina over time. Internal copper components should be lightly dusted or washed, much like brass. Ironwork War memorials sometimes have iron components, particularly railings or gates, but occasionally there may be iron components in the memorial itself. Both cast and wrought iron can be very durable if well protected, but they are vulnerable to corrosion if not maintained. Iron elements can also suffer from impact damage, vandalism and theft. Repairs to ironwork should be undertaken using traditional materials and methods.
20 Repair and Maintenance
Cleaning ironwork before re-coating damaging surrounding stonework through War memorials often have abrasion or water run-off. Such methods iron railings and sometimes (use a specialist contractor) plaques or panels. Iron should only be carried out on the advice of a The paint on iron protects it from water, which can be very durable when conservator and are not normally necessary or causes corrosion, and needs to be maintained. it is well maintained. appropriate for routine maintenance work. Regular inspection and Metalwork will often need to be cleaned in Following cleaning, a specialist should treat maintenance will be order to prepare the surface for re-coating necessary to ensure that the ironwork with primer and micaceous iron and should be carried out by a specialist the intricate detail does not oxide, and paint using a historically accurate contractor. Any loose or ingrained surface dirt deteriorate. colour. or rust should be removed but original layers of paint and decorative schemes should be left, unless more extensive conservation or repair work is necessary. Although chemical cleaning using acid cleaners or chemical dips is sometimes suitable for removing heavy rust staining and for stripping metal bare ready for re-coating, it is not recommended in most situations as there is a risk of damaging the metalwork from over-cleaning and deposition of salts. Chemical dipping is carried out off site and requires the metalwork to be dismantled. This should only be specified on the advice of a conservator. Metalwork should be thoroughly steam cleaned following chemical cleaning to ensure that all of the chemicals have been removed. Water washing using natural bristle brushes can be effective at removing soluble salts and loosely bound dirt or loose paint. Ironwork should be carefully dried before applying new coatings. High-pressure water washing, using a proprietary vortex or spinning jet system, can be useful in removing rust and paint; however, it risks forcing water into crevices or voids which can increase the risk of future corrosion. Abrasive cleaning and surface preparation using wire brushes and scraping is effective and unlikely to cause damage, but is only really suitable for small areas. Mechanical abrasive cleaning using power tools should only be considered in cases of severe corrosion and should be carried out by a specialist ironwork conservator. Wet and dry abrasive blast cleaning and dry-ice blasting are all effective at removing rust and paint in preparation for re-coating, but should only be carried out by a skilled contractor to avoid damaging the metal surface. These types of abrasive cleaning can be difficult to control and there is a risk of
21 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
Lead damage from cleaning as the thin layer of gold leaf is easily rubbed away. Gilding should only be (use a specialist contractor) cleaned by gentle dusting using very soft gilding Lead may be used on war memorials for roofing ‘mop’ brushes. Gilding must never be rubbed or flashing, cast statues or lettering. New lead or washed. The use of ‘gold’ paint is never work is normally pre-patinated with oil to prevent recommended for repair or conservation works the formation of lead oxide which can cause as it will tarnish too quickly and does not have the white staining and run-off. Lead is a very durable same lustre as genuine gold leaf. All repair work material and requires minimal maintenance. should be done by a specialist conservator. However, by far the biggest threat to lead on war memorials is theft (see p. 24). Missing or damaged lead details, such as flashings, should be replaced Wood by a specialist contractor as a priority as they are Carved or painted wooden memorials are often protection against weathering. quite common in churches, chapels and civic Left: Paper memorials require sensitive handling. buildings, sometimes with gilding or inlaid This roll of honour is Gilding panels of brass or bronze. You should limit cleaning to gentle dusting for painted or protected by a glass case. (use a specialist contractor) Right: Lists of names may varnished wood. Untreated wood can be be recorded on wooden Gilding is the application of thin layers of gold protected with a natural beeswax polish, Problems affecting timber structures, such as panels inside buildings. leaf on architectural details. It is sometimes found applied very sparingly once or twice a year. lychgates, are generally caused by water which Here, the names have been on war memorials, both inside and outside The use of household cleaners, polishes and rots the wood. In such cases a specialist should gilded. Light dusting should buildings. Although gold leaf is a very delicate water can damage timber elements and should be sufficient to keep the be consulted to advise on repair options. Where material, it is surprisingly robust and will not be avoided. If you are in doubt about any memorial clean, but any possible, original timber should be repaired repairs should be done by tarnish. Outside, the main threat to gilding is the aspect of looking after wooden memorials, you rather than replaced. an appropriate specialist. weather; inside, the main threats are abrasion or should consult a conservation specialist. Paper (use a specialist contractor) Paper memorials, such as books containing rolls of honour, require protection from handling and excessive changes in temperature and humidity. You should seek specialist conservation advice for their presentation, maintenance and repair. Mosaics (use a specialist contractor) Memorials sometimes incorporate mosaics. Where present and in need of repair, the advice of a specialist conservator should be sought. Painted decoration Painted decoration may be found on memorials both inside and outside buildings and its care will depend on the type of paint, its condition and the underlying material. Gentle cleaning such as dusting (inside) and washing (outside) to sound paintwork may be possible but do not attempt to retouch or repaint yourself, which should be done by a conservation specialist.
22 Repair and Maintenance
Commemorative stained- glass windows, such as this example in Tabernacle Congregational Church, Haverfordwest, are a common feature in places of worship and sometimes in civic buildings too. Cleaning should be limited to gentle dusting and occasional washing. For more extensive work, you should consult a specialist conservator.
Problems affecting timber structures, such as lychgates, are generally caused by water which Stained and rots the wood. In such cases a specialist should be consulted to advise on repair options. Where decorative glass possible, original timber should be repaired (use a specialist contractor) rather than replaced. It is not uncommon to find memorials in the form of coloured or stained-glass windows, often Paper in churches or chapels, but sometimes in other (use a specialist contractor) public buildings. Some were commissioned by individual families in honour of a lost son or Paper memorials, such as books containing rolls father, but there are examples of larger windows of honour, require protection from handling and commissioned as collective war memorials. excessive changes in temperature and humidity. Decorative glass can be coloured, etched or You should seek specialist conservation advice engraved with decoration and lettering. for their presentation, maintenance and repair. Individual panes are mounted in a framework of slender lead rods known as cames, which Mosaics are supported by horizontal supports called (use a specialist contractor) saddle bars made typically of iron or bronze. Glass is fragile and can be damaged by impact, Memorials sometimes incorporate mosaics. vibration or vandalism. Thermal movement of Where present and in need of repair, the the metal elements can also cause decorative advice of a specialist conservator should be glass windows to deteriorate and become loose sought. or warped over time. They should be inspected periodically for signs of distress. Distortion can Painted decoration be mitigated by adding saddle bars and fixing Painted decoration may be found on memorials the lead cames in position with copper wire. both inside and outside buildings and its care will This type of work should be done by a glass depend on the type of paint, its condition and conservator. the underlying material. Gentle cleaning such as Stained-glass windows are sometimes given dusting (inside) and washing (outside) to sound an external protective covering to improve paintwork may be possible but do not attempt energy efficiency and protect the window to retouch or repaint yourself, which should be from damage. If not suitably designed and done by a conservation specialist. ventilated these forms of secondary glazing can
23 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
lead to problems from condensation and lead products should not be used on stained to accelerated decay of the timber or metal or painted glass. The advice of a specialist elements of the glazing. conservator should be sought for more Polycarbonate sheeting should be avoided extensive cleaning, repairs, or replacement of as it yellows and becomes brittle with age. individual panes or cames. Where protection is required due to a risk of vandalism, the installation of powder-coated Buildings stainless steel mesh may be an acceptable Llanwrtyd Wells War solution. It should, however, be set within any Sometimes, whole buildings are memorials and Memorial Institute was these too require sensitive maintenance and opened and dedicated in decorative window tracery rather than across 1928 to commemorate the the whole window and fixed with non-ferrous conservation in keeping with their purpose. fallen of First World War. It screws into the mortar joints. Modern adaptation may require planning is a grade II listed building Memorial windows should be routinely permission or listed building consent. Your local which means that listed planning authority should be able to advise what building consent may be inspected for signs of damage or decay, so permissions are needed. required for any alterations, that conservation work can be planned at an as well as planning early stage. You should limit cleaning stained permission, to ensure that glass to dusting with a soft brush or duster, Protecting against the integrity of the original or occasional gentle washing with a soft, structure is maintained. The local planning authority damp cloth to avoid scratching the surface or theft of metals would be able to advise. affecting any applied decoration. Glass-cleaning Metal components of war memorials can be targeted by thieves — particularly lead, copper and bronze. You can protect against metal theft in a number of ways, including physical fixings or barrier alarms. Forensic marking is increasingly being applied to metal elements of war memorials to try and deter thieves. This works most effectively when used with other security measures and when its use is clearly advertised with warning signs, which should not be on the memorial itself. Signs should be carefully sited to avoid visual intrusion and clutter that could spoil the appearance of the memorial. War Memorials Trust has further guidance on this, including the In Memoriam 2014 project which provides SmartWater free to custodians of war memorials to help prevent theft (see p. 30 for further details). Where theft does occur, ideally, you should replace the stolen item like-for-like and put in place anti-theft measures, such as additional fixings. In cases where there is persistent theft, replacement with an alternative material may be appropriate, so long as it is physically and aesthetically compatible with the original memorial. Synthetic replicas such as resin plaques are not normally considered suitable replacements on historic memorials. For further information, Cadw endorses English Heritage’s publication Theft of Metal from Church Buildings.
24 Repair and Maintenance
number, which will be needed for any insurance Physical barriers can help Graffiti and vandalism claim. Professional advice will be needed to deter thieves and vandals such as the spiked railings Sadly, even war memorials are not immune to decide on the most appropriate action such around the war memorial graffiti and other vandalism. Graffiti typically as cleaning, stone repairs and so forth. Check at Magor. appears in the form of spray paint (aerosols), with the local planning authority whether the marker pen, carvings or scratches. It is usually a monument is listed and to obtain advice and priority to remove graffiti as quickly as possible necessary consents for remedial work. A suitably because it has a very negative impact on the skilled contractor will be required and cleaning appearance of war memorials. Prompt removal trials may be necessary before any work is will help discourage copycat attacks and it is also undertaken. sensible from a technical perspective as paints, glues and inks become increasingly difficult to Removing graffiti remove as they dry. (use a specialist contractor) Despite the need for a quick response, you While most types of paint and other media can do need to consider carefully the removal be removed from a stone surface, problems method so that you do not make the damage can arise when pigments are carried into the worse. It is a good idea to have to hand details pores by solvents in the paint. The application of conservation specialists who know how to of additional solvents to try and remove the treat the materials your war memorial is made paint can sometimes result in the pigments being of so that you can get advice and remedial work driven further into the pores. Use of oil-based can be started as soon as possible. Normally all products, bleach or detergents can also cause work to repair damage caused by graffiti should staining or discolouration and should only be be done by a specialist. used as advised by a specialist conservator. If a war memorial has been vandalised, it is Measures must also be taken to ensure important to record the incident with run-off, aerial mists, drips and splashes do not photographs and a written description. Notify harm the rest of the memorial or the wider the police and obtain a crime reference environment. Operatives should follow product
25 Caring for War Memorials in Wales — Technical Guidance
guidelines in term of application and removal, polysaccharides and can be removed with and wear the appropriate protective equipment. low- to medium-pressure water washing or It is impossible to remove graffiti where steam cleaning. The coating will need to be physical damage has been caused, such as names reapplied to the memorial after each graffiti carved into the stone. In such cases a judgement removal. Another option for stone is to use has to be made whether it is desirable to repair microcrystalline wax. Any type of coating or re-face the affected stone. can change the appearance of the memorial, sometimes leaving a glossy finish, and may Preventive measures affect the permeability of the stone. However, Bird droppings can be acidic and cause corrosion. If graffiti is a persistent problem in a particular a balance must be struck between the visual They are also unsightly location it may be prudent to consider and physical impact of the coating, and the and difficult to prevent – applying a sacrificial barrier-coating system as risk of damage from future graffiti attacks and especially in an exposed a preventive measure. It will not stop graffiti consequential cleaning. Permanent, acrylic- location like this memorial but it will make the removal process more based or other irreversible coatings are not at Llanelli. Regular maintenance is the best straightforward. A specialist contractor should suitable for war memorials. way to ensure that no long- be consulted. Other preventive measures to reduce the term damage is caused. Sacrificial coatings are normally made from risk of vandalism include Neighbourhood Watch schemes, improved lighting, CCTV and physical barriers such as gates, fences and landscaping (both hard and soft). The crime prevention officer of your local police force may be able to advise you on measures to reduce the risk of future vandalism. See English Heritage and War Memorial Trust’s War Memorial Theft: Prevention and Solutions for further suggestions. Bird control Birds, especially pigeons, seagulls and starlings, can affect war memorials by soiling and building nests. Bird droppings can leave stains on stone and metalwork. This spoils the appearance and may also promote decay processes. The droppings are normally acidic and run-off can cause corrosion or bleaching. Although spikes can be fixed to ledges or flat surfaces to prevent birds from landing, these are visually intrusive and rarely appropriate for war memorials unless the memorial is housed within a larger building. Fine netting strung across openings and over roosting sites is generally not suitable for war memorials. Bird repellent gels can damage the surface of metals and stone, and are not recommended. In some cases, decoys of birds of prey placed nearby may be effective to prevent roosting. For many memorials in urban areas, the only solution may be regular maintenance and surface cleaning to prevent a build up of bird droppings.
26 Summary of Common Defects
Problem Cause Solution
Soiling of stone Elevated moisture levels and/ Possibly gentle cleaning or atmospheric pollution. depending on stone type or condition.
Vegetation and biological Lack of maintenance, Remove vegetation, ensure growth excessive ground or surface adequate drainage and air moisture. movement.
Open joints in stonework Deterioration of pointing, Remove vegetation, rake invasion of vegetation causing out and re-point with lime jacking, aggressive cleaning, mortar. Check for underlying structural movement. movement.
Loss of surface detail of stone Aggressive cleaning, natural Reduce or avoid cleaning. erosion, poor-quality stone. Re-face stone only as a last resort.
Eroding stonework or Weathering of soft stone, Re-cut inscriptions when inscriptions aggressive cleaning methods, illegible. Consider indenting incorrectly bedded stone. new stones if severely decayed.
Discolouration of bronze Corrosion, lack of Stabilisation with wax, maintenance. or cleaning, re-patination and re-waxing.
Rusting ironwork Lack of maintenance, Clean back, treat with primer paint deterioration. and micaceous iron oxide and paint.
Graffiti May be more likely where Clean stone using appropriate memorial is neglected. method. Consider sacrificial anti-graffiti coating if graffiti is persistent.
Bird mess soiling Birds, overhanging trees Regular cleaning and or cables. maintenance.
27 WarCaring memorials for War — Memorials like in Wales — Technical Guidance this at Builth Wells — remain highly visible focal points in communities throughout Wales. Advice and grants are available to assist in their repair and keep them well maintained for the future. Grants, Advice and Useful Resources
28 Grants, Advice and Useful Resources Grants Cadw is the Welsh Government’s the centenary of the First World The records are available online historic environment service and War, including memorials, buildings at www.archwilio.org.uk and via the is responsible for advising Welsh and sites. www.hlf.org.uk and Android app Archwilio, which can be ministers on the scheduling of Understanding the First World War downloaded from Google Play. ancient monuments and the listing of — Heritage Lottery Fund War Memorials Trust offers buildings. Cadw provides funding to www.hlf.org.uk/HowToApply/ practical advice and guidance about conserving and maintaining your war support the conservation and repair whatwefund/FirstWorldWar/Pages/ memorial and provides a range of of war memorials in Wales. FirstWorldWar.aspx online help sheets and frequently www.cadw.wales.gov.uk asked questions. War Memorials Trust is a charity Advice www.warmemorials.org that works for the protection and Conservation Officers in local The Imperial War Museums are conservation of war memorials in planning authorities offer advice also compiling a comprehensive the UK. It provides free conservation relating to listed buildings and broader record of all war memorials in the UK. advice and information on a range conservation matters, including war The War Memorials Archive was of war memorial issues as well memorials. Local authority War formerly known as the UK National as administering grant schemes, Memorials Officers are the best place Inventory of War Memorials. which can support the repair and to start if you want to find out more www.iwm.org.uk/warmemorials conservation of war memorials. The about caring for your war memorial For further advice and to find a Small Grants Scheme is open to and may be able to help with suitable contractor, you can consult the Conservation Register, Conservation everyone to apply, but please note conservation advice. You should place Accreditation Register for Engineers, that War Memorials Trust cannot a record of your war memorial with Register of Architects Accredited in your War Memorials Officer. Details fund works after they have started Building Conservation and the Royal of War Memorials Officers are on the or been completed. Please visit the Institution of Chartered Surveyors. War Memorials Trust website. grants section of the War Memorials For contact details, see website www.warmemorials.org/wmo-wales Trust website for further information addresses below. on these schemes, how to apply, The Royal Commission on the other sources of funding and advice Ancient and Historical Monuments Useful resources for applicants. of Wales maintains the National www.warmemorials.org/grants Monuments Record of Wales Publications (NMRW) — the national collection Memorials Grant Scheme is run G. Archer, The Glorious Dead of information about the historic by the Department for Culture, (Kirstead 2009). environment of Wales, which includes Media and Sport and can return, as a J. Corke, War Memorials in Britain records of war memorials. You can grant, the VAT incurred in memorial (Oxford 2005). search for records on their online projects, including new memorials. English Heritage and War Memorials database Coflein. www.coflein.gov.uk Please see the website for details Trust, Advice on Maintenance of War You should place the record of your Memorials (London 2006). on eligibility and how to apply. The memorial with the NMRW. English Heritage and War Memorials scheme is currently confirmed to The four Welsh archaeological Trust, War Memorial Theft: Prevention and run until 2015 so you should check trusts hold the Historic Environment Solutions (London 2009). that the scheme is still active before Records (HERs), which aim to English Heritage, Theft of Metal from applying. record all of the known historic and Church Buildings (London 2011); www.memorialgrant.org.uk archaeological features in Wales. available online at:
29 English Heritage, The Conservation, Institute of Historic Building War Memorials Archive Repair and Management of War Conservation is the principal Imperial War Museums Memorials (London 2014). professional body for building Lambeth Road A. Gaffney, Aftermath: Remembering the conservation practitioners and historic London Great War in Wales (Cardiff 1998). environment specialists. SE1 6HZ Historic Scotland and War Memorials www.ihbc.org.uk 020 7207 9863/9851 Trust, The Repair and Maintenance [email protected] The Building Conservation Directory www.iwm.org.uk/warmemorials of War Memorials, Short Guide 3 is a useful resource for finding (Edinburgh 2013); available online at: conservation products and services. The Royal Commission on the Ancient
30 This depiction of a soldier exhuasted by war, on the memorial in Abergavenny, is a potent reminder of why we need to continue to care for war memorials in Wales.